Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
ABO blood group maps, 113
“Academic Vigilantism and the Political Significance of Sociobiology” (Wilson, E. O.), 191
Africa: Galton in, 17–18; migration from, x
African Americans: cultural depictions of, 59; demographic shifts of, 60; Du Bois on, 99–100; intelligence testing and, 9, 84; migration of, 68; race relations with, 59–60; racial science and, 9; violence towards, 164; white ancestry of, 145. See also blacks
allele frequencies, 207–8
American Anthropologist, 133, 169
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 126–27, 177, 193
American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 70, 133–34, 168, 173
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (Myrdal), 140–43
American Eugenics Society, 108, 131
American Genetics Association, 46
American Historical Review, 107
American Journal of Anatomy, 54
American Journal of Public Health, 211
American Museum of Natural History, 33, 43, 45–47; eugenics exhibit at, 49–51
The American Negro: A Study in Race Crossing (Herskovits), 83
American School of Anthropology, 20
American Society of Human Genetics, 145
American South, race relations in, 59–60
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 101, 136
“An Anthropometric Study of Hawaiians of Pure and Mixed Blood” (Dunn), 127
anti-immigrant movement, 32–34
antimiscegenation laws, 93; genetics and, 38
anti-Semitism, 120; genetic variation and, 25; Grant and, 47; Pearl and, 70
Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 10
Applied Eugenics (Popenoe and Johnson, R. H.), 15, 38
“The Apportionment of Human Diversity” (Lewontin), 197–98
The Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 71
“Behavior of Physical Traits in Race Intermixture” (Wissler), 72–73
Bell, Alexander Graham, 46
The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (Herrnstein & Murray), 188
biological distinctiveness, 13
“Biological Eugenics: Relation of Philanthropy and Medicine to Race Betterment” (Cole, L. J.), 61–62
“A Biological View of Race Mixture” (Dunn), 127
“A Biologist’s View of the Negro Problem” (Davenport), 36
“The Biology of the Negro” (Stern), 143–48
Birth of a Nation (film), 59
Black Folk: Then and Now (Du Bois), 104–5
blood, racial differences and, 25
Blumenbach, Johann, 27–28
Boas, Franz, 5, 48–49, 133; Conference on Racial Differences and, 78–79; Du Bois and, 97–99; intelligence testing and, 84; NRC Committee on the Study of the American Negro, 76; population thinking and, 80; racial orphanages and, 87; UNESCO and, 148
Brave New World (Huxley, A.), 136
Capeci, Dominic, Jr., 102
Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca, 198
“Changes in Immigrants” (Boas), 78–79
Chicago Daily Tribune, 169
chromosomal theory, 81, 144
climatological theory, of racial differences, 27
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 31–32; Carnegie Institution and, 128; Eugenics Record Office of, 34, 61–62; Station for Experimental Evolution, 62
Cole, Fay-Cooper, 78, 84, 135; racial orphanages and, 87
Committee Against Racism (CAR), 192–93
Committee on Eugenics, 51
The Comparative Abilities of White and Negro Children (Peterson), 72, 84
Cox, Oliver Cromwell, 106
Darwinism, synthesis of, 81
Davenport, Charles, 13, 16, 70; black-white differences and, 36, 92; Carnegie Institution and, 62; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and, 31–32; Conference on Racial Differences and, 78; definition of race by, 40–41; education of, 31; eugenics research and, 56; intelligence testing and, 84; interracial relationships and, 42–43; Johnson, A., and, 34–35; Jordan and, 39; miscegenation and, 41, 92–93; “Negro problem” and, 38–39; NRC and, 67–68; NRC Committee on the Study of the American Negro, 76; Pearl and, 70; race-crossing and, 86–94; Second International Congress of Eugenics and, 45; segregation and, 37; typology and, 80–81
The Descent of Man (Darwin), 181
desegregation, of military, 164–65
“Distribution and Increase of Negroes in the United States” (Willcox), 55
The DNA Mystique: The Gene as a Cultural Icon (Nelkin & Lindee), 184
Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 7–8, 81, 95–96, 112, 114; Coon and, 169–73; Darlington, C. D., and, 132–33; death of, 179; Dunn and, 126–27, 129–31; molecular biology and, 201–2; Montagu and, 133–35; race and, 122–23, 160; race concept and, 114–26; race concept legitimacy and, 212; training of, 116–17; UNESCO and, 149–54, 157–58
Du Bois, W. E. B., 5, 15, 49, 217–18; on African Americans, 99–100; Boas and, 97–99; eugenics and, 104–5; genetics and, 102; historicizing race and, 105–9; on Hoffman, 55; Myrdal and, 143; on race concept, 99–100; race concept legitimacy and, 211; race relations and, 60; racial differences and, 95; racial science and, 103; racism and, 103; Stoddard and, 103–4; writings of, 95–104
Dunn, Leslie Clarence, 114, 116, 120, 126–32; death of, 179–80; eugenics and, 128–29; genetic diversity and, 95–96; race and, 130, 160; Second International Congress of Eugenics and, 46; UNESCO and, 153–56
Dusk of Dawn: An Essay Toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept (Du Bois), 217–18
“The Effects of Inbreeding on Guinea Pigs” (Wright), 53
“The Effects of Race Intermingling” (Davenport), 40–41, 70
environment, heredity versus, 79, 86
Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) Research Program, 203
Ethnological Society of London, 20
Eugenic Research Association, 109
eugenics, 3; at American Museum of Natural History, 49–51; decline of, 8–9; Du Bois and, 104–5; Dunn and, 128–29; Galton and, 22–23; history of, 13–15; immigration and, 32–33; Ku Klux Klan and, 41–42; NRC and, 66; philanthropy and, 61–62; research, 55–56; segregation and, 6; statistics and, 101
Eugenics Education Society of Great Britain, 46
Eugenics Research Association, 69
evolution: acceptance of, 111; autogenesis and, 173; mechanisms of, 21; research, 31–32; source of, 107
“Evolution and Mortality” (Pearl), 71–72
evolutionary biology, 4, 7–8; authority of, 161–62; molecular biology and, 202
evolutionary synthesis, 81; emergence of, 112–14; genetic variation and, 119; history of, 111; taxonomy and, 111
Evolution: The Modern Synthesis (Huxley, J.), 112, 181–82
Frazier, E. Franklin, 140, 149
“Frontiers in Population Genomics Research Meeting,” 209
Galton, Francis, 13, 16–30; in Africa, 17–18; education of, 17; eugenics and, 22–23; population thinking and, 112–13; race and, 18–19; on racial differences, 24
The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection (Fisher), 81, 181
The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change (Lewontin), 198–99
genetics, 1–3; antimiscegenation laws and, 38; authority of, 161–62; Du Bois and, 102; experimental, 111; race and, 108; reductionism in, 214; segregation and, 38; sociobiology and, 184
Genetics Society of America, 127
genetic variation, 7, 197–98; anti-Semitism and, 25; evolutionary synthesis and, 119; Mendelism and, 82; Wright, S., and, 119
“Geographical Variation in Lady-Beetles” (Dobzhansky), 118
George, Wesley Critz, 143
Harvard Educational Review, 175
“Health and Physique” conference, 97–98
The Health and Physique of the Negro American (Du Bois), 95–104, 211
Hearst’s International, 42
Hereditary Genius (Galton), 18, 21
Hereditary Talent and Character (Galton), 16, 18
heredity: chromosomal theory of, 81; environment versus, 79, 86; inheritance and, 24; race and, 79–80; race concept and, 79; of skin color, 40–41
Heredity, Race, and Society (Dobzhansky & Dunn), 116, 126, 129–31
Heredity of Skin Color in Negro-White Crosses (Davenport), 40, 62
“Heredity of Skin Pigmentation in Man” (Davenport), 37
heritability, quantifying, 32
Herskovits, Melville, 82–83
House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, 34
“How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?” (Jensen), 175–76
Human Ancestry: From a Genetical Point of View (Gates), 131–32
Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP), 6, 205–6
Human Genome Project, 5, 202–3
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 136
immigration: Americanization and, 58; eugenics and, 32–33; non-European, 35
Immigration Restriction League, 51
“Incidence of Disease According to Race” (Pearl), 83
“Individual and Racial Inheritance of Musical Traits” (Seashore), 53
inheritance: chromosomal theory of, 144; heredity and, 24; mechanisms of, 124; Mendelianism and, 37; physical, 72
Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (Galton), 22–23, 28–29
Instauration Magazine, 195
