¹ The Scotsman, 27 April 1831.

² William Ferguson, ‘The Electoral System in the Scottish Counties before 1832’, Stair Society Miscellany, 2 (1984), 261–94; Ronald M. Sunter, Patronage and Politics in Scotland 1707–1832 (Edinburgh, 1986).

³ For an influential thesis concerning the ‘modernization’ of politics in Britain see Charles Tilly, Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758–1834 (Cambridge, MA, 1995).

⁴ Highlights of this literature include: R. R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution, 2 vols. (Princeton, 1959–64); Roger Chartier, The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution, trans. Lydia G. Cochrane (Durham, N. C., 1991); C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World 1780–1914 (Oxford, 2004), part i.

⁵ David Eastwood, ‘The Age of Uncertainty: Britain in the Early Nineteenth Century’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 8 (1998), 91–115; David Cannadine, Class in Britain (New Haven, 1998), 57.

⁶ The most sceptical treatment can be found in J. C. D. Clark, ‘Religion and the Origins of Radicalism in Nineteenth-Century Britain’, in Glenn Burgess and Matthew Festenstein, eds., English Radicalism, 1550–1850 (Cambridge, 2007), 241–84.

⁷ See for example John Brewer, Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George III (Cambridge, 1976), 18–21; Mark Philp, ‘The Fragmented Ideology of Reform’, in Mark Philp, ed., The French Revolution and British Popular Politics (Cambridge, 1991), 50–77.

⁸ For example, J. D. Young, The Rousing of the Scottish Working Class (London, 1979), ch. 2.

⁹ For example, T. M. Devine, ‘The Failure of Radical Reform in Scotland in the Late Eighteenth Century’, in T. M. Devine, ed., Conflict and Stability in Scottish Society 1700–1850 (Edinburgh, 1990), 51–64. These concerns speak to the agenda outlined in Ian R. Christie, Stress and Stability in Late Eighteenth-Century Britain: Reflections on the British Avoidance of Revolution (Oxford, 1984).

¹⁰ For example, For example, ‘The Scottish “Jacobins”, Scottish Nationalism and the British Union’, in R. Mason, ed., Scotland and England, 1286–1815 (Edinburgh, 1987), 247–65.

¹¹ H. T. Dickinson and Kenneth J. Logue, ‘The Porteous Riot: A Study of the Breakdown of Law and Order in Edinburgh, 1736–1737’, Journal of the Scottish Labour History Society, 10 (1976), 21–40; Bob Harris and Christopher A. Whatley, ‘“To solemnize His Majesty’s birthday”: New Perspectives on Loyalism in George II’s Britain’, History, 83, no. 271 (July 1998), 397–419; Valerie Wallace, ‘Presbyterian Moral Economy: The Covenanting Tradition and Popular Protest in Lowland Scotland, 1707–c. 1746’, Scottish Historical Review, 89, no. 1 (April 2010), 54–72.

¹² R. K. Donovan, No Popery and Radicalism: Opposition to Roman Catholic Relief in Scotland, 1778–1782 (New York, 1982), 7; Kathleen Wilson, ‘Inventing Revolution: 1688 and Eighteenth-Century Popular Politics’, Journal of British Studies, 28, no. 4 (October 1989), 349–86. The burgh reform movement still awaits its modern historian, but see John Brims, ‘The Scottish Democratic Movement in the Age of the French Revolution’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1983), 45–54.

¹³ Iain Whyte, Scotland and the Abolition of Black Slavery (Edinburgh, 2006).

¹⁴ See for examples Terry Brotherstone, ed., Covenant, Charter and Party: Traditions of Revolt and Protest in Modern Scottish History (Aberdeen, 1989); Ned. C. Landsman, ‘Liberty, Piety and Patronage: The Social Context of Contested Clerical Calls in Eighteenth-Century Glasgow’, in Andrew Hook and Richard B. Sher, ed., The Glasgow Enlightenment (Edinburgh, 1995), 214–26. For excellent explorations of these issues in other contexts, see I. R. McBride, Scripture Politics: Ulster Presbyterians and Irish Radicalism in the Late Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1998); James E. Bradley, ‘The Religious Origins of Radical Politics in England, Scotland and Ireland, 1662–1800’, in James E. Bradley and Dale K. Van Kley, eds., Religion and Politics in Enlightenment Europe (Notre Dame, 2001), 187–253.

