1 Marjory Harper, Adventurers and Exiles: The Great Scottish Exodus (London, 2003), 3; R. J. Finlay, Modern Scotland, 1914–2000 (London, 2004), 302.
2 See, for instance, Harper, Adventurers and Exiles.
3 J. M. Bumsted, The Scots in Canada (Ottawa, 1982); Marjory Harper and Michael E. Vance, eds., Myth, Migration and the Making of Memory: Scotia and Nova Scotia, c.1700–1990 (Halifax, 1999); Tom Brooking and Jennie Coleman, eds., The Heather and the Fern: Scottish Migration and New Zealand Settlement (Dunedin, 2003); Peter E. Rider and Heather McNabb, eds., A Kingdom of the Mind: How the Scots Helped Make Canada (Montreal and Kingston, 2006); John M. MacKenzie with Nigel R. Dalziel, The Scots in South Africa: Ethnicity, Identity, Gender and Race, 1772–1914 (Manchester, 2007).
4 Gordon Donaldson, The Scots Overseas (London, 1966); R. A. Cage, ed., The Scots Abroad: Labour, Capital, Enterprise, 1750–1914 (Beckenham, 1985); T. M. Devine, ed., Scottish Emigration and Scottish Society: Proceedings of the Scottish Historical Studies Seminar, University of Strathclyde, 1990–91 (Edinburgh, 1992); Tanja Bueltmann, Andrew Hinson, and Graeme Morton, eds., Ties of Bluid, Kin and Countrie: Scottish Associational Culture in the Diaspora (Markham, Ont., 2009).
5 Angela McCarthy, ed., A Global Clan: Scottish Migrant Networks and Identities Since the Eighteenth Century (London, 2006); Angela McCarthy, Personal Narratives of Irish and Scottish Migration, 1921–65: ‘For Spirit and Adventure’ (Manchester, 2007).
6 Rowland Tappan Berthoff, British Immigrants in Industrial America, 1790–1950 (New York, 1953); Charlotte Erikson, Invisible Immigrants: The Adaptation of English and Scottish Immigrants in Nineteenth-Century America (London, 1972); Eric Richards, Britannia’s Children: Emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland Since 1600 (London and New York, 2004); A. James Hammerton and Alistair Thomson, Ten Pound Poms: Australia’s Invisible Migrants: A Life History of Postwar British Emigration to Australia (Manchester and New York, 2005); Jock Philips and Terry Hearn, Settlers: New Zealand Immigrants from England, Ireland and Scotland, 1800–1945 (Auckland, 2008).
7 T. M. Devine, ‘Making the Caledonian Connection: The Development of Irish and Scottish Studies’, in Liam McIlvanney and Ray Ryan, eds., Ireland and Scotland: Culture and Society, 1700–2000 (Dublin, 2005), 248–57.
8 Michael Flinn, ed., Scottish Population History from the 17th Century to the 1930s (Cambridge, 1977), 447; Harper, Adventurers and Exiles, 3.
9 Flinn ed., Scottish Population History, 101.
10 Finlay, Modern Scotland, 306, 302.
11 Two popular studies are Alasdair Munro and Duncan Sim, The Merseyside Scots: A Study of an Expatriate Community (Birkenhead, 2001), and David Stenhouse, On the Make: How the Scots Took Over London (Edinburgh, 2004).
12 Flinn ed., Scottish Population History, 450–1.
13 For further figures, see appendix in Angela McCarthy, ‘Scottish Migrant Ethnic Identities in the British Empire since the Nineteenth Century’, in John M. MacKenzie and T. M. Devine, eds., Scotland and the British Empire (Oxford, 2011), 144–6.
14 Flinn ed., Scottish Population History, 452–4.
15 David Fitzpatrick, Irish Emigration, 1801–1921 (Dublin, 1984), 7–9.
16 Eric Richards, ‘Varieties of Scottish Emigration in the Nineteenth Century’, Historical Studies, 21, no. 85 (1985), 476.
17 Finlay, Modern Scotland, 303.
18 Dudley Baines, Emigration from Europe, 1815–1930 (Basingstoke, 1991), 9, 7.
19 T. M. Devine, ‘The Paradox of Scottish Emigration’, in Devine ed., Scottish Emigration and Scottish Society, 2.
20 T. M. Devine, ‘Urbanisation’, in T. M. Devine and Rosalind Mitchison (eds), People and Society in Scotland I, 1760–1830 (Edinburgh, 1988), 28.
21 Dudley Baines, Migration in a Mature Economy: Emigration and Internal Migration in England and Wales, 1861–1900 (Cambridge, 1985), 15.
22 Nicholas J. Evans, ‘“Aliens en route”: Transmigration through U.K. ports, 1836–1914’ (PhD thesis, University of Hull, 2006), 109.
23 Brinley Thomas, Migration and Economic Growth: A Study of Great Britain and the Atlantic Economy (Cambridge, 1973, first pub. 1954), 65–6.
