¹ Population figures are derived from Census of Great Britain, 1841 (London, 1843); Census of Great Britain, 1851 (London, 1852); Census of Scotland, 1861 (Edinburgh, 1864); Eight Decennial Census of the population of Scotland taken 3rd April 1871 (Edinburgh, 1872); Ninth Decennial Census of the population of Scotland taken 4th April 1881 (Edinburgh, 1883); Tenth Decennial Census of the population of Scotland taken 5th April 1891 (Edinburgh, 1893); Eleventh Decennial Census of the population of Scotland taken 31st March 1901 (Glasgow, 1902–3); Census of Scotland, 1911: Report on the twelfth decennial census of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1913). I am grateful to Nico Hampton for his research assistance.

² M. Watson, Being English in Scotland (Edinburgh, 2003), and M. Watson, R. Harris, and D. Kemp, Being English in Scotland: A Guide (Edinburgh, 2004), focus on the second half of the twentieth century. B. Maan, The New Scots: The Story of Asians in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1992), reviews individual Asians and a relatively small group of people recorded by the Census of Scotland, 1911, vol. ii, xvi, 504, as ‘non-Europeans’ from India (636 males and 10 females).

³ The second largest group in 1911, formed by 161,650 English migrants, and the third largest group, made up of 17,890 persons from India, British colonies and dependencies, have to be omitted here because of insufficient evidence.

⁴ J. E. Handley, The Irish in Modern Scotland (Cork, 1947); idem., The Irish in Scotland 1798–1845 (Cork, 1945); B. Collins, ‘The Origins of Irish Immigration to Scotland in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries’, in T. M. Devine, ed., Irish Immigrants and Scottish Society in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Edinburgh, 1991), 1–18; M. J. Mitchell, The Irish in the West of Scotland 1797–1848: Trade Unions, Strikes and Political Movements (Edinburgh, 1998).

⁵ K. E. Collins, Be Well! Jewish Health and Welfare in Glasgow, 1860–1914 (East Linton, 2001); T. Colpi, The Italian Factor: The Italian Community in Great Britain (Edinburgh, 1991); S. Manz, Migranten und Internierte Deutsche in Glasgow, 1864–1918 (Stuttgart, 2003); E. O’Donnell, ‘Clergy Ministering to Lithuanian Immigrants in Scotland’, 1889–1989’, Innes Review, 51 (2000), 166–87; idem., ‘“To keep our fathers’ faith…”: Lithuanian Immigrant Religious Aspirations and the Policy of West of Scotland Clergy, 1889–1914’, Innes Review, 49 (1998), 168–83; B. Braber, Jews in Glasgow 1879–1939: Immigration and Integration (London, 2007).

⁶ Census of Scotland, 1861, vol. i, lx, 330–1; Census of Scotland, 1891, vol. ii, xliii–xliv, 344–9; Census of Scotland, 1901, vol. i, 316–21, vol. ii, xxviii–xxix; Census of Scotland, 1911, vol. ii, xcii, 505–6.

⁷ Braber, Jews in Glasgow, xvi.

⁸ Statistical Accounts of Scotland (1791–1799), vol. ii, 580.

⁹ Evidence to the Select Committee on the State of the Irish Poor in Great Britain (London, 1836), Appendix G, 114.

¹⁰ Glasgow Courier, 15 December 1840, Glasgow Herald, 14 December 1840, 26 April 1841.

¹¹ Census of Scotland, 1871, vol. i, xix; vol. ii, xxxiv.

¹² Quoted in D. Howell, British Workers and the Independent Labour Party, 1886–1906 (Manchester, 1983), 142.

¹³ Handley, The Irish in Scotland, 314–15; Mitchell, The Irish in the West of Scotland, 21–41; idem., ‘Irish Catholics in the West of Scotland in the Nineteenth Century: Despised by Scottish Workers and Controlled by the Church?’, in M. J. Mitchell, ed., New Perspectives on the Irish in Scotland (Edinburgh, 2008), 1–19.

¹⁴ Census of Scotland, 1911, vol. iii, v–ix.

¹⁵ National Archives, HO 45/3472; Handley, The Irish in Scotland, 43, 73, 290, 310–11; idem., The Irish in Modern Scotland, 95–9, 113–14.

¹⁶ B. Aspinwall, ‘Baptisms, Marriages and Lithuanians; or “Ghetto? What Ghetto?” Some Reflections on Modern Catholic Historical Assumptions’, Innes Review, 51 (2000), 55–67; idem., ‘Catholic Devotion in Victorian Scotland’, in Mitchell, ed., New Perspectives, 31–43; Mitchell, ‘Irish Catholics in the West of Scotland in the Nineteenth Century’, 10, 12.

