¹ Giovanni Capoccia, Defending Democracy: Reactions to Extremism in Interwar Europe (Baltimore, MD, 2007); Martin Blinkhorn, Fascism and the Right in Europe, 1919–1945 (London, 2000); Gregory M. Luebbert, Liberalism, Fascism or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe (New York, 1991); Roland I. Kowalski, European Communism: 1848–1991 (Basingstoke, 2006); Peter Davies, The Extreme Right in France, 1789 to the Present (London, 2002), 79–100; Erik Hansen, ‘Fascism and Nazism in the Netherlands, 1929–39’, European Studies Review, 11 (1981), 355–85, and Martin Conway, ‘The Extreme Right in Interwar Francophone Belgium: Explanations of a Failure’, European History Quarterly, 26 (1996), 267–94.

² Arthur Bryant, The Years of Endurance, 1793–1802 (London, 1942), and Years of Victory, 1802–1812 (London, 1943). Also Julia Stapleton, Sir Arthur Bryant and National History in Twentieth-Century Britain (Lanham, MD, 2005).

³ Malcolm Smith, Britain and 1940: History, Myth and Popular Memory (London, 2000), 111–30.

⁴ Derek Aldcroft, The British Economy: The Years of Turmoil, 1920–1951 (London, 1986), 44–84; B. W. E. Alford, Depression and Recovery? British Economic Growth 1918–1939 (London, 1972), 13–15, 80–3; I. M. Drummond, The Gold Standard and the International Monetary System, 1900–39 (Basingstoke, 1987), and Martin Daunton, Wealth and Welfare: An Economic and Social History of Britain 1851–1951 (Oxford, 2007), 274–98.

⁵ Cato (Michael Foot), The Guilty Men (London, 1957).

⁶ For pessimists: Charles Loch Mowat, Britain between the Wars (London, 1955), A. J. P. Taylor, English History, 1914–1945 (London, 1965), and Robert Skidelsky, Politicians and the Slump (London, 1967). For ‘optimists’: J. Stevenson and C. Cook, The Slump: Politics and Society During the Depression (London, 1977), and J. Stevenson, British Society, 1914–1945 (Harmondsworth, 1984). The debate is reviewed in A. Thorpe, Britain in the 1930s (Oxford, 1992).

⁷ Andrew J. Thorpe, ed., The Failure of Political Extremism in Interwar Britain (Exeter, 1988), 1–10; Richard C. Thurlow, Fascism in Modern Britain (Stroud, 2000), and Martin Pugh, Hurrah for the Blackshirts: Fascism and Fascists in Britain Between the Wars (London, 2005).

⁸ Stephen V. Ward, The Geography of Interwar Britain: The State and Uneven Development (London, 1988).

⁹ R. J. Finlay, ‘National Identity in Crisis: Politicians, Intellectuals and the “End of Scotland”’, History, 79 (1994), 242–59.

¹⁰ League of Nations, unemployment at the end of 1933: Germany 22.6%, Belgium 19.9%, Canada 21%, Denmark 37.5%, USA 22.6%, the Netherlands 40%, and the United Kingdom 15.1%, Statistical Yearbook 1934–35, 57–78. The Scottish figure for March 1934 was 24%, HC Debs, 22 March 1934, vol. 278, cc. 1,392–528. See also J. B. Orr, Food, Health and Income (London, 1936).

¹¹ I. G. C. Hutchison, A Political History of Scotland: Parties, Elections, Issues, 1832–1924 (Edinburgh, 1986), 277–309; J. J. Smyth, Labour in Glasgow 1896–1936: Socialism, Suffrage, Sectarianism (East Linton, 2000), 70–125, and William Kenefick, Red Scotland: The Rise and Fall of the Radical Left, c. 1872–1932 (Edinburgh, 2007), 159–84.

¹² Hutchison, Political History, 284, 314.

¹³ R. H. Campbell, The Rise and Fall of Scottish Industry 1707–1939 (Edinburgh, 1980), 56–75.

