¹ Callum Brown, Religion and Society in Modern Scotland (Edinburgh, 1997), 62–3.

² Callum Brown, The Death of Christian Britain (London, 2001).

³ George Rosie, ‘Religion’, in Magnus Linklater and Robin Denniston, eds., Anatomy of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1992), 80.

⁴ Colin Kidd, Union and Unionisms (Cambridge, 2008), 243.

⁵ Kidd, Union, 7.

⁶ John Mackenzie, ‘David Livingstone: The Construction of the Myth’, in Graham Walker and Tom Gallagher, eds., Sermons and Battle Hymns: Protestant Popular Culture in Modern Scotland (Edinburgh, 1990), 24–42; also John Mackenzie, ‘Scotland and the British Empire’, International History Review, 4 (1993), 714–39.

⁷ David McCrone, Understanding Scotland: The Sociology of a Stateless Nation (London, 1992), 132–3.

⁸ See Graham Walker, ‘Varieties of Scottish Protestant Identity’, in Tom Devine and Richard Finlay, eds., Scotland in the Twentieth Century (Edinburgh, 1996).

⁹ Brown, Religion and Society, 8–11; also Brown, Death, Introduction. The Band of Hope, formed in 1847, was a temperance organization set up to influence working-class children.

¹⁰ See John Stewart, ‘“Christ’s Kingdom in Scotland”: Scottish Presbyterianism, Social Reform, and the Edwardian Crisis’, Twentieth Century British History, 12, no. 1 (2001), 1–22.

¹¹ Scholarly debate in this area derives from the pioneering work of James E. Handley, whose books The Irish in Scotland 1798–1845 (Cork, 1943) and The Irish in Modern Scotland (Cork, 1947) have provided rich quarry for later scholars such as Tom Gallagher, Glasgow: The Uneasy Peace (Manchester, 1987). See discussion of Hanley’s influence in Irene Maver, ‘The Catholic Community’, in Devine and Finlay, eds., Scotland; also T. M. Devine, The Scottish Nation 1700–2000 (London, 1999), 486–500.

¹² See Martin J. Mitchell, ed., New Perspectives on the Irish in Scotland (Edinburgh, 2008), especially Chapter 1; Bernard Aspinwall, ‘Catholic Realities and Pastoral Strategies: Another Look at the Historiography of Scottish Catholicism, 1878–1920’, Innes Review, 59, no. 1 (Spring 2008), 77–112. It should also be noted that a significant indigenous Catholic community retained a presence in areas like the Gaelic-speaking west Highlands. The scholarly literature is slight but see Ray Burnett, ‘“The Long Nineteenth Century”: Scotland’s Catholic Gaidhealtachd’, in Raymond Boyle and Peter Lynch, eds., Out of the Ghetto? The Catholic Community in Modern Scotland (Edinburgh, 1998).

¹³ John McCaffrey, ‘Roman Catholics in Scotland: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries’, in C. MacLean and K. Veitch, eds., Scottish Life and Society: A Compendium of Scottish Ethnology. Volume 12: Religion (Edinburgh, 2006).

¹⁴ See Allan Maclean, ‘Episcopalians’, in MacLean and Veitch, Scottish Life.

¹⁵ See Kenneth Collins, ‘The Jews in Scotland’, in MacLean and Veitch, Scottish Life.

¹⁶ Robert Kernohan, Scotland’s Life and Work (Edinburgh, 1979), 96–7; Elaine McFarland, ‘“Our Country’s Heroes”: Irish Catholics and the Great War’, in Mitchell, ed., New Perspectives, 127–44; Stewart J. Brown, ‘“A Solemn Purification by Fire”: Responses to the Great War in the Scottish Presbyterian Churches, 1914–19’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 45, no. 1 (1994), 82–104.

¹⁷ Brown, ‘“Solemn Purification”’; Callum Brown, ‘Piety, Gender and War in Scotland in the 1910s’, in Catriona M. M. Macdonald and Elaine McFarland, eds., Scotland and the Great War (East Linton, 1999), 173–91.

