The Art of Betrayal

Britain: MI6 seen as means of preserving influence of, 5; and Second World War intelligence, 28–9, 188; lacks intelligence about Soviet Union at beginning of Cold War, 28; Philby’s betrayal of see Philby, Kim; Baltic operations, 51–5, 67; Albanian operations, 55–6, 57, 58, 59–63, 64, 65, 66, 67; lack of money, 56; as depicted in Fleming’s writing, 58–9; relations with US, 67–8, 84, 91, 116, 170–1, 271, 343; involved in removal of Mossadegh in Iran, 78–9; Suez Crisis, 79–82, 91; interests in the Congo, 97–8; official approached by secret delegations from Katanga, 112; Congo crisis rises to top of cabinet agenda, 114; Penkovsky betrays Soviets to see Penkovsky, Oleg; concerned about being blind to Soviet attack, 165; and advent of satellite spying, 170–1; informed about Golitsyn’s defection, 189; Golitsyn provides information about Soviet penetrations in, 189–90; Golitsyn relocates to, 190; molehunts, 190–8, 199, 204–9, 211–18, 263–4, 265–7; Soviet subversive operations against, 219–42; use of blackmail, 231–2; Profumo Affair, 239; Gordievsky acts as spy for see Gordievsky, Oleg; Gorbachev’s visit to, 272; Gordievsky escapes from Moscow to, 274–80; involvement in Afghanistan, after Soviet invasion, 290, 291, 292, 293, 295, 300, 301–2, 303–4, 305, 308, 309, 312, 314; act passed to place MI6 on statutory footing, 322; counter-terrorism investigations, 330–1, 343–4, 345–6, 347–50, 351–2; and 9/11, 330–5; and Afghanistan, after 9/11, 335 337, 338; and US treatment of detainees, 339–43; US not permitted to run unilateral operations in, 343; terrorist attacks on, 346–7; and Iraq, 353–71, 374, 376, 377–8, 380–1, 382–3, 386–93; sends force to Afghanistan, 398; see also British Field Security; Foreign Office; Field Intelligence Agency Technical; GCHQ; London; MI5; MI6

British American Tobacco, 97

British Consulate General, Leopoldville, 94, 96, 97

British Control Commission: Fishery Protection Service, 52

British Embassy: Moscow, 139, 156, 225, 227, 228, 229, 318, 319; Paris, 284; Warsaw, 178; Washington, 332, 333–4

British Field Security, 9–10, 13, 20, 21, 26, 31–2, 33, 38, 41, 43

British Naval Attaché’s office, Moscow, 200, 201

Broadway, 58, 63, 141, 142, 178, 256, 402

Buchan, John, 33, 95, 323, 324, 335

Bucharest, 46

Budapest, 38, 46, 82–3, 84, 173

Bulgaria, 35

Bulik, Joe, 141, 143, 150, 152, 155, 160, 162–3, 166, 172, 175, 198

Bunch of Grapes pub, Brompton Road, 234

Burgess, Guy, 68, 69, 74, 75, 191, 192, 206, 226, 230, 243–4, 285

Burma, 132–3

Bush, President George H. W., 214, 282

Bush, President George W., 331, 333, 334, 340, 341, 342, 354, 355, 356, 359, 360, 362, 372, 375, 383

Butler, Robin, 270

Butler inquiry, 389

Cabinet Office, 317

Caccia, Harold, 45

Café Mozart, Vienna, 13

Cairncross, John, 191, 262

Cairo, 24, 68

Callaghan, James, 213

Cambridge, 16, 18, 46, 53, 66, 69, 73, 167, 191

Cambridge Five, 87, 190–2, 256 see also Blunt, Anthony; Burgess, Guy; Cairncross, John; Maclean, Donald; Philby, Kim

Camel Drivers, 6, 133, 292, 329, 396

Campbell, Alastair, 331, 334, 355, 360, 361, 366, 386, 387

Camp David, 272

Canada, 190, 195, 232, 237

Canary Wharf, 342

Carlos the Jackal, 131

Carlton Gardens, 142, 197

Carr, Harry, 54, 62, 65, 66, 67, 90

Casanova nightclub, Vienna, 33

Casey, Bill, 281–2, 306–7, 313

Castro, Fidel, 80, 118, 123, 131, 144, 158

Caucasus, the, 63, 144

Cavendish, Anthony, 22–3, 24–7, 31, 36, 51, 52, 67, 71, 82, 83, 85, 93, 223, 261, 401

CBS News, 293

Central African Federation, 112

Century House, 213, 256, 260, 277, 278, 282, 295, 316, 321, 402

Chalabi, Ahmed, 373

Chapman, Anna, 396

Chelsea, 53

Cheltenham Grammar School, 141

Cheney, Dick, 340, 341, 355, 358, 372, 376

Chequers, 270, 357, 377

China/the Chinese, 199, 204, 328, 399, 400

Chisholm, Janet, 156, 157, 164, 166, 167, 170, 173, 176

Chisholm, Rauri, 156, 172, 224

Chitral, 298

‘Christmas Massacre’, 327

Churchill, Winston, 12, 30, 60

CIA: relationship with MI6, 5, 271; in Vienna, 37, 39–40, 43, 49; and Berlin tunnel, 48; and Albania, 56, 58, 65; OPC absorbed into, 57; enthusiasm for covert action, 57–8; and Philby, 64, 65–6, 69, 85, 189; and resistance movements in Eastern Europe, 67; and removal of Mossadegh in Iran, 79; and Suez crisis, 81–2; and Hungarian uprising, 82, 83; activities in the Congo, through work of Devlin, 108, 110–11, 113, 114–15, 116, 117, 118–19, 120, 121, 122–4, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131; and Congress, 131, 323; and Penkovsky’s letter, 136–7; first attempt to contact Penkovsky, 137; businessman reports another approach made by Penkovsky, 138; Penkovsky works for MI6 and, 135, 140–1, 143–70, 176–7; tensions about handling of Penkovsky, 166–7; manages to get operational officers into American Embassy in Moscow, 168–9; and discovery of Penkovsky by KGB, 171–2; arguments with MI6 after arrest of Penkovsky, 174–5; lessons learnt from Penkovsky, 181 strategy in identifying potential agents, 182; and Golitsyn, 185–8, 198, 201; molehunts, 187, 204, 205, 209–11, 214, 215; and Nosenko, 200–4; and Gordievsky, 270–1, 281–2; betrayed to Soviets, 284–6; and Afghanistan, after Soviet invasion, 291–2, 292–3, 294, 295, 296, 299, 300, 303, 304–5, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 312–13; focus on terrorist threat, 328; and Dearlove, 329, 358, 392; and 9/11, 332, 333–4; and Afghanistan, after 9/11, 336, 337, 338, 351; and treatment of prisoners, 340; unilateral operations in UK not permitted, 343; Al Qaeda runs double agent against, 351; and Iraq, 354, 357, 366, 371–2, 373, 374–5, 376, 381, 382, 388, 389; Daily Threat Matrix, 356; and Libya, 383–4; brief references, 2, 7, 80, 90, 236, 257–8, 311; see also names of officers