¹⁴ Daunton, Wealth and Welfare, 286–90.

¹⁵ B. W. E. Alford, Britain in the World Economy Since 1880 (Harlow, 1996), 72–80.

¹⁶ Ronald Johnston, Clydeside Capital, 1870–1920: A Social History of Employers (East Linton, 2000), 169–210.

¹⁷ Arthur McIvor, ‘A Crusade for Capitalism: The Economic League, 1919–39’, Journal of Contemporary History, 23 (1988), 631–55; Robert Colls, Identity of England (Oxford, 2002), 59–61; Stefan Collini, Absent Minds: Intellectuals in Britain (Oxford, 2006), 350–75.

¹⁸ Ian MacDougall, ‘Some Aspects of the General Strike in Scotland’, in I. MacDougall, ed., Essays in Labour History (Edinburgh, 1978), 170–207.

¹⁹ HC Deb. 27 June 1923, vol. 165, c. 2,382; while Lithgow told the Engineers Congress in Glasgow June 1938 that state expenditure on education for the working class beyond a certain level was a waste of money.

²⁰ The Rotarian, January 1920, vol. xvl (1), 32.

²¹ Ian Levitt, Poverty and Welfare in Scotland 1890–1948 (Edinburgh, 1988), 118–41.

²² A. D. Campbell, ‘“Income” and Robert Baird “Housing”’, in A. K. Cairncross, ed., The Scottish Economy: A Statistical Account of Scottish Life (Cambridge, 1954), 52–4, 200–6.

²³ Finlay, ‘National Identity in Crisis’, 45–6.

²⁴ Philip Williamson, National Crisis and National Government: British Politics, the Economy and Empire, 1926–1932 (Cambridge, 2003), 308–20.

²⁵ On Wheatley see David Howell, A Lost Left: Three Studies in Socialism and Nationalism (Manchester, 1986), 229–65.

²⁶ Williamson, National Crisis, 308–20, and Duncan Tanner, ‘Political Leadership, Intellectual Debate and Economic Policy during the Second Labour Government’, in E. H. H. Green and D. M. Tanner, eds., The Strange Survival of Liberal England: Political Leaders, Moral Values and the Reception of Economic Debate (Cambridge, 2007), 113–53.

²⁷ Nick Smart, The National Government, 1931–40 (Basingstoke, 1999), 1–15.

²⁸ Gidon Cohen, The Failure of a Dream: The Independent Labour Party from Disaffiliation to World War Two (London, 2007), 15–29, and Ben Pimlott, Labour and the Left in the 1930s (Cambridge, 1977), 9–35, 89–98.

²⁹ Matthew Worley, Class against Class: The Communist Party in Britain Between the Wars (London, 2002), 44.

³⁰ Tom Stannage, Baldwin Thwarts the Opposition: The British General Election of 1935 (London, 1980), 62–83, 247–72.

³¹ David Powell, British Politics, 1910–1935: The Crisis of the Party System (London, 2004), 184.

³² G. M. Thomson, Scotland: That Distressed Area (Edinburgh, 1935).

³³ Wal Hannington, The Problem of the Distressed Areas: An Examination of Poverty and Unemployment (London, 1935), 218.

³⁴ Clydesdale Bank, Sixth Annual Survey of Economic Conditions (Glasgow, 1939), 7.

³⁵ John Torrence, Scotland’s Dilemma (Edinburgh, 1938).

³⁶ G. M. Thomson, Caledonia: or the Future of the Scots (Edinburgh, 1926), and Andrew Dewar Gibb, Scotland in Eclipse (Glasgow, 1932).

³⁷ Fritz Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair (London, 1965); see R. J. Overy, The Inter-War Crisis, 1919–1939 (London, 2007), 38–46, and R. J. Overy, The Morbid Age: Britain and the Crisis of Civilization (London, 2009), 93–136. For Scotland, HC Deb 22 November 1932, vol. 272.

³⁸ Marjery McCulloch, Modernism and Nationalism: Literature and Society in Scotland 1918–1939 (Edinburgh, 2004).