¹⁸ See Keith Robbins, England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales: The Christian Church 1900–2000 (Oxford, 2008), 210–16.

¹⁹ See, for example, Stewart J. Brown, ‘“Outside the Covenant”: The Scottish Presbyterian Churches and Irish Immigration, 1922–1938’, Innes Review, 42, no. 1 (Spring 1991), 19–45; Richard J. Finlay, ‘Nationalism, Race, Religion and The Irish Question in Inter-War Scotland’, Innes Review, 42, no. 1 (Spring 1991), 46–67; Gallagher, Glasgow, Chapter 4; Brown, Religion, 191–6; Stewart J. Brown, ‘Presbyterians and Catholics in Twentieth-Century Scotland’, in Stewart J. Brown and George Newlands, eds., Scottish Christianity in the Modern World (Edinburgh, 2000).

²⁰ See Elaine McFarland, Protestants First: Orangeism in 19th-Century Scotland (Edinburgh, 1990); Graham Walker, ‘The Orange Order in Scotland Between the Wars’, International Review of Social History, 37, no. 2 (1992), 177–206; Eric Kaufman, ‘The Orange Order in Scotland since 1860: A Social Analysis’, in Mitchell, New Perspectives, 159–90.

²¹ Stewart J. Brown, ‘“Outside the Covenant”’.

²² See Michael Rosie, The Sectarian Myth in Scotland (Basingstoke, 2004), 140–2.

²³ Rosie, Sectarian Myth, ch. 7.

²⁴ Steve Bruce, Conservative Protestant Politics (Oxford, 1998), ch. 4.

²⁵ See Graham Walker, Intimate Strangers: Political and Cultural Interaction Between Scotland and Ulster in Modern Times (Edinburgh, 1995), ch. 4.

²⁶ Gallagher, Uneasy Peace, 167.

²⁷ Scottish Record Office (SRO), 37110/1. Scottish Office Report on the Irish in Scotland.

²⁸ See discussion in Robbins, England, ch. 4.

²⁹ Walker, ‘Varieties’; John Buchan, The Kirk in Scotland (1930; Dunbar, 1985), 132.

³⁰ Brown, Religion and Society, 153.

³¹ Ronald Ferguson, George MacLeod (London, 1990); Ian Bradley, Believing in Britain: The Spiritual Identity of Britishness (Oxford, 2008), 172–3.

³² Robbins, England, 284–5; also Tom Gallagher, The Illusion of Freedom (London, 2009), 51.

³³ Elaine McFarland and Ronnie Johnston, ‘Faith in the Factory: The Church of Scotland’s Industrial Mission, 1942–58’, Historical Research, 83, no. 221 (August 2010), 539–64.

³⁴ Brown, Religion and Society, 158–61.

³⁵ See the obituary of Professor Ronald Wallace in The Herald, 4 March 2006.

³⁶ Clive Rawlins, William Barclay (London, 1998).

³⁷ Grace Davie, Religion in Britain since 1945 (Oxford, 1994), 77.

³⁸ Hector McNeil, quoted in Richard Weight, Patriots (London, 2002), 134.

³⁹ See Tom Gallagher, ‘The Press and Protestant Popular Culture: A Case Study of the Scottish Daily Express’, in Walker and Gallagher, eds., Sermons and Battle Hymns.

⁴⁰ Brown, Death, 175–6; Robbins, England, 349.

⁴¹ Brown, Death, 165.

⁴² Brown, Religion and Society, 160–1; for Vatican II see McCaffrey, ‘Roman Catholics’.

⁴³ For example, Brown, Death; Steve Bruce, ed., Religion and Modernization: Sociologists and Historians Debate the Secularization Thesis (Oxford, 1992); Hugh McLeod, The Religious Crisis of the 1960s (Oxford, 2007); Davie, Religion in Britain since 1945.

⁴⁴ Christopher Harvie, No Gods and Precious Few Heroes (London, 1981), 83.

