Aberdeen
civil and religious strife 103, 249
cooperation between Jacobites and Whigs 358
criminality and lawlessness 387, 393
cultural influences 198, 200, 372–4
customs revenue 248
defiance of Kirk 212
effects of industrialization 406
changes to housing 462–4
environmental health 464–5
major 20th century developments 467–73
physical environment 466
population growth 456
scale, mass, density and complexity 457–62
family life 275
farming and agriculture 133
harsh climate 22
impact of urban detritus 28
impact on modern Scottish history 6–9, 11
new humanist university 196
oil boom of late 20th century 657–8, 666–7
population changes 47, 49, 53
returning migrants 168
Afforestation 35
Agriculture see Farming and agriculture
Air pollution
greenhouse gas emissions 34
impact of increasing food energy after 1750 29
Assimilationism 531
Bonnie Prince Charlie
historical obsession with 12
overseas displays of Scottishness 529
subject of popular culture 76
Borders
economic devastation 23
effect of stability on economy 243
net inward migration 173
nuptiality and marital fertility 54
population 47
Catholicism
see also Jacobites; Reformation
acceptance of devolution 597
anti-immigration campaigns 590
control over the education 588
Counter-Reformation 186
creation of a distinctive national Church 193
declining numbers 593–4
effect of union 331
highland planters 290
history of Ireland’s Great Famine (1845–51) 298
intellectual continuities and traditions 258
Jacobite dynasty to the British thrones 341–5, 356–8
loyalty to the British constitution aft after 1840 481
Mary, Queen of Scots 76
members of the Relief Church 89
migrants to Scotland 93–5
motives and rationale for migration 323
negative attitudes towards Irish immigrants 498–501
persecution 81
place in ‘post-Christian’ Scotland 600
political awareness 442
political manifestation in tyranny and absolute monarchy 74
popular cultural credentials 590
primary purpose of marriage 276
‘rabbling’ of the clergy 259
rabid anti-Catholic polemics 557, 582–3
removal of civil disabilities 90
response to ecclesiastical discipline 265
significant working-class membership 595
social mobility 680–1
veto of Catholic emancipation in 1800 635
war volunteers 557–63
Charles I 224–5
Charles II see Restoration
Chivalry 192–3
Clanship
lingering military traditions 359
perceived excesses 244–5
ties of blood and marriage 280
Class
central questions 440–1
changes in modern Scotland
Catholic mobility 680–1
influence of distinctive politics 677
measuring of deprivation 676–7
middle and working class misconceptions 678–9
role of education 680
similarities with England 677–8
social mobility 679–80
middle-class suburbs of major cities 460
‘middling sort’ 304, 440
modern Scottish identity 682
reform movements after 1816 447–8
rise of organized labour and socialism 573–4
working-class hierarchies 413–14
working-class influences on literature of twentieth century 121–6
Clearances
Highlands and Islands
development of crofting 151–7
‘expulsive clearances’ in favour of sheep 145–9
meaning and process 130–2
most dramatic effect 145
restructuring of touns 149–51
Lowlands
clearance of touns 133–6
gradual disappearance of small farmers 138–40
impact of removing multipletenancies 136–8
meaning and process 130–2
social consequences of restructuring 140–2
transformation of landscape 132–3
Southern Uplands 143–4
transformation of landscape 157–8
Climate
constraint on Scotland’s economy 238–40
difficulties of garnering photosynthetic energy 21–4
risk strategies 245–6
road to disaster 1950–200 34
sixteenth and early seventeenth century constraints 238
Colonization see Empire building
Commemoration of Great War 563–6
Commerce see Trade and commerce
Covenanters
decline and re-emergence 217
filling of ‘coercive vacuum’ 226–7
impact on government and statehood 227–30
religious aspirations 216–17
rise 83
Criminality and lawlessness
early modern period
conclusions 399–401
harmful violence 396–7
homicide 393–5
limited historiography 388–91
overview 386–8
property crime 391–3
protest crimes 397–9
focus of Highland annexation 244–5
impact of Reformation 80
Irish Catholic immigrants 498
Irish Protestant immigrants 501–2
Scotland’s major cities 455
Cultural influences
city spectacles 466
developments during 17th century
challenges to negative views 309–10
Church influences 311–13
disregard for philosophy 310
literature 310–11
modern challenges to old interpretations 318
science 310
‘doomsday’ scenario in 1970s and 1980s 128–9
emigrants after 1815
assimilationism 523–5
ethnic retention 525–7
interaction with other people 528
material culture 527–8
Enlightenment
contested definitions 370–1
continuing impact until present day 380–5
continuities with pre-Enlightenment arts 374–7
continuities with pre-Enlightenment science 377–80
origins in high culture 1500–1700 372–4
participants 371
pessimistic caricature of Scotland’s economy 237
powerhouse of ideas 370
prominent doctrines 374–80
role of Union settlement 371–2
women’s history 1899–1969 606
impact on Scottish historians 3–4
industrialization 419–21
intellectual reaction to Great Depression 577–8
linguistic differences 128
literature
ballads and songs 103–4
Byron 115–16
civil war after 1630 102–3
classicism of Edinburgh 103
collecting the past 104–5
developments during 17th century 310
dissemination of Empire by press and publishing 546–9
distrust of modernity 124–6
‘doomsday’ scenario in 1970s and 1980s 128–9
early modern myths of origin 63–7
first emigration communications 169
Fragments of Ancient Poetry 1760 105
Hume’s history 112–13
impact on Scottish historians 3
importance 99–101
intellectual reaction to Great Depression 577–8
linguistic differences 126–8
mythical Scotland 62–3
new pantheon of industrial heroes 417–19
Ossian epics 67–70, 105–6
poetry invoking the past 107–10
portrayal of industrialization 408
Presbyterian interpretation of Scottish history 72–7
radicalism 115
Reformation 80
relationship with English literature 101–2
resistance to realism 116–21
romantic discovery of Highlands 70–1
Romanticism 107–12
Scottish Renaissance 196–7
Scott’s novels 113–14
women’s history 1899–1969 603–17
working-class influences of twentieth century 121–6
modern Scottish identity 682–3
mythical Scotland
early modern myths of origin 63–7
Ossian epics 67–70