Claptrap, Operation, 44

Classic Cinema, Baker Street, 236

Clinton administration, 313

Cliveden, 239

CND, 272

CNN, 285

COBRA, 331

Cohen, Lona (Helen Kroger), 236–7

Cohen, Morris (Peter Kroger), 236

Cold War, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 20, 28, 29, 35, 44, 49, 51, 56, 60, 94, 108, 114, 116, 117, 120, 131, 132, 135, 146, 147, 157, 162, 165, 170, 177, 182, 195, 223, 267, 271, 281, 283, 286, 287, 288, 290, 291, 292, 300, 315, 317, 324, 327, 328, 329

College of Commissioners/Congolese Commission, 121, 129

Communism: and Afghanistan, 310, 311; and Africa, 96, 114, 116, 117; and Albania, 59, 60; and Asia, 132; and Austria, 30, 31; and Blake, 48; and Blunt, 191; commitment behind Iron Curtain, 147; and consumer goods, 151, 288; and Czechoslovakia, 30; and developing world, 114; and Geneva, 328; and Gordievsky, 249–50; and Greene, 20; and Hungarian uprising, 83, 84; and ideological recruits, 231; and Lonsdale, 238; and Lunn, 44; and MI6 molehunt, 206; and Park, 36; and Philby, 16–17, 18, 66, 73, 75, 243, 247; political warfare against, 56–7; refugees from, 37; and Young, 29; brief references, 23, 221

Compass, 137, 144

Congo, the, 4, 94–134, 177, 292

Congolese Army, 108 Congolese Commission/College of Commissioners, 121, 129

Congress (US), 131, 211, 294, 313, 323, 375

Conservative Party, 219–20, 221, 223, 224, 226

Conrad, Joseph, 104, 105; Heart of Darkness, 104

Cooper, Chester, 80–1, 81–2

Copeland, Miles, 93

Copenhagen, 250–1, 252–5

Corfu, 56

Cornwell, David see le Carré, John

Cossacks, 37

counter-intelligence, 188–9, 211 see also molehunts

Courtauld Institute, 191

Courtney, Anthony, 52–3, 58, 204–5, 223–7

Cowell, Gervase, 167–8, 171

Cowell, Pamela, 167, 168

Crabb, Lionel ‘Buster’, 76, 77–8

Cradock, Sir Percy, 284

Crevice investigation, 345–6, 347

Crossman, Dick, 221

Cuba, 117–18, 170, 177, 292, 340; Missile Crisis, 2, 6, 170, 171, 198, 223, 267, 375

Curveball, 374–6, 381, 389, 390

Curwen, Chris, 217, 280

Cyprus, 59, 382

Czech Security Service see StB

Czechoslovakia, 9, 10, 11, 17, 30, 35, 57, 180 251, 320

Daily Mail, 246–7

Dandelion, 22

Dar es Salaam, 95

Dearlove, Richard: becomes Chief of MI6, 328; career before becoming Chief, 180 328–9; rivalry with Scarlett, 329; and 9/11 terrorist attack, 330, 331, 332; and increased influence of MI6 on government, 334, 352, 362–3; concerns about American response to 9/11, 340–1; and build-up to Iraq war, 357–8, 358–9, 362–4, 366–7, 368, 370, 379; and Libya, 383; and the failure to find WMD in Iraq, 387–8; comments concerning Iraq war, 391–2; preretirement address to staff, 393; brief reference, 394

Defence Appropriations Sub-Committee (US), 294

Defence Intelligence Agency (US), 374

Defence Intelligence Staff (Britain), 369, 370

de Mowbray, Stephen, 192–3, 196, 197, 205, 208, 211–12, 213, 218

Dench, Dame Judi, 322

Denmark, 250–1, 252–5

Deriabin, Pyotr, 43, 185

Devlin, Larry, 108, 110–11, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122–4, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 211

Diana, Princess, 324–5

Diego Garcia, 59

Displaced Persons camps, 32, 37, 61

Dr No, 223

Dolphin Square, 230

Dominican Republic, 123

Double-Cross System, 29, 188, 194

Douglas-Home, Alec, Lord Home, 121, 124, 125, 225

Downing Street, 79, 272, 331, 341, 355, 359, 361, 367, 368, 370, 386, 393

Duelfer, Charles, 388, 390

Dulles, Allen, 69, 115, 116, 118, 122, 123, 127, 158, 177

Dulwich Picture Gallery, 233

East Berlin, 238

Eastern Europe, 30, 67, 81, 114, 116, 188, 207, 284, 286, 320, 340 see also names of countries