intelligence testing, 64, 84–85; African Americans and, 9, 84; Jensen and, 167
International Committee Against Racism (INCAR), 193
International HapMap Project, 206–7
“Internationalizing or Universalizing Mental Measurements” (Brigham), 72
intraspecies diversity, 121
IQ and the Meritocracy (Herrnstein), 196
Jamaica, race-crossing in, 89
Jews: atrocities against, 120; Johnson-Reed Act of 1924 and, 33; racial differences and, 25
Johnson, Roswell Hill, 15, 38
Johnson-Reed Act of 1924, 10, 32–35
Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 41–42
Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial, 67
Leclerc, Georges-Louis, 27
The Leopard’s Spots: A Romance of the White Man’s Burden, 1865–1900 (Dixon), 59
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 149
The Lonely Crowd (Riesman), 162
Louverture, Toussaint, 22
Macmillan’s Magazine, 16, 18
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 133
Mankind at the Crossroads (East), 82
Mankind Evolving (Dobzhansky), 172–73
“The Meaninglessness of the Anthropological Conception of Race” (Montagu), 135
Memory of My Life (Galton), 18
Mendelism: genetic variation and, 82; skin color and, 37–38; synthesis of, 81
migration: from Africa, x; of African Americans, 68; race and, 72
military, desegregation of, 164–65
molecular biology, ix–x, 201–2
Montagu, Ashley, 5, 114, 131–37, 180; anti-Semitism and, 120; Coon and, 173–74; race and, 160–61; race concept and, 135; race concept legitimacy and, 211–12; UNESCO and, 149, 151–54, 157–58
“Mortality in the Cities” (Wright), 97
Morton, Samuel, 4–5; polygeny and, 20; racial distinctiveness and, 25
National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 61
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 48, 59, 70, 103
National Human Genome Research Institute, 203, 209
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 209–10
National Research Council (NRC), 53, 56; Committee on Human Migration, 64; Committee on Race Characters, 57–58, 64, 66–67; Committee on Racial Problems, 58, 74, 85–86; Committee on the Study of the American Negro, 74–77, 89; Conference on Racial Differences, 77–79; Davenport and, 67–68; Division of Anthropology and Psychology, 63–64; eugenics and, 66; history of, 60–61; Joint Commission on Racial Problems, 57; miscegenation and, 75–76; philanthropy and, 61–63; racial differences and, 65–66, 88–89; racial intermixture and, 67–69; research by, 65–67
National Urban League, 59
Natural History (Leclerc), 27
nature-nurture debate, 129
Nazism: Dobzhansky and, 120; rise of, 108
The Negro American Family (Du Bois), 96
The Negro Church (Du Bois), 96
The Negro in Business (Du Bois), 96
“Negro Physique” (Boas), 97
New York Review of Books, 190–91
“Notes on the Body Form of Man” (Bean), 53–54
“Observations and Queries as to the Effect of Race Mixture on Certain Physical Characteristics” (Hooton), 54–55
On Human Nature (Wilson, E. O.), 180, 185
On the Natural Variety of Mankind (Blumenbach), 27–28
“On the Non-Existence of Human Races” (Livingstone), 174–75
The Organization Man (Whyte), 162
The Origin of Races (Coon), 167–74
The Origin of Species (Darwin, C.), 179
Osborn, Frederick, 131; UNESCO and, 148
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 33, 45, 47; Davenport and, 67; scientific language of race and, 55
Painter, Theophilus S., 51
The Passing of the Great Race (Grant), 47, 51–52, 108
The Philadelphia Negro (Du Bois), 96
population genetics, 8; emergence of, 121; Lewontin and, 197–98; theoretical, 111
population thinking: Galton and, 112–13; typology versus, 80–82
“Possible Metallurgical and Astronomical Approaches to the Problem of Environment versus Ethnic Heredity” (Shockley), 176–77
The Power Elite (Mills), 162
“The Problem of Negro-White Intermixture and Intermarriage” (Hoffman), 55
“The Problem of the American Negro” (Boas), 48
“The Problems and Results of Negro Intelligence” (Peterson), 84
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 40–41
Promethean Fire: Reflections in the Origin of Mind (Wilson, E. O.), 194
public schools, segregation in, 139–43