overview 62–3
Presbyterian interpretation of Scottish history 72–7
romantic discovery of Highlands 70–1
practical and visible effects of empire-building 437
Reformation 80
relationship with industry 417
religious developments during early 1960s 594
Scottish Renaissance
chivalric glories 1503–1567 191–7
defined 185–7
early impulses 1424–1503 188–91
external influences 187–8
impact of Reformation 197–202
need for more nuanced understanding 202
Deforestation 29–30
Demography
causes of change 1801–2001
birth and death rates 52
low marriage rates 53–6
net emigration 52–3
table of components 51
causes of emigration after 1815 519
changes in modern Scotland
changing migration patterns 672–3
distinguishing features 675
family life 674–5
growing population gap with England 672
impact on identity 675–6
overview 671–2
shifting population from west to east 673
contrasting patterns 1801–2001
availability of reliable statistics 44–5
comparative slow growth 45–6
differences in the Highlands and Islands 47–9
difficulties of garnering photosynthetic energy 25
effects of industrialization 409
impact of increasing food energy after 1750 26–8
influence on global diaspora 165–6, 172–3
Irish immigrants 492–3
New Millennium developments 60–1
population of Scotland’s major cities 456–7
pre-census period
effect of migration 43–4
effect of short-term crises 40–1
impact of young persons marrying 41–2
need for sceptical approach 39–40
restrictions on population growth 42–3
pressure on Scotland’s economy 240–1
Devolution
administrative devolution after 1880 636
calls for a second Scottish Enlightenment 385
changing context of Scottish politics 10
Church support in 1979 595, 597
emergence of political nationalism 578–9
‘failure’ of referendum of 1979 128
new political context 597
part of modern Scottish identity 683
requests of Gladstone in 1893 487
rise of SNP and claims for devolution 639–42
role of Scottish Office 481
the role of Scottish Parliament to 2010 642–8
Diaspora
analytical dangers of terminology 159–60
distinctive features
expansion and change of regions 164–5
longevity from thirteenth century 160
scale and volume 161–4
emergence at time of Ulster’s colonization 289, 291
influence on global diaspora
soldier emigration 170–1
net migration loss 1951–2006 177–81
related influences across Europe
economic history 171–2
economic insecurity 176–7
increasing populations 165–6
industrial demand 169–70
intensification in nineteenth century 172–6
sources of communication and information 168–9
transport improvements 166–7
Scottish Jacobites 359–61
significant effects 181
since 1815
areas for further research 530–1
causes 519–23
consequences 523–30
overview 510–11
profile and pattern 511–18
Dundee
all female households 414
Catholic poverty 587
civil and religious strife 103, 249
criminality and lawlessness 391
cultural influences 373
customs revenue 248
effects of industrialization 406, 411
changes to housing 462–4
environmental health 464–5
major 20th century developments 467–73
population growth 456
scale, mass, density and complexity 457–62
‘Exhibition of Industry’ 417
few professional, commercial, and managerial classes 174
impact of urban detritus 28
impact on modern Scottish history 9–10
infant death rates 57
internal migration 172
population changes 49
restructuring in modern Scotland 667
Economic history
see also Empire building
areas of future research 250
benefits of union and empire 4
changes in food consumption 242
climatic and environmental constraints 238–40
demographic pressures 240–1
developments during 17th century
agriculture 314, 316–17
challenges to negative views 313–14
development difficulties 315
modern challenges to old interpretations 318
energy
critical developments 1750–1950 25–33
importance 19–20
reliance on photosynthesis 1500–1750 20–5
family property and debts 275–6
focus of Highland annexation 244–5
fundamental transformations in Scottish life 432
impact of Great Depression 575–7
impact of urbanization 246–9
influence on global diaspora 171–2
interwar years of depression 570–2
Irish immigrants 497–8
modern Scotland 684–5
need for proper comparisons to be made 249–50
pessimistic caricature of Scotland 236–8
restructuring in modern Scotland
areas for further research 669
development of financial services 662–6
nature of de-industrialization 653–6
overview 652
regional differences 666–9
successes and failures in the industrial section 656–62
risk strategies 245–6
role of Scottish state since 1918
close relationship between business and government 630–1
consequences of industrialization and urbanization 626–7
housing as a symptom of wider problem 630–1
importance of state intervention 621–3
perceptions of public spending 624–6
relevance of economic conditions 623–4
role of women’s work 276
stability of the regions 243
Edinburgh
demography
net outflow of population after 1870 53
New Millennium population developments 60
disappearance of tenants and servants to Ireland 297
effect of urbanization on Scotland’s economy 248
effects of industrialization
changes to housing 462–4
environmental health 464–5
major 20th century developments 467–73
physical environment 466
population growth 456
scale, mass, density and complexity 457–62
essential instability 455
impact of increasing food energy after 1750 28
impact on modern Scottish history 6
industrial enterprise after WWII 629
influence of classicism on literature 103
restructuring in modern Scotland 667
sectarian tensions during interwar period 591
boys 279
effect on social mobility 680
emigration destinations 1500–1750 329–31
influence on global diaspora 175
influence on Scottish Renaissance 200
Irish Catholic immigrants 499
modern Scottish history
achievements of 1960s and 1970s 9–11
beginnings of a new era 7–9
current academic health 1
decline by Victorian times 1–2
decline of Universities 5–7
effects of cultural imperialism 7
impact of Enlightenment 3–4
impact of political changes 5
lingering lack of confidence 11–13
overview of contributors 13–15
results of transformation 11
religious focus in 20th century 588
role of parish schools 87–8
role of Scottish state since 1918 623
Emigration
see also Empire building
cause of population change 1801–2001 52–3
decline in modern Scotland 672–3
destinations 1500–1750
American colonies 331–5