East Germany, 25, 157

Economist, 76

Eden, Anthony, 60, 74, 76, 77, 79, 84, 326

Egypt, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 115, 145, 295, 345

Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 113, 115, 118, 123, 124–5

El Baradei, Mohammed, 380

Eliot, T. S., 199–200

Elisabethville, 112, 129

Elizabeth II, Queen, 140, 153; as Princess, 61

Elliott, Nicholas, 71–2, 75, 76, 77, 85, 86–8, 89, 90, 194, 206, 228

Embarrass, Operation, 33

Enigma machines, 28

European Court of Human Rights, 321

Evans, Jonathan, 394

Evening Standard, 74, 353

Fahim, General Mohammed, 335

Falklands War, 256

Far East, 145, 207, 316

Farm, the (CIA training establishment), 203

FBI, 68, 87, 88, 341

Ferguson, Sarah, Duchess of York, 333

Field Intelligence Agency Technical (FIAT), 33–4, 95

Field Security see British Field Security

Financial Times, 320

Finland, 184–5, 276

First World War, 27–8

Flag Office, 52

Fleming, Ian, 3–4, 33, 58–9, 84, 85, 158, 223

Fluency Committee, 208

Foot, Operation, 241

Force Publique, 105, 108, 113, 118

Foreign Office, 30, 45, 46, 55, 57, 68, 75, 76, 91, 95, 98, 102–3, 110, 189, 221, 224, 226, 240, 278, 282, 284, 293, 301, 316, 319, 334, 335 341, 362, 397

Forster, E. M., 191

Forsyth, Frederick, 270

Fort, the (MI6 training establishment), 207, 218, 280, 281

Fort Detrick, 124

Four Seasons Hotel, Washington, 332

France, 80, 105, 190, 381, 400; Penkovsky in, 160–6

Frankfurt, 186

Franks, Dickie, 138, 293

Fraser, Lady Antonia, 223

Freed (Miloslav Kroča), 180 320

Freetown, 15

Friberg, Frank, 184, 185, 186, 187

Frieda, 25

FSB (Russian domestic security service), 395

Fuchs, Klaus, 36

Fylingdales military base, 241

Gaddafi, Colonel, 383, 384

Gaddafi, Saif, 383

Gagarin, Yuri, 147, 221

Gaitskell, Hugh, 208

Gall, Sandy, 293

Gates, Robert, 271

GCHQ, 165, 178, 240, 270, 343–4

Gee, Ethel ‘Bunty’, 235, 236

Geneva, 200, 201, 207, 218, 281, 328

Geneva accords, 309

Geneva Conventions, 339, 340

Georgetown, 285, 374

German scientists, 34–5

Germany, 24, 27, 28–9, 34, 36, 51, 52–3, 141, 187, 201, 268, 281, 373, 374, 375, 388 see also East Germany

Ghana, 96, 98, 122

Gladio, Operation, 49

Goldeneye, 84

Golitsyn, Anatoly, 41–3, 84, 86, 90, 184–8, 189–90, 192, 195, 197–8, 199, 201, 203, 205, 208–9, 210, 213, 215, 218, 230

Golitsyn, Svetlana, 184, 186

Golitsyn, Tanya, 184–5, 186

Goodman, Benny, 169

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 272, 273, 276, 281, 283, 284, 288–9, 309

Gordievsky, Oleg, 6, 248–58, 259–64, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270–83, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 318

Gordievsky, Yelena, 250

Gorka, Paul, 38, 82, 83

Gottlieb, Sidney, 123–4, 131

Gower Street, 266

Grand Hotel, Vienna, 41

Graz, 21

Great Game, 54, 290, 323

Greece, 56

Greene, Graham, 3–4, 8, 13–16, 20, 33, 105, 132, 194, 245–7. 291; The Confidential Agent, 73; The Human Factor, 245; Our Man in Havana, 22, 170, 370; The Quiet American, 132; The Third Man (screenplay), 13–14, 15, 16, 20, 75, 132

Grenier, Bob, 337

Gribanov, General Oleg, 198

Grigori, Captain, 26

Gromov, General Boris, 309

GRU, 40, 145, 147, 148, 173, 231, 263, 268

Guantánamo Bay, 340, 341

Guinea, 95

Guinness, Alec, 214

Guk, Arcadi, 261, 263, 264, 271

Gulf, the, 292, 299

Gulf Features Service, 301

Gulf War 1991 378

Hamburg, 51, 53

Hanoi, 132

Haq, Abdul, 295, 304, 338

Haqqani, Jalaluddin, 304, 311, 338

Harrow East constituency, 224

Hart, Judith, 208

Harvard, 108

Harvey, Bill, 69

Harvey’s Restaurant, Washington, 64

Havel, Václav, 320

Hayat, Muslem, 299

Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin, 294–5, 298, 304, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 338

Helmand, 296, 398

Helms, Richard, 39, 205, 209

Helsinki, 184–5, 187, 276, 319

Henrietta (yacht), 61

Hind gunships, 304, 305–6

Hitler, Adolf, 325

Hollis, Roger, 66, 88, 195–6, 197, 204–5, 208, 210, 212, 213, 217, 218, 226, 239, 262–3

Home, Alec Douglas-Home, Lord, 121, 124, 125, 225

Hong Kong, 59, 132

Hoover, J. Edgar, 74, 88

Hotel Metropole, Leeds, 149

Hotel Sacher, Vienna, 14, 32, 41

Houghton, Harry, 233–5, 236

House of Commons, 75, 77, 225, 371

House of Lords, 133

Howe, Geoffrey, 272

Hoxha, Enver, 60, 61, 62, 63, 67

Hungarian Secret Police, 38

Hungary, 10, 30, 37–9, 82–3, 84, 114, 253

Hunt, Sir John, 212, 213

Hurd, Douglas, 322

Hussein, Saddam, 319, 328, 353–4, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 363, 364, 368, 370, 371, 372, 375, 376, 377, 378–9, 381, 386, 389, 392

