¹ Note for example: J. Alexander, McCrae’s Battalion: The Story of the Sixteenth Royal Scots (Edinburgh, 2003); A. Weir, Come on Highlanders! Glasgow Territorials and the Great War (Stroud, 2005).

² S. Heathorn, ‘The Mnemonic Turn in the Cultural Historiography of Britain’s Great War’, Historical Journal, 48, no. 4 (2005), 1,103–24; S. Goebel, ‘Beyond Discourse? Bodies and Memory of Two World Wars’, Journal of Contemporary History, 142, no. 2 (2007), 377–85.

³ For a recent and accessible overview of these developments see T. Royle, Flowers of the Forest (Edinburgh, 2006), 230–55. Examples of the ‘Red Clydeside’ debate include J. Foster, ‘Strike Action and Working-Class Politics on Clydeside, 1914–1919’, International Review of Social History, 35 (1990), 33–70; I. Maclean, The Legend of Red Clydeside (Edinburgh, 1999).

⁴ J. Stevenson, ‘Writing Scotland’s History in the Twentieth Century: Thoughts from Across the Border’, Scottish Historical Review, lxxvi, no. 1 (1997), 111.

⁵ See K. Blackwell, ‘Women on Red Clydeside: The Invisible Workforce Debate’, Scottish Social and Economic History, 21, no. 2 (2002), 140–62; C. Moriarty, ‘The Material Culture of Great War Remembrance’, Journal of Contemporary History, 34, no. 4 (1999), 654.

⁶ T. C. Smout, A Century of the Scottish People 1830–1950 (London, 1984), 267.

⁷ C. Harvie, No Gods and Precious Few Heroes: Scotland since 1914 (Edinburgh, 1981), 24; M. Lynch, A New History of Scotland (London, 1991), 103.

⁸ Harvie, No Gods, 24. See also R. Findlay, Modern Scotland, 1914–2000 (London, 2004), 2–4; T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation, 1707–2007 (Harmondsworth, 2006), 309.

⁹ Lynch, New History, 423; Findlay, Modern Scotland, 2–4; Devine, The Scottish Nation, 309.

¹⁰ Royle, Flowers of the Forest, xxxi–ii.

¹¹ See T. M. Devine, ‘The Break-up of Britain? Scotland and the End of Empire’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 16 (2006), 163–80.

¹² T. Chalmers, A Saga of Scotland: The History of the 16th Battalion HLI (Glasgow, n.d.), 4–5.

¹³ E. Spiers, ‘The Scottish Soldier at War’, in H. Cecil and P. H. Liddle, eds., Facing Armageddon: The First World War Experienced (London, 1996), 315.

¹⁴ D. Young, ‘Voluntary Enlistment in Scotland 1914–16’ (PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, 2001), 255.

¹⁵ Young, ‘Voluntary Enlistment’, 101–4.

¹⁶ D. Coetzee, ‘A Life or Death Decision: The Influence of Trends in Fertility, Nuptiality and Family Economies on Voluntary Enlistment in Scotland, August 1914 to December 1915’, Family and Community History, 8, no. 2 (November 2005), 78, 87–8.

¹⁷ See S. Audoin-Rouzeau and A. Becker, Understanding the Great War (London, 2002).

¹⁸ E. W. McFarland, ‘“How the Irish Paid Their Debt”: Irish Catholics in Scotland and Voluntary Enlistment, August 1914–July 1915’, Scottish Historical Review, lxxxiii, no. 214 (October 2003), 261–84.

¹⁹ S. Allen and A. Carswell, The Thin Red Line: War, Empire and Visions of Scotland (Edinburgh, 2004), 44.

²⁰ B. McEvoy, History of the 72nd Canadian Infantry Battalion Seaforth Highlanders of Canada (Vancouver, 1920); C. R. MacKinnon, The Scottish Highlanders (New York, 1995).

²¹ J. G. Fuller, Troop Morale and Popular Culture in the British and Dominion Armies 1914–1918 (Oxford, 1990), 164. At this point the Highlands contributed only around 8 per cent of Scotland’s total population.

²² W. A. Andrews, Haunting Years: The Commentaries of a War Territorial (London, 1930), 249.

