absolute (frame of reference) 118–22
acceptability judgement 2, 14, 66–7, 81n.24, 96–9, 112–13, 148–9, 170–1, 174, 182–3, 265, 274, 279, 280–1, 344–7, 374–5, 391, 399–400, 403, 411–12, 445–6, 480–1
accessibility 15, 136, 308–9, 459–60, 462n.2, 480, 482, 484, 488–91, 492, 529
accommodation 79–80, 85, 91–2, 97–100, 102–9, 111–12, 205–6
local accommodation 103–4, 107–9, 111–12
achievement 65n.3, 71n.14, 72n.15
acquisition
first language 3, 5, 11–20, 38, 95, 103, 114–18, 119–20, 122–3, 124, 126–7, 141, 146–52, 155, 165–6, 175–6, 182, 209, 211–13, 214–15, 219, 223–6, 246–62, 263, 266–7, 268–9, 270, 312–14, 328, 329, 366, 378, 381, 383–6, 391–6, 400, 447–51, 480, 524–36, 544, 547
second language 174–5, 258, 472
ad hoc concepts 300, 308–9, 323–4, 327–8
adjectives of comparison 243–4
Agent 77–9
alternatives 7–20, 27, 30–1, 41, 44, 48, 88, 125, 150, 179–80, 191, 223, 259, 278, 408, 412, 418, 430–1, 435
ambiguity 22, 44, 49–50, 134, 150, 200, 209, 217–22, 224–5, 228–30, 298, 308, 319–20, 362, 380, 390–2, 394–5, 423–5, 452–3, 477, 479–80, 485, 488–9, 525
anaphora 78n.22, 87, 92, 97, 204, 232–5, 239, 414–16, 419, 427–8, 463
Antecedent Contained Deletion 387–400
anti-presupposition 43, 112–13
aptness (of metaphor) 304–7
aspect 70–6
asymmetric loss 364
at issue 84, 91, 106, 111, 401, 404–5, 406, 409–10, 411–12
attitude ascription 285, 287, 292, 295, 297
attributive use 285
audience design 32
Autism-spectrum Quotient 58, 291, 295–6, 329, 446
Autism Spectrum Disorder 3, 5, 141, 207, 291–2, 302, 314, 329
automatic processes 21
backchannel 539
base rate 363
Bayesian inference 10, 33, 35, 36, 44–5, 463–72
binding 162–3, 235–6, 389, 391, 393–4
borderline contradictions 274–5, 344, 347–8n.16
bridging inference 97–8
bunny spreading 257–8
Career of Metaphor hypothesis 304, 307
c-command 229, 239, 241, 258, 389, 393, 436, 442, 445–6
Centering Theory 419, 453, 454, 460, 483–4, 486
characterizing sentences 157, 161
child language 8–9, 11–20, 28, 61, 95, 103, 105, 107, 115–23, 124, 126–7, 141, 146–52, 155, 165, 175–6, 182, 207, 209, 211–13, 214–16, 219, 223–6, 246–62, 266–7, 268–9, 270, 292, 311, 312–14, 328, 329, 347–8n.16, 362, 378, 381, 382, 383–6, 391–6, 400, 447–51, 480, 524–36, 544, 547
child-directed speech 38, 450, 529
class inclusion
class inclusion model of metaphor 303–4
in quantificational tasks 11, 16, 246–7, 253
classifiers 322–3
clefts 32, 53, 84, 96, 106, 199, 202, 205–6, 401–17, 418–21, 432–3
Cognitive Linguistics 316
coherence 80, 426, 452–3, 455–7, 471
coherence judgement 182–5
collectivity 76n.19, 143, 145, 146, 254–6
common ground 2, 21, 28, 55, 87, 89, 97, 205, 300, 435, 486–8, 490, 525, 531, 532
communicative lexicon hypothesis 380–1
comparison class 267–71
competence 2
competence assumption 27
conceptual metaphor theory 300, 371–2
conceptual spaces 350
conditional perfection 42–3, 53
conditionals 10, 86, 103–4, 110, 124–5, 127–8, 131, 133–8, 162–3, 210, 342–3, 406–7, 408, 436, 439, 448–9
conjunction fallacy 366
constraints 21–38, 51, 55, 289, 418, 487–92
Construal Level Theory 515–16
containment relations 114–16, 120–1, 123
context change potential 87, 89
continuer 539
contrastive inference 28, 34, 37, 54
contrastive stress 31, 34, 422, 428, 429, 501–2, 507, 509–10
conventionality 304–5, 307, 323–4
Conversation Analysis 537, 545
cooperativity 9, 27–8, 204, 534
co-presence 28, 32, 474, 476, 488