areas for further research 335–7
commercial influences 326–9
educational migrations 329–31
impact of Reformation 322–3
overview 320–2
seventeenth-century military migrations 323–6
verifiable statistics 335
diaspora since 1815
areas for further research 530–1
causes 519–23
consequences 523–30
overview 510–11
profile and pattern 511–18
factor on early population figures 43–4
global diaspora
analytical dangers of terminology 159–60
distinctive features 160–5
net migration loss 1951–2006 177–81
related influences across Europe 165–77
Scottish Jacobites 359–61
significant effects 181
New Millennium population developments 60
seventeenth-century connection with Ireland 285–6
Britain’s dramatic colonization of Ulster 1610–50 286–7
poverty as cause of migration 1690–1715 297–8
problematic nature of Ulster settlement by Scots 285
Protestant migration 1650–90 294–7
transformation of views 1600–10 286–7
Empire building
areas for further research 438
Britain’s dramatic colonization of Ulster 1610–50 286–7
diaspora since 1815
numbers 512
effect of retreat on Presbyterian interpretation of history 77
effects of Union settlement 424–6
emigration to American colonies pre-1750 331–5
expansion and change of emigration 164
expansion of armed forces and impact of global conflict 426–9
global commerce and trade 433–4
impact on Victorian Scotland
activities of civil society in Scotland 544–6
importance 549–50
industrialization 533–5, 539
overview 533
press and publishing 546–9
professional employment and careers 541–4
service in imperial army 539–41
trade and commerce 535–9
North America 431–3
overview 423–4
practical and visible effects in Scotland 434–7
shift from Europe to Caribbean 429–31
source of nationalism support in 19th century 475–8
Energy
critical developments 1750–1950 25–33
importance 19–20
oil boom of late 20th century 657–8
reliance on photosynthesis 1500–1750 20–5
England
see also Union of the Crowns
comparisons in modern Scotland
class structures 677–8
identity 681
population figures 672
dramatic colonization of Ulster 1610–50 286–7
Jacobite relationship with European great-power politics 364–8
literary influences 101–2
population growth 45
scale and volume of emigration 162–3
unified and centralized state 223
Enlightenment
contested definitions 370–1
continuing impact until present day 380–5
continuities with pre-Enlightenment period
arts 374–7
science 377–80
impact on Scottish historians 3
origins in high culture 1500–1700 372–4
participants 371
pessimistic caricature of Scotland’s economy 237
powerhouse of ideas 370
prominent doctrines 374–80
role of Union settlement 371–2
Environment
constraint on Scotland’s economy 238–40
different historical approaches 19
energy
critical developments 1750–1950 25–33
importance 19–20
reliance on photosynthesis 1500–1750 20–5
literary influences 604
political challenge 633
risk strategies 245–6
road to disaster 1950–200 33–8
Scotland’s major cities 461
noise, bustle and smell 466
sights, sounds and smells of industrialization 414–17
sixteenth and early seventeenth century constraints 238
Ethnic retention 525–7
Family life
absence of records 270
adolescence 279
affection between spouses 274–5
baptism of children 278
building of legends 107
centrality to understanding of world 282
changes in modern Scotland 674–5
childbirth and loss of children 277–8
Church views of marriage 276–7
early marriage practices 270–4
early studies 269–70
education of boys 279
effect of industrialization 409, 413–15
emigration of groups 515
future areas of study 282–3
girls in domestic service 279
growing interest in women’s history 270
improvements in sanitation and baby-care 57
kinship 280–1
modern Scotland 684–5
multiple-tenant touns 141
parental responsibilities 278
patriarchal households 274
private baptism and private communion 212
property and debts 275–6
response to external pressures and events 281
role of women’s work 276
Scotland’s major cities
changes to housing 462–4
environmental health 464–5
population growth 456
scale, mass, density and complexity 457–62
significance 268
transforming impact of Great War 560–1
Farming and agriculture
changes in food consumption 242
contrasting population patterns 1801–2001 49
critical developments 1750–1950 26–7
deforestation 29
developments during 17th century
collapse of returns 316–17
improvements in agriculture 314
patterns of political development 305–6
effect of famine on population 41
environmental impact after 1950 34–5
grazing and burning 30
Highland clearances
development of crofting 151–7
‘expulsive clearances’ in favour of sheep 145–9
most dramatic effect 145
restructuring of touns 149–51
influence on global diaspora 173–4
Lowland clearances
clearance of touns 133–6
gradual disappearance of small farmers 138–40
impact of removing multiple-tenancies 136–8
meaning and process 130–2
social consequences of restructuring 140–2
transformation of landscape 132–3
Plantation scheme in Ulster 288
risk strategies 245–6
Southern Upland clearances 143–4
transformation of landscape by clearances 157–8
Fertility
changes in modern Scotland 673–4
effect on population change 1801–2001 52
low marriage rates 53–6
post-war baby boom 58–9
New Millennium developments 61
Fishing
ecological impacts after 1750 31–3
effect of unreliability on early population figures 42–3
monopolist and Anti-Free Trade principles 489
planned villages on the west coast 152
profligate resource exploitation 37
road to disaster 1950–200 37–8
Gender
economic participation of Irish immigrants 497–8
effects of industrialization
exclusion of women 413
promotion of male labour 411
working-class hierarchies 413–14
emigrants after 1815 512–13, 521
employment in modern Scotland 678
literary influences 1899–1969 603–17
migration flows to Ireland and Europe 292
modern Scottish identity 682
new influences in late 1960s 617–18
women’s historical role 602
women’s history
dangers of gender based approach to history 602–3
early crime 390, 392
exclusion of women by industrialization 413
growing interest 270
literary influences 1899–1969 603–17
reawakening of interest 602–3
still awaiting detailed comparative study 414
story past and present 618
undervaluing of other historical genres 603–4
working-class hierarchies 413–14
German immigrants 502–3
Glasgow
Catholic poverty 587