¹⁷ R. D. Anderson, Education and the Scottish People 1750–1918 (Oxford, 1995), 75, 78, 89, 93–7, 138, 147–8, 308–9; B. Aspinwall, ‘The Formation of a British Identity within Scottish Catholicism, 1830–1914’, in R. Pope, ed., Religion and National Identity: Wales and Scotland c. 1700–2000 (Cardiff, 2001), 268–306; idem., ‘The Catholic Irish and Wealth in Glasgow’, in Devine ed., Irish Immigrants and Scottish Society, 91–115; T. M. Devine. ‘The End of Disadvantage? The Descendants of Irish-Catholic Immigrants in Modern Scotland since 1945’, in Mitchell, ed., New Perspectives, 191–207; Handley, The Irish in Modern Scotland, 191–227.

¹⁸ J. F. McCaffrey, ‘Irish Issues in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century: Radicalism in a Scottish Context’, in Devine ed., Irish Immigrants and Scottish Society, 116–37; E. W. McFarland, John Ferguson 1836–1906: Irish Issues in Scottish Politics (East Linton, 2003), 50, 222.

¹⁹ E. W. McFarland, Protestants First: Orangeism in Nineteenth-Century Scotland (Edinburgh, 1990), 104–5; I. Meredith, ‘Irish Migrants in the Scottish Episcopal Church in the Nineteenth Century’, in Mitchell ed., New Perspectives, 44–64.

²⁰ J. Foster, M. Houston, and C. Madigan, ‘Sectarianism, Segregation and Politics on Clydeside in the Later Nineteenth Century’, in Mitchell ed., New Perspectives, 65–96; G. Walker, ‘The Protestant Irish in Scotland’, in Devine ed., Irish Immigrants and Scottish Society, 44–66.

²¹ McFarland, John Ferguson, 4–21, 247–82.

²² E. Kaufmann, ‘The Orange Order in Scotland since 1860: A Social Analysis’, in Mitchell ed., New Perspectives, 159–90; McFarland, Protestants First, 49–52, 66, 72, 105, 165–9.

²³ Manz, Migranten und Internierte, 45–148.

²⁴ B. Braber, ‘Within Our Gates: A New Perspective on Germans in Glasgow during the First World War’, Journal of Scottish Historical Studies, 29 (2009), 87–105.

²⁵ Braber, Jews in Glasgow, 78–107.

²⁶ K. Collins, Go and Learn: The International Story of Jews and Medicine in Scotland (Aberdeen, 1988), 81–97.

²⁷ B. Braber, ‘The Trial of Oscar Slater (1909) and Anti-Jewish Prejudices in Edwardian Glasgow’, History, 88 (2003), 262–79.

²⁸ Braber, Jews in Glasgow, 177.

²⁹ Scottish Jewish Archives Centre, Minute Book Glasgow Hebrew Congregation, 16 May 1909.

³⁰ Jewish Chronicle, 9 November 1883; Glasgow Herald, 19, 23, and 25 October 1883, 2 and 3 November 1883.

³¹ T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation, 1700–2000 (London, 2000), 507–12; K. Lunn, ‘Reactions and Responses: Lithuanian and Polish Immigrants in the Lanarkshire Coalfield, 1880–1914’, Journal of the Scottish Labour History Society, 1 (1979), 23–38.

³² Quoted in O’Donnell, ‘To keep our fathers’ faith …’, 177.

³³ National Archives of Scotland, FS.5/197; B. Aspinwall, ‘Baptisms, Marriages and Lithuanians; or “Ghetto? What Ghetto?” Some Reflections on Modern Catholic Historical Assumptions’, Innes Review, 51 (2000), 55–67; O’Donnell, ‘Clergy Ministering to Lithuanian Immigrants in Scotland’, 174.

³⁴ S. Kadish, Bolsheviks and British Jews: The Anglo-Jewish Community, Britain and the Russian Revolution (London, 1992), 209–10, 228; M. Rodgers, ‘The Anglo-Russian Convention and the Lithuanian Immigrant Community in Lanarkshire’, Immigrants & Minorities, 1 (1982), 60–88.

³⁵ Census of Scotland, 1911, vol. iii, 43–51; Colpi, The Italian Factor, 28–66.

³⁶ Glasgow City Archives, Glasgow Municipal Commission on the Housing of the Poor, Evidence, 4793, 7401, and Report and Recommendations Glasgow Municipal Commission on Housing of the Poor (Glasgow, 1904), 19.

³⁷ G. R. Rubin, ‘Race, Retailing and Wartime Regulation: The Retail Business (Licensing) Order 1918’, Immigrants and Minorities, 7 (1988), 184–205.

³⁸ Glasgow Herald, 11 June 1940.

³⁹ Braber, Jews in Glasgow, 26–8.