corpus linguistics 30, 37, 44, 47, 97, 185–6, 201, 267, 278, 455, 483–4, 528, 541–3, 545–6
countability 74–6
counterfactuals 124–42
counterhysteresis 348–9
cues 21, 30–1, 37–8, 78, 81–2, 170, 175, 203, 205–6, 253–5, 289, 295–6, 419, 425–7, 432–4, 446, 488, 496, 504–9, 542–5
CULMINATE 71
defaults 3, 24, 28–31, 46–7, 162, 164–5, 167
definites 95–6, 113, 173–4, 266, 407, 408–9, 413, 415–16, 459–60, 475
degree modifiers 264–5, 267, 396
denominal verbs 384–5
diachronic change 88, 327–8, 381–2
directionality 365–6
Discourse Representation Theory 87, 89n.3, 103, 110, 240, 242–5
disjunction 10, 12, 14, 52–3, 104, 106, 109, 179–80, 183, 190–1, 193, 210, 339–41, 436
distributivity 76n.19, 143–55, 189–92, 230, 239–40, 243, 254–6, 258
domain restriction 19, 48, 54, 103, 169, 173
downward entailing see entailment direction
dynamic semantics 87, 89–91, 103, 110
dynamicity 70–1
each 145–55, 189–90, 230, 235, 248, 253–6, 258, 260
ecological validity 293, 543, 546–7
emergent properties 315
enhanced contrast 348
entailment direction 210, 213, 215–16, 219–20, 224, 437–40, 451
epistemic state 12, 27, 179, 203, 457, 525–6, 528–9, 533
epistemic theory of vagueness 332–4, 335, 342, 346, 349
ERPs 3, 24, 36, 58, 73–4, 132, 134–5, 137–8, 306, 319, 325–7, 478, 520, 522
events 62–82, 127, 144–5, 154n.5, 257, 472
every 144–7, 154–5, 159–60, 190, 230, 233–5, 256–9, 260, 261
excluded middle 331
executive functions 3, 124, 139, 260–1, 521, 533, 535
Exemplar theory 371
exhaustification 9, 13, 46, 48–9, 440
exhaustivity 10, 32, 96, 112–13, 146–7, 248–50, 254–5, 258, 260, 401–17, 508
Expectancy Hypothesis 470, 484
expectation 21–2, 30, 40, 132, 200–1, 260, 271
eye-tracking 24, 29, 34, 36, 37, 48, 56–7, 74n.17, 82, 100–1, 102, 104, 110, 121, 132–4, 136, 137, 139–40, 152–3, 187–8, 234–8, 242n.7, 260–1, 265, 267, 279, 289, 319, 322–4, 376, 420, 423–6, 429, 432, 456, 461, 478, 480, 483, 508, 510, 520, 544, 546
factives 84, 95, 98, 99, 105, 111, 444–5, 529–31
false belief 134, 139–41, 290–2, 524–8, 534–5
faultless disagreement 275–6
figure (location) 114–17
fMRI 3, 128, 135, 176, 196, 199, 292–4, 546
focus 10, 31, 34, 60, 88, 101, 206, 403, 405–6, 407–8, 410–16, 418–35, 494–5, 497–511
focus projection 502–4
Frames of Reference 114, 115, 118–20, 121–2
framework theories 384
free choice 10, 43, 52–3, 180, 193, 436n.1
fuzzy logic 272, 274, 332, 339–41, 342, 346–7, 350
game theory 44–5
garden path 22, 24, 104, 423–5
Generalized Quantifier Theory 178
generative models 463–5
genericity 156–77, 189, 220, 225
gesture 61, 117, 165, 487–9, 531, 533, 540–1
goal (path) 117
Graded Salience hypothesis 288–9, 301, 303, 307–8, 310
grammatical theory of scalar implicature 9, 46
Gricean pragmatics 9–10, 15, 23, 25, 35, 39–49, 53–5, 56n.1, 60–1, 180, 283–7, 299–301, 309–10, 415, 475–8, 489–90, 512
Cooperative Principle 9, 27, 476, 512
Maxim of Quantity 8, 70, 298, 349, 475–6, 479
maxims 9, 204, 405, 475, 478, 512, 514
ground (location) 114–17
‘Hey, wait a minute’ test 85
historical linguistics 88, 327–8, 381–2
homonymy 318–20, 324–5, 375–8, 381–2
hyperbole 35, 43, 298, 310–11, 314
ignorance inferences 40, 41–2, 179–80, 181–9, 192–3
illusory licensing 445–6
implicature: 2–3, 83, 88, 100–2, 107, 209–17, 219, 222–3, 225, 300, 305–6, 402–3, 411–12, 414–15
conventional implicature 92, 106, 402, 406
embedded implicatures 35, 40, 42, 45–6, 56–8, 211
generalized conversational implicatures 405–6, 415
politeness implicatures 43, 364
