NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1  Interview with former Chief Sir Colin McColl for BBC Radio 4, 2009

2  ‘A Century in the Shadows’, BBC Radio 4, August 2009

3  John Scarlett, Channel 4 News, 21 September 2010

CHAPTER 1: INTO THE SHADOWS

1  On the Cold War Front – Czechoslovakia 1948–1956 exhibition catalogue, Prague, 2009, http://www.ustrcr.cz/data/pdf/vystavy/ katalog-na-fronte-en.pdf

2  Bob Steers, ‘Jan Mašek’, Intelligence Corps Journal, 2005; interview with Bob Steers. Further information from Prokop Tomek, Military History Institute, Prague

3  National Archives FO 1007/309, British Field Security Reports for Vienna

4  Information from Prokop Tomek and On the Cold War Front. The ten years were 1950–60. Additional private information on the penetration of Measure

5  Confirmation of Jan Mašek’s name on the list comes from Prokop Tomek, Military History Institute, Prague

6  National Archives DEFE 21/33: a 1950 report by Philip Vickery reflects the British view of the importance of Vienna. The American view can be found in ‘The Current Situation in Austria, CIA’, 31 August 1949, declassified and available at www.cia.gov

7  Suzanne St Albans, Mango and Mimosa, Virago, London, 2001, p. 318

8Martin Herz, Understanding Austria, Wolfgang Neugebauer, Salzburg, 1984, p. 42

9  John Dos Passos, Tour of Duty, Riverside Press, Cambridge, 1946, p. 291

10  MI6 officers had called for caution before taking the side of the locals straight away, reminding others that the Russians had been allies and had made great sacrifices. National Archives FO 1020/1272, Note from H. B. Hitchens

11  National Archives FO 1007/306, Secret Field Security Report for 17–23 August 1945

12  National Archives FO 1007/309, Field Security Reports for Vienna for the first months of 1948

13  Ian Fleming, Thrilling Cities, Jonathan Cape, London, 1963

14  Norman Sherry, The Life of Graham Greene, vol. 2, Jonathan Cape, London, 1994, p. 252

15  Ibid., p. 250

16  Ibid., p. 84

17  Graham Greene, Ways of Escape, Penguin, Middlesex, 1982, p. 227; Sherry, Life of Graham Greene, vol. 2, p. 127

18  Smollett may have been the source for this part of the story as well as others, but his full role may have been masked by Greene and the film-makers in a deal

19  Reference to Philby’s visit is made in passing on a tape by John Bruce Lockhart who was very briefly based in Vienna after the war. The tape has since been withdrawn from the Imperial War Museum

20  Barbara Honigmann, Ein Kapitel aus meinem Leben, Hanser, Munich, 2004, p. 59

21  E. H. Cookridge, The Third Man, Arthur Barker, London, 1968, p. 21

22  Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1973, p. 64; Cookridge, Third Man, p. 28

23  National Archives KV 2/1012–4, Edith Tudor-Hart’s MI5 file; KV2/1604–5, Alex Tudor-Hart’s file

24  John Bruce Lockhart in Nigel West (ed.), The Faber Book of Espionage, Faber & Faber, London, 1993, p. 238

25  Quoted in Miranda Carter, Anthony Blunt: His Lives, Macmillan, London, 2001, p. 153

26  Genrikh Borovik, The Philby Files, Little, Brown, London, 1994, pp. 55 and 38–9

27  Honigmann, Ein Kapitel aus meinem Leben, p. 62

28  Borovik, Philby Files, pp. 55 and 137

29  Borovik in ibid., p. 251, claims that Philby saw Litzi in Vienna. Other accounts talk of Paris or say the end of the marriage was agreed through letters. Litzi at the time was living in Berlin

30  Honigmann, Ein Kapitel aus meinem Leben

31  Marie-Françoise Allain, The Other Man: Conversations with Graham Greene, The Bodley Head, London, 1983, pp. 18–19

32  Rufina Philby, Mikhail Lyubimov and Hayden Peake, The Private Life of Kim Philby, St Ermin’s Press, London, 1999, p. 174

33  The similarities have been commented on, for instance, in Michael Shelden, Graham Greene: The Man Within, Heinemann, London, 1994, pp. 322–3; Siegfried Beer, ‘The Third Man’, History Today, 1 May 2001, vol. 51, p. 45

34  John H. Richardson, My Father the Spy, Harper Perennial, New York, 2005, p. 92

35  John le Carré, ‘We still need spies’, Guardian, 2 March 1999

36  John le Carré, A Perfect Spy, Coronet, London, 1987, p. 447

37  John le Carré, ‘The Madness of Spies’, New Yorker, 29 September 2008; John le Carré, ‘A service known only by its failures’, Toronto Star, 3 May 1986

38  Le Carré, ‘Madness of Spies’

39  Le Carré, ‘A service known only by its failures’; Graham Greene, Our Man in Havana, Vintage, London, 2001, p. 79

40  Peer de Silva, Sub Rosa, Times Books, New York, 1978, pp. 42–52

41  Anthony Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, HarperCollins, London, 1997, p. 64. This may also be the incident referred to in Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy, Heinemann, London, 1995, p. 206

42  Interview with Anthony Cavendish

43  National Archives FO 1007/309

44  National Archives FO 1020/1272, Secret Field Security Report

45  National Archives FO 1020/8 (72), Importance of Vienna for the exploitation of intelligence regarding the countries adjacent to Austria and especially the Russians, Top Secret, 10 November 1945

46  John Whitwell, British Agent, John Kimber, London, 1966, p. 26

47  Interview with Anthony Cavendish

48  Bob Steers, ‘There were Two in this Squad’, Intelligence Corps Journal, February 2007

49  Keith Jeffery, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909–1949, Bloomsbury, London, 2010, pp. 670–3

50  Percy Cradock, Know your Enemy, John Murray, 2002, London, p. 50

51  Peter Hennessy, The Secret State, Penguin, 2002, London, p. 13

52  Jeffery, MI6, pp. 705–6

53  Cradock, Know your Enemy, p. 52

54  The Heart of the Matter, BBC TV, 22 September 1985

55  Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, p. 189

56  George Kennedy Young, Who is my Liege? Gentry Books, London, 1972, p. 31

57  George Kennedy Young, Masters of Indecision, Methuen, London, 1962, p. 26

58  National Archives FO 1007/327, Allied Control Commission Austria – Joint Intelligence Committee Report, 18 April 1946, Russia’s Intentions in Austria

59  Richardson, My Father the Spy, p. 98

60  National Archives FO 1020/3464, Top Secret memo 23 March 1950

61  National Archives DEFE 28/31

62  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 186; Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, p. 188

63  Jeffery, MI6, p. 671

64  Ibid., pp. 669–71

65  National Archives DEFE 21/33 contains the list of JIC priorities for Austria and also reflects frustrations in London in some areas. The extra resources are mentioned in Jeffery, MI6, pp. 669–71

66  National Archives DEFE 21/33

67  James Critchfield, Partners at the Creation, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2003, p. 64

68  James V. Milano and Patrick Brogan, Soldiers, Spies, and the Rat Line, Brassey’s, Washington DC, 1995, pp. 1–2 and 46

69  Ibid., p. 201

70  Asher Ben Natan, The Audacity to Live, Mazo Publishers, Jerusalem, 2007, p. 34

71  National Archives FO 1007/309

72  National Archives FO 1020/99; Robin Steers, FSS: Field Security Section, published by Robin Steers, 1996, p. 23

73  The Soviet intelligence services used a number of different names until being reorganised as the KGB in 1953. For ease of understanding, the KGB is used for the organisation throughout this period

74  Jeffery, MI6, pp. 690–3

75  Critchfield, Partners at the Creation, p. 69; Ben Natan, Audacity to Live, pp. 37 and 55

76  Critchfield, Partners at the Creation, p. 69; Milano and Brogan, Soldiers, Spies, and the Rat Line, pp. 1–2 and 73

77  Ian Black and Benny Morris, Israel’s Secret Wars, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1991, p. 188

78  All material about Daphne Park from an interview conducted by the author unless otherwise noted

79  National Archives ADM 223/500

80  National Archives FO 1020/1272 and FO 1020/14

81  National Archives FO 1007/307

82  National Archives FO 1032/1459

83  National Archives WO 232/92; Tony Geraghty, Brixmis, HarperCollins, London, 1997; Iain Cobain, ‘How the T-Force abducted Germany’s best brains for Britain’, Guardian, 29 August 2007

84  National Archives DEFE 21/33

85  Interview with Daphne Park

86  Daphne Park, ‘Licensed to Kill?’, Ian Fleming Centenary Lecture, Royal Society of Literature, London, 12 May 2009

87  Tom Bower, The Paperclip Conspiracy, Michael Joseph, London 1987

88  Daphne Park, ‘Licensed to Kill?’

89  Details of kidnapping are scattered through Martin Herz, Understanding Austria

90  National Archives FO 1020/99 34

91  Herz, Understanding Austria, pp. 401–3

92  Milano and Brogan, Soldiers, Spies, and the Rat Line, p. 173

93  De Silva, Sub Rosa, pp. 4–5

94  Allen Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1963, p. 213

95  Pontecorvo fled Britain to the USSR. In 1953, when he was supposed to attend a scientific congress there was an attempt to lure him back, offering forgiveness in return for information about the Soviet programme. A meeting was offered in Vienna with Field Security men waiting, guns at the ready, in the British district, but he never showed up. Steers, FSS: Field Security Section, pp. 157–8

96  Caroline Alexander, ‘Vital Powers’, New Yorker, 30 January 1989

97  Interview with Daphne Park

98  National Archives FO 945/376

99  Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive, Allen Lane, London, 1999, pp. 177–9

100  This account taken from Paul Gorka, Budapest Betrayed, Oak Tree Books, Wembley, 1986, p. 78

101  Márta Pellérdi, ‘Their Man in Budapest: James McCargar and the 1947 Road to Freedom’, Hungarian Quarterly, vol. XLII, no. 161, Spring 2001

102  William Hood, Mole, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1982, p. 115

103  Jeffery, MI6, p. 671

104  Christopher Felix, The Spy and his Masters, Secker & Warburg, London, 1963, p. 132

105  Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Allen Lane, London, 2007, pp. 9, 17

106  Richardson, My Father the Spy, p. 106

107  Hood, Mole, p. 28

108  Clarence Ashley, CIA Spymaster, Pelican, Gretna, 2004, p. 82

109  John Limond Hart, The CIA’s Russians, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2003, p. 178; David E. Murphy, Sergei A. Kondrashev and George Bailey, Battleground Berlin, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1997, p. 268

110  Hart, CIA’s Russians, p. 38

111  Hood, Mole, p. 74

112  Richardson, My Father the Spy, p. 111

113  All details of Golitsyn taken from Volume One of his unpublished memoir, a copy of which was provided to the author. A further copy is lodged with the Library of Congress, Washington DC.