Ibn Saud, King, 72

Imperial Hotel, Vienna, 41

India, 72, 290, 311

Indo-China, 132

Indonesia, 132

Intelligence Corps, 24, 45, 141

IRA, 343, 347, 381

Iran, 78–9, 160, 292, 328, 331, 359, 378, 398; Shah of, 79

Iraq, 2, 7, 85, 319, 321, 328, 331, 332, 353–92, 393, 394, 397

Iraqi National Congress, 372

Iraq Survey Group, 390

Iron Curtain, 9, 10, 12, 36, 53, 55, 62, 65, 83, 138, 147, 162, 207, 225

ISI, 294, 295, 300–1, 307–8, 310, 311, 332, 337, 338, 351, 352

Islam, 350; radical, 307, 328; see also Muslims

Islamabad, 292, 300, 306, 311, 337, 352

Islamic Observation Centre, 314

Israel, 80, 81, 400

Italy, 32, 57, 343, 376

ITN, 293

Ivanov, Evgeni, 239

Ivy, The (restaurant), 138

Jacob, Richard, 171–2

Jaffar, Jaffar Dhia, 378, 379–80, 381, 387

Jalalabad, 310, 338

Jamaica, 84

Jewish refugees, 32–3

JIC see Joint Intelligence Committee

Joan (MI6 support officer), 260, 274, 279

Jones, John Harvey, 53

Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), 28, 29, 56, 80, 81, 115, 165, 166, 268, 310, 315, 317, 329, 331, 361, 362, 363, 366, 368, 370, 390, 399

Jones, Brian, 369–70

Jordanian intelligence, 351

Kabul, 290, 297, 298, 302, 304, 308, 311, 337, 338, 356, 399; University, 307

Kaczmarzyk, Adam (Beneficiary), 178–80, 182, 217

Kalinin, 154

Kamel, Hussein, 357

Kandahar, 290

Kandolo, Damian, 119–20, 121, 129, 131

Kappes, Steve, 384

Karachi, 295, 352

Karzai, Hamid, 338, 399

Kasavubu, Joseph, 105, 106, 107, 119, 120

Kashmir, 311

Katanga, 98, 112, 113, 114, 116, 129, 130

Kaunda, Kenneth, 131

Kay, David, 380, 387, 388, 390

Keeler, Christine, 239

Kelly, David, 385

Kennedy, President John F., 128–9, 140, 147, 153, 157, 158–9, 172, 202, 223

Kennedy, Robert, 187

Kenneth Proud Translation Service, 11

KGB: in Vienna, 40, 41–4, 49; and Blake, 47–8, 143; and Baltic operations, 53, 54–5; and Young’s post – mortems on Iron Curtain operations, 62; runs émigré operations, 65; and Philby, 67, 73, 189, 242–3, 244–5, 246; recuritment of idealistic agents, 71; and Nasser, 80; Golitsyn defects from 86; in Africa, 114, 115; difficulties of operating on home ground of, 136; reservations about Penkovsky, 146; Penkovsky identifies officers of, 148; Park at Kalinin HQ of, 154–5; investigations into Penkovsky, 167, 172–3; Montgomery followed by, 168; Wynne taken to headquarters in the Lubyanka, 174; and Beneficiary, 180 Golitsyn works as officer at, 184–6; Goltisyn’s information about, 187, 192, 198, 199, 201, 208; Angleton’s views on, 189, 200; Golitsyn on target list of, 190; White’s views about, 200; Nosenko as officer at, 200–1; and Lee Harvey Oswald, 202; and Harold Wilson, 209; CIA fears penetration by, 209–10; suspicions about Golitsyn’s relationship with, 210; subversive operations against Britain, 219–42; Gordievsky as officer of, 248–58, 259–64, 267, 268, 269, 270–4, 287; Gordievsky passes information about, 261–2, 263; and Operation Ryan, 267–8; and Soviet fears, 269; Gordievsky unmasked as spy by, 274; surveillance of Gordievsky, 275; Gordievsky’s escape is humiliation for, 280; penetrates CIA, 211, 285–6; attempts to assassinate Hafizullah Amin, 291; and chauffeur of British Ambassador in Moscow, 317–18; meeting with MI5 officers, 318; Mitrokhin betrays details of operational history of, 318–19; brief references, 2, 6, 52, 137, 159, 165, 176, 183, 195, 281

Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, 341, 347

Khan, A. Q., 311, 327, 356, 384, 385, 386

Khan, Mohammed Siddique, 346–7

Khost, 351

Khrushchev, Nikita, 49, 76, 98, 114, 147–8, 157, 158, 159, 169, 170, 186

Khyber Pass, 293

King, Andrew, 46–7, 76, 82, 206

Kipling, Rudyard, 33, 72, 73, 290, 323; Kim, 94–5

Kisevalter, George, 40, 135, 140–1, 142, 143, 144, 145, 148–9, 150, 153, 154, 155, 159, 160, 162–3, 165, 166, 187, 200, 201, 202, 203

Kissinger, Henry, 210

Klose, Helmut, 51–2, 53, 55

Kollek, Ted, 64

Konstantin (chauffeur and spy), 317–18

Korda, Alexander, 14, 46

Korea, 47, 48; North, 359

Kroča, Miloslav see Freed

Kroger, Helen (Lona Cohen), 236–7

Kroger, Peter (Morris Cohen), 236

Kupi, Abas, 61

Kusa, Musa, 384, 385

Kuwait, 321

Labour Party, 221, 272, 382

Lander, Stephen, 265, 330, 331

Langley, 285, 309, 332, 354, 372, 375

Latvia, 53–4

Leeds, 148, 149

le Carré, John (David Cornwell), 1, 3–4, 5, 21–2, 92, 100, 142, 162, 189, 208, 214, 215, 243, 247, 323–4; A Perfect Spy, 21; The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, 58, 215; Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy, 92, 184, 214

Leconfield House, 216, 265

Lenin, 252

Leningrad, 276, 277

Leopold II, King of Belgium, 104–5, 106

Leopoldville, 97, 105, 107, 110, 112, 122, 123, 126, 127, 128

Libya, 328, 331, 356, 359, 383–6

Lithuania, 53

Litvinenko, Alexander, 395

Llandudno, 221

Lockerbie, 327

Logar, 302

London: Philby is recruited as spy in, 18; Philby and Smollet work in, 19; MI6 priorities are agreed in, 31; tapes from Vienna are processed in, 47; planning meeting for Albanian operation, 59; Philby navigates disputes between Washington and, 64–5; telegram about escape of Burgess and Maclean, 68–9; Philby summoned to, 69; Philby’s press conference in, 75; Cooper attends meeting in, 80–1; reactions to Hungarian uprising in, 83; confidence about Philby case in, 88; Wisner sent as CIA station chief in, 90; ideas about the Congo in, 121, 125; Soviet delegation including Penkovsky is invited to, 139; Wynne takes Penkovsky’s letter to, 140; Blake arrested in, 143; first round of