²³ On the eve of war Scotland contributed 20 per cent of UK Territorial infantry: D. Duff, Scotland’s War Losses (Glasgow, 1947), 35. In contrast, Young suggests that Scotland raised only 5.3 per cent of the total number of Pals battalions raised in the UK (Wales contributed 12.8 per cent), ‘Voluntary Enlistment’, 289. See also David Martin, ed., The Fifth Battalion The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) (Glasgow, 1936).

²⁴ Young, ‘Voluntary Enlistment’, 262.

²⁵ R. R. Thompson, The Fifty-Second (Lowland) Division, 1914–1918 (Glasgow, 1923), 42–102.

²⁶ N. Lloyd, Loos 1915 (Stroud, 2006), 156–8; F. T. Macleod, D. Macritchie, and W. G. Burn Murdoch, eds., The Book of the Feill (Edinburgh, 1917), 15 [letter from Ian Hay Beith].

²⁷ F. W. Brewsher, The History of the 51st (Highland) Division 1914–1918 (Edinburgh, 1921), 80–5.

²⁸ J. W. Arthur and I. S. Munro, eds., The 17th Highland Light Infantry (Glasgow Chamber of Commerce Battallion): Record of War Service (Glasgow, 1920), 58.

²⁹ Spiers, ‘Scottish Soldier’, 328. For individual testimony from Scottish participants see D. Young, Forgotten Voices of the Great War (Stroud, 2005).

³⁰ R. Graves, Goodbye to All That (London, 1961), 138.

³¹ C. F. French, ‘The 51st Division during the First World War’ (PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006).

³² French, ‘The 51st Division’, 53; E. Spiers. The Scottish Soldier and Empire, 1954–1902 (Edinburgh, 2006).

³³ H. B. McCartney, Citizen Soldiers: The Liverpool Territorials in the Great War (Cambridge, 2005), 3.

³⁴ A. Gregory, The Last Great War: British Society and the First World War (Cambridge, 2008), 221–2.

³⁵ C. M. M. Macdonald, ‘Race, Riot and Representations of War’, in C. M. M. Macdonald and E. W McFarland, Scotland and the Great War (East Linton, 1999), 145–72.

³⁶ M. Snape, God and the British Soldier: Religion in the British Army in the First and Second World Wars (London, 2005), 159–60.

³⁷ F. Douglas, ‘Ritual and Remembrance: The Church of Scotland and National Services of Thanksgiving and Remembrance after Four Wars in the Twentieth Century’ (PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006).

³⁸ See A. J. Hoover, God, Germany, and Britain in the Great War: A Study in Clerical Nationalism (New York, 1989); A. Becker, War and Faith: The Religious Imagination in France 1914–1930 (Oxford, 1998).

³⁹ J. L. McLeod, ‘“Greater Love Hath No Man Than This”: Scotland’s Conflicting Religious Response to Death in the Great War’, Scottish Historical Review, lxxxi, no. 211, April 2002, 70–96; see also S. J. Brown, “‘A Solemn Purification by Fire”: Responses to the Great War in the Scottish Presbyterian Churches, 1914–1919’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 45, 1 (January, 1994), 82–104.

⁴⁰ Reports to the General Assembly, 1921 (Edinburgh, 1921): Report of the Committee on Social Problems, 77–8. See J. Stewart, ‘“Christ’s Kingdom in Scotland”: Scottish Presbyterianism, Social Reform and the Edwardian Crisis’, Twentieth Century British History, 12:1 (2001), 1–22.

⁴¹ C. Lee, ‘The Scottish Economy and the First World War’, in Macdonald and McFarland, Scotland and the Great War, 20–1.

⁴² These commemorative volumes are a much underused source for studying the Scottish home front. See, for example: Peace Souvenir: Motherwell’s Part in the Fight for Freedom (Motherwell, 1919); J. Minto Robertson, ed., The War Book of Turriff and Twelve Miles Around (Banff and Turiff, 1926); S. Lindsay, ed., Coatbridge and the Great War (Glasgow, 1919).

⁴³ Gregory, Last Great War, 187–91.

⁴⁴ E. W. McFarland, ‘“Our Country’s Heroes”: Irish Catholics in Scotland and the Great War’, in M. Mitchell, ed., New Perspectives on Irish Migration in Scotland (Edinburgh, 2008), 127–44.

⁴⁵ J. Winter, Sites of Memory: Sites of Mourning (Cambridge, 1995), 102–8.

⁴⁶ S. Wood, The Scottish Soldier (Manchester, 1987), 88; N. Ferguson, The Pity of War (Harmondsworth, 2006), 298–9.