114  Murphy, Kondrashev and Bailey, Battleground Berlin, p. 25

115  Peter Deriabin and Frank Gibney, The Secret World, Ballantine Books, New York, 1982, pp. 286–9

116  Reference to the kidnap plan is also made in Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1990, p. 346

117  Ashley, CIA Spymaster, p. 102

118  Ibid., p. 103; Hood, Mole, p. 152. Deriabin’s intelligence was also passed on to the British and is referred to in National Archives KV 5/107

119  National Archives KV 5/107, Effects of recent Soviet defections and desertions, 8 May 1954. The Chief of MI6 asked for the memo to be shown to the head of MI5

120  Hood, Mole, p. 73

121  National Archives FO 1020/99

122  Milano and Brogan, Soldiers, Spies, and the Rat Line, pp. 101–3

123  Ibid., pp. 111–12

124  Nicholas Elliott, With my Little Eye, Michael Russell, Norwich, 1993, p. 49

125  David Stafford, Spies beneath Berlin, Overlook Press, New York, 2003, p. 16

126  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 180

127  Tape recording provided by Bob Steers

128  Interview with Sir Rodric Braithwaite

129  Stafford, Spies beneath Berlin, p. 23; interview with Anthony Cavendish

130  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 84

131  George Blake, No Other Choice, Jonathan Cape, London, 1990, pp. 17–18; Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 84; Blake – the Confession, BBC Radio 4, 1 August 2009; private information from a CIA officer serving with Blake and from British sources

132  Golitsyn memoir

133  De Silva, Sub Rosa, p. 93

134  Hood, Mole, p. 116

135  National Archives KV 5/107 includes Kholkov’s intelligence on these networks in Austria

136  Andrew and Mitrokhin, Mitrokhin Archive, p. 467

137  Michael Smith, The Spying Game, Politico’s, London, 2003, p. 192

CHAPTER 2: THE COST OF BETRAYAL

1  Interview with Anthony Cavendish; Anthony Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, HarperCollins, London, 1997, pp. 54–9

2  Anthony Courtney, Sailor in a Russian Frame, Johnson, London, 1968, pp. 1–55

3  Liddell Hart Archives, Papers of Anthony Courtney, GB99 KCLMA Courtney

4  Ibid.

5  Tom Bower, The Red Web, Aurum Press, London, 1989, p. 101

6  Ibid., p. 113

7  National Archives KV 5/106 includes detailed British intelligence reports on the Baltic coast and its security

8  Bower, Red Web, p. 115

9  Ibid., p. 2

10  Interview with former SIS officer

11  Keith Jeffery, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909–1949, Bloomsbury, London, 2010, pp. 705–6

12  Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1990, p. 317; Bower, Red Web, p. 60

13  ‘Latvian former counter-intelligence officers recall interaction with Britain’, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 11 March 1988

14  Bower, Red Web, pp. 131 and 139

15  David Smiley, Irregular Regular, Michael Russell, Norwich, 1994, p. 191

16  The Cost of Treachery, BBC TV 30 October 1984

17  National Archives HW 75/60–3 includes intercepted Albanian security communications discussing the arrival of British teams

18  David Smiley, Imperial War Museum Sound Recording 10340

19  James McCargar interview, ‘Frontline Diplomacy’, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington DC; Peter Grose, Operation Rollback, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 2000, p.159

20  Obituary of Johnnie Longrigg, The Times, 14 March 2007

21  Percy Cradock, Know your Enemy, John Murray, London, 2002, pp. 26–9

22  Grose, Operation Rollback, pp. 124–5

23  Anthony Verrier, Through the Looking Glass, Jonathan Cape, London, 1983, p. 67

24  Christopher Felix, The Spy and his Masters, Secker & Warburg, London, 1963, p. 140

25  Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Allen Lane, London, 2007, p. 53

26  The Hoover Commission quoted in ibid., p. 252

27  Grose, Operation Rollback, p. 117

28  Ian Fleming, Casino Royale, Penguin, London, 2006, pp. 54 and 91–2; Simon Winder, The Man Who Saved Britain, Picador, London, 2006, p. 84

29  Kim Philby, My Silent War, MacGibbon & Kee, London, 1968, p. 117

30  Felix, The Spy and his Masters, p. 51

31  Quoted in Roderick Bailey, The Wildest Province, Jonathan Cape, London, 2008, p. 318

32  Ibid., p. 328

33  Jeffery, MI6, pp. 712–14; Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1973, p. 202

34  Imperial War Museum Sound Recording 10340; and Smiley, Irregular Regular, p. 4

35  David Smiley, The Albanian Assignment, Chatto & Windus, London, 1984

36  Obituary of Colonel David Smiley, Daily Telegraph, 12 January 2009

37  Eric Walton, Imperial War Museum Sound Recording 13626

38  Ibid.

39  Obituary of Tony Northrop, ‘Covert Cold Warrior made it hot for Hoxha’, The Australian, 6 September 2000

40  The Cost of Treachery, BBC TV, 30 October 1984

41  Quoted in Stephen Dorril, MI6: Fifty Years of Special Operations, Fourth Estate, London, 2000, p. 401

42  Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, p. 191

43  Peer de Silva, Sub Rosa, Times Books, New York, 1978, p. 55

44  Genrikh Borovik, The Philby Files, Little, Brown, London, 1994, p. 265

45  The Cost of Treachery, BBC TV, 30 October 1984

46  Tom Mangold, Cold Warrior, Simon & Schuster, London, 1991, p. 50; Philby, My Silent War, pp. 112–17

47  The Cost of Treachery, BBC TV, 30 October 1984

48  Bruce Page, David Leitch and Phillip Knightley, Philby: The Spy Who Betrayed a Generation, Sphere, London, 1977, p. 211

49  Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv, The Imperfect Spies, Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1989, p. 82

50  Philby, My Silent War, p. 120

51  Bower, Red Web, p. 127

52  Verrier, Through the Looking Glass, p. 77

53  John Limond Hart, The CIA’s Russians, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2003, p. 6. Hart worked on the Albanian operation

54  David Smiley, Imperial War Museum Sound Recording 10340

55  Miles Copeland to Bruce Page, quoted in Phillip Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy, André Deutsch, London, 1988, p. 1

56  Hart, CIA’s Russians, p. 6

57  National Archives KV 3/301

58  Borovik, Philby Files, p. 369

59  Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy, p. 128

60  The re-use of Albanian drop points from the war was also clearly madness since they were compromised: Bailey, Wildest Province, p. 328

61  Philby’s reluctance is recounted in Miranda Carter, Anthony Blunt: His Lives, Macmillan, London, 2001, p. 161

62  Philby, My Silent War, p. 131

63  Ibid., p. 138

64  Private information. Harvey’s memo has not been found in the CIA archives despite repeated attempts

65  Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5, Allen Lane, London, 2009, p. 504

66  A copy of an interview note written by Arthur Martin is located in National Archives KV 2/1014, which is Edith Tudor-Hart’s MI5 file

67  Ibid.

68  Ibid.; Chapman Pincher, Treachery, Random House, New York, 2009, p. 398

69  A spy talking to Phillip Knightley recounted in The Heart of the Matter, BBC TV, 22 September 1985

70  Page et al., Philby: The Spy who Betrayed a Generation, p. 148

71  Interview with a former SIS officer

72  Nicholas Elliott, With my Little Eye, Michael Russell, Norwich, 1993, p. 16

73  Seale and McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow, p. 135

74  Ibid.

75  Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive, Allen Lane, London, 1999

76  Philby, My Silent War, p. xviii; Graham Greene, The Confidential Agent, Vintage, London, 2002, pp. 67–71

77  Philby, My Silent War, p. xvi

78  Quoted in Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy, p. 148

79  James McCargar interview, Foreign Affairs Oral History Program, Georgetown University

80  Philby, My Silent War, p. 148

81  Peter Wright, Spycatcher, Heinemann, Melbourne, 1987, p. 44

82  Video of Philby being interviewed at the press conference can be found at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2A2g-qRIaU

83  Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy, p. 198

84  National Archives PREM 111/2077 and ADM 1/29241

85  National Archives PREM 111/2077; although Peter Wright (Spycatcher, p. 73) claims a bugging operation at Claridge’s did take place

86  Elliott, With my Little Eye, p. 23

87  Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy, Heinemann, London, 1995, p. 159

88  National Archives PREM 11/2077

89  Robert Rhodes James, Anthony Eden, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1986, p. 436

90  Anthony Eden, Full Circle, Cassell, London, 1960, p. 365

91  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 347

92  National Archives ADM 1/29240

93  ‘Russian says he killed Cold War UK diver to prevent explosion on ship’, BBC Monitoring, 16 November 2007. The account remains unverified and previous explanations included Crabb running out of air or becoming caught up in the propeller of the ship

94  The Heart of the Matter, BBC TV, 22 September 1985

95  Bower, Perfect English Spy, pp. 165–6

96  Quoted in George Blake, No Other Choice, Jonathan Cape, London, 1990, p. 168

97  Verrier, Through the Looking Glass, p. 4

98  Percy Cradock, Know your Enemy, John Murray, London, 2002, p. 117

99  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 186; Young’s comments in The Heart of the Matter, BBC TV, 22 September 1985

100  W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand, Hodder, London, 1991, p. 195

101  Private information

102  Bower, Perfect English Spy, pp. 192 and 201; Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB in Europe and the West, Allen Lane, London, 2005, p. 148

103  George Kennedy Young, Who is my Liege? Gentry Books, London, 1972, pp. 77 and 79

104  Chester Cooper, The Lion’s Last Roar, Harper & Row, New York, 1978, p. 70

105  Cradock, Know your Enemy, p. 111

106  George Kennedy Young, Masters of Indecision, Methuen, London, 1962, p. 28

107  Lucas, Divided We Stand, p. 193; obituary of John McGlashan, Daily Telegraph, 10 September 2010

108  Peter Hennessy, The Prime Minister, Penguin, London, 2000, p. 232

109  Cooper, Lion’s Last Roar, pp. 178 and 211–12

110  Hennessy, Prime Minister, p. 226

111  G. K. Young, Subversion and the British Riposte, Ossian Publishers, Glasgow, 1984, p. 146

112  Cooper, Lion’s Last Roar, p. 212

113  Paul Gorka, Budapest Betrayed, Oak Tree Books, Wembley, 1986, pp. 124–7

114  Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, pp. 90–1; interview with Anthony Cavendish