London–contd meetings between Penkovsky and officers of MI6 and CIA, 135, 140, 144–8, 152–4; Penkovsky’s second visit to, 157–8, 159–60;. Red List and Amber List, 164; Golitsyn travels to US via, 186–7; informed about Golitsyn’s defection, 189; Soviet subversive operations based in, 219–23, 225, 230–1, 232, 233, 234–7, 242, 261, 262, 263; Courtney speaks out in parliament about Soviet operations in, 224–5; defection of Lyalin and expulsion of Soviet diplomats, 241–2, 251–2; Gordievsky based in, 256–7, 258–64, 267, 269, 272, 285; Gorbachev visits, 272; Gordievsky’s arrival after escape from Moscow, 280; response to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 291; discussions about Afghanistan between CIA and MI6 officers, 295–6; satellite phone communication between Afghanistan and, 298; decision to use advanced weaponry in Afghanistan reached in, 305; New Labour government comes to power in, 312; and radical Islam, 328; airspace closed and security tightened on 9/11, 331; and detainees held in Afghanistan, 339; resists CIA unilateral operations in UK, 343; terrorist attacks on, 346–7; and Iraq, 354, 356, 377, 379, 382, 384–5, 388; Russian dissidents in, 396; brief references, 6, 36, 62, 95, 134, 190, 205, 208, 209, 224, 283, 293, 319, 320, 340, 354, 355, 358

London Film Productions, 14, 46

London Underground, 241, 261

Lonsdale, Gordon (Konon Molody), 195, 232–3, 234–6, 237–8, 244, 246

Lubyanka, the, 174, 318

Lukasevics, Janis, 54–5, 261

Lumumba, Patrice, 96–7, 102, 105–6, 106–7, 112–14, 115, 116–17, 118–19, 120, 121, 122, 123–5, 127–30, 131

Lunn, Sir Arnold, 44

Lunn, Peter, 44–5, 86, 88–9, 90, 143, 194, 228

Lusaka, 131

Luton, 346

Lyalin, Oleg, 241–2, 252

Lyubimov, Mikhail, 219–23, 225, 239, 240–1, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 251, 252, 255–6, 262, 274, 276, 280, 286–7; ‘Special Traits of the British National Character and their Use in Operational Work’, 241

McCargar, James, 57, 59, 64, 67, 74, 83

McColl, Colin, 178, 179, 182, 281, 304, 315–16, 321, 322–3, 324, 327, 402

McCone, John, 170, 215

McLean, Billy, 60

Maclean, Donald, 68, 69, 74, 88, 191, 226, 230, 244, 285

Macmillan, Harold, 75, 112, 115, 121, 125, 189, 237, 239

Major, John, 333

Malta, 59, 61, 62

Manning, David, 332, 354, 358, 362, 367, 383

Manningham-Buller, Dame Eliza, 237, 264, 265–6, 267, 321, 330, 331, 341, 343, 344, 346, 347, 348, 386, 402

Manningham-Buller, Reginald, 237, 264

Marshall Plan, 39, 56, 58

Martin, Arthur, 70, 86, 90, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 204, 205, 208, 217, 236, 266

Marx, Karl, 158

Mašek, Jan, 9–11

Mass Appeal, Operation, 357

Massoud, Ahmed Shah, 296, 297–8, 299, 300, 302, 303, 304, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 335 336, 338

Maugham, Somerset: ‘Mr Harrington’s Washing’, 276

Mediterranean, 115

Melk, 26

Menzies, Sir Stewart, 91

Mexico City, 202

Middle East, 76, 78–9, 81, 100, 114, 133, 254, 323, 329, 333, 355, 356, 358, 397 see also names of countries

MI5: Soviets evade surveillance of, 47–8; Philby critiques papers from, 66; and escape of Burgess and Maclean, 69; and the investigation into Philby, 69, 70, 75, 90; relations with MI6, 5, 70–1, 265, 343–4, 348; concerns about a tip-off to Philby, 89, 194–5; molehunts, 5, 190–7, 204–5, 206, 208, 212, 213, 214, 263–4, 265–7; A4 surveillance branch, 222, 230; struggles to contain espionage operation run out of Soviet Embassy, 222; surveillance of Vassall, 230; blackmail attempt by, 231; receives information about Houghton, 234; surveillance of Houghton, 235; surveillance of Lonsdale, 235, 236; officers confront Lyubimov, 240; Operation Foot, 241–2; information from Gordievsky leads to discovery of traitor in, 263–4, 265–7; Eliza Manningham-Buller joins, 264; old-fashioned approach of, 264–5; attitudes to women, 265; talk of merger between MI6 and, 316; delegation meets KGB in Moscow, 318; blocks visa for Russian intelligence officer, 319; helps to reorganise intelligence services in Eastern Europe, 320; avowed in 1989 321; and concerns about mistreatment of prisoners, 339, 340, 341; and terrorism, 343–4, 345, 346–50, 351; fictional portrayal in Spooks, 344–5; has fewer resources to deal with Russian spies, 396; brief references, 2, 18, 19, 20, 74, 78, 102, 148, 226, 239

Miliband, Ralph, 221

‘Military Thought’ (Soviet document), 159

Milmo, H.J., 70

Milošević Slobodan, 325

Ministry of Defence, 293, 295 Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS), 369, 370

Ministry of Information, 20

MI6: secrecy, 1–2; and morality, 3; fictional portrayal of, 3–4, 5, 215, 323–4 see also Fleming, Ian; Greene, Graham; le Carré, John; tension between covert action and intelligence gathering, 4, 6, 60, 133–4, 329; relationship with MI5, 5, 70–1, 265, 343–4, 348; relationship with CIA, 5, 271; perceived as means of preserving British influence, 5; mystique surrounding, 6; during First World War, 27–8; during Second World War, 28–9; and Field Security Service, 9–10, 31–2; work in post-war Vienna, 10–11, 22–3, 23–4, 24–8, 29–30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 43, 44–6, 47, 49; and Greene, 15–16, 20, 247; and Jewish refugees, 32–3; secrets betrayed by Blake, 48; Baltic operations, 51–5, 67; Albanian operations, 55–6, 57, 58, 59–63, 64, 66, 67; problems affecting, 66–7; attitudes to Philby in, 71, 75, 89–90; lax vetting and security, 71–2; Philby perceived as possible chief of, 74; aggressive covert operations, 76–9; and Suez Crisis, 79–81, 84; and assassination, 79–80, 303–4, 325–6; assessment of damage caused by