⁴⁷ See Royle, Flowers of the Forrest, 284, on this point.

⁴⁸ The Glasgow University Roll of Honour 1914–1919 (Glasgow, 1922); G. A. C. Hughes, ‘Glasgow University and World War One’ (MPhil thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006).

⁴⁹ See G. L. Mosse, Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars (Oxford, 1990); A. King, Memorials of the Great War in Britain: The Symbolism and Politics of Remembrance (Oxford, 1998).

⁵⁰ L. van Ypersele, ‘Making the Great War Great: 1914–18 Memorials in Wallonia’, in W. Kidd and B. Murdoch, eds., Memory and Memorials: The Commemorative Century (Aldershot, 2004), 30–1.

⁵¹ The Scotsman, 20 February 1919. The term is Lord Rosebery’s.

⁵² A. Petrie, ‘Scottish Culture and the First World War’ (PhD thesis, University of Dundee, 2006), 174. For the memorial see F. W. Deas, The Scottish National War Memorial Official Guide (Edinburgh, 1928), 26–7. See also Ian Hay Beith, Their Name Liveth: The Book of the Scottish National War Memorial (London, 1931); Sir Lawrence Weaver, The Scottish National War Memorial (London, 1927).

⁵³ J. Macleod, ‘“By Scottish Hands, with Scottish Money, on Scottish Soil”: The Scottish National War Memorial and National Identity’, Journal of British Studies, 49 (January 2010), 73–96.

⁵⁴ In Ross-shire official statistics suggested 58.6 per cent of men of military age had enlisted by April 1915. Here men served in a variety of front-line and reserve units, including the 4th Seaforth Highlanders, the county territorial battalion, which was first engaged with heavy losses at Aubers Ridge and Festubert in May 1915. In his discussion of the county’s contribution, Duff estimates 28 per cent of the battalion in total died in the war: Scotland’s War Losses, 43–6.

⁵⁵ www.ukniwm.org.uk

⁵⁶ G. Bell, ‘Monuments to the Fallen: Scottish War Memorials of the Great War’ (PhD thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1993), 463.

⁵⁷ For a local example see Irvine Times, 19 August 1921.

⁵⁸ King, Memorials of the Great War, 209.

⁵⁹ There are 283 crosses listed on the UK database, 18 per cent of total Scottish memorials, compared with 14 per cent for the UK as a whole.

⁶⁰ For examples see Glasgow Herald, 22 February 1921 (Govanhill Parish Church); 29 March 1921 (Montrose); 16 September 1921 (Caithness).

⁶¹ The totals are 108 obelisks and 99 columns; 13 per cent of Scottish memorials consist of these abstract types compared with 3 per cent nationally; 95 figurative memorials are listed (6 per cent of the Scottish total), of which 67 are of servicemen.

⁶² J. A. Black, ‘Ordeal and Affirmation: Masculinity and the Construction of Scottish and English National Identity in Great War Memorial Sculpture 1919–30’, in Kidd and Murdoch, eds., Memory and Memorials, 75–91. In this case the model was a local casualty who had been killed at the Somme.

⁶³ I. G. C. Hutchison, Scottish Politics in the Twentieth Century (London, 2001), 29.

⁶⁴ K. Jeffery, Ireland and the Great War (Cambridge, 2000); A. Gregory and S. Paseta, Ireland and the Great War: ‘A War to Unite Us All’? (Manchester, 2002).

⁶⁵ C. M. M. Macdonald, The Radical Thread: Political Change in Scotland, Paisley Politics 1885–1924 (East Linton, 2000).

⁶⁶ Duff, Scotland’s War Losses, 44.

⁶⁷ Hughes, ‘Glasgow University’, 131. See also J. M. Winter, ‘Britain’s “Lost Generation” of the First World War’, Population Studies, vol. 31, no. 3 (November 1977), 449–66.

⁶⁸ The Scotsman, 2, 4 February 1928.

⁶⁹ T. Chalmers, An Epic of Glasgow: History of the 15th Battalion HLI (Glasgow, 1934). Note also the companion volume published by the same author in 1936, A Saga of Scotland: The History of the 16th Battalion HLI (Glasgow). The 5th (Territorial) Battalion also produced its own privately published account: F. L. Morrison, The Fifth Battalion Highland Light Infantry (Glasgow, 1921).