115  The Clandestine Service Historical Series – Hungary vol. II External Operations 1946–1955, written May 1972 and classified Secret, declassified March 2005, available through the National Security Archive, George Washington University

116  De Silva, Sub Rosa, p. 123

117  Hennessy, Prime Minister, p. 243

118  Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, p. 132

119  De Silva, Sub Rosa, p. 123

120  Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, p. 98

121  Felix, The Spy and his Masters, pp. 13–15; Peter Hennessy, The Secret State, Penguin, London, 2002, pp. 36–7

122  Young, Masters of Indecision, pp. 20–1

123  Michael Smith, The Spying Game, Politico’s, London, 2003, p. 197

124  Anatoly Golitsyn’s unpublished memoir

125  Eleanor Philby, The Spy I Loved, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1968, p. 39

126  Interview with Anthony Cavendish; Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, pp. 119 and 138

127  Interview with Anthony Cavendish

128  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 293

129  Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy, p. 211

130  Andrew Lycett, Ian Fleming, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1995, p.376

131  Nicholas Elliott, Never Judge a Man by his Umbrella, Michael Russell, Salisbury, 1991, p. 188

132  Eleanor Philby, The Spy I Loved, p. 46

133  Elliott, Never Judge a Man, p. 188

134  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 296

135  The conversation has been reconstructed from different sources. Philby’s account is in Borovik, Philby Files, pp. 3 and 344. The MI6 end, which may or may not be more likely to be truthful since it is based on the recordings, comes from Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 297, and Elliott’s final line is also quoted in Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason, Coronet, London, 1980, p. 465

136  Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 435

137  Ibid., p. 436

138  Borovik, Philby Files, p. 346. There are many discrepancies between Philby’s account and that of his former employers. Philby does not mention the second meeting and the partial confession and says his signal to the Soviets came on the first night rather than the second

139  National Archives FO 953/1697; Philby, The Spy I Loved, pp. 2–4

140  Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy, p. 219

141  Philby, The Spy I Loved, p. 176

142  Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy, p. 254

143  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 304

144  Derek Bristow, A Game of Moles, Little, Brown, London, 1993; Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy

145  Richard Deacon, C: A Biography of Sir Maurice Oldfield, Macdonald, London, 1984, p. 140; Bristow, Game of Moles, p. xi

146  Wright, Spycatcher, p. 194

147  Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, pp. 153 and 262

148  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 132

149  John Bruce Lockhart in ‘The Role of the Intelligence Services in the Second World War’, seminar held 9 November 1994, Institute of Contemporary British History, 2003, http://www.ccbh.ac.uk/ witness_intelligence_index.php, p.29

150  Private information

151  Anthony Cave Brown, The Secret Servant, Sphere, London, 1989, p. 720

152  John le Carré’s introduction to Page et al., Philby: The Spy Who Betrayed a Generation, p. 27

153  John le Carré, Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy, Sceptre, London, 2009, p. 406

154  Phillip Knightley, The Second Oldest Profession, W. W. Norton, New York, 1987, p. 271

155  Knightley, Philby: KGB Masterspy, p. 259

156  Malcolm Muggeridge quoted in Boyle, Climate of Treason, p. 502

CHAPTER 3: A RIVER FULL OF CROCODILES – MURDER IN THE CONGO

1  Unless otherwise indicated all material about Daphne Park comes from an interview by the author in 2009

2  Information compiled for Baroness Park’s memorial service; Caroline Alexander, ‘Vital Powers’, New Yorker, 30 January 1989

3  National Archives FO 371/14665; ‘Who Killed Lumumba?’, BBC Correspondent, 21 October 2000, transcript available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/audio_video/ programmes/correspondent/transcripts/974745.txt

4  National Archives DO 35/8804, Africa: The Next Ten Years, May 1959, memo originally drawn up at request of Foreign Secretary but distributed to the Cabinet, 2 July 1959

5  National Archives PREM 11/2585. The memo is dated 11 December 1959 and was most likely written by John Bruce Lockhart, Controller for the Middle East and Africa

6  Ibid.

7  Interview with Baroness Park

8  Comment of not being sexy from author interview; latter comment about appearance from Rachel Sylvester, ‘A licence to kill? Oh heavens, no!’, Daily Telegraph, 24 April 2003

9  Sylvester, ‘A licence to kill? Oh heavens, no!’

10  John Whitwell, British Agent, William Kimber, London, 1966, p. 169

11  John Bruce-Lockhart quoted in Keith Jeffery, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909–1949, Bloomsbury, London, 2010, p.598

12  Quoted in Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy, Heinemann, London, 1995, p. 224

13  National Archives DO 35/8804, Africa: The Next Ten Years, May 1959, memo originally drawn up at request of Foreign Secretary but distributed to the Cabinet, 2 July 1959; Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 220

14  Jeffery, MI6, p. 678

15  Interview with Sir Rodric Braithwaite, former Ambassador to Moscow, for BBC Radio 4, 2009

16  The conversation is recalled by Daphne Park. She did not name Scott, but details of his time in the Congo are in obituary of Sir Ian Scott, Daily Telegraph, 11 March 2002, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/ obituaries/1387342/ Sir-Ian- Scott.html

17  Adam Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, Macmillan, London, 1999; Michela Wrong, In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz, Fourth Estate, London, 2000, p. 46

18  Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, p. 301; Georges Abi-Saab, The United Nations Operation in the Congo 1960–1964, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1978, p. 6

19  Marie-Françoise Allain, The Other Man: Conversations with Graham Greene, The Bodley Head, London, 1983, p. 101

20  National Archives FO 371/146630

21  Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV: Africa, p. 263

22  ‘Who Killed Lumumba?’, BBC Correspondent, 21 October 2000

23  Ian Scott, Tumbled House: The Congo at Independence, Oxford University Press, London, 1969, p. 90

24  National Archives FO 371/146635, Note from Ian Scott, 5 July 1960

25  Ludo de Witte, The Assassination of Lumumba, Verso, London, 2001, p. 2; Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, p. 301

26  ‘Who Killed Lumumba?’, BBC Correspondent, 21 October 2000

27  National Archives FO 371/146635

28  Scott, Tumbled House, p. 109

29  Larry Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo: Fighting the Cold War in a Hot Zone, PublicAffairs, New York, 2007, p. xiii

30  Ibid., p. xv

31  Richard Beeston, ‘Old Memories of Chaos in the Congo Stirred Up’, The Times, 16 November 1996

32  National Archives PREM 11/2883; Harold Macmillan, Pointing the Way, Macmillan, London, 1972, p. 263

33  National Archives PREM 11/2585

34  Georges Abi-Saab. The United Nations Operation in the Congo 1960–1964, p. 21

35  Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV, p. 574

36  Wrong, In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz, p. 61

37  Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, p. 88

38  Kenneth Young, Sir Alec Douglas-Home, J. M. Dent, London, 1970, p. 125

39  Brian Urquhart, ‘The Tragedy of Lumumba’, New York Review of Books, 4 October 2001

40  Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960 vol. XIV, p. 294; Charles Cogan, Avoiding the Breakup: The US-UN intervention in the Congo, 1960–1965, Harvard University Kennedy School of Government Case Program

41  Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB and the World, Allen Lane, London, 2005, p. 426

42  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 221

43  National Archives CAB 128/34, Cabinet minutes, 19 July 1960

44  Douglas Dillon testifying before the Church Committee, 2 September 1975, p. 24

45  National Archives FO 371/146639

46  Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, pp. 259 and 23

47  Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV, p. 373

48  4 August 1960 diary entry quoted in Macmillan, Pointing the Way, pp. 264–5

49  National Archives FO 371/146701

50  Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, p. 23

51  Ibid., p. 47

52  Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV, p. 426

53  Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, p. 48

54  Revealed by Soviet spy Oleg Penkovsky, Meeting #14, p. 14, declassified and available at www.cia.gov

55  Wrong, In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz, p. 66

56  Church Committee Report; Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV, p. 338

57  Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV, p. 356

58  Frank Carlucci who served in the US Embassy in the Congo during the crisis is quoted making these comments in Cogan, Avoiding the Breakup

59  Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, p. 132

60  Urquhart, ‘Tragedy of Lumumba’

61  Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, pp. 66 and 85

62  Untitled (Believe Congo experiencing classic communist effort), CIA cable, 18 August 1960, declassified and available www. cia.gov

63  Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV, pp. 421–2

64  Ibid., p. 424

65  Madeleine G. Kalb, ‘The CIA and Lumumba’, New York Times, 2 August 1981; Martin Kettle, ‘President “ordered murder” of Congo leader’, Guardian, 10 August 2000

66  Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1994, p. 502; Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: Interim Report, 1975, hereafter known as the Church Committee Report, http://www.history-matters.com/ archive/contents/church/contents_church_reports_ir.htm

67  Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Allen Lane, London, 2007, pp. 162–3; Church Committee Report

68  Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, pp. 63–8

69  Ibid., pp. 77–84

70  De Witte, Assassination of Lumumba, p. 27

71  Scott, Tumbled House, p. 78

72  National Archives CAB 128/34, Cabinet minutes, 15 September 1960

73  Bower, Perfect English Spy, pp. 222–3

74  Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, p. 85

75  Scott, Tumbled House, p. 81

76  Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV, p. 528

77  Ibid., pp. 511 and 528

78  Ibid., p. 497

79  Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, p. 94

80  Grose, Gentleman Spy, p. 392; Ted Gup, ‘The Coldest Warrior’, Washington Post, 16 December 2001

81  Church Committee Report

82  Ibid.

83  The Interview, BBC World Service, 1 January 2009

84  CIA cable to headquarters from Leopoldville, cited in Church Committee Report

85  Church Committee Report

86  Description from ibid.

87  Ibid.

88  Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV, p. 495

89  Quoted in D.R. Thorpe, Supermac: The Life of Harold Macmillan, Chatto & Windus, London, 2010, p. 484

90  National Archives FO 371/146646

91  National Archives FO 371/146650

92  National Archives PREM 11/3188 includes a top-secret memo on concerns that Nkrumah and Egypt would declare an African high command in the Congo

93  Daphne Park recounted the story in ‘Licensed to kill?’, Ian Fleming Centenary Lecture, Royal Society of Literature, London, 12 May 2008

94  De Witte, Assassination of Lumumba, pp. 71 and 83

95  Church Committee Report; Foreign Relations of the United States 1958–1960, vol. XIV, p. 503

96  De Witte, Assassination of Lumumba, p. 53

97  Abi-Saab, United Nations Operation in the Congo, 1960–1964, p. 91

98  ‘Who Killed Lumumba?’, BBC Correspondent, 21 October 2000

99  Ibid.; De Witte, Assassination of Lumumba, p. 57; Urquhart, ‘Tragedy of Lumumba’

100  National Archives FO 371/146779

101  Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo, pp. 128–9

102  Interview with Charles Cogan, who later succeeded Devlin in the Congo

103  13 January 1961, declassified cable available www.cia.gov

104  De Witte, Assassination of Lumumba, pp. 95–7

105  Ibid., p. 79; ‘Who Killed Lumumba?’, BBC Correspondent, 21 October 2000; Cogan, Avoiding the Breakup

106  ‘Who Killed Lumumba?’, BBC Correspondent, 21 October 2000.

