¹ P. J. Cain, ‘Economics and Empire: The Metropolitan Context’, in Andrew Porter, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire, 5 vols. (Oxford, 1999), vol. iii, 31–52; A. R. Dilley, ‘The Economics of Empire’, in Sarah Stockwell, ed., The British Empire: Themes and Perspectives (Oxford, 2008), 101–30.

² T. M. Devine, Scotland’s Empire, 1600–1815 (London, 2003), 93.

³ T. M. Devine, ‘Industrialisation’, in T. M. Devine, C. H. Lee, and G. C. Peden, eds., The Transformation of Scotland: The Economy Since 1700 (Edinburgh, 2005), 34–70.

⁴ W. W. Knox, Hanging by a Thread (Preston, 1995).

⁵ Gordon Stewart, Jute and Empire (Manchester, 1998).

⁶ T. M. Devine and John M. MacKenzie, ‘Scots in the Imperial Economy’, in T. M. Devine and John M. MacKenzie, eds., Scotland and the British Empire (Oxford, 2011).

⁷ Cain, ‘Economics and Empire’.

⁸ Gordon Jackson and Charles Munn, ‘Trade, Commerce and Finance’, in W. H. Fraser and Irene Maver, eds,. Glasgow. Vol. 2, 1830 to 1912 (Manchester, 1996), 52–95, 65.

⁹ Anthony Slaven and Sydney Checkland, Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography, 2 vols. (Aberdeen, 1990), vol. 2.

¹⁰ S. G. Checkland, Scottish Banking: A History, 1695–1973 (Glasgow, 1975).

¹¹ R. C. Michie, Money, Mania and Markets (Edinburgh, 1981), 132.

¹² S. G. E. Lythe and J. Butt, An Economic History of Scotland 1100–1939 (Glasgow, 1975); Bruce Lenman, An Economic History of Modern Scotland (London, 1977).

¹³ Christopher Schmitz, ‘The Nature and Dimensions of Scottish Foreign Investment, 1860–1914’, Business History, vol. 39, no. 2 (1997), 42–68.

¹⁴ Michael Fry, Scottish Empire (Edinburgh, 2001); Bill Smith, Robert Fleming, 1845–1933 (Haddington, 2000).

¹⁵ J. D. Bailey, ‘Australian Borrowing in Scotland in the Nineteenth Century’, Economic History Review, New Series, vol. 12, no. 2 (1959), 268–79.

¹⁶ Slaven and Checkland, Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography, vol. 2.

¹⁷ Jackson and Munn, ‘Trade, Commerce and Finance’.

¹⁸ Slaven and Checkland, Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography, vol. 2, 8. This logo was replaced in 2006 by the image of Sikh and highland soldiers seated side by side. The older logo had been subject to criticism by race-equality organizations.

¹⁹ Valerie Reilly, The Paisley Pattern: The Official Illustrated History (Glasgow, 1987).

²⁰ Robert Blake, Jardine Matheson (London, 1999).

²¹ J. Forbes Munro, Maritime Enterprise and Empire (Woodbridge, 2003), 499.

²² P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism, 1688–2000, 2nd edn. (Harlow, 2001). For critiques, see Martin Daunton, ‘“Gentlemanly Capitalism” and British Industry 1820–1914’, Past and Present, 122 (1989), 119–58, and Dilley, ‘The Economics of Empire’.

²³ Munro, Maritime Enterprise and Empire, 505.

²⁴ For Dundee politicians’ attempts to protect the local jute industry, see Stewart, Jute and Empire. Kirkman Finlay was MP for Glasgow Burghs and Lord Provost of Glasgow from 1812. See Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online: www.oxforddnb.com (accessed 17 December 2010). William Jardine served as MP for Ashburton in Devon from July 1841 until his death in February 1843. James Matheson succeeded his partner in this parliamentary seat, where he served until 1847, when he was returned as MP for Ross and Cromarty. See Robert Blake, Jardine Matheson.

²⁵ Yukihisa Kumagai, ‘Kirkman Finlay and John Crawfurd: Two Scots in the Campaign of the Glasgow East India Association for the Opening of China to Trade, 1829–1833’, Journal of Scottish Historical Studies, vol. 30, no. 2 (2010), 175–99.

²⁶ See, for example, T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation 1700–2007 (London, 2006).

²⁷ See Chapter 27 on emigration by Angela McCarthy.

²⁸ Bruce Lenman and Kathleen Donaldson, ‘Partners’ Incomes, Investment and Diversification in the Scottish Linen Area 1850–1921’, Business History, vol. 21 (1971), 1–18; C. H. Lee, ‘Economic Progress: Wealth and Poverty’, in Devine, Lee, and Peden, eds., The Transformation of Scotland: The Economy since 1700, 128–56.

²⁹ Scots also served in the Royal Navy, but not on the same scale. See Brian Lavery, Shield of Empire: The Royal Navy and Scotland (Edinburgh, 2007).

³⁰ T. M. Devine, ‘Setting the Scene: Before the British Empire’, Symposium on Scotland and Empire, University of Edinburgh, 18 November 2009.

³¹ Hew Strachan, ‘Scotland’s Military Identity’, Scottish Historical Review, 85 (2) (2006), 315–32.

³² Stephen Wood, The Scottish Soldier (Manchester, 1987), 55.

³³ Victor Kiernan, ‘Scottish Soldiers and the Conquest of India’, in Grant G. Simpson, ed., The Scottish Soldier Abroad, 1247–1967 (Edinburgh, 1992), 97–110.

³⁴ Wood, The Scottish Soldier.

³⁵ Kiernan, ‘Scottish Soldiers and the Conquest of India’, 104.

³⁶ Edward M. Spiers, The Scottish Soldier and Empire, 1854–1902 (Edinburgh, 2006).