demography
mortality rates 56–7
net outflow of population after 1870 53
dialect 126
effect of industrialization 406
effect of urbanization on Scotland’s economy 248
effects of industrialization
environmental health 464–5
major 20th century developments 467–73
physical environment 466
population growth 456
scale, mass, density and complexity 457–62
enlistment of Catholic Irish 557
global commerce and trade 434
impact of increasing food energy after 1750 29
impact on modern Scottish history 6
industrial enterprise after WWII 629
industrial restructuring in modern Scotland 666
infant death rates 57
international exhibitions 545–6
Italian immigrants 506
mortality rates 673
‘multiple deprivation’ 676–7
New Millennium population developments 60
property crime 391
sectarian tensions during interwar period 591
sights, sounds and smells of industrialization 414–15
working-class influences on literature of twentieth century 122
Health and safety at work 411–12
Highlands and Islands
clearances
development of crofting 151–7
‘expulsive clearances’ in favour of sheep 145–9
impact of increasing food energy after 1750 26–7
meaning and process 130–2
most dramatic effect 145
restructuring of touns 149–51
demography
contrasting population patterns 1801–2001 47–9
early restrictions on population growth 42
extremely low nuptiality 54
difficulties of garnering photosynthetic energy 23–4
effect of stability on economy 243
focus of annexation 244–5
formation of Free Church 92
regeneration 633
restructuring in modern Scotland 667
role of mythology
romantic discovery by Victorians 70–1
sources for Ossian epics 68
scale and volume of emigration 164
significance of North Channel to Ireland 289–90
soldier emigration 170–1
Home Rule
see also Nationalism
campaigning during 19th century 475–8
changing complexity of nationalism 76
developments 1885–1924 635–8
Home Rule Association 5, 486–8
Ireland 353, 501
Labour politics of 1930s 579
nineteenth-century Union state 475–8
post-war agitation 593
women’s history 610–11
Homicide 393–5
Humanism 187–8, 191, 196, 310
Identity
demographic changes in modern Scotland 675–6
distinctive military identity of Great War 559–60
early impulses of Scottish Renaissance 188
emigrants after 1815
assimilationism 523–5
Britishness 528–9
descendants 529
ethnic retention 525–7
interaction with other people 528
material culture 527–8
returning emigrants 529–30
Irish Catholic immigrants 498
myth of lowland identity 71
nationhood in women’s history 1899–1969 603–17
nineteenth-century Union state
constitutional nationalism 485–6
Home Rule Association 486–8
influence of Westminster MPs 488–90
nationalist campaigning 475–8
overview 474–5
parliamentary reform and political identity 482–4
role of Scotland as local state 480–2
‘Parade of the Clans’ 268
role of industrialization 419–21
social values and attitudes in modern Scotland 681–4
working-class influences on literature of twentieth century 123
Immigration
contrasting hostile reactions 506–9
effect on population change 1801–2001 53
Germans 502–3
impact of Irish immigration after Famine 1845–50 93
increase in modern Scotland 672–3
Irish immigrants
anti-Irish attitudes 495–7
Catholics 498–500
economic participation 497–8
Protestants 500–2
Italians 505–6
Jews 503–4
more favourable migration balance by 2004 179
New Millennium population developments 60
overview 491–5
sectarian tensions during interwar period 590
Industrialization
challenges to religion from early nineteenth century 91–3
conditions of life
exclusion of women 413
poverty and ill-health 412–13
working-class hierarchies 413–14
demographic changes 409
demographic impact
contrasting population patterns 1801–2001 49
marriage rates 55
effect on Presbyterian interpretation of history 77
gendering of work 411
health and safety at work 411–12
immigrant workers
Irish Protestants 500–1
Lithuanians 504–5
impact of Empire on Victorian Scotland 533–5, 539
impact on people’s lives 405–6
influence on global diaspora 169–70, 172, 174–5
influence on Scottish state since 1918 626–7
literary representations 408
mobilization for Great War 562–3
new enterprise after WWII 629–30
new pantheon of heroes 417–19
practical and visible effects of empire-building 436
relationship with countryside 406–7
restructuring in modern Scotland
areas for further research 669
nature of de-industrialization 653–6
overview 652
regional differences 666–9
successes and failures in the industrial section 656–62
‘rich-country: poor-country debate’ 407–8
role in shaping culture and identity 419–21
sights, sounds and smells 414–17
underlying forces 407–8
unsettling effect on Church leaders 587
working-class influences on literature of twentieth century 121–6
workplace changes 408–9
Infanticide
crime in early modern Scotland 387, 390, 394–5, 395
darker aspects of illegitimacy 269
International exhibitions 545–6
comparative population figures in 1851 47
Home Rule 353, 501
impact of Irish emigration after Famine 1845–50 93
Jacobite relationship with European great-power politics 364
migrants to Scotland
anti-Irish attitudes 495–7
Catholics 498–500
economic participation 497–8
overview 492–3
Protestants 500–2
national lacking great men 74
scale and volume of emigration 162
seventeenth-century connection with Scotland
Britain’s dramatic colonization of Ulster 1610–50 286–7
geographical proximity 285
poverty as cause of migration 1690–1715 297–8
problematic nature of Ulster settlement by Scots 285–6
Protestant migration 1650–90 294–7
transformation of views 1600–10 286–7
Italian immigrants 505–6
Jacobitism
abandonment of ‘ill years’ interpretation 263
comparisons with other dissident Europeans 361–4
doctrine of sacred kingship 85
impact on early modern myths of origin 66–7
influence on Scottish Renaissance
chivalric glories 1503–1567 191–7
early impulses 1424–1503 188–9
inspired blend of dynastic loyalty and proto-nationalism 368–9
international phenomenon 355
mainstream Scottish movement
interconnections with rest of society 358
military importance 359
nationalist rationale 356–7
social power of elite 356
supporters wanting a better opinion 357
Presbyterian interpretation of Scottish history 75–6
public commemoration of the Forty-Five 75–6
relationship with European great-power politics 364–8
Scottish diaspora 359–61
James I