107  Richard Beeston, Looking for Trouble, Tauris Parke, London, 2006, p. 60

108  De Witte, Assassination of Lumumba, p. xxiv

109  Wrong, In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz, p. 79

110  John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies, André Deutsch, London, 1978, p.105

111  Devlin, Chief of Station Congo, p. 225

112  Stockwell, In Search of Enemies, p. 136

113  Wrong, In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz, p. 3

114  Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, p. 303

115  Gup, ‘The Coldest Warrior’

116  Private information; John Colvin, Twice around the World, Leo Cooper, London, 1991, p. 69

117  Sylvester, ‘A licence to kill? Oh heavens, no!’

118  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 351

CHAPTER 4: MOSCOW RULES

1  Meeting #1 London, 20 April 1961, transcript declassified by CIA and available at www.cia.gov

2  Clarence Ashley, CIA Spymaster, Pelican, Gretna, 2004, p. 110

3  Jerrold L. Schecter and Peter S. Deriabin, The Spy Who Saved the World, Macmillan, New York, 1992, p. 20

4  ‘Reported Provocation Attempt’, declassified CIA communication, 30 December 1960, available at www.cia.gov

5  Greville Wynne, Wynne and Penkovsky, Corgi, London, 1984, p. 27. The MI6 man is named as Franks in Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World

6  Wynne wrote a number of books about his life but by far his most revealing account is in an interview with Anthony Clare, In the Psychiatrist’s Chair, BBC Radio 4, Imperial War Museum 16196

7  Quoted in Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 311

8  National Archives FO 181/1155

9  Wynne, Wynne and Penkovsky, p. 27

10  Ashley, CIA Spymaster, pp. 150–1

11  Wynne, Wynne and Penkovsky, p. 68

12  Ashley, CIA Spymaster, p. 151

13  Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy, Heinemann, London, 1995, p. 274

14  National Archives WO 208/3465

15  Peter Hennessy, Having It So Good, Penguin, London, 2006, p. 318

16  John le Carré, Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy, Sceptre, London, 2009, p. 228

17  Blake: The Confession, BBC Radio 4, 1 August 2009

18  Ibid.; Bower, Perfect English Spy, pp. 264–5

19  George Blake, No Other Choice, Jonathan Cape, London, 1990, p. 198

20  Among those who remember deciphering the telegram was Daphne Park in the Congo

21  Bill Harvey quoted in Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 269

22  Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 44

23  Meeting #1

24  This quotation is from Meeting #2, p. 20

25  Meeting #1 and Meeting #2, p. 1

26  Huw Dylan, ‘Britain and the Missile Gap’, Intelligence and National Security, volume 23, December 2008

27  John Limond Hart, The CIA’s Russians, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2003, p. 88

28  Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 94

29  Penkovsky Operation, Parts 3 and 4, Tapes 22 October 1966, declassified by CIA and available at www.cia.gov

30  Ibid.

31  Meeting #4, 23 April 1961

32  Ashley, CIA Spymaster, p. 191

33  Meeting #1, p. 22

34  Meeting #5, 24 April 1961

35  Professor Stephen Kotkin, ‘Soviet Capitulation’, lecture at the London School of Economics, 20 May 2010

36  Meeting #5

37  Meeting #7

38  Meeting #12

39  Meeting #13

40  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 272

41  Ibid., p. 275

42  The fact that it had never been done before was mentioned by MI6 station chief Gervase Cowell in ‘The Role of the Intelligence Services in the Second World War’, seminar held 9 November 1994, Institute of Contemporary British History, 2003, http://www.ccbh.ac.uk/witness_intelligence_index.php, p.45

43  Interview with Baroness Park

44  ‘Baroness Park of Monmouth: Lives Remembered’, The Times, 3 April 2010

45  Ashley, CIA Spymaster, p. 197

46  Penkovsky Operation, Parts 3 and 4, Tapes 22 October 1966

47  Meeting #16

48  Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 175

49  Ibid., p. 178

50  Obituary of Janet Chisholm, Daily Telegraph, 6 August 2004

51  Gordon Barrass, The Great Cold War, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2009, p. 132

52  Christopher Moran, ‘Fleming and CIA Director Allen Dulles’ in Robert G. Weiner, B. Lynn Whitfield and Jack Becker (eds), James Bond and Popular Culture, Cambridge Schools Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2010; Andrew Lycett, Ian Fleming, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1995, pp. 383 and 367

53  http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Speeches/JFK/003P0F03BerlinCrisis07251961.htm

54  ASSESSMENT OF [BLANK], 13 July 1961, declassified and available at www.cia.gov

55  Richard Deacon, C: A Biography of Sir Maurice Oldfield, Macdonald, London, 1984, p. 131

56  Meeting #15

57  Ashley, CIA Spymaster, p. 224

58  Meeting #19

59  Penkovsky Operation, Parts 3 and 4, Tapes 22 October 1966

60  Ibid.

61  Hart, CIA’s Russians, p. 99

62  Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 217

63  Bower, Perfect English Spy, pp. 272 and 277

64  Wynne, Wynne and Penkovsky, pp. 128 and 131

65  Ibid., p. 76

66  Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 221; Wynne, Wynne and Penkovsky, p. 140

67  Penkovsky Operation, Parts 3 and 4, Tapes 22 October 1966

68  See Chapter 7

69  Penkovsky Operation, Parts 3 and 4, Tapes 22 October 1966

70  Ashley, CIA Spymaster, p. 212

71  Ibid., p. 211

72  Ibid., p. 212; Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 262

73  See, for instance, Meeting #4, p. 6

74  Meeting #15, p. 5

75  Meeting #35

76  Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 257. Wynne would receive $213,700 jointly from the CIA and MI6 after he was released from prison

77  There is a note in the transcript reading: ‘There is no question that subject both wittingly and unwittingly can be most trying in his often capricious demands and handling him on the part of all concerned requires great patience even if understanding is not always possible.’ This appears to refer to Wynne, although it might refer to Penkovsky

78  Meeting #36

79  Peter Hennessy, The Secret State, Penguin, London, 2002, pp. 6–7

80  Michael Herman quoted in ibid., p. 12

81  National Archives CAB 159/34, Minutes of meeting of 29 September 1960

82  Meeting #37

83  Meetings #1 and #33 include discussions

84  Meeting #33

85  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 281

86  Memorandum for the record, 11 January 1962 (misdated at top 1961), declassified and available at www.cia.gov

87  See, for instance, CIA memo ‘Discussion between SR/COP, CSR/9, DCSR/9, (blank) Re: SR/COP’s European Trip February’, 6 February 1962

88  Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 292

89  Bower, Perfect English Spy, pp. 398–9

90  Translation of letter dated 10 April 1962, declassified by CIA and available at www.cia.gov

91  Gervase Cowell in ‘The Role of the Intelligence Services in the Second World War’ seminar, p. 45

92  Ibid.

93  Ibid.

94  Hart, CIA’s Russians, p. 119

95  Ibid.

96  See, for instance, Meeting #11,1 May 1961

97  Dino Brugioni, Eyeball to Eyeball, Random House, New York, 1992

98  Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, pp. 334–6

99  Ibid., p. 336

100  Len Scott, ‘Espionage and the Cold War: Oleg Penkovsky and the Cuban Missile Crisis’, Intelligence and National Security, vol. 14, no. 3, Autumn 1999

101  Profession of Intelligence, BBC Radio 4, 23 August 1981

102  Hennessy, Secret State, p. 44

103  Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 341

104  Tape No. 4, Friday afternoon 9 November 1962, declassified by CIA and available at www.cia.gov

105  Ashley, CIA Spymaster, p. 234

106  Joe Bulik in a 1998 interview published on the website of the National Security Archive, George Washington University

107  Penkovsky case memorandum, 16 June 1963, declassified by CIA and available at www.cia.gov

108  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 278

109  Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 409

110  Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1990, pp. 393–4

111  Fatal Encounter, BBC TV, 1991

112  Schecter and Deriabin, Spy who Saved the World, p. 410

113  2 November 1962, from Wynne, Wynne and Penkovsky, p. 9

114  Ibid., p. 13

115  Ibid., p. 41

116  National Archives FO 181/1155; private information

117  Memorandum for Chief SR Division from Joe Bulik, 10 May 1963, declassified by CIA and available at www.cia.gov

118  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 286

119  Schecter and Deriabin, Spy who Saved the World, p. 35

120  Ibid., p. 361

121  Frank Gibney (ed.), The Penkovsky Papers, Collins, London, 1965, p. 283

122  Ibid., p. 110

123  Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 356

124  Ibid., p. 358

125  Gibney (ed.), Penkovsky Papers, p. 125

126  Schecter and Deriabin, Spy Who Saved the World, p. 414

127  Interview with Sir Gerry Warner for BBC Radio 4, 2009

128  S-jak SZPIEG Case of Radio Operator Adam Kaczmarzyk, Polish TV documentary, 2004; The Times, 10 January 1969 and 8 August 1967, and additional private information

129  Details of the Freed case and Dearlove’s role come from the Czech archives and the work of Prokop Tomek. The issue of the payments to Freed is covered in Chapter 9