¹⁵ Bob Harris, The Scottish People and the French Revolution (London, 2008), 25–40.

¹⁶ T. C. W. Blanning, The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789 (Oxford, 2002), 12.

¹⁷ John Stevenson, ‘Scotland and the French Revolution: An Overview’, and Bob Harris, ‘Print and Politics’, in Bob Harris, ed., Scotland in the Age of the French Revolution (Edinburgh, 2005), 262, 164–95; Bob Harris, ‘Scotland’s Newspapers, the French Revolution and Domestic Radicalism (c. 1789–1794)’, Scottish Historical Review, 84, no. 1 (April 2005), 38–62.

¹⁸ Harris, Scottish People, 80–92.

¹⁹ Gordon Pentland, ‘Patriotism, Universalism and the Scottish Conventions 1792–1794’, History, 89, no. 295 (July 2004), 340–60; Mark Philp, ‘Disconcerting Ideas: Explaining Popular Radicalism and Popular Loyalism in the 1790s’, in Burgess and Festenstein, eds., English Radicalism, 157–89.

²⁰ Bob Harris, ‘Popular Politics in Angus and Perthshire in the 1790s’, Historical Research, 80, no. 210 (November 2007), 518–44; Val Honeyman, ‘“A Very Dangerous Place”? Radicalism in Perth in the 1790s’, Scottish Historical Review, 87, no. 2 (October 2008), 278–305. It should be noted, however, that the possibilities for similar studies in the future are limited by the paucity of the available historical sources for most areas during this period.

²¹ Christina Bewley, Muir of Huntershill (Oxford, 1981); Michael Durey, ‘With the Hammer of Truth’: James Thomson Callender and America’s Early National Heroes (Charlottesville, VA, 1990).

²² Liam McIlvanney, Burns the Radical: Poetry and Politics in Late Eighteenth-Century Scotland (East Linton, 2002). For a brief discussion of the controversy surrounding The Canongate Burns see Robert Crawford, The Bard: Robert Burns, a Biography (Princeton, 2008), 9–10.

²³ Tom Leonard, ed., Radical Renfrew: Poetry from the French Revolution to the First World War (Edinburgh, 1990); Andrew Noble, ‘Displaced Persons: Burns and the Renfrew Radicals’, in Harris, ed., Scotland in the Age of the French Revolution, 196–225.

²⁴ David J. Brown, ‘Henry Dundas and the Government of Scotland’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989); idem., ‘The Government of Scotland under Henry Dundas and William Pitt’, History, 83, no. 270 (April 1998), 265–79. The exception to the neglect of the Whigs, which demonstrates the potential for research, is Emma Vincent Macleod, ‘The Scottish Opposition Whigs and the French Revolution’, in Harris, ed., Scotland in the Age of the French Revolution, 79–98.

²⁵ H. T. Dickinson, ‘Popular Loyalism in Britain in the 1790s’, in Eckhart Hellmuth, ed., The Transformation of Political Culture: England and Germany in the Late Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1990), 503–33; Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven, 1992), chs. 5–7; J. E. Cookson, The British Armed Nation, 1793–1815 (Oxford, 1997).

²⁶ Philp, ‘The Fragmented Ideology of Reform’, 53.

²⁷ The best published account of Scottish loyalism to date is Harris, Scottish People, ch. 4. See also Atle Libaek Wold, ‘The Scottish Government and the French Threat, 1792–1802’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003); Emma Vincent, ‘The Responses of Scottish Churchmen to the French Revolution, 1789–1802’, Scottish Historical Review 73, no. 2 (October 1994), 191–215.

²⁸ Harris, Scottish People, 135–9; Atle Libaek Wold, ‘Scottish Attitudes to Military Mobilization and War in the 1790s’, in Harris, ed., Scotland in the Age of the French Revolution, 140–63.

²⁹ See, for example, the exploration of the Revolution’s impact on Scotland’s Church leaders in Colin Kidd, ‘The Kirk, the French Revolution, and the Burden of Scottish Whiggery’, in Nigel Aston, ed., Religious Change in Europe 1650–1914: Essays for John McManners (Oxford, 1997), 213–34.

³⁰ Mark Philp, ‘Vulgar Conservatism, 1792–3’, English Historical Review, 110, no. 435 (February 1995), 42–69.