new cultural developments 189
stirrings of the Renaissance 188
venomous wave of Scotophobia in the Westminster Parliament 237
James II
instability following accession 296
Jacobite response to 357
significant foreign marriages 189
James III
‘full jurisdiction and free empire within his realm’ 193
origins of Scottish Renaissance 191
significant foreign marriages 189
support for religion 189
James IV
chivalric glories 191–7
significant foreign marriages 189
James V 191–7
James VI
accession to the English throne 286
venomous wave of Scotophobia in the Westminster Parliament 237
Jewish immigrants 503–4
Kinship
allocation of apprenticeships 508
family life 280–1
family support systems 467
links to the territorial/nobility 305
Law
centralization of administration 225–6
development of state judicial system in 17th century 307
family property and debts 275–6
jurisdiction of Justiciary Court 387
marriage
early practices 271–4
royal control over College of Justice 194
Lawlessness see Criminality and lawlessness
Literature
ballads and songs 103–4
Byron 115–16
civil war after 1630 102–3
classicism of Edinburgh 103
collecting the past 104–5
developments during 17th century 310
dissemination of Empire by press and publishing 546–9
distrust of modernity 124–6
‘doomsday’ scenario in 1970s and 1980s 128–9
first emigration communications 169
Fragments of Ancient Poetry 1760 105
Hume’s history 112–13
impact on Scottish historians 3
importance 99–101
intellectual reaction to Great Depression 577–8
linguistic differences 126–8
mythical Scotland
early modern myths of origin 63–7
Ossian epics 67–70
overview 62–3
Presbyterian interpretation of Scottish history 72–7
romantic discovery of Highlands 70–1
new pantheon of industrial heroes 417–19
Ossian epics 105–6
poetry invoking the past 107–10
portrayal of industrialization 408
radicalism 115
Reformation 80
relationship with English literature 101–2
resistance to realism 116–21
Romanticism 107–12
Scottish Renaissance 196–7
Scott’s novels 113–14
women’s history 1899–1969 603–17
working-class influences of twentieth century 121–6
Lithuanian immigrants 504–5
Lowlands
adequate provision of food 1500–1750 25
clearances
clearance of touns 133–6
gradual disappearance of small farmers 138–40
impact of removing multiple-tenancies 136–8
meaning and process 130–2
social consequences of restructuring 140–2
transformation of landscape 132–3
early population figures 43
effect of urbanization on Scotland’s economy 246–7
formation of Free Church 92
impact of increasing food energy after 1750 26–7
myth of lowland identity 71
Marriage
affection between spouses 274–5
changes in modern Scotland 674
Church views of procreation 276–7
early practices 270–4
early studies of family life 269–70
effect on population change 1801–2001
low marriage rates 53–6
post-war baby boom 58–9
key factor on early population figures 41–3
New Millennium developments 61
patriarchal households 274
role of parish church 85–6
role of women’s work 276
Mary, Queen of Scots
attacks by Knox 214
chivalric glories 191–7
historical obsession with 12
hunting of wild animals 25
popular allure 605
Presbyterian interpretation of Scottish history 76
women’s history 608
Media see Press
‘Middling sort’ 304, 440
achievements of 1960s and 1970s 9–11
beginnings of a new era 7–9
current academic health 7
decline by Victorian times 1–2
decline of Universities 5–7
effects of cultural imperialism 7
impact of Enlightenment 3–4
impact of political changes 5
lingering lack of confidence 11–13
overview of contributors 13–15
results of transformation 11
Monarchy
see also Union of the Crowns
Charles I 224–5
early modern myths 63–4, 66
influence on Scottish Renaissance
after the Reformation 199–201
chivalric glories 1503–1567 191–7
early impulses 1424–1503 188–9
overview 188
James I
new cultural developments 189
stirrings of the Renaissance 188
venomous wave of Scotophobia in the Westminster Parliament 237
James II
instability following accession 296
Jacobite response to 357
significant foreign marriages 189
James III
‘full jurisdiction and free empire within his realm’ 193
origins of Scottish Renaissance 191
significant foreign marriages 189
support for religion 189
James IV
chivalric glories 191–7
significant foreign marriages 189
James V 191–7
James VI
accession to the English throne 286
venomous wave of Scotophobia in the Westminster Parliament 237
Mary, Queen of Scots
attacks by Knox 214
chivalric glories 191–7
historical obsession with 12
hunting of wild animals 25
popular allure 605
Presbyterian interpretation of Scottish history 76
women’s history 608
politics in the five decades after 1660
bridging gulf between religion and high politics 264–5
causes of rise and fall of Lauderdale and York 254–5
changing menu of political options 259
factional politics of royal government 252–4
‘King William’s ill years 262–4
milestone of institutional change 258–9
need for further study 255–6
negative consequences of traditional interpretation 255
overview 251–2
road from revolution to union 260–2
significance of Revolution compared with Union settlement 265–6
religion in the five decades after 1660
bridging gulf between religion and high politics 264–5
decisive turning point 259–60
emergence of Episcopalian confessional culture 257–8
overview 251–2
precarious balance between radicalism and Whiggery 256–7
significance of Revolution compared with Union settlement 265–6
religious importance of William and Mary 78–9
Restoration
agrarian expansion 314
crucial phase in the formation of modern Scotland 251
empire building 332
evolution of central administration 232
narrative of persecution and resistance 259–60
origins of Enlightenment 304–12
policy-making 230
politics and religious debates 252–8
romantic discovery of Highlands by George IV and Victoria 70–1
effect on population change 1801–2001 52, 53–6, 56–8
effects of industrialization 412
key factor on early population figures 40–1
New Millennium developments 60–1
rates in modern Scotland 673
Mythical Scotland
chivalric glories 1503–1567 192–3
early modern myths of origin 63–7
Ossian epics 67–70
overview 62–3
Presbyterian interpretation of Scottish history 72–7
romantic discovery of Highlands 70–1
National identity see Identity
Nationalism
see also Home Rule
Church of Scotland claims 591–2