relevance implicatures 43–4
scalar implicatures 2–3, 8, 12–15, 17–18, 22, 28–31, 34, 35, 39–61, 182–3, 189, 193, 203–4, 211, 214, 216, 219, 223, 276–9, 313, 426–7, 475–6, 511, 517–18, 521, 525
implicit causality 427–8, 455–6, 461–3, 466–8
implicit consequentiality 457
indirectness 514
informational privilege 23–5, 28–31
information structure 416, 426, 459–60, 468–71, 496, 498–9
informativeness 27, 33, 34, 35, 112, 200, 204, 349, 377–8, 476–81, 483, 489
inhibitory control 139, 302–3, 311, 314
intonation see prosody
intention 7, 11, 12, 39–40, 54–5, 139, 141, 283–4, 287, 300, 317, 328–9, 419, 457, 459, 489–90, 492, 525
interactive activation 320
intrinsic (frame of reference) 118–20
irony 43, 283–97, 299, 310, 525
kinds 157
Latent Semantic Analysis 431
lexical decision task 66, 72, 302, 305–6, 319, 379, 547
lexical flexibility 369–86
Lexicalization Constraint 66
lexical precedents 33
lexical rules 375–8
literal-first interpretation 3, 24, 29–31, 54–6, 286–8, 300–1
Local Contexts 90
loose use 43, 267, 291, 310, 351
manner (of motion) 116–18, 121
manner verbs 64–70
markedness 164–5, 175, 177, 202, 208n.1, 230–1, 235, 241, 366, 402
Marr’s levels of analysis 287
matching bias 196–7
Maximize Presupposition 112–13, 211
measure functions 264
membership functions 358–9, 362–3, 365
mental models 130–1, 239–40, 242, 252
mental spaces 127–8
metaphor 3, 43, 197, 285, 290, 291, 298–315, 316, 323, 329
extended metaphor 308–9, 311–12
metonymy 43, 299, 310–11, 313, 316–30, 369, 374, 376–7
modality 12, 124–5, 139, 162–3, 181, 185, 188n.3, 229n.2, 333–4, 336, 346, 354, 436, 439, 449
modularity 22
monotonicity 108, 164, 211n.2, 215, 218, 221–2, 438–9
movement (syntax) 241, 388–90, 396–8
multiplicity inference 210–13, 219, 222–4
N400 36, 58–9, 73, 98, 134–5, 138, 140–1, 172, 198, 306, 325–7, 411, 433, 441–5, 520
negation 4, 86, 105, 110, 124–5, 195–207, 208, 210, 215n.3–4, 218, 222n.5, 229n.2, 273, 366, 404, 406, 436, 438, 441–5, 448–51
double negation 201–2
metalinguistic negation 106, 404–5
negative polarity items (NPIs) 10, 92, 389–90, 436–51
newness 420–1, 481–2, 500–2, 507
non-contradiction 331
numerals 51–2, 56–7, 148–9, 213–14, 219–20, 351–3, 356–8, 361–4, 365, 368
modified numerals 152n.4, 178–94
obligatory local effect 92, 106–7
only 48–50, 214, 403, 410–13, 419, 423, 425, 429–30, 431, 432–4, 494, 500
P600 98, 295, 411, 441, 443–5, 520
parallelism (of processing) 24
passives 78–9, 454–5, 459–60, 468–70
perspective taking 32–3, 55, 119, 139–40, 487–9, 527
picture matching task 100, 103, 108, 167, 216–17, 279–81, 430
plausible deniability 514
plausible denial/dissent contexts 18–19, 61, 200–1, 204, 259
plurality 12, 143–55, 173–4, 189, 208–27, 232–3, 237
polarity 10, 199, 202–3, 209, 222, 224
politeness 31, 364, 494, 512–23
polysemy 68, 278, 314, 320–5, 327, 369
possessives 85, 98, 103, 235–6
possible worlds 63, 89, 138–9, 166–7
poverty of the stimulus 395–6
predicate transfer 317
prediction 21, 457, 468, 541–5
presupposition: 3, 43, 83–113, 124, 197, 234, 260, 266, 313, 402, 404, 406–10, 414, 416, 426–7, 530
conditional presupposition 103, 109
informative presupposition 402
obligatory presupposition 112–13
projection 3, 26, 85–6, 88–91, 102–9, 408, 411, 511
trigger classification 91–2, 105–9
priming 14–15, 18–20, 33, 81n.24, 136, 176, 280, 305, 319–20, 325, 330, 377, 430–1, 487, 489, 509, 510
Principle of Interpretive Economy 265
Principle of Scope Interpretation 232