24 See, for instance, Nicholas J. Evans, ‘The Emigration of Skilled Male Workers from Clydeside during the Interwar Period’, International Journal of Maritime History, 18:1 (2006), 255–80.
25 Richards, ‘Varieties of Scottish Emigration’, 480–1, 477.
26 Finlay, Modern Scotland, chs. 2–3; Chris Harvie, No Gods and Precious Few Heroes: Twentieth-Century Scotland (1981; Edinburgh, 2000), ch. 2.
27 R. H. Campbell, ‘Scotland’, in Cage, ed., The Scots Abroad, 2.
28 Kerby A. Miller, Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America (Oxford, 1985).
29 Harper, Adventurers and Exiles, ch. 2.
30 McCarthy, Personal Narratives, 18–19.
31 Ian Donnachie, ‘The Making of “Scots on the Make”: Scottish Settlement and Enterprise in Australia, 1830–1900’, in Scottish Emigration, 135–53.
32 Douglas McCalla, ‘Sojourners in the Snow? The Scots in Business in Nineteenth-Century Canada’, in Rider and McNabb, eds., A Kingdom of the Mind, 77.
33 Campbell, ‘Scotland’, in Cage, ed., The Scots Abroad, 1–28.
34 Harper, Adventurers and Exiles, ch. 4; Marjory Harper, Emigration from Scotland Between the Wars: Opportunity or Exile? (Manchester, 1998), ch. 2.
35 James Belich, Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders from Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century (Auckland, 1996), 279 and ch. 12.
36 Rosalind McClean, ‘Reluctant Leavers? Scottish Women and Emigration in the Mid-Nineteenth Century’, in Brooking and Coleman, eds., The Heather and the Fern, 103–16.
37 Hasia Diner, Erin’s Daughters in America: Irish Immigrant Women in the Nineteenth Century (Baltimore, 1983); Janet Nolan, Ourselves Alone: Women’s Emigration from Ireland, 1885–1920 (Lexington, 1989).
38 Stephen Constantine, ‘Children as Ancestors: Child Migrants and Identity in Canada’, British Journal of Canadian Studies, 16, no. 1 (2003), 150–1.
39 Harper, Adventurers and Exiles, 160.
40 McCarthy, Personal Narratives, 3.
41 McCarthy ed., A Global Clan.
42 McCarthy, Personal Narratives, chs. 2–4.
43 Donald Harman Akenson, Half the World from Home: Perspectives on the Irish in New Zealand, 1860–1950 (Wellington, 1990).
44 David Fitzpatrick, Oceans of Consolation: Personal Accounts of Irish Migrants to Australia (Cork, 1994); Angela McCarthy, Irish Migrants in New Zealand, 1840–1937: ‘The Desired Haven’ (Woodbridge, 2005). See, however, the examples from Scottish correspondents in Erickson, Invisible Immigrants, and extracts from letters (and other forms of personal testimony) in Allan I. Macinnes, Marjory-Ann D. Harper, and Linda G. Fryer, eds., Scotland and the Americas, c.1650–c.1939: A Documentary Source Book (Edinburgh, 2002).
45 Harper, Emigration from Scotland; McCarthy, Personal Narratives, ch. 2. Other works utilizing interviews with Scottish migrants include Hammerton and Thomson, Ten Pound Poms, and Megan Hutching, Long Journey for Sevenpence: Assisted Immigration to New Zealand from the United Kingdom, 1947–1975 (Wellington, 1999).
46 McCarthy, Personal Narratives, ch. 2.
47 Angela McCarthy, ‘Personal letters, oral testimony, and Scottish migration to New Zealand in the 1950s: The case of Lorna Carter’, Immigrants and Minorities 23, no. 1 (2005), 70–1.
48 David Armitage, ‘The Scottish Diaspora’, in Jenny Wormald, ed., Scotland: A History (Oxford, 2005), 297.
49 Donaldson, Scots Overseas, 124.
50 Harper, Adventurers and Exiles, 372.
51 Malcolm D. Prentis, The Scottish in Australia (Melbourne, 1987).
52 Tom Brooking, ‘Sharing out the Haggis: The Special Scottish Contribution to New Zealand History’, in Brooking and Coleman eds., The Heather and the Fern, 49–65.
53 Ferenc Morton Szasz, Scots in the North American West, 1790–1917 (Norman, 2000), 12.
54 Ibid., 210–11.
55 Prentis, The Scottish in Australia, 65–6.
56 Mary C. Waters, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1990), 134, 138.
57 Maureen Molloy, Those who Speak to the Heart: The Nova Scotian Scots at Waipu, 1854–1920 (Palmerston North, 1991); Margaret Bennett, Oatmeal and the Catechism: Scottish Gaelic Settlers in Quebec (1998; Edinburgh, 2003).