MI6–contd Philby’s betrayal, 91; new recruits shown film of Philby, 93; officer reports on situation in Africa, 98; active in the Congo, through work of Park, 94, 95–7, 99–104, 108–10, 111–12, 114, 116–17, 119–20, 121, 122, 125–7, 131; and women, 101–2, 133; Africa remains important for, 131–2; and Asia, 132–3; and use of businessmen, 138, 238; Penkovsky works for CIA and, 135, 140–1, 143–70, 176–7; arguments with CIA after arrest of Penkovsky, 174–5; growth of professionalism in, 4, 78, 141–2, 177; Blake is questioned, and confesses to treachery, 142–3; fails to provide advance warning about building of Berlin Wall, 162; and advent of satellite spying, 170–1; staff recruited by Shergy, 177–8; and Beneficiary (Kaczmarzyk), 178–80; and Freed (Kroča), 180 molehunts, 5, 185, 192–3, 196–7, 199, 204, 205–8, 211–12, 213, 215–16, 217–18; Golitsyn is permitted to see Penkovsky file of, 197; and Courtney, 223, 224; and blackmail, 232; sceptical about Gorbachev, 283–4; and Afghanistan, after Soviet invasion, 290, 291, 292, 293, 295–300, 301–2, 33–4, 308, 309, 310, 312, 314; and bin Laden, 313–14; questions about role of, 6–7, 315–16; faces change, 315–17; and post-Soviet Russia, 318, 319; and Mitrokhin, 319; and Eastern Europe, 320; ceases to be secret, 321, 322–3; new office constructed at Vauxhall Cross, 321; placed on statutory footing, 322; staff not permitted to write memoirs, 324; Tomlinson writes book about his time in, 324–5; new agenda, 326–8; Dearlove becomes chief of, 328; and 9/11, 330–4; and Afghanistan, after 9/11, 335 337, 339; and treatment of detainees, 339–40, 342; counter-terrorism work, 7, 348, 351–2, 395; and Iraq, 353, 354–5. 357, 358–9, 360, 362–8, 369, 370, 371, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377–8, 380–1, 382, 387–8, 388–9, 389–93; and Libya, 383–4; Scarlett as chief of, 393–5; and post-Soviet Russia, 395, 396; Sawers as chief of, 397; Afghanistan becomes a dominant focus for, 398; and authorisations, 399; continues to aspire to global reach, 400; see also names of officers

Mitchell, Graham, 195, 196–7, 204, 210, 218

Mitrokhin, Vasili, 318–19

MKULTRA programme, 123

MNC (National Congolese Movement), 97

Mobutu, 113, 120, 121, 122, 125, 128, 130–1

Mohammed, Binyam, 342, 344

Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh, 341, 347

molehunts, 5–6, 184–218, 263–4, 265–7

Molody, Konon see Lonsdale, Gordon

Montgomery, Hugh, 168, 169, 171, 172

Morocco, 342

Moscow: and Philby, 18, 66, 89, 242–7, 291; Courtney in, 52; Park stationed in, 81, 95, 154–5, 402; establishes university named after Lumumba, 130; Penkovsky tries to make contact with westerners in, 136, 137, 138; CIA has no operational presence in, 137; Compass in, 137; Penkovsky meets Wynne in, 139–40; Penkovsky’s scheme to plant bombs in, 149–50; plans for passing secrets in, 154, 155, 164, 165; Penkovsky based in, 155–6, 159, 166, 167, 168, 169; Montgomery in, 168, 169, 171; Jacob’s assignment in, 171–2; surveillance and arrest on Penkovsky in, 172–3; Wynne taken to, 174; trial of Wynne and Penkovsky in, 175–6; Freed (Miloslav Kroča) in, 180 Nosenko’s work for KGB in, 200–1, 202; operations against the British in, 224, 227, 228–9; Lyubimov works on KGB’s British desk in, 240–1; Gordievsky returns from Denmark to, 255–6; Scarlett in, 258–9, 267; Gordievsky tells western intelligence about policies and concerns in, 261, 262, 268, 269; Gordievsky returns for holiday to, 264; fears about US intentions in, 268–9; discussions about London residency, 272; Gordievsky’s appointment as resident-designate, 272–3; Gordievsky in danger in, 248–9, 273–4; Gordievsky’s escape from, 6, 274–80; response to news about Gordievsky, 283; recall of agents working for CIA, 284; and war in Afghanistan, 308–9; British Ambassador’s chauffeur works as spy in, 317; meeting of MI5 officers and KGB in, 318; Scarlett expelled from, 319–20; Blake lives in, 396; brief references, 41, 190, 195, 197, 285, 288, 302

Moscow Institute for International Relations, 219, 251

‘Moscow Men’, 6, 329

Moscow Rules, 136, 256, 258, 398

Mossad, 33, 81

Mossadegh, Mohammad, 78–9

Mountbatten, Lord, 61, 153, 209, 239

Mount Royal Hotel, London, 135, 140

mujahedeen, 6, 290, 292, 293, 294, 295, 297, 299–300, 302, 304, 305, 306, 307

Mukhabarat, 372

Munich, 373

Murmansk, 52

Musharraf, President Pervez, 337, 386

Musketeers, the, 59, 60, 67

Muslims, 349–50 see also Islam

Nagy, Imre, 83

Nairobi, 258

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 79, 80, 81, 115, 126, 326

National Congolese Movement (MNC), 97

National Intelligence Estimate (US), 371

National Security Council (US), 122

NATO, 115, 190, 269

Naval Intelligence, 52, 53, 223

Naval Mission in Moscow, 52

Nazis/Nazism, 12, 14, 21, 32, 33, 34, 37, 73

Nendaka, Victor, 122, 128, 129

New College, Oxford, 192, 212

New Scotland Yard, 230

New Statesman, 46

New York, 63, 187, 205, 330, 380

New York Times, 84

Niger, 376, 380, 386–7

Nkrumah, Kwame, 96, 98, 114

NKVD, 249–50

Northern Alliance, 312, 314, 335 336, 337–8, 339

Northern Ireland, 340

North Korea, 359

Northrop, Tony, 62

North Vietnam, 132

Norway, 190, 255, 280

Nosenko, Yuri, 200–4, 230

NSA, 270

NTS (Russian émigré grouping), 42

Nuremberg, 34

Observer, 76

Office of Policy Co-ordination (OPC), 57

Oldfield, Maurice, 24, 132, 159, 188–9, 190, 199, 206, 211, 213, 214–15, 217, 247