130  Martin L. Brabourne, ‘More on the Recruitment of Soviets’, Studies in Intelligence, vol. 9, Winter 1965, originally classified secret, declassified and available at www.cia.gov

131  Wilhelm Marbes, ‘The Psychology of Treason’, in H. Bradford Westerfield (ed.), Inside CIA’s Private World, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1995, p. 71

132  Interview with Sir Colin McColl for BBC Radio 4, 2009

CHAPTER 5: THE WILDERNESS OF MIRRORS

1  The account of Golitsyn’s defection comes from the first volume of his unpublished memoir. It concurs closely with the account provided from the American side – for instance in David Wise, Molehunt, Random House, New York, 1992

2  Friberg’s reaction is recounted in Wise, Molehunt, p. 3, and Tom Mangold, Cold Warrior, Simon & Schuster, London, 1991, p. 50

3  Wise, Molehunt, p. 5

4  Wise, ibid., says there was a security alert regarding a bomb and that Golitsyn was allowed to remain on the plane at his request

5  Jerry D. Ennis, ‘Anatoli Golitsyn: Long Time CIA Agent?’, Intelligence and National Security, vol. 21, no. 1, February 2006, p. 32

6  Richard Deacon, C: A Biography of Sir Maurice Oldfield, Macdonald, London, 1984, pp. 121 and 167

7  Obituary of the Reverend Vivian Green, Daily Telegraph, 26 January 2005, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/ 1481995/The-Reverend- Vivian-Green.html

8  Interview with Charles Allen for BBC Radio 4, 2009

9  National Archives PREM 11/4463

10  Mangold, Cold Warrior, p. 68

11  Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1990, p. 490

12  Peter Wright in Spycatcher, Heinemann, Melbourne, 1987, and Tennent Bagley in Spy Wars: Moles, Mysteries, and Deadly Games, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2007, are both of this view

13  Deacon, C: A Biography of Sir Maurice Oldfield, p. 190; Chapman Pincher, Treachery, Random House, New York, 2009, p. 571

14  Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5, Allen Lane, London, 2009, p. 435

15  Miranda Carter, Anthony Blunt: His Lives, Macmillan, London, 2001, p. 451

16  Anthony Blunt in his unpublished memoir held in the British Library and opened to the public in 2009

17  Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 438

18  Yuri Modin, My Five Cambridge Friends, Headline, London, 1994, p. 43; Genrikh Borovik, The Philby Files, Little, Brown, London, 1994, p. 365

19  Unless otherwise indicated, material regarding Stephen de Mowbray is drawn from an interview by the author

20  Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason, Coronet, London, 1980, pp. 210 and 323

21  Wright, Spycatcher, p. 54

22  Ibid.

23  Ibid., p. 243

24  Ibid., p. 264

25  Michael Shelden, Graham Greene: The Man Within, Heinemann, London, 1994, p. 41

26  Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy, Heinemann, London, 1995, pp. 314–15

27  Wright, Spycatcher, p. 170

28  Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 506

29  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 316

30  Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 507

31  Golitsyn unpublished memoir

32  Jerrold L. Schecter and Peter S. Deriabin, The Spy Who Saved the World, Macmillan, New York, 1992, p. 379

33  Ibid., p. 390

34  Wright, Spycatcher, p. 208

35  Golitsyn, unpublished memoir

36  Golitsyn, New Lies for Old, Dodd, Mead & Co., New York, 1984, goes into more detail on this

37  Yuri Nosenko speech to the CIA in 1998. Previously available as a podcast by the Centre for Counterintelligence and Security Studies, Alexandria. Also Bagley, Spy Wars

38  John Limond Hart, The CIA’s Russians, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2003, p. 129

39  Bagley, Spy Wars, p. 14

40  Ibid., p. 88

41  Ibid., p. 18

42  Clarence Ashley, CIA Spymaster, Pelican, Gretna, 2004, p. 271

43  Mangold, Cold Warrior, p. 147

44  Ibid., p. 149

45  Richards J. Heuer, ‘Nosenko: Five Paths to Judgment’, in H. Bradford Westerfield (ed.), Inside CIA’s Private World, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1995, p. 398

46  Bagley, Spy Wars, p. 85

47  Ashley, CIA Spymaster, p. 277

48  Yuri Nosenko speech to the CIA

49  Walter Pincus, ‘Yuri I. Nosenko, 81: KGB agent who defected to the U.S.’, Washington Post, 27 August 2008; Hart, CIA’s Russians, p. 144

50  Bagley, Spy Wars, p. 216

51  Hart, CIA’s Russians, p. 160

52  Yuri Nosenko speech to the CIA

53  Details taken from ibid.

54  Pincus, ‘Yuri I. Nosenko, 81: KGB agent who defected to the U.S.’

55  Heuer, ‘Nosenko: Five Paths to Judgment’, p. 383

56  Ibid.

57  References to this in ‘The Family Jewels’, p. 23, a CIA document which consists of almost 700 pages of responses from CIA employees to a 1973 directive from Director of Central Intelligence James Schlesinger asking them to report activities they thought might be inconsistent with the Agency’s charter. Declassified and available at www.cia.gov

58  Ashley, CIA Spymaster, p. 284

59  Warren Richey, ‘A cold-war case of CIA detention still echoes’, Christian Science Monitor, 8 January 2008; Bagley, Spy Wars

60  Pincus, ‘Yuri I. Nosenko, 81: KGB agent who defected to the U.S.’

61  Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 507

62  Pincher, Treachery, p. 393

63  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 338

64  Robert M. Hathaway and Russell Jack Smith, ‘Richard Helms as Director of Central Intelligence’, p. 124, internal CIA publication, originally classified secret, available at www.cia.gov

65  Wright, Spycatcher, p. 290; Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 511

66  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 135

67  Obituary of Andrew King, Daily Telegraph, 15 November 2002

68  Obituary of Donald Prater, The Times, 12 September 2001

69  Pincher, Treachery, p. 539

70  John le Carré, ‘A Service known only by its failures’, Toronto Star, 3 May 1986

71  The Times, 20 July 1984

72  Barrie Penrose and Roger Courtiour, The Pencourt File, Secker & Warburg, London, 1978, p. 238

73  Mangold, Cold Warrior, p. 75

74  See David Omand, Securing the State, Hurst, London, 2010, p. 252

75  Chapman Pincher, The Truth about Dirty Tricks, Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1991; and Stephen Dorril and Robin Ramsay, Smear!, Grafton, London 1992, p. 264.

76  Hathaway and Smith, ‘Richard Helms as Director of Central Intelligence’, p. 101

77  Haviland Smith quoted in Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Allen Lane, London, 2007, p. 326

78  The officer was David Murphy: David Wise, Molehunt; David C. Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors, Harper & Row, New York, 1980, p. 199

79  Wright, Spycatcher, p. 308

80  Mangold, Cold Warrior, p. 279

81  Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive, Allen Lane, London, 1999, pp. 242 and 477

82  Mangold, Cold Warrior, p. 305

83  Wise, Molehunt, p. 256

84  See introduction to Heuer, ‘Nosenko: Five Paths to Judgment’

85  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 372

86  Pincher, Treachery, p. 545

87  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 372

88  Wright, Spycatcher, p. 378

89  Penrose and Courtiour, Pencourt File, p. 321

90  Ibid., p. 9

91  Deacon, C: A Biography of Sir Maurice Oldfield, p. 251

92  Le Carré, ‘A Service known only by its failures’

93  John le Carré in the introduction to Alec Guinness, My Name Escapes Me, Penguin, London, 1997, p. viii

94  Private information

95  Dr Christopher R. Moran and Dr Robert Johnson, ‘In the Service of Empire: Imperialism and the British Spy Thriller 1901–1914’, Studies in Intelligence, vol. 54, no. 2, June 2010

96  Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 270

97  Donald Rumsfeld speaking on weapons of mass destruction at a press conference in June 2002, http://www.defense.gov/ transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=3490

98  Heuer, ‘Nosenko: Five Paths to Judgment’, p. 412

99  Wright, Spycatcher, p. 2

100  Ibid., p. 3

101  Letter to The Times, 18 July 1984; further letters relating to the subject on 19 July and editorial 23 July 1984

102  De Mowbray first spoke out in the wake of the authorised history of MI5. See Gordon Corera, ‘Former molehunter speaks out’, 26 January 2010, BBC News website, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8479807.stm

103  In Treachery Chapman Pincher brings together all the evidence that he believes points to Hollis having been a Communist spy

CHAPTER 6: COMPROMISING SITUATIONS

1  Interview with Mikhail Lyubimov, Moscow 2009. Further material on Lyubimov’s time in London is drawn from Rufina Philby, Mikhail Lyubimov and Hayden Peake, The Private Life of Kim Philby, St Ermin’s Press, London, 1999, part 3; Alexander Norman, ‘Lunching with the Enemy’, in John le Carré, Sarratt and the Draper of Watford, Village Books, Sarratt, 1999; Mikhail Lyubimov, ‘London’, in Helen Womack (ed.), Undercover Lives, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1998; David Leppard, ‘With smiles and cash’, Sunday Times, 19 February 1995

2  Philby et al., Private Life of Kim Philby, p. 272

3  Lyubimov, ‘London’, p. 158

4  Ibid., pp. 158 and 165

5  National Archives PREM 15/1935; Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5, Allen Lane, London, 2009, pp. 565–87; Peter Wright, Spycatcher, Heinemann, Melbourne, 1987, pp. 49–51

6  Anthony Courtney, Sailor in a Russian Frame, Johnson, London, 1968, p. 53

7  Liddell Hart Archives, Papers of Anthony Courtney, GB99 KCLMA Courtney; Courtney, Sailor in a Russian Frame, p. 55

8  Liddell Hart Archives, Papers of Anthony Courtney, GB99 KCLMA Courtney

9  Courtney, Sailor in a Russian Frame, pp. 126–7

10  National Archives PREM 13/483

11  National Archives PREM 15/582

12  Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive, Allen Lane, London, 1999, p. 531

13  National Archives PREM 15/582

14  Liddell Hart Archives, Papers of Anthony Courtney, GB99 KCLMA Courtney

15  National Archives CAB 129/113, The Radcliffe Tribunal on Vassall

16  Andrew and Mitrokhin, Mitrokhin Archive, p. 531

17  Ibid., p. 443

18  The following account is drawn from John Vassall’s confession and police reports (National Archives CRIM 1/4003) and the report of the Radcliffe Tribunal on Vassall (National Archives CAB 129/113)

