17. Cited in Calder, The People’s War, 106.

18. Ironside Diaries, 316 -17. The same Ironside earlier, in March: the Germans were poor, “their attack in the West would be a terrible gamble for them” (241).

19. Hoare Diary, 18 May, XII/2, cited in a superb doctoral dissertation: Esnouf, “British Government War Aims and Attitudes,” 189.

20. CA, 20/13.

21. Eden, The Reckoning, 107. (But also: “One day at the War Cabinet when the news had been more than usually discouraging, the P.M. looked at me across the table and remarked: ‘About time that No. 17 turned up, isn’t it?’” No. 17 was Churchill’s favorite marker, his winning chip at the roulette tables in Monte Carlo and Cannes.)