58 Marjory Harper, ‘Exiles or Entrepreneurs? Snapshots of the Scots in Canada’, in Rider and McNabb, eds., A Kingdom of the Mind, 34.
59 Harper, Adventurers and Exiles, 371.
60 McCarthy, Personal Narratives; Angela McCarthy, Scottishness and Irishness in New Zealand since 1840 (Manchester, 2011).
61 McCarthy, Scottishness and Irishness, chs. 3, 4, 6; Bennett, Oatmeal and the Catechism; Malcolm Prentis, ‘Haggis on the High Seas: Shipboard Experiences of Scottish Emigrants to Australia, 1821–1897’, Australian Historical Studies, 36, no. 124 (2004), 299.
62 Leigh S. L. Straw, A Semblance of Scotland: Scottish Identity in Colonial Western Australia (Glasgow, 2006), ch. 3, 103.
63 McCarthy ed., A Global Clan.
64 Enda Delaney and Donald M. MacRaild, eds., Irish Migration, Networks and Ethnic Identities Since 1750 (London and New York, 2007).
65 David Gerber, ‘A Network of Two: Personal Friendship and Scottish Identification in the Correspondence of Mary Ann Archbald and Margaret Wodrow, 1807–1840’, in McCarthy, ed., A Global Clan, 95–126.
66 Eric Richards, ‘Scottish Networks and Voices in Colonial Australia’, in McCarthy ed., A Global Clan, 150–82.
67 David S. Macmillan, Scotland and Australia, 1788–1850: Emigration, Commerce and Investment (Oxford, 1967).
68 Bueltmann, Hinson, and Morton, Ties of Bluid, Kin and Countrie.
69 Delaney and MacRaild, eds., Irish Migration, xvii.
70 McCarthy, Scottishness and Irishness, ch. 5.
71 Ibid., 118–25.
72 Heather Streets, Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914 (Manchester, 2004); Katie Pickles, ‘Kilts as Costumes: Identity, Resistance and Tradition’, in Bronwyn Labrum, Fiona McKergow, and Stephanie Gibson, eds., Looking Flash: Clothing in Aotearoa New Zealand (Auckland, 2007), 41–58.
73 George R. Dalgleish, ‘Aspects of Scottish-Canadian Material Culture: Heart Brooches and Scottish Pottery’, 122–36, and Cath Oberholtzer, ‘Thistles in the North: The Direct and Indirect Scottish Influence on James Bay Cree Material Culture’, 99–121, both in Rider and McNabb, eds., A Kingdom of the Mind.
74 MacKenzie, Scots in South Africa, 240–1; Straw, Semblance of Scotland, 113–15.
75 Straw, Semblance of Scotland, ch. 4.
76 Straw, Semblance of Scotland, 112; MacKenzie, Scots in South Africa, 152.
77 Don Watson, Caledonia Australis: Scottish Highlanders on the Frontier of Australia (1984; Sydney, 1997); Colin G. Calloway, White People, Indians, and Highlanders: Tribal Peoples and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America (Oxford, 2008).
78 Rodney Hall, ‘Preface’, in Watson, Caledonia Australis, xii.
79 Donald Harman Akenson, If the Irish Ran the World: Montserrat, 1630–1730 (Liverpool, 1997), 175.
80 McCarthy, Scottishness and Irishness, ch. 7.
81 Straw, Semblance of Scotland, 188.
82 J. M. Bumsted, ‘Scottishness and Britishness in Canada, 1790–1914’, in Harper and Vance eds., Myth, Migration and the Making of Memory, 102.
83 Esther Breitenbach, Empire and Scottish Society: The Impact of Foreign Missions at Home, c.1790 to c. 1914 (Edinburgh, 2009), 182.
84 McCarthy, Scottishness and Irishness, 52–5.
85 John M. MacKenzie, ‘Empire and National Identities: The Case of Scotland’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., vol. 8. (1998), 230.
86 MacKenzie, Scots in South Africa, ch. 1; Straw, Semblance of Scotland, 103.
87 Molloy, Those who Speak to the Heart, 125, 135.
88 Berthoff, British Immigrants in Industrial America, 24–6.
89 Celeste Ray, Highland Heritage: Scottish Americans in the American South (Chapel Hill, NC, and London, 2001), 18, 160.
90 McCarthy, Personal Narratives, 204–5.
91 Paul Basu, Highland Homecomings: Genealogy and Heritage Tourism in the Scottish Diaspora (Abingdon, 2007), 218.
92 Baines, Emigration from Europe, 39; Armitage, ‘The Scottish Diaspora’, in Wormald, ed., Scotland, 282.
93 McCarthy, Personal Narratives, 208–12.
94 Mark Wyman, ‘Emigrants Returning: The Evolution of a Tradition’, in Marjory Harper, ed., Emigrant Homecomings: The Return Movement of Emigrants, 1600–2000 (Manchester and New York, 2005), 21.