developments after 1880
devolution and the role of Scottish Parliament to 2010 642–8
Home Rule 1885–1924 635–8
rise of SNP and claims for devolution 639–42
Scotland as a nation of Malagrowthers 648–50
welfare state as basis for Unionism 1924–6 638–9
interwar crisis
emergence 578–9
failure to gather momentum 579–84
Jacobitism
inspired blend of dynastic loyalty and proto-nationalism 368–9
underlying rationale 356–7
modern Scottish identity 682
nineteenth-century Union state
campaigning 475–8
constitutional fight 485–6
religious agitation for Home Rule 593
religious debate over Scottish Parliament 595–6
working-class influences on literature of twentieth century 123
Nationhood
see also Statehood
role of mythology
early modern myths of origin 63–4
Ossian epics 68–70
overview 62
working-class influences on literature of twentieth century 123
Ossian epics
literary influences 105–6
role of mythology 67–70
Patronage
cultural loss 309
decade of transformation 1600–10 286
impact on established church 89–91
interest in American colonial activities 333
James’s success in Edinburgh in 1679–82 204
noble shift ‘from lordship to patronage’ 308
Politics
cause of ‘doomsday’ cultural scenario in 1970s and 1980s 128–9
class influences in modern Scotland 677
developments after 1880
devolution and the role of Scottish Parliament to 2010 642–8
Home Rule 1885–1924 635–8
rise of SNP and claims for devolution 639–42
Scotland as a nation of Malagrowthers 648–50
welfare state as basis for Unionism 1924–6 638–9
developments during 17th century
demilitarization of nobility 307–8
modern challenges to old interpretations 318
rural society 305–6
urban populations 306–7
vigour of parliamentary and popular politics 308
early modern myths 65
emergence of state as political force 222
five decades after 1660
bridging gulf between religion and high politics 264–5
causes of rise and fall of Lauderdale and York 254–5
changing menu of political options 259
factional politics of royal government 252–4
‘King William’s ill years 262–4
milestone of institutional change 258–9
need for further study 255–6
negative consequences of traditional interpretation 255
overview 251–2
road from revolution to union 260–2
significance of Revolution compared with Union settlement 265–6
fundamental transformations in Scottish life 432
Home Rule 636
campaigning during 19th century 475–8
changing complexity of nationalism 76
developments 1885–1924 635–8
Home Rule Association 5, 486–8
Ireland 353, 501
Labour politics of 1930s 579
post-war agitation 593
women’s history 610–11
immigrant participation
Irish Catholics 499–500
Jews 504
Lithuanians 505
impact on de-industrialization 656
interwar crisis
comparative overview 569–70
emergence of nationalism 578–9
failure of nationalism to gather momentum 579–84
impact of Great Depression 575–7
intellectual reaction to economic crisis 577–8
period of economic uncertainty 572–3
regional disparities in Britain 570–2
rise of organized labour and socialism 573–4
Jacobitism
inspired blend of dynastic loyalty and proto-nationalism 368–9
relationship with European great-power politics 364–8
modern Scottish identity 682–4
New Millennium population developments 60–1
public administration in Scotland’s major cities 461–2
radicalism
areas for further research 452–4
Church position on Africa 594
consequences of industrialization 408
Covenanting tradition 296
events during 1802–15 446–51
events of 1820s 451–2
legislative provision to protect Presbyterianism 345
origins 441–6
overview 439–41
political extremism 580–1
politicization of clerics 587
schemes for social and political reconstitution 259
women’s historians 615
religious agitation for Home Rule 593
religious debate over Scottish Parliament 595–6
role of Scotland after Union
constitutional nationalism 485–6
Home Rule Association 486–8
influence of Westminster MPs 488–90
local government 480–2
parliamentary reform and political identity 482–4
role of Scottish state since 1918
areas for further research 633
close relationship between business and government 630–1
failure of radical restructuring 631–2
importance of state intervention 621–3
perceptions of public spending 624–6
sectarianism 597–8
SNP
election of majority government in 2011 635
election results after devolution 639–42
population objectives in 2007 60
rise after 1960S 10, 595
rise of SNP and claims for devolution 639–42
role in government 647
urban planning in 20th century 467–73
Whigs
elaboration of post-Revolution politics 261
genuine patriotism 356
relationship with Jacobites 358
working-class reform movement 447, 449
women’s history 1899–1969 606–7
Population see Demography
Poverty and famine
cause of emigration to Ireland 1690–1715 297–8
causes of emigration after 1815 519
church management of poor relief 87
difficulties of garnering photosynthetic energy 23–4
diminishing role of church 93
effects of industrialization 412–13
family responses 281
focus on Catholics 587
growth of class conflict 574–5
impact of Irish emigration after Famine 1845–50 93
influence on global diaspora 170–1, 175–6
‘multiple deprivation’ 676–7
pessimistic caricature of Scotland 236–8
role of Scottish state since 1918 623
welfare state as basis for Unionism 1924–6 638–9
Presbyterianism
see also Reformation
contribution to identity 478
conventicles for clandestine worship 84
effects of Golden Act of 1592 209
effects of Revolution 312–13
effects of war 561
establishment of Kirk 216
foreign-mission movement 543
golden age 84–91
influence on government’s policy 256
interpretation of Scottish history 72–7
muzzling of outspoken ministers 215
myth of a democratic Whig-Liberal tradition 63
new level of discipline 206
nineteenth century pressures of industrialization and urbanization 91–3
opposition to union 344–5
‘post-Presbyterianism’ 598–9
reorganization of Scotland’s dominant religious tradition 585–92
sense of institutional independence 226
Solemn League and Covenant 83
stuff of popular history 256–7
underlying principles 82
waning influence through pluralism 93–7
Press
advertisements for work abroad 168, 175
conflicting views of Scottish parliamentarians 483
dissemination of Empire 533, 546–9
first emigration communications 169
frequent comments on the state of Scotland 577
Irish immigration issue 591
nationalist views 486