19  National Archives CAB 129/113, Radcliffe Tribunal on Vassall

20  National Archives CRIM 1/4003

21  The case of the woman is mentioned in passing in National Archives CAB 129/113, Radcliffe Tribunal on Vassall

22  ‘MP friends of ex-spy are still in public life’, The Times, 27 January 1975; Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, The KGB: The Inside Story, of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1990, p. 364

23  Wright, Spycatcher, p. 166

24  National Archives CRIM 1/4003; D. R. Thorpe, Supermac: The Life of Harold Macmillan, Chatto & Windus, London, 2010, p. 539

25  Interview with Sir Gerry Warner for BBC Radio 4, 2009

26  Wright, Spycatcher, pp. 310–11

27  Interview with Sir John Scarlett for BBC Radio 4, 2009

28  Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, Instructions from the Centre, Sceptre, London, 1993, p. 94

29  National Archives ADM 1/30088; Harry Houghton, Operation Portland, Granada, London, 1972, p. 18

30  Houghton, Operation Portland, p. 31

31  Nigel West and Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels, HarperCollins, London, 1999, ch. XI

32  Ibid., p. 264

33  National Archives ADM 1/30088

34  Houghton, Operation Portland, p. 71

35  West and Tsarev, Crown Jewels, p. 270

36  National Archives ADM 1/30088, The Romer Report

37  Andrew, Defence of the Realm, pp. 486–7; Wright, Spycatcher, pp. 130–1

38  Wright, Spycatcher, p. 132

39  Ibid., p. 136

40  National Archives ADM 1/30088

41  Thorpe, Supermac: The Life of Harold Macmillan, p. 527

42  Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy, Heinemann, London, 1995, pp. 265–7

43  George Blake, No Other Choice, Jonathan Cape, London, 1990, p. 213

44  National Archives FO 953/2264

45  Gordon Lonsdale, Spy: Memoirs of Gordon Lonsdale, Mayflower-Dell, London, 1966; Greville Wynne, Wynne and Penkovsky, Corgi, London, 1984, p. 191

46  Blake, No Other Choice, p. 264

47  Quoted in Miranda Carter, Anthony Blunt: His Lives, Macmillan, London, 2001, p. 447

48  Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 499

49  Interview with Mikhail Lyubimov

50  National Archives PREM 15/582 includes a copy of the booklet

51  Peter Wright details the new strategy in Spycatcher, pp. 123–4

52  Norman, ‘Lunching with the Enemy’, p. 56

53  Leppard, ‘With smiles and cash’

54  Oleg Kalugin, Spymaster, Smith Gryphon, London, 1994, p. 131

55  ‘I arrested a KGB superspy’, BBC News website, http:// news.bbc.co.uk/ onthisday/ hi/ witness/ September/ 30/ newsid_2523000/2523457.stm

56  National Archives PREM 15/1935

57  Ibid.

58  This account derives from an interview with Mikhail Lyubimov and from Philby et al, Private Life of Kim Philby, part 3

59  Ibid., p. 274

60  Ibid., p. 280

61  Eleanor Philby, The Spy I Loved, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1968, p. 78

62  Philby et al., Private Life of Kim Philby, pp. 30–1

63  Ibid., p. 245

64  Kalugin, Spymaster, p. 142

65  Genrikh Borovik, The Philby Files, Little, Brown, London, 1994, p. 371

66  Norman Sherry, The Life of Graham Greene, vol. 2, Jonathan Cape, London, 1994, pp. 488–9

67  Borovik, Philby Files, p. 245

68  Michael Shelden, Graham Greene: The Man Within, Heinemann, London, 1994, p. 323

69  Marie-Françoise Allain, The Other Man: Conversations with Graham Greene, The Bodley Head, London, 1983, pp. 183–4

70  Philby et al., Private Life of Kim Philby, p. 175

71  Borovik, Philby Files, p. 234

72  Norman Sherry, The Life of Graham Greene, vol. 3, Pimlico, London, 2004, p. 749

73  Olga Craig, ‘John le Carré: Espionage is an accident, like love’, Sunday Telegraph, 29 August 2010

74  Sherry, Life of Graham Greene, vol. 2, p. 487

75  Ibid., p. 494

76  Yuri Modin, My Five Cambridge Friends, Headline, London, 1994, p. 270

CHAPTER 7: ESCAPE FROM MOSCOW

1  This account is drawn from interviews with Mikhail Lyubimov and Oleg Gordievsky

2  Interview with Mikhail Lyubimov; Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1990, p. 453

3  Oleg Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, Macmillan, London, 1995, p. 336

4  Helen Womack (ed.), Undercover Lives, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1998, p. 190

5  Gordievsky discusses his family life and motivations in an interview with Dr Anthony Clare, In the Psychiatrist’s Chair, BBC Radio 4, 1995, IWM 15628

6  Womack (ed.), Undercoverr Lives, p. 188

7  Rufina Philby, Mikhail Lyubimov and Hayden Peake, The Private Life of Kim Philby, St Ermin’s Press, London, 1999, p. 290; Womack (ed.), Undercover Lives, p. 184

8  Interview with Oleg Gordievsky

9  Letter from Oleg Gordievsky to The Times, 18 August 2008

10  Interview with Oleg Gordievsky

11  Ibid.

12  Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, pp. 198–206

13  Ibid., p. 219

14  The only time Gordievsky has ever publicly discussed these doubts was in an interview with Dr Anthony Clare, In the Psychiatrist’s Chair, BBC Radio 4, 1995. Also additional private information

15  ‘Literary world applauds Rushdie knighthood’, Guardian, 16 June 2007, http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2oo7/jun/16/books.politics

16  Interview with Sir John Scarlett for BBC Radio 4, 2009

17  See ‘MI6 versus KGB/FSB: The Battle in Moscow’, 30 January 2006, Axis Information and Analysis, http://www.axis globe.com/article.asp?article=634

18  Interview with Sir John Scarlett for BBC Radio 4, 2009

19  Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, p. 239

20  Interview with Oleg Gordievsky

21  Christoper Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, Instructions from the Centre, Sceptre, London, 1993, p. 77

22  Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5, Allen Lane, London, 2009, pp. 441 and 712

23  Ibid., p. 724 has the details of the drop

24  Eliza Manningham-Buller interviewed on Desert Island Discs, BBC Radio 4, 23 November 2007

25  ‘War secrets pigeon trainer dies’, BBC News website, 1 April 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/northamptonshire/ 3589853.stm

26  Interview with Baroness Manningham-Buller for BBC Radio 4, 2009

27  Interview with Sir Stephen Lander for BBC TV, 2009

28  Interview with Baroness Manningham-Buller for BBC Radio 4, 2009

29  Interview with Dame Stella Rimington for BBC TV, 2009

30  Interview with Baroness Manningham-Buller for BBC Radio 4, 2009

31  Ibid.

32  Andrew, Defence of the Realm, pp. 716–20

33  Gordon Barrass, The Great Cold War, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2009, p. 278

34  Quoted in Andrew and Gordievsky, Instructions from the Centre, PP. 31–3

35  Ibid., p. 122

36  Ibid., pp. 45 and 129

37  Barrass, Great Cold War, has the best analysis of Ryan and Able Archer, pp. 299–300

38  Interview with Sir John Scarlett for BBC Radio 4, 2009

39  Private information

40  Barrass, Great Cold War, pp. 304–5

41  Interview with former CIA analyst indoctrinated into the information at the time

42  Quoted in Barrass, Great Cold War, p. 305

43  Milt Bearden and James Risen, The Main Enemy, Century, New York, 2003, p. 47; the British reaction comes from private information

44  Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, p. 310

45  Ibid., p. 311

46  Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, HarperCollins, London, 1993, pp. 87 and 461

47  Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, p. 328

48  Ibid., p. 343

49  Private information

50  Interview with Mikhail Lyubimov

51  Private information

52  Bryan Cartledge, interview for the British Diplomatic Oral History Programme, Churchill College, Cambridge. Available at http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Cartledge.pdf

53  Interview with Oleg Gordievsky and former British officials

54  James Adams, The New Spies, Pimlico, London, 1995, p. 35

55  Interview with Sir Rodric Braithwaite for BBC Radio 4, 2009

56  Gordievsky interview with Dr Anthony Clare, In the Psychiatrist’s Chair, BBC Radio 4, 1995

57  Private information

58  Ibid.

59  Bearden and Risen, Main Enemy; Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, Allen Lane, London, 2007, p. 416

60  James Robarge, ‘Deceptions: James Angleton and CIA Counter-intelligence’, Journal of Intelligence History, vol. 3, no. 2, Winter 2003

61  Interview with Mikhail Lyubimov

62  The author put each man’s comments to the other. They did not speak directly

63  Interview with Sir John Scarlett for BBC Radio 4, 2009

64  Quoted in Phillip Knightley, The Second Oldest Profession, W. W. Norton, New York, 1987, p. 285

65  Professor Stephen Kotkin, ‘Soviet Capitulation’, lecture at the London School of Economics, 20 May 2010

66  Interview with Sir Rodric Braithwaite for BBC Radio 4, 2009

CHAPTER 8: THE AFGHAN PLAINS

1  National Archives WO 106/6148, Lecture on the Secret Service from early in the twentieth century by a British officer to the Staff College in Quetta

2  Vladimir Kuzichkin, Inside the KGB, André Deutsch, London 1990, p. 316

3  Rufina Philby, Mikhail Lyubimov and Hayden Peake, The Private Life of Kim Philby, St Ermin’s Press, London, 1999, p. 87

4  Gary C. Schroen, First In, Ballantine Books, New York, 2005, pp. 38 and 43

5  Special Co-ordination Committee Meeting on Afghanistan, 17 December 1979, available through http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/D5EE99CO3C4147B091AE83160A8085 FF.pdf

6  Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, HarperCollins, London, 1993, pp. 87 and 168

7  Interview with Stansfield Turner, 29 November 2004

8  Sandy Gall, Behind Russian Lines, Sidgwick & Jackson, London 1983, p. 150

9  George Crile, My Enemy’s Enemy, Atlantic Books, London, 2003, p. 18

10  Quoted in Brigadier Mohammad Yousaf and Mark Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, Leo Cooper, Barnsley, 1992, p. 20