³¹ J. Ann Hone, For the Cause of Truth: Radicalism in London, 1796–1821 (Oxford, 1982); Peter Spence, The Birth of Romantic Radicalism: War, Popular Politics and English Radical Reformism, 1800–1815 (Aldershot, 1996); Katrina Navickas, Loyalism and Radicalism in Lancashire, 1798–1815 (Oxford, 2009).

³² Spence, Birth of Romantic Radicalism, 123–4; N. Murray, The Scottish Handloom Weavers, 1790–1850: A Social History (Edinburgh, 1978), chs. 8–9.

³³ William M. Roach, ‘Radical Reform Movements in Scotland from 1815 to 1822: With Particular Reference to Events in the West of Scotland’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, 1970), 17–25; F. D. Cartwright, Life and Correspondence of Major Cartwright, 2 vols (London, 1826), vol. ii, 110–17.

³⁴ See Gordon Pentland, The Spirit of the Union: Popular Politics in Scotland, 1815–1820 (London, 2011).

³⁵ Norman Gash, ‘After Waterloo: British Society and the Legacy of the Napoleonic Wars’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 28 (1978), 145–57.

³⁶ J. E. Cookson, ‘Early Nineteenth-Century Scottish Military Pensioners as Homecoming Soldiers’, Historical Journal, 52, no. 2 (June 2009), 319–41.

³⁷ Martin Daunton, Trusting Leviathan: The Politics of Taxation in Britain, 1799–1914 (Cambridge, 2001), chs. 1 and 2.

³⁸ Henry Cockburn, Memorials of His Time (Edinburgh, 1856), 302.

³⁹ National Archives, Home Office Correspondence (Scotland), HO 102/26, f. 665, William Rae to Lord Sidmouth, 15 December 1816; Edgar Johnson, Sir Walter Scott: The Great Unknown, 2 vols. (New York, 1970), vol. i, 693–5.

⁴⁰ Though see Pentland, Spirit of the Union, chs. 2 and 3. For an excellent study of loyalism in this period in England see Jonathan C. S. J. Fulcher, ‘Contests over Constitutionalism: The Faltering of Reform in England, 1816–1824’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993).

⁴¹ Bob Harris, ‘Scottish-English Connections in British Radicalism in the 1790s’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 127 (2005), 189–212.

⁴² John Belchem, Popular Radicalism in Nineteenth-Century Britain (London, 1996), chs. 2–3.

⁴³ Michael T. Davis, ‘The Mob Club? The London Corresponding Society and the Politics of Civility in the 1790s’, in Michael T. Davis and Paul A. Pickering, eds., Unrespectable Radicals? Popular Politics in the Age of Reform (Aldershot, 2008), 21–40.

⁴⁴ Ian Haywood, Bloody Romanticism: Spectacular Violence and the Politics of Representation, 1776–1832 (London, 2006), 196; Gordon Pentland, ‘Militarization and Collective Action in Great Britain, 1815–1820’, in Michael T. Davis and Brett Bowden, eds., Disturbing the Peace: Collective Action in Britain and France, 1381 to the Present (Basingstoke, 2012).

⁴⁵ For a detailed account of this meeting see J. Smith, ed., Life and Recollections of James Turner of Thrushgrove (Glasgow, 1854), 25–38.

⁴⁶ Anna Clark, Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (Berkeley, 1995), chs. 8 and 9.

⁴⁷ Roach, ‘Radical Reform Movements’, 300–45; R. M. W. Cowan, The Newspaper in Scotland: A Study of its First Expansion 1815–1860 (Glasgow, 1946), ch. 1.

⁴⁸ For which see Donald Read, Peterloo: The ‘Massacre’ and its Background (Manchester, 1958).

⁴⁹ For this legislation see J. E. Cookson, Lord Liverpool’s Administration: The Crucial Years, 1815–1822 (Edinburgh, 1975), 102–16, 178–99.

⁵⁰ Roach, ‘Radical Reform Movements’, ch. 3; idem., ‘Alexander Richmond and the Radical Reform Movements in Glasgow in 1816–17’, Scottish Historical Review, 51, no. 1 (April 1972), 1–19; Martin J. Mitchell, The Irish in the West of Scotland, 1797–1848: Trade Unions, Strikes and Political Movements (Edinburgh, 1998), ch. 3.

⁵¹ Broadly the interpretations of, respectively, Malcolm I. Thomis and Peter Holt, Threats of Revolution in Britain, 1789–1848 (London, 1977), ch. 3; F. K. Donnelly, ‘The Scottish Rising of 1820: A Re-Interpretation’, Scottish Tradition, 6 (1976), 27–37; Peter Berresford Ellis and Seamus Mac a’Ghobhainn, The Scottish Insurrection of 1820 (London, 1970).