new technology of 1820s 451
organization of insurrection 450
sectarian debate 597
vilification of violence 393
Primordial unionism 635–6
Property crime 391–3
Protest crimes 397–9
Radicalism
emergence in 1930s 592
areas for further research 452–4
Church position on Africa 594
consequences of industrialization 408
Covenanting tradition 296
economic restructuring of Scottish economy 632
events of 1820s 451–2
legislative provision to protect Presbyterianism 345
origins 441–6
overview 439–41
political extremism 580–1
politicization of clerics 587
schemes for social and political reconstitution 259
women’s historians 615
Reformation
appeals of the Kirk 206–11
decline and re-emergence of Covenanters 217
dissension between Churches and State 81–3
emergence of democracy 218
general observations 79–81
impact on Scottish Renaissance 197–202
inconsistent views of baptism 212–13
issue of the sacraments 211–12
the myth of godliness 213–14
persecution of the godly 215–16
popular resistance to godliness 206–10
Presbyterian interpretation of Scottish history 72–7
present-day links with the past 204–5
problems of Puritan-inspired and discipline-imposed godliness 205–7
rise of Covenanters 83
role of bishops 216
role of Covenanters 216–17
Westminster Confession 83–4
Religion
baptism of children 278
Catholicism
acceptance of devolution 597
anti-immigration campaigns 590
control over the education 588
Counter-Reformation 186
creation of a distinctive national Church 193
declining numbers 593–4
effect of union 331
highland planters 290
history of Ireland’s Great Famine (1845–51) 298
intellectual continuities and traditions 258
Jacobite dynasty to the British thrones 341–5, 356–8
loyalty to the British constitution after 1840 481
Mary, Queen of Scots 76
members of the Relief Church 89
migrants to Scotland 93–5
motives and rationale for migration 323
negative attitudes towards Irish immigrants 498–501
persecution 81
place in ‘post-Christian’ Scotland 600
political awareness 442
political manifestation in tyranny and absolute monarchy 74
popular cultural credentials 590
primary purpose of marriage 276
‘rabbling’ of the clergy 259
rabid anti-Catholic polemics 557, 582–3
removal of civil disabilities 90
response to ecclesiastical discipline 265
significant working-class membership 595
social mobility 680–1
veto of Catholic emancipation in 1800 635
war volunteers 557–63
causes of emigration pre-1750
educational migrations 329–31
impact of Reformation 322–3
centralization of administration 226–7
challenges of 21st century 599–600
Church views of marriage 276–7
developments during 17th century
intolerance of Kirk 311–13
power of religious ideology 308–9
developments during 20th century
break with Presbyterianism 596
Catholic priorities 587–8
continuing sectarian hostility 596–7
decline of church-going 594–6
emergence of liberal and radical tendencies in 1930s 592
increase in post-war membership 593
public culture of early 1960s 594
reorganization of Presbyterianism 578–87
response to Great War 589
sectarian tensions during interwar period 590–2
early modern myths 65–6
effect of retreat on Presbyterian interpretation of history 77
eighteenth century golden age 84–91
emigrants after 1815 527
five decades after 1660
bridging gulf between religion and high politics 264–5
decisive turning point 259–60
emergence of Episcopalian confessional culture 257–8
overview 251–2
precarious balance between radicalism and Whiggery 256–7
significance of Revolution compared with Union settlement 265–6
foreign-mission movement 544–5
impact of Irish immigration after Famine 1845–50 93
importance of William and Mary 78–9
increasing complex landscape after 1850 94–7
influence on Scottish Renaissance
after the Reformation 201–2
church architecture 190–1
creation of national Church under royal authority 195–6
Irish immigrants
Catholics 498–500
Protestants 500–2
modern Scottish identity 682
new challenges from early nineteenth century 91–3
origins of radicalism 442
Presbyterianism
contribution to identity 478
conventicles for clandestine worship 84
effects of Golden Act of 1592 209
effects of Revolution 312–13
effects of war 561
establishment of Kirk 216
foreign-mission movement 543
golden age 84–91
influence on government’s policy 256
interpretation of Scottish history 72–7
muzzling of outspoken ministers 215
myth of a democratic Whig-Liberal tradition 63
new level of discipline 206
nineteenth century pressures of industrialization and urbanization 91–3
opposition to union 344–5
‘post-Presbyterianism’ 598–9
reorganization of Scotland’s dominant religious tradition 585–92
sense of institutional independence 226
Solemn League and Covenant 83
stuff of popular history 256–7
underlying principles 82
waning influence through pluralism 93–7
Reformation
appeals of the Kirk 206–11
decline and re-emergence of Covenanters 217
dissension between Churches and State 81–3
emergence of democracy 218
general observations 79–81
impact on Scottish Renaissance 197–202
inconsistent views of baptism 212–13
issue of the sacraments 211–12
the myth of godliness 213–14
persecution of the godly 215–16
popular resistance to godliness 206–10
present-day links with the past 204–5
problems of Puritan-inspired and discipline-imposed godliness 205–7
rise of Covenanters 83
role of bishops 216
role of Covenanters 216–17
Westminster Confession 83–4
role of mythology
early ecclesiastical legends 65–6
Presbyterian interpretation of Scottish history 72–7
seventeenth-century connection with Ireland
effect of Plantation of Ulster 290–1
Protestant migration 1650–90 294–7
social mobility in modern Scotland 680–1
spiritual mobilization for Great War 561
Remembrance of Great War 563–6
Renaissance
defined 185–7
early impulses 1424–1503 188–91
external influences 187–8
impact of Reformation 197–202
need for more nuanced understanding 202
Restoration
agrarian expansion 314
crucial phase in the formation of modern Scotland 251
empire building 332
evolution of central administration 232
narrative of persecution and resistance 259–60
origins of Enlightenment 304–12
policy-making 230
politics and religious debates 252–8
Revolution 1688
see also William of Orange
continuance of noble dominance 308
creation of ecclesiastical pluralism 341
economic impact 316, 352
encouragement of moderation among leading clerics 312