11  Steve Coll, Ghost Wars, Penguin, New York, 2004, pp. 52–4

12  Crile, My Enemy’s Enemy, p. 354

13  Private information from US and British sources

14  Crile, My Enemy’s Enemy, p. 199

15  Interview with guide who became one of Massoud’s fighters

16  Interview with Abdullah Anas

17  Interview with Muslem Hayat

18  Ken Connor, Ghost Force, Orion, London 1993, p. 420

19  Mark Urban, War in Afghanistan, Macmillan, London, 1990, pp. 101–2

20  Private information

21  Interview with Abdullah Anas

22  Milt Bearden and James Risen, The Main Enemy, Century, New York, 2003, p. 218

23  Interview with retired CIA official who requested anonymity

24  ‘British and US “subversion” against Afghanistan’, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 12 October 1983; ‘Man named as British spy killed in Afghanistan found in pub’, Associated Press, 16 October 1983

25  ‘Dead UK spy alive and well’, South China Morning Post, 17 October 1983

26  Obituaries of Sir Edgar Beck, The Times, 3 August 2000, and Daily Telegraph, 3 August 2000

27  Interview with guide who accompanied the convoy

28  Interview with Muslem Hayat

29  ‘Kabul news conference on British “spy”’, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 4 October 1983; ‘Death of British “spy” in Afghanistan: Britain’s involvement’, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 19 October 1983; ‘Swede accused by Kabul of spying, possibly a journalist’, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 6 October 1983

30  ‘Death of British spy in Afghanistan: Britain’s involvement’, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 19 October 1983

31  Soviet report of career of CIA spy in Afghanistan, 24 November 1984

32  Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 130

33  Crile, My Enemy’s Enemy, pp. 197 and 201

34  ‘Reagan meets rebel leaders’, Facts on File World News Digest, 1 August 1986

35  Colin Berry, The Deniable Agent, Mainstream Publishing, Edinburgh, 2007, p. 116

36  Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, p. 88

37  Ibid.

38  Lester W. Grau and All Ahmad Jalali, The Campaign for the Caves: The Battle for Zhawar in the Soviet-Afgan War, Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, http:// fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/zhawar/zhawar.htm

39  Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, p. 176; Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 150; Bearden and Risen, Main Enemy, pp. 248–52

40  Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 11–12

41  Private information from former intelligence official working on Afghan campaign in the late 1980s

42  Urban, War in Afghanistan, p. 271

43  Crile, My Enemy’s Enemy

44  Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 100

45  Ibid., p. 104; Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, p. 193

46  Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, pp. 113–14 and 146

47  Ibid., p. 198

48  Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 133

49  Schroen, First In, p. 46. The officer who had the hit put on him by Hekmatyar was Marc Sageman (private information)

50  Thatcher, Downing Street Years, p. 773

51  Crile, My Enemy’s Enemy, p. ix

52  Bearden and Risen, Main Enemy, p. 358

53  Yousaf and Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap, pp. 198 and 233

54  Gordon Corera, Shopping for Bombs: Nuclear Proliferation, Global Insecurity and the Rise and Fall of the A. Q. Khan Network, Hurst, London, 2006

55  Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 237

56  Jason Bennetto, ‘Boost for MI6 in war on drugs trade’, Independent, 29 August 1997

57  Coll, Ghost Wars, p. 466

58  Details of intelligence collection plan from George Tenet, At the Center of the Storm, HarperCollins, London, 2007, p. 120. Mike Scheuer of the Bin Laden unit has frequently complained of the failure to take more aggressive action

59  Intelligence and Security Committee, Rendition, HMSO, 2007, Cm 7171

60  The best account of Massoud’s final minutes is in Schroen, First In, pp. 5–6

CHAPTER 9: OUT OF THE SHADOWS

1  Interview with Sir Colin McColl for BBC Radio 4, 2009

2  Private information

3  Philip H. J. Davies, ‘A Critical Look at Britain’s Spy Machinery’, Studies in Intelligence, vol. 49, no. 4, 2005

4  Private information from former member of Joint Intelligence Committee in the 1990s

5  Interview with Sir Gerry Warner for BBC Radio 4, 2009

6  Interview with Sir Rodric Braithwaite for BBC Radio 4, 2009; Rodric Braithwaite, Across the Moscow River, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2003

7  Stella Rimington, Open Secret, Arrow, London 2002, pp. 234 and 238

8  Mitrokhin’s story is recounted in Christopher Andrew’s foreword to The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB and the World, Allen Lane, London, 2005, pp. xiii-xxiv; the detail of the young MI6 officer comes from additional private information

9  Richard Tomlinson, The Big Breach, Cutting Edge, Edinburgh, 2001, p. 110

10  James Adams, The New Spies, Pimlico, London, 1995, p. 10

11  Interview with former British official, 2009

12  Milt Bearden and James Risen, The Main Enemy, Century, New York, 2003, p. 427

13  Private information

14  Private information and obituary of Sir David Spedding, Guardian, 14 June 2001

15  Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell for BBC Radio 4, 2009

16  Interview with Sir Colin McColl for BBC Radio 4, 2009

17  Information comes from evidence at the inquiry into the death of Diana Princess of Wales, 2008, transcripts available on National Archives website

18  Interview with Sir John Scarlett for BBC Radio 4, 2009; private information

19  Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell for BBC Radio 4, 2009. An exchange on the subject was broadcast in A Century in the Shadows, BBC Radio 4, August 2009

20  Interview with former CIA official

21  Sir Richard Dearlove, ‘Our Changing Perceptions of National Security’, lecture at Gresham College, London, 25 November 2009

22  Interview with Sir John Scarlett for BBC Radio 4, 2009

23  Tony Blair, A Journey, Hutchinson, London, 2010, p. 346

24  Sir Richard Dearlove speaking at the Hay-on-Wye book festival, 31 May 2009

25  Interview with Baroness Manningham-Buller for BBC Radio 4, 2009

26  Sir Richard Dearlove speaking at the Hay-on-Wye book festival, 31 May 2009

27  Tenet, At the Center of the Storm, HarperCollins, London, 2007, p. 146; Joint Summit mentioned in Intelligence and Security Committee, Annual Report 2001–2002, HMSO. Available online at https://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/intelligence-and-security-committee-annual-reports.html

28  Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5, Allen Lane, London, 2009, p. 809

29  Intelligence and Security Committee, Annual Report 2001–2002

30  Account of this meeting from Alastair Campbell, The Blair Years, Random House, London, 2007, p. 561

31  Ibid., p. 562

32  Bob Woodward, Bush at War, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2002, p. 62

33  Tyler Drumheller, On the Brink, Politico’s, London, 2007, p. 30

34  Sir Richard Dearlove speaking at the Hay-on-Wye book festival, 31 May 2009

35  Drumheller, On the Brink, p. 31

36  Ibid., p. 33

37  Interview with Cofer Black by the author for Secret Wars: The CIA since 9/11, BBC World Service, 2006; statement of Cofer Black, Joint Congressional Inquiry into September 11th, 26 September 2002, http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2002_hr/092602black.pdf

38  Woodward, Bush at War, p. 52; Drumheller, On the Brink, p. 35; interview with Cofer Black by the author for Secret Wars: The CIA since 9/11, BBC World Service, 2006

39  Campbell, Blair Years, p. 568

40  Sir Richard Wilson, evidence at the Iraq Inquiry

41  The Handling of Detainees by UK Intelligence Personnel in Afghanistan, Guantanamo and Iraq, Intelligence and Security Committee, March 2005, https://www.mi5/.gov.uk/output/intelligence-and-security-committee-special-reports.html

42  Michael Smith, The Spying Game, Politico’s, London, 2003, p.1

43  Evidence of Paul Bergne to House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, 22 January 2002; obituaries of Paul Bergne, The Times, 19 April 2007, Daily Telegraph, 16 April 2007, and Craig Murray’s blog, 17 April 2007, http://www.craigmurray.org.uk/ archives/2007/04/paul_bergne.html

44  Interview with Cofer Black and Gary Schroen by the author for Secret Wars: The CIA since 9/11, BBC World Service, 2006; Gary C. Schroen, First In, Ballantine Books, New York, 2005, p. 26

45  Drumheller, On the Brink, p. 48

46  Interview with Hank Crumpton

47  Interview with Bob Grenier

48  ‘Tora Bora Revisted: How We Failed to Get Bin Laden and Why it Matters Today’, Report to the Foreign Affairs Committee, US Senate, 30 November 2009

49  Interview with Abdullah Anas

50  Account drawn from Intelligence and Security Committee, The Handling of Detainees by UK Intelligence Personnel in Afghanistan, Guantanamo and Iraq, March 2005, http://www.cabinet office.gov.uk/media/cabinetoffice/corp/assets/publications/ reports/ intelligence/treatdetainees.pdf

51  Sir Richard Dearlove speaking at the Hay-on-Wye book festival, 31 May 2009

52  Baroness Manningham-Buller, lecture at the House of Lords, 10 March 2010

53  Ibid.

54  Intelligence and Security Committee, The Handling of Detainees by UK Intelligence Personnel in Afghanistan, Guantanamo and Iraq

55  Interview with Sir John Scarlett for BBC Radio 4, 2009

56  Statement before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 17 April 2007, http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/110/sch041707.htm

57  Private information from a number of officials

58  Interview with Baroness Manningham-Buller for BBC Radio 4, 2009

59  Evidence to the inquest into 7 July bombings

60  Private information

61  Interview with Baroness Manningham-Buller for BBC Radio 4, 2009

62  Eliza Manningham-Buller interviewed on Desert Island Discs, BBC Radio 4, 23 November 2007

63  Gordon Corera, ‘Analysis: MI5 and the Bomber’, BBC News website, 30 April 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/i /hi/uk/ 6477777.stm

64  Interview with Baroness Manningham-Buller for BBC Radio 4, 2009

65  Rosie Cowan and Richard Norton-Taylor, ‘Britain now No 1 al-Qaida target’, The Guardian, 19 October 2006

66  The author attended a meeting with an MI5 agent and his officer for the making of The Real Spooks: MI5 since 9/11, BBC Radio 4, December 2007

67  Interview with an MI5 agent for The Real Spooks: MI5 since 9/11, BBC Radio 4, December 2007

68  Ibid.

69  Interview with an MI5 agent for The Real Spooks: MI5 since 9/11, BBC Radio 4, December 2007

70  Baroness Manningham-Buller, speech at the Mile End Group, 9 November 2006, and private information

71  Interview with Pakistani official

CHAPTER 10: IN THE BUNKER

1  Private information from an individual who, unsurprisingly, requested anonymity

2  The meeting of the Revolutionary Command Council is in Charles Duelfer, Hide and Seek, PublicAffairs, New York, 2009, p. 390. Saddam Hussein also makes reference to asking this question of his ministers a number of times in conversations with his FBI interrogator, 13 May 2004. (Transcript at http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB279/23.pdf). See also Iraq Survey Group Comprehensive Report, vol. 1, which details Saddam’s demeanour at meetings in September 2002