Omand, Sir David, 361, 365, 377, 387, 391

Omar, Mullah, 337

OPC (Office of Policy Co-ordination), 57

Operation Barracuda, 127

Operation Claptrap, 44

Operation Embarrass, 33

Operation Foot, 241

Operation Gladio, 49

Operation Mass Appeal, 357

Operation Proba, 226

Operation Ryan, 267–8

Ordzhonikidze (cruiser), 76

Orwell, George: Nineteen Eighty-Four, 250

Oslo, 280

OSS, 307

Oswald, Lee Harvey, 202

Oxford, 204, 206, 213, 258, 264; New College, 192, 212; St Peter’s College, 132; Somerville, 133

Pakistan, 160, 290, 291, 294, 295, 296, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310–11, 312, 327, 337, 339, 342, 345, 346, 348, 351–2, 356 see also ISI

Palestine, 32, 33

Palestinian hijackings, 327

pan-African nationalism, 96, 98, 99

Panjshir Valley, 296–7, 298, 299, 301, 312, 313, 335

Paris, 210, 283, 324; Penkovsky in, 160–6

Park, Daphne: childhood, 94–5; early career, 33, 34, 35, 36, 95; in Moscow, 81, 95, 154–5, 402; in the Congo, 94, 95–7, 99–104, 108–10, 111–12, 114, 116–17, 119–20, 121, 122, 125–7, 131; subsequent career, 132, 133; memorial service, 402–3; brief references, 3, 4, 73, 141, 324

Park, David, 95

Park, Doreen, 94, 95

Park, Jack, 94

Park Hotel, Vienna, 32

Pasechnik, Vladimir, 284

Pashtuns, 294 336, 337, 338

Passport Office, 301

Penkovsky, Oleg, 4, 6, 135–6, 137–8, 139–40, 143, 144–70, 171, 172, 173, 174–7, 181 182, 187, 197–8, 199, 224, 256, 259, 286

Pentagon, 56, 115–16

Pershing missiles, 268

Peshawar, 290, 294, 295, 297, 302, 303, 312, 338, 399

Peshawar seven, 294, 310, 311

Philby, Aileen, 19, 84

Philby (formerly Brewer), Eleanor, 84–5, 86, 88–9, 243, 244

Philby, Kim: in Vienna, 16–17; commitment to Communism, 16–17, 66, 73, 75, 243, 247; marries Litzi, 17; returns to London, 18; recruited as spy, 18; and Smollet, 19; recruited to MI6, 19, 72; end of relationship with Litzi, 19–20; marries Aileen, 19; and Greene, 20, 245–7; holds position of British liaison to American intelligence, 63–5; as head of Section IX, 66; betrayal of Albanian operations, 66; and visit of Burgess, 68; and escape of Burgess and Maclean, 69; questioned in London, 69–70; investigation into, 70, 71; nickname, 72–3; not always trusted by KGB mentors, 73; perceives himself as a ‘Soviet intelligence officer’, 73–4; perceived as possible candidate to become chief of MI6, 74; suspected of being ‘third man’, 74–5; faces further questioning, 75; press conference, 75; in Beirut, 76, 84–8; death of second wife, 84; marries Eleanor, 84–5; confronted by Elliott, 86–8; confesses, 88; disappearance from Beirut, 88–9; escapes to Moscow, 89; impact of betrayal, 65–6, 67–8, 89–93, 189; possibility of a tip – off to, 194–5; in Moscow, 242–7, 291; marries Rufina, 244; memoir, My Silent War, 245; compared with Gordievsky, 286–7; brief references, 4, 7, 24, 95, 153, 177, 182, 188, 191, 206, 210, 215, 216, 223, 226, 228, 236, 239, 252, 266, 267, 271, 273, 285, 288, 328

Philby, Litzi, 17–18, 19–20, 70

Philby, Rufina, 244, 246

Philby, St John, 72, 85–6

Philip, Prince, 61

Philpotts, Christopher, 205–6, 207, 208, 211

Poland, 178, 269

Pontecorvo, Bruno, 36

Popov, Pyotr, 40, 137, 172, 187, 200, 201

Portland, 233

Portsmouth, 52, 77, 224

Powell, Charles, 270, 277

Powell, Colin, 373, 375, 376

Powell, Jonathan, 362

Powers, Gary, 136

Prague, 46, 180 251, 320

Prater, Donald, 206

Prater, the, Vienna, 15

Prenzlau, 25

Private Eye, 226

Proba, Operation, 226

Profumo, John, 239

Q (quartermaster for MI6), 126

Q8, 321

Queen Anne’s Gate, 138

Queen Elizabeth, 190

Quetta, 295

Rabbani, Burhanuddin, 294

Rahman, General Akhtar Abdur, 294

ratlines, 32, 33

Reagan, President, 131, 268, 269, 271, 272, 281, 282, 288, 306, 307

Red Army, 10, 12, 13, 21, 27, 29, 31, 32, 36, 37, 45, 52, 145

Red List, 164, 268

Red River, 374

Rennie, Sir John, 205, 211, 212

Republican Guards, 378

Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq), 353, 354, 379

Rhodes, Cecil, 98

Rhodesia, 131

Richards, Francis, 331

Riga, 53

Rimington, Stella, 265

Rob (MI6 officer), 253–4, 255

Robber Barons, 76, 78, 177, 400

Rodin, Nikola, 232

Romania, 30

Royal Engineers, 45

Royal Horse Guards, 60

Royal Navy, 51, 52

Ruislip, 236

Rumsfeld, Donald, 341, 382, 386

Russia: pre-Soviet, 54, 290; post-Soviet, 317–18, 319–20, 394–6, 398, 399; see also Soviet Union