probabilistic pragmatics 10–11, 22, 30–1, 34–6, 270–1, 463–5
probability 163–4, 169–70, 267, 354–68, 517–19
Processing Scope Economy 234
pronouns 35, 419, 427–8, 452–73, 474, 479–80, 483–4, 485, 486, 488–9, 520
prosody 34, 37, 60, 111–12, 206, 418, 422–3, 425–6, 428–30, 433–4, 486, 494–511, 541, 543–4, 547
prototypes 2, 267, 270, 288, 350, 371
pseudoclefts 420–1
quantification 102–3, 108, 144–5, 155, 156, 159–60, 162, 166, 167, 169, 171, 173, 176, 178, 211n.2, 228–45, 246–62, 271, 351, 364, 391–2, 436, 438, 448
quantifier floating 258
Quantifier Raising 240–1, 388, 390–400
quantifier spreading 16–20, 146n.2, 246–62
questions 86, 212–13, 439, 442, 448–50, 499, 529
question-answer congruence 499, 505
Question Under Discussion (QUD) 8, 10, 14–15, 17–20, 21, 25–6, 27, 28, 30, 59–60, 88, 91, 111–13, 185–7, 199, 205–6, 220–2, 225, 407–8, 412, 414–16, 426–7, 494–5
Ramsey test 131
range requirement 179
Rational Speech Act model 17, 44–5
rationale clauses 78–9
reference 32–3, 157, 219–21, 317, 326–7, 474–93, 525, 527, ?532
reference resolution 26, 32–3, 427–30
registrations 535
relative (frame of reference) 118–20, 121–2
relevance 25, 27, 41, 43, 45, 50, 59–61, 91, 99, 202–5, 220, 313, 457
Relevance Theory 9, 45, 285, 291, 300, 303
Repeated Name Penalty 47, 453, 459–61, 481
result verbs 64–70
Right Frontier Constraint 458–9
salience 41, 249, 259–61, 278, 288–9, 301, 462, 482–3, 485, 490–2, 528, 534
scalar adjectives 34, 331–2, 349, 434, 511
scope 144, 148–9, 154–5, 196, 215nn.3–4, 228–45, 246, 260, 390, 436, 448–9
self-paced reading 24, 66n.6, 72, 75, 80, 81n.24, 82, 94, 100, 135–6, 152–5, 176, 185–6, 188, 231–5, 237, 242n.7, 243–4, 279–81, 293–4, 310, 329, 398–9, 428–30
severity effect 363–4
situation model 128–30
sluicing 80–1
sociolinguistics 38, 204, 512–13
sorites paradox 166, 272, 274–5, 331, 337, 350–1
source (path) 117
spatial terms 114–23
Specific Language Impairment (SLI) 3
speech acts 2, 3, 181, 286, 494, 496, 515, 520, 526, 545
squeamishness 95
Stalnaker’s Bridge 87
stereotypes 156, 164, 166, 176, 350
stops-making-sense task 66–7, 74, 78–9, 82, 98–9, 231–2
strategic processes 21
strict/tolerant evaluation 332–3, 337–9, 347, 348–9
Strongest Meaning Hypothesis 218–19, 223–4, 336, 338–9, 340n.11, 346, 347
subitizing 57–8
subset problem 224–5
subvaluation 272, 274, 332–3, 334–6, 342, 346, 347, 349
supervaluation 86, 272–4, 332–3, 334–6, 338, 342, 346, 349
suppositional theory 131
syllogisms 250–2
symmetry problem 46
telicity 70–6
temporality 158–9
testimonial injustice 38
thematic roles 77–81, 239, 384, 455–7, 484
Theory of Mind 12, 40, 139–41, 284, 290–7, 317, 329, 524–36
Theory theory 371
together 149–54
topicality 95, 402, 459–60, 468–70, 483
Transition Relevance Place 538
trivalent logic 86–7, 332, 334–9
truth-conditional meaning 8, 83, 86–7, 95, 127, 160, 162, 165, 167, 171, 184, 195, 240, 267–8, 270, 277–8, 300, 334, 336, 401, 404, 409, 414, 418–19, 494, 496
truth-value judgement 29, 36, 52–3, 95–6, 103, 135, 167–73, 175–6, 182, 184, 215, 226, 246, 248, 256–7, 259–60, 392–6, 398, 448–9, 508
Turn Construction Unit 538
turn-taking 537–48
type–shifting 241
underspecification 238–9, 321, 323
upward entailing see entailment direction
vagueness 35, 86n.1, 271–5, 331–53, 355, 358, 362–3, 383n.3
vagueness-as-ignorance 333–4, 343
Vagueness Principle 232
variation inference 189–92
verbal root 63–70
Which Outcome approach 359–60