⁴⁵ Robbins, England, 329–30. For a rare academic treatment of the foreign missions theme see Andrew C. Ross, The Blantyre Mission and the Making of Modern Malawi (Lanham, MD, 1996). Ross was one of a distinguished group of Church historians during the 1960s in the Divinity Faculty at New College under the leadership of Professor Alec Cheyne. They adopted a more global perspective on the history of the Church of Scotland.

⁴⁶ See discussion in Harry Reid, Reformation (Edinburgh, 2009), 359–70.

⁴⁷ For example, C. Beveridge and R. Turnbull, The Eclipse of Scottish Culture (Edinburgh, 1989); Will Storrar, ‘Three Portraits of Scottish Calvinism’, in Robert D. Kernohan, ed., The Realm of Reform (Edinburgh, 1999).

⁴⁸ George Elder Davie, The Democratic Intellect (Edinburgh, 1961).

⁴⁹ Johnston McKay, ‘The Church Social’, in MacLean and Veitch, Scottish Life.

⁵⁰ Jack Brand, The National Movement in Scotland (London, 1978), 150–4.

⁵¹ See Rosie, ‘Religion’.

⁵² The role played by Canon Kenyon Wright (Scottish Episcopal Church) in the campaign for a parliament and in the Constitutional Convention 1989–95 should be noted. See also the reflections on the Kirk’s role in the Convention in ‘Submission by the Church of Scotland to the Commission on Scottish Devolution’ (Calman Commission), 13 June 2008.

⁵³ For the text of the speech and commentaries on it both supportive and critical see T. M. Devine, ed., Scotland’s Shame? (Edinburgh, 2000).

⁵⁴ Robbins, England, 462.

⁵⁵ For McConnell’s campaign see Gallagher, Illusion, 105–7, 138; for Gorrie and his admission of the ‘complex’ nature of the issue see The Herald, 8 January 2005.

⁵⁶ On what became known as ‘The Section 28 Controversy’ see Stephen McGinty, This Turbulent Priest: A Life of Cardinal Winning (London, 2003); also David Evans, ‘The Lesson of Section 28’, in Gerry Hassan and Chris Warhurst, eds., The New Scottish Politics (Edinburgh, 2001).

⁵⁷ See Martin Steven, ‘The Place of Religion in Devolved Scottish Politics’, Scottish Affairs, 58 (Winter 2007).

⁵⁸ Quoted in Steve Bruce et al., Sectarianism in Scotland (Edinburgh, 2004), 113.

⁵⁹ See Joseph M. Bradley, ed., Celtic-Minded: Essays on Football, Culture and Identity, vols. 1 and 2 (Argyll, 2004 and 2006); also T. M. Devine, ‘The End of Disadvantage?’, in Mitchell, New Perspectives; and Gallagher, Illusion, 138–9.

⁶⁰ Bruce et al., Sectarianism, 97.

⁶¹ See John MacLeod, Banner in the West (Edinburgh, 2008).

⁶² Robbins, England, 399.

⁶³ Callum Brown, ‘Review of Boyle and Lynch, Out of the Ghetto?’, in Scottish Historical Review, 79, no. 4 (October 2000).

⁶⁴ Alwyn Thomson, ‘Introduction’, in Megan Halteman and Alwyn Thomson, eds., Seek the Welfare of the City: Church and Society in Scotland and Northern Ireland (Belfast, 2002).

⁶⁵ Davie, Religion; for discussion see Robbins, England, 464–75.

⁶⁶ See William Ferguson, ‘Christian Faith and Unbelief in Modern Scotland’, in Brown and Newlands, eds., Scottish Christianity.

⁶⁷ See Steven J. Sutcliffe, ‘Alternative Beliefs and Practices’, in MacLean and Veitch, Scottish Life.

⁶⁸ I am indebted to Dr Andrew Holmes regarding this point and his expertise on the study of religion in general.

⁶⁹ Gilleasbuig MacMillan, ‘A Matter of Faith’, in Gordon Graham, ed., Talking Scots (Aberdeen, 2000).