Russian Embassy, London, 394

Russian Foreign Intelligence Service see SVR

Russian illegals, 232, 233, 237, 319, 395 see also Kroger, Helen; Kroger, Peter; Lonsdale, Gordon

Ryan, Operation, 267–8

Sabri, Naji, 381–2, 390

Saddam Hussein see Hussein, Saddam

St George’s Hotel, Beirut, 84

St James’s, 60

St Peter’s College, Oxford, 132

Salang highway, 297

SAS, 298, 338

Sasha, 187, 201, 211

satellite spying, 170

Saudi Arabia, 311, 330, 345

Sawers, John, 396–7, 400, 402

Sayyaf, Abdul Rasul, 311

Scarlett, John: early career, 258–9; and Gordievsky, 257, 259, 260, 261–2, 263, 267, 269; on the importance of intelligence in Cold War, 287; as station chief in Moscow, 318; expelled from Moscow, 319–20; rivalry with Dearlove, 329; becomes chair of Joint Intelligence Committee, 329–30; and 9/11 terrorist attacks, 330, 331; on torture, 342; on relationship with Americans, 342; and build-up to Iraq war, 357–8, 359, 360, 361, 362, 365, 366, 367, 370; and the failure to find WMD in Iraq, 387, 388; appointed as new Chief of MI6, 393; in role of Chief, 393–5; Sawers takes over from, 397; at memorial service for Daphne Park, 402; brief references, 3, 328

Scheuer, Mike, 313, 333, 343

Schőnbrunn barracks, Vienna, 10, 24, 47

School of Oriental and African Studies, 232

Schroen, Gary, 336

Scotland, 299

Scott, Ian, 103–4, 106, 107, 111, 114, 121, 125

Scott, Nicholas, 221

Second World War, 15, 28–9, 59–60, 61, 188, 191, 194, 223, 264, 401

Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) see MI6

Secret Service Bureau, 20

Semmering Pass, 32

Seoul, 48

September 11 terrorist attacks, 2, 7, 330–5, 354

Serov, General Ivan, 159, 160, 176

Serov, Svetlana, 159–60

Shergold, Harold (Shergy): career, 141–2; and Blake, 142–3; and Penkovsky, 4, 141, 143, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 160, 163, 164, 165, 167, 173; and professionalism, 141–2, 177–8, 259, 329; and successes of Beneficiary and Freed, 181 and molehunts, 198, 199, 207, 218; and Scarlett, 258; brief references, 179, 180 402

Sierra Leone, 15

Sinclair, John, 63, 78

Sirte, 383

SIS (Secret Intelligence Service) see MI6

SMERSH, 37, 41

Smiley, David, 60–1, 62, 63, 65

Smiley, George (fictional character), 4, 5, 142, 189, 214, 215

Smith, H. F. T., 125

Smollett, Peter, 14, 15, 19, 42

Sniper, 235, 236

Sofia, 46

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 249, 251

Somerville, 133

South Africa, 94

South America, 32

Southampton, 232

Soviet Embassy: Copenhagen, 251, 252, 253, 255; London, 148, 220, 222, 225, 232, 235, 240, 260, 261, 272; Mexico City, 202; Paris, 283; Washington, 285

‘Soviet Perceptions of Nuclear Warfare’ (briefing), 282

Soviet Trade Delegation, 222, 224, 241

Soviet Union: activities in Vienna, 12–13, 35, 36, 40, 41–4; Smollet passes information to, 15; recruitment of Philby by, 18–19; contacts made by Cavendish are recalled to, 26; Western powers lack intelligence from inside, 28, 29; Western fears of invasion by, 29; Young organises retrieval of photographic reconnaissance of, 29–30; defections after the war, 32, 70; and German scientists, 34–5, 36; Park’s attitude to, 36; and émigré groups, 37, 42; defection of Deriabin, 43; communications intercepted by Vienna Tunnel, 45–6, 47; Blake betrays existence of Vienna Tunnel to, 47–9; Courtney in, 52; covert operations against, 53–63, 64–5, 67, 76–8; Philby passes secrets to, 63–6, 67–8, 73–4; Burgess and Maclean escape to, 69; and Nasser, 79; and Suez Crisis, 81; and Hungarian uprising, 82–3, 84; Philby questioned about and confesses to working for, 87–8; Philby escapes to, 88–9; Angleton’s paranoia about, 90; and Africa, 98, 99, 108, 113–14, 115, 116, 118, 120, 121, 132; betrayed by Penkovsky see Penkovsky, Oleg; Penkovsky provides insight into thinking of leaders of, 157–8; Blake confesses to working for, 142–3; Cuban Missile Crisis, 2, 6, 170, 171, 198, 223, 267, 375; Wynne captured and taken to, 173–4; trial of Wynne and Penkovsky in, 175–6; Beneficiary (Kaczmarzyk) works as spy against, 178–9; Freed (Kroča) works as spy against, 180 betrayed by Golitsyn see Golitsyn, Anatoly; betrayed by Nosenko see Nosenko, Yuri; CIA molehunts paralyse operations against, 209–10; subversive operations against Britain, 219–42; Philby’s life in, 242–7; betrayed by Gordievsky see Gordievsky, Oleg; Scarlett’s career in, 258–9; Operation Ryan, 268–9; fears about Western intentions, 268–9, 271, 282; Gordievsky in danger in, 248–9, 273–4; Gordievsky escapes from, 6, 274–80; Gordievsky’s information brings about changes in Western perceptions of, 270, 271, 272, 281–2; Gorbachev visits Britain, 272; MI6 is sceptical about Gorbachev and his reforms, 283–4; CIA penetrated by, 284–6; and the value of intelligence, 287–8; and Afