16. Pownall wrote in 1936: Chamberlain is “entirely ignorant about military and strategic questions.… His ideas on strategy would disgrace a board school” (Chief of Staff, 42). Consider, too, Roberts: “The senior anti-appeasers all had fine war records — Duff Cooper, Anthony Eden, Harold Macmillan, Winston Churchill, Roger Keyes, Louis Spears and so on—while National government ministers who advocated appeasement — Baldwin, Macdonald, Chamberlain, Hoare, Sir John Simon, Sir Kingsley Wood — had not themselves seen action” (Eminent Churchillians, 12).

17. See, among other evidences, his 1930 preface to Dictatorship on Trial, mentioned in Lukacs, The Duel, 51.