³⁷ Charles Withers, ‘The Historical Creation of the Scottish Highlands’, in Ian Donnachie and Chris Whatley, eds., The Manufacture of Scottish History (Edinburgh, 1992), 143–56, 150.

³⁸ Strachan, ‘Scotland’s Military Identity’.

³⁹ Wood, The Scottish Soldier.

⁴⁰ Spiers, The Scottish Soldier and Empire, 157.

⁴¹ Stewart J. Brown, ‘“Echoes of Midlothian”: Scottish Liberalism and the South African War, 1899–1902’, Scottish Historical Review, lxxi (1992), 156–206.

⁴² Diana M. Henderson, The Scottish Regiments, 2nd edn. (Glasgow, 1996). Henderson notes that sources reflecting women’s experiences of military life appear to be very rare.

⁴³ See, for example, Katharine, Duchess of Atholl, Working Partnership (London, 1958).

⁴⁴ Spiers, The Scottish Soldier and Empire.

⁴⁵ C. J. Dewey, ‘The Education of a Ruling Caste: The Indian Civil Service in the Era of Competitive Examination’, English Historical Review, vol. 88, no. 347 (1973), 262–85.

⁴⁶ Anthony Kirk-Greene, Britain’s Imperial Administrators, 1858–1966 (London, 2000).

⁴⁷ Kirk-Greene, Britain’s Imperial Administrators, 1858–1966; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online, www.oxforddnb.com (accessed 22 January 2010).

⁴⁸ Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837 (New Haven and London, 1992).

⁴⁹ I. G. C. Hutchison, ‘The Nobility and Politics in Scotland, c.1880–1939’, in T. M. Devine, ed., Scottish Elites (Edinburgh, 1994), 131–51, 144.

⁵⁰ Esther Breitenbach, Empire and Scottish Society: The Impact of Foreign Missions at Home, c.1790–c.1914 (Edinburgh, 2009).

⁵¹ John M. MacKenzie, Empires of Nature and the Nature of Empires: Imperialism, Scotland and the Environment (East Linton, 1997); Charles Withers, Geography, Science and National Identity (Cambridge, 2001).

⁵² John D. Hargreaves, Academe and Empire: Some Overseas Connections of Aberdeen University, 1860–1970 (Aberdeen, 1994).

⁵³ Souvenir of the Scottish National Exhibition, Edinburgh Today (Edinburgh, 1908), 56.

⁵⁴ Iain Whyte, Scotland and the Abolition of Black Slavery, 1756–1838 (Edinburgh, 2006); C. Duncan Rice, The Scots Abolitionists (Baton Rouge, LO, 1981).

⁵⁵ John McCracken, Politics and Christianity in Malawi 1875–1940 (Cambridge, 1977); Andrew C. Ross, ‘Scotland and Malawi, 1859–1964’, in Stewart J. Brown and George Newlands, eds., Scottish Christianity in the Modern World (Edinburgh, 2000), 283–309.

⁵⁶ John M. Mackenzie, ‘The Provincial Geographical Societies in Britain 1884–1914’, in Morag Bell, Robin Butlin, and Michael Hefferman, eds., Geography and Imperialism, 1820–1940 (Manchester, 1995), 93–124.

⁵⁷ Breitenbach, Empire and Scottish Society.

⁵⁸ Edinburgh Unity of the Empire Association, Report of Fourth Session, 1898–9.

⁵⁹ John M. MacKenzie, ‘“The Second City of Empire”: Glasgow—Imperial Municipality’, in Felix Driver and David Gilbert, eds., Imperial Cities (Manchester, 1992), 215–37.

⁶⁰ Clare Midgley, Women against Slavery: The British Campaigns, 1780–1870 (London, 1992); Lesley Orr Macdonald, A Unique and Glorious Mission: Women and Presbyterianism in Scotland (Edinburgh, 2000); Breitenbach, Empire and Scottish Society.

⁶¹ Nigel Leask, ‘Scotland’s Literature of Empire and Emigration, 1707–1918’, in Ian Brown, Thomas Owen Clancy, Murray Pittock, and Susan Manning, eds., Enlightenment, Britain and Empire (1707–1918) (Edinburgh, 2007); Angela Smith, ‘Scottish Literature and the British Empire’, in Devine and MacKenzie, eds., Scotland and the British Empire.

⁶² David Finkelstein, ‘Imperial Self-Representation: Constructions of Empire in Blackwood’s Magazine, 1880–1900’, in Julie F. Codell, ed., Imperial Co-Histories: National Identities and the British and Colonial Press (Madison, NJ, 2003), 95–108.

⁶³ R. M. W. Cowan, The Newspaper in Scotland (Glasgow, 1946).

⁶⁴ Cowan, Newspaper in Scotland, 374.

⁶⁵ Ibid., 385.

⁶⁶ William Donaldson, Popular Literature in Victorian Scotland: Language, Fiction and the Press (Aberdeen, 1986).

⁶⁷ Simon J. Potter, News and the British World (Oxford, 2003). Potter does not cite any Scottish newspapers in his study, but it is likely that this would hold good for the Scottish press.

⁶⁸ Richard J. Finlay, ‘The Scottish Press and Empire, 1850–1914’, in Simon J. Potter, ed., Newspapers and Empire in Ireland and Britain (Dublin, 2004), 62–74, 66.

⁶⁹ John M. MacKenzie, ‘The Press and the Dominant Ideology of Empire’, in Potter, ed., Newspapers and Empire, 23–38.

⁷⁰ MacKenzie, ‘The Press and the Dominant Ideology of Empire’.

⁷¹ Andrew Thompson, The Empire Strikes Back? The Impact of Imperialism on Britain from the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Harlow, 2005).