3  Tyler Drumheller, On the Brink, Politico’s, London, 2007, p. 53

4  Jack Straw evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

5  SIS4 evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

6  Jack Straw evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

7  Alastair Campbell, The Blair Years, Random House, London, 2007, p. 612

8  Ibid., p. 567

9  Tony Blair, A Journey, Hutchinson, London, 2001, p. 410

10  Ibid., pp. 369, 388 and 408–9

11  Bob Woodward, Bush at War, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2002, pp. 197 and 111

12  Butler Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction, p. 70

13  Blair, Journey, p. 385

14  Butler Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction, p. 45

15  Interview with former UN inspector Bill Tierney

16  The work, under the codename Operation Rockingham, is discussed in the Butler Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction. Scott Ritter identified the men he met with as from MI6

17  Sir Richard Dearlove evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

18  James Risen, State of War, Free Press, New York, 2006, p. 113; Drumheller, On the Brink, p. 32

19  Private information

20  George Tenet, At the Center of the Storm, HarperCollins, London, 2007, p. 310

21  Campbell, Blair Years, p. 645

22  Sir Richard Wilson evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

23  Tony Blair evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

24  Campbell, Blair Years, pp. 630–1

25  SIS4 evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

26  Sir David Omand evidence to the Iraq Inquiry, available online at www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/transcripts.aspx

27  Campbell, Blair Years, p. 634

28  David Omand, Securing the State, Hurst, London, 2010, p. 39

29  The ‘mate’ comment came in the Hutton Inquiry; the ‘good bloke’ in Campbell, Blair Years, p. 618

30  Sir Rodric Braithwaite, ‘Defending British spies: The Use and Abuses of Intelligence’, speech at Chatham House, 5 November 2003

31  Sir David Omand and Sir John Scarlett evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

32  Scarlett evidence to the Hutton Inquiry, quoted in Butler Review, p. 78

33  Michael Laurie’s comments came in an email written to the Iraq Inquiry on 27 January 2010 in response to seeing Alistair Campbell’s testimony that the dossier was not designed to make the case for war. His email was released by the Inquiry in May 2011. Alastair Campbell then wrote to the Inquiry disputing his account.

34  Sir David Manning evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

35  Sir Richard Dearlove speaking at the Hay-on-Wye book festival, 31 May 2009

36  Private information

37  Matthew Rycroft evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

38  Sir Richard Dearlove evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

39  Butler Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction, p. 67; Julian Miller evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

40  Sir Richard Dearlove speaking at the Hay-on-Wye book festival, 31 May 2009

41  Evidence suggesting it was 20th was provided in the Iraq Inquiry but was challenged by another witness. The witness SIS4 described the intelligence base as ‘thin’ in his evidence

42  SIS4 evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

43  Sir John Scarlett evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

44  Sir David Omand evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

45  SIS4 evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

46  Brian Jones, Failing Intelligence, Dialogue, London, 2010, p. 85

47  Quoted in Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2004, p. 190

48  Sir Richard Dearlove evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

49  Jones, Failing Intelligence, p. 234; and private information

50  Private information and Iraq Survey Group Comprehensive Report, vol. 1

51  Private information

52  Jones, Failing Intelligence, p. 82

53  Written evidence of Brian Jones to the Hutton and Butler Inquiries; Butler Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction; Jones, Failing Intelligence, p. 89

54  The minute was published as part of the Hutton Inquiry and is available at http://www.the-hutton-inquiry.org.uk/content/cab/cab_33_0114t00115.pdf

55  Jones, Failing Intelligence, pp. 191 and 198

56  Brian Jones interview on the Today programme, BBC Radio 4, 20 July 2004

57  Graham Greene, Our Man in Havana, Vintage, London, 2001, pp. 189 and 78

58  Matthew Rycroft evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

59  Sir David Omand evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

60  Joint evidence of Sir John Scarlett and Julian Miller to the Iraq Inquiry

61  Quotes drawn from the Butler Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction

62  George Tenet speech at Georgetown University, 5 February 2004, https://www.cia.gov/news_information/speeches_testimony/2004/tenet_georgetownspeech_02052004.html

63  Woodward, Plan of Attack, pp. 106–7

64  The author was the journalist present in the room along with a BBC colleague. Sections of the interview were broadcast as part of a programme profiling Saddam on BBC Radio 4 but a planned story on the mobile labs by the author never made it to air

65  Colin Powell speaking at the UN, 5 February 2003

66  ‘The Real Story of Curveball’, Der Spiegel, 22 March 2008; Bob Drogin, Curveball, Ebury, London, 2007; Drumheller, On the Brink; and Butler Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction

67  Drogin, Curveball, pp. 92–3

68  The Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, 31 March 2005, p. 91 available online at www.gpoaccess.gov/wmd/index.html; Drumheller, On the Brink, p. 246; Drogin, Curveball, p. 131; and private information

69  Statement of George J. Tenet, former Director of Central Intelligence, 1 April 2005, available online at www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/wmd_tenet.pdf

70  Michael Gordon and Bernard Trainor, Cobra II, Atlantic Books, London, 2006, p. 133

71  See Tenet, At the Center of the Storm, p. 377; statement of George J. Tenet, former Director of Central Intelligence, 1 April 2005 and Drumheller, On the Brink, p. 100; and Drogin, Curveball, pp. 158–9

72  Hans Blix, Disarming Iraq, Bloomsbury, London, 2004, p. 96

73  Sir David Omand evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

74  Interview with former weapons inspector Rod Barton

75  Quoted in Bob Drogin, ‘Spy work in Iraq riddled by failure’, Los Angeles Times, 17 June 2004

76  Hans Blix, Disarming Iraq, p. 194

77  Ibid., pp. 129–30

78  Woodward, Plan of Attack, pp. 240 and 294

79  Matthew Rycroft evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

80  SIS4 evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

81  SIS4 evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

82  SIS4 evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

83  Saddam made references to his concerns over seeming weak to Iran in a casual conversation with his FBI interrogator, 11 June 2004, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB279/24.pdf

84  Interview with Jaffar Dhia Jaffar; and transcript of FBI interview with Saddam Hussein, Session 4, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB279/o5.pdf

85  Interview with Jaffar Dhia Jaffar

86  Sir Richard Dearlove, talk at the London School of Economics, 31 October 2007

87  Iraq Survey Group Comprehensive Report, vol. 1

88  Hans Blix evidence to the Iraq Inquiry, 27 July 2010

89  Interview with Jaffar Dhia Jaffar

90  Blix, Disarming Iraq, pp. 229 and 62

91  Interview with Jaffar Dhia Jaffar

92  Interview with David Kay

93  Ron Suskind in The Way of the World, Simon & Schuster, London, 2008, identified the Iraqi as Tahir Jalil Habbush. This is incorrect according to multiple sources with knowledge of the events

94  Statement by George Tenet, 4 August 2008, http://www.georgejtenet.com/TENETAUG4STATEMENT.html

95  Drumheller, On the Brink, p. 98

96  Rumsfeld speaking at a 2 February 2002 US Department of Defense news conference

97  Butler Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction; and Scarlett evidence to the Iraq Inquiry. Former Foreign Secretary Robin Cook says he was briefed in his memoir

98  Hansard, 18 March 2003

99  Gordon Corera, Shopping for Bombs: Nuclear Proliferation, Global Insecurity and the Rise and Fall of the AQ Khan Network, Hurst, London, 2006, ch. 8; additional private information; material from Tenet, At the Center of the Storm. Mark Allen’s role was revealed in a number of newspaper articles, for instance, ‘Ex-spy is BP’s Lawrence of Arabia’, Mail on Sunday, 6 September 2009

100  Mark Allen is named as the MI6 officer in ‘Ex-Spy is BP’s Lawrence of Arabia’, Mail on Sunday, 6 September 2009, and Douglas Frantz and Catherine Collins, The Nuclear Jihadist, Twelve, New York, 2007, p. 307

101  Sir David Omand evidence to the Iraq Inquiry, referring to a December 2002 JIC paper; and Eliza Manningham-Buller evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

102  Remarks of Major General Stanley McChrystal at the Foreign Press Center, Washington DC, 3 April 2003

103  Campbell, Blair Years, p. 693

104  Ibid., p. 700

105  Ibid., p. 701

106  Private information

107  Blair, Journey, Hutchinson, London 2010, p. 451

108  Interview with David Kay

109  Duelfer, Hide and Seek, p. 293

110  Interview with Rod Barton, former ISG Inspector; Duelfer, Hide and Seek, pp. 356 and 361

111  Butler Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction

112  Anonymous evidence to the Iraq Inquiry. Available online at www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/media/50706/Anonymous-Extract-1.pdf

113  The Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, ch. 1

114  Drogin, Curveball, p. 269; Butler Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction and Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, chapter 1

115  Private information

116  Sir Richard Dearlove evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

117  Butler Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction

118  Matthew Rycroft evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

119  Sir Richard Dearlove, talk at the London School of Economics, 31 October 2007

120  Sir Richard Dearlove speaking at the Hay-on-Wye book festival, 31 May 2009

121  SIS4 evidence to the Iraq Inquiry

122  Ibid.

123  Drumheller, On the Brink, pp. 202–3

124  The author put the question to Sir John Scarlett in an interview broadcast in ‘A Century in the Shadows’, BBC Radio 4, August 2009

125  Interview with Sir John Scarlett for BBC Radio 4, 2009

126  Ibid.

127  Intelligence and Security Committee Annual Report for 2007–2008

128  Interview with John Scarlett for BBC Radio 4, 2009

129  George Blake in an email to the author in 2010; ‘Spy Blake enjoying comfortable old age in Russia’, Agence France-Presse, 11 November 2010

130  Speech to the Society of Editors, 28 October 2010

131  Ibid.

132  Interview with Sir Rodric Braithwaite for BBC Radio 4, 2009

133  See, for instance, Intelligence and Security Committee Annual Report 2003–2004