forcing out of the established Church 88
impact on migration 331
religious importance of William and Mary 78–9
significance compared with Union settlement 265–6
soldierly concerns over dynastic loyalty 324
subsequent effect of secured liberties 442
watershed for Unionism 342–3, 350
‘Rich-country: poor-country debate’ 407–8
Robbery 392–3
Scottish National Party (SNP)
Beware of Emigration 177
election of majority government in 2011 635
election results after devolution 639–42
population objectives in 2007 60
rise after 1960S 10, 595
rise of SNP and claims for devolution 639–42
role in government 647
Sovereignty
relevance to statehood 223–4
role of Scottish state since 1918 621
Statehood
see also Nationhood
conflicting interpretations 220–1
definitional problems 221–3
levels of centralization and unification 224–7
profound implications 230–4
relevance of sovereignty 223–4
role of Scottish state since 1918
alternative approaches 620–1
areas for further research 633
close relationship between business and government 630–1
consequences of industrialization and urbanization 626–7
failure of radical restructuring 631–2
housing as a symptom of wider problem 627–8
importance of state intervention 621–3
influence of wars 628–30
perceptions of public spending 624–6
problems of sovereignty 621
relevance of economic conditions 623–4
Stuart, Charles Edward 76
Topography
difficulties of garnering photosynthetic energy 21
geographical proximity of Ireland 285
significance of North Channel to Ireland 289–90
underlying force for industrialization 407–8
variations 24
Trade and commerce
see also Empire building
causes of emigration pre-1750 326–9
developments during 17th century
expansion of manufacturing 315
investment in overseas trade 317
marketing networks 314–15
modern challenges to old interpretations 318
effect of urbanization on Scotland’s economy 247
German immigrants 502
impact of Empire on Victorian Scotland 535–9
interwar uncertainty 572–3
Irish Protestant immigrants 501
Italian immigrants 505–6
Jewish immigrants 503
‘rich-country: poor-country debate’ 408
trade and commerce
alternative historical approaches 316–18
Transnationalism 522, 531
Transport
impact on major cities 458–9
influence on global diaspora 166–7
Union of the Crowns
confirmation of Presbyterian settlement 85
consequences for empire-building 424–6
English perspectives 351–2
European perspectives 349–51
influence on Enlightenment 371–2
influences leading to Union 341–5
interpretation as rational and principled decision 345–9
Irish perspectives 352–4
negative view of preceding century 303–4
no effect on early modern myths of origin 66
overview of historiographies 338–40
political developments after 1880
devolution and the role of Scottish Parliament to 2010 642–8
Home Rule 1885–1924 635–8
rise of SNP and claims for devolution 639–42
Scotland as a nation of Malagrowthers 648–50
welfare state as basis for Unionism 1924–6 638–9
role of Scottish state since 1918
alternative approaches 620–1
areas for further research 633
close relationship between business and government 630–1
consequences of industrialization and urbanization 626–7
failure of radical restructuring 631–2
housing as a symptom of wider problem 627–8
importance of state intervention 621–3
influence of wars 628–30
perceptions of public spending 624–6
problems of sovereignty 621
relevance of economic conditions 623–4
significance compared with Revolution 265–6
‘Unionist-nationalism’
effect of industrial dislocation and the retreat from empire 77
Presbyterian interpretation of Scottish history 72
replacement by Home Rule 76
Urbanization
challenges to religion from early nineteenth century 91–3
effect on Scotland’s economy 246–9
impact of increasing food energy after 1750 27–8
influence on global diaspora 172
influence on Scottish state since 1918 626–7
paradox of emigration after 1815 513–18
Scotland’s major cities
changes to housing 462–4
environmental health 464–5
essential instability 455–7
major 20th century developments 467–73
physical environment 466
scale, mass, density and complexity 457–62
unsettling effect on Church leaders 587
conclusions 399
harmful violence 396–7
homicide 393–5
robbery 392–3
Wars
consequences for empire-building 426–9
development of crofting 152
early modern myths of origin 63–4
establishment of standing regiments during 17th century 307
impact of Empire on Victorian Scotland 539–41
impact on government and statehood 229
influence on Scottish state since 1918 628–30
Presbyterian interpretation of Scottish history 72–3
profound implications for statehood 230–4
seventeenth-century military migrations 323–6
soldier emigration from Highlands 170–1
source of radicalism 447
transforming impact of Great War
commemoration and remembrance 563–6
dynamics of volunteering 555–8
growth of class conflict 574–5
industrial mobilization 562–3
links between family and home life 560–1
the ‘living’ regiment 558–9
new popular memory 567–8
overview 553–5
religiosity of soldiers 561
religious response 589
strengths and limits of military manpower reserve 566–7
survival of distinctive military identity 559–60
Water pollution 28
‘West Lothian Question’ 644–6, 650
Westminster Confession 83–4, 87
Whigs
elaboration of post-Revolution politics 261
genuine patriotism 356
relationship with Jacobites 358
working-class reform movement 447, 449
William of Orange
see also Revolution 1688
alteration of Stuart multiple monarchy 341
continuing noble dominance 308
dependence on war and support of elites 259, 307
development of politicized narratives 260–1
harvest failures 140
period of migration between Ireland 296
political betrayal 252
reputation for disaster 262–3
role of Presbyterian Church 312
subsequent military and political migration 325
subsequent political struggles 258
terminal moment in history 258
watershed in focusing debate 342
Women’s history
dangers of gender based approach to history 602–3
early crime
receiving stolen goods 392
witchcraft and infanticide 390
exclusion of women by industrialization 413
growing interest 270
literary influences 1899–1969 603–17
reawakening of interest 602–3
still awaiting detailed comparative study 414
story past and present 618
undervaluing of other historical genres 603–4
working-class hierarchies 413–14