⁵² Good accounts and analysis of the Radical War can be found in Christopher A. Whatley, Scottish Society 1707–1830: Beyond Jacobitism, Towards Industrialization (Manchester, 2000), 307–27; Pentland, Spirit of the Union, ch. 4.

⁵³ Gordon Pentland, ‘“Betrayed by infamous spies”? The Commemoration of Scotland’s Radical War of 1820’, Past & Present, 201, no. 1 (November 2008), 141–73.

⁵⁴ Dror Wahrman, ‘Public Opinion, Violence and the Limits of Constitutional Politics’, in James Vernon, ed., Re-reading the Constitution: New Narratives in the Political History of England’s Long Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 1996), 83–122; Catriona M. M. Macdonald, ‘Abandoned and Beastly? The Queen Caroline Affair in Scotland’, in Yvonne Galloway Brown and Rona Ferguson, eds., Twisted Sisters: Women, Crime and Deviance in Scotland since 1400 (East Linton, 2002), 101–13.

⁵⁵ Fulcher, ‘Contests over Constitutionalism’, ch. 4.

⁵⁶ Gordon Pentland, Radicalism, Reform and National Identity in Scotland, 1820–1833 (Woodbridge, 2008), ch. 1.

⁵⁷ See especially Dror Wahrman, Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c.1780–1840 (Cambridge, 1995).

⁵⁸ Pentland, Radicalism, passim; idem., ‘Scotland and the Creation of a National Reform Movement, 1830–32’, Historical Journal, 48, no. 4 (December 2005), 999–1,023.

⁵⁹ Harris, Scottish People, passim.

⁶⁰ Clark, Struggle for the Breeches; Catriona M. M. Macdonald, ‘“Their laurels wither’d, and their name forgot”: Women and the Scottish Radical Tradition’, in Edward J. Cowan and Richard J. Finlay, eds., Scottish History: The Power of the Past (Edinburgh, 2002), 225–52.

⁶¹ Colley, Britons, 250–62.

⁶² John Barell, Imagining the King’s Death: Figurative Treason, Fantasies of Regicide 1793–1796 (Oxford, 2000), ch. 4; James Epstein, ‘“Our real constitution”: Trial Defence and Radical Memory in the Age of Revolution’, in Vernon, ed., Re-reading, 22–51; Michael T. Davis, ‘Prosecution and Radical Discourse during the 1790s: The Case of the Scottish Sedition Trials’, International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 33, no. 3 (September 2005), 148–58; Nolan Marchand, ‘Reading Dress, Reading Culture: The Trial of Joseph Gerrald, 1794’, in Jessica Munns and Penny Richards, eds., The Clothes that Wear Us: Essays on Dressing and Transgressing in Eighteenth-Century Culture (Newark, 1999), 320–35.

⁶³ Paul Pickering, ‘Class without Words: Symbolic Communication in the Chartist Movement’, Past & Present, 112, no. 1 (August 1986), 144–62; James Epstein, Radical Expression: Political Language, Ritual and Symbol in England, 1790–1850 (Oxford, 1994); Robert Poole, ‘The March to Peterloo: Politics and Festivity in Late Georgian England’, Past & Present, 192, no. 1 (August 2006), 109–53.

⁶⁴ For a recent example see Katrina Navickas, ‘Moors, Fields, and Popular Protest in South Lancashire and the West Riding of Yorkshire, 1800–1848’, Northern History, 46, no. 1 (March 2009), 93–111.

⁶⁵ Guy Beiner, Remembering the Year of the French: Irish Folk History and Social Memory (Madison, 2007).

⁶⁶ See especially E. W. McFarland, Ireland and Scotland in the Age of Revolution: Planting the Green Bough (Edinburgh, 1994).

⁶⁷ Durey, ‘With the Hammer of Truth’.

⁶⁸ Michael Gauvreau, ‘Covenanter Democracy: Scottish Popular Religion, Ethnicity, and the Varieties of Politico-Religious Dissent in Upper Canada, 1815–1841’, Histoire Sociale, 36, no. 71 (May 2003), 55–83; Valerie Wallace, ‘Exporting Radicalism within the Empire: Scots Presbyterian Political Values in Scotland and British North America, c. 1815–c. 1850’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, 2009).