³⁹ Richard J. Finlay, Independent and Free: Scottish Politics and the Origins of the Scottish National Party, 1918–1945 (Edinburgh, 1994), 71–126.

⁴⁰ James Mitchell, Governing Scotland: The Invention of Administrative Devolution (Basingstoke, 2003), 117–49.

⁴¹ James Mitchell, Conservatism and the Union: A Survey of Conservative Party Attitudes to Scotland (Edinburgh, 1990), 17–26.

⁴² Tom Burns, Self-Government for Scotland (Edinburgh, 1939).

⁴³ Barry Eichengreen and T. J. Hatton, eds., Interwar Unemployment in International Perspective (Dordrecht, 1987), 1–51.

⁴⁴ Neil K. Buxton, ‘Economic Growth in Scotland between the Wars: The Role of Production Structure and Rationalization’, Economic History Review, 33, 4 (November 1980), 538–55.

⁴⁵ HC Deb 24 November 1932, vol. 272, c. 242–3.

⁴⁶ Ibid., vol. 85, c. 1,349.

⁴⁷ Stevenson, British Society, 276–99, and Peter Baldwin, The Politics of Social Solidarity: Class Bases of the European Welfare State, 1875–1975 (Cambridge, 1992), 107–47.

⁴⁸ Stevenson, British Society, 315–17.

⁴⁹ G. C. Peden, British Economic and Social Policy: Lloyd George to Thatcher (London, 1991), 105–13.

⁵⁰ Edwin Muir, Scottish Journey (London, 1935), 110.

⁵¹ The number of self-employed decreased from 132,000 to 94,000 between 1921 and 1939; C. E. V. Leser, ‘Manpower’, in Cairncross, ed., Scottish Economy, 40.

⁵² T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation 1700–2007 (London, 2006), 479–85.

⁵³ J. M. MacDiarmid, The Deer Forests and How They Are Bleeding Scotland White (Edinburgh, 1926), and see E. Cameron, Land for the People: The British Government and the Scottish Highlands 1880–1925 (East Linton, 1996), 166–91.

⁵⁴ T. Brotherstone, ‘Does Red Clydeside Matter Any More’, in R. Duncan and A. McIvor, eds., Militant Workers: Labour and Class Conflict on the Clyde, 1900–1950 (Edinburgh, 1997), 52–81.

⁵⁵ R. H. Campbell, ‘The Committee of the Ex-Secretaries of State for Scotland and Industrial Policy, 1941–45’, Scottish Industrial History, 2 (1981).

⁵⁶ HC Deb 22 November 1932, vol. 272, cc. 262–92.

⁵⁷ Oliver Zimmer, Nationalism in Europe: 1890–1940 (Basingstoke, 2003), 59–72.

⁵⁸ HC Deb 22 November 1932, vol. 272, c. 262.

⁵⁹ Michael Mann, ‘A Political Theory of Nationalism and Its Excess’, in Sukumar Periwal and Ernest Gellner, eds., Notions of Nationalism (Budapest, 1995), 44–64.

⁶⁰ For claims of ‘Rome Rule’, Sir Robert Horne in HC Deb 22 November 1932, vol. 272, c. 261.

⁶¹ Finlay, Independent and Free, 162–206.

⁶² Stephen M. Cullen, ‘The Fasces and the Saltire: The Failure of the British Union of Fascists in Scotland, 1932–1940’, Scottish Historical Review, 87, 2 (2008), 306–31.

⁶³ Reports on the Schemes of the Church of Scotland, 1927 (Edinburgh, 1927), 1,220.

⁶⁴ R. J. Finlay, ‘Nationalism, Race and Religion: The “Irish Question in Interwar Scotland”’, Innes Review, xlii (Spring 1991), 46–67.

⁶⁵ Gibb, Scotland in Eclipse, 56–7.

⁶⁶ Glasgow Herald, 25 March 1929, and HC Deb 22 November 1932, vol. 272, c. 261.