race: comparisons of, 21–22; definition of, by Davenport, 40–41; Dobzhansky and, 122–23, 160; Dunn and, 130, 160; ethnic group compared to, 135; etymology of, 27–28; eugenic hierarchy of, 23; Galton and, 18–19; as genetic diversity measure, 217; genetics and, 108; geographical, 125; heredity and, 79–80; historicizing, 105–9, 159; migration and, 72; Montagu and, 160–61; postsynthesis approach to, 131; proposed divisions of, 150; relations, with African Americans, 59–60; reporting, 209–10; scientific language of, 55; as social construct, ix, 2–5; sociobiology and, 183–89; taxonomy of, 26, 118; thinking, 106; as trigger word, 217; typology and, 173–74; UNESCO and, 148–59
Race, Evolution, and Behavior (Rushton), 187–88
Race and Reason (Putnam), 171
Race: A Study in Modern Superstition (Barzun), 106–9
race concept: biological nature of, 125; criticism of, 105–9; Dobzhansky and, 114–26; Du Bois on, 99–100; Dunn and, 130–31; emerging consensus on, 142; heredity and, 79; HGDP and, 205–6; history of, 1–2; legitimacy of, 211–12; Montagu and, 135; skin color and, 13; Wilson, E. O., and, 185
The Race Concept: Results of an Inquiry (UNESCO), 159
Racecraft (Fields, B. & Fields, K.), 4
race-crossing, 55, 70, 86; Davenport and, 86–94; disharmonious, 91
Race Crossing Jamaica (Davenport & Steggerda), 39, 41, 56, 68, 89–94
Race: Science and Politics (Benedict), 105
“The Races of Man” (Boas), 48–49
The Races of Man (Deniker), 97
Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro (Hoffman), 55, 100–101
racial classifications, 216
racial differences, 3; assumptions about, 58; blood and, 25; climatological theory of, 27; Du Bois and, 95; Galton on, 24; measurement of, 64–65; NRC and, 65–66, 88–89; pathology and, 71; quantitative data on, 100; racial orphanages and, 86–88. See also black-white differences
Racial Integrity Act of 1924, 93
racial science: African Americans and, 9; attacks on, 103–4; decline of, 115; Du Bois and, 103; Grant and, 51; historiography on, 115; legitimacy of, 91; Pearl and, 71; philanthropy and, 61–63; Pioneer Fund and, 94; response to, 56
Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature, 184
The Retreat of Scientific Racism (Barkan), 156
The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy (Stoddard), 41–42
Rockefeller Foundation, 61–63
“The Role of Social Selection in the Establishment of Physical Type” (Herskovits), 82
Royal Anthropological Institute, 152
Royal Geographic Society, 17
Save the Redwoods League, 51
Science for the People, 190–92
Science for the People, 192
scientific authority, challenges to, 162–63
“The Search for Specific African Body Features” (Todd), 83
Seashore, Carl E., 53, 84
Second International Congress of Eugenics, 43, 45–46, 127
segregation: Davenport and, 37; eugenics and, 6; genetics and, 38; Mendelian, 38; in public schools, 139–43; as social adaptation, 15
self-identified race or ethnicity (SIRE), 210
The Selfish Gene (Dawkins), 181–82
skin color: heredity of, 40–41; Mendelism and, 37–38; race concept and, 13
Social Science Research Council (SSRC), 76
“The Sociobiology of Nationalism” (Lynn), 195
The Souls of Black Folk (Du Bois), 96
Station for Experimental Evolution, 62
Strauss, William L., Jr., 172
Systema Naturae (Linnaeus), 25–26
Systematics and the Origin of Species (Mayr), 112
taxonomy, 25–26; evolutionary synthesis and, 111; of race, 26, 118
Tempo and Mode in Evolution (Simpson), 112
The Thing from Another World (film), 163
“Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male,” 57, 88
“The Two Cultures” (Snow), 161
typology: evolutionary synthesis and, 112–14; genetic diversity research and, 207–8; population thinking versus, 80–82; race and, 173–74; sociobiology and, 200
“Understanding the Role of Genomics in Health Disparities: Toward a New Research Agenda,” 209
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 5, 148–59
University of Heidelberg, 108–9
University of Texas, Austin, 50–51
University of Wisconsin, 61–62
van den Berghe, Pierre, 186–87
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 21
Washington, Booker T., 97
We Europeans (Huxley, J.), 113
West-Eberhard, Mary Jane, 182
The Whispering Within (Barash), 181–82
white ancestry, of African Americans, 145
White House Office of Management and Budget, 210
“Why Do People Differ?” (Stern), 145
Wildlife Conservation Society, 51
Woodworth, Robert S., 57, 76, 86
A World View on Race (Bunche), 121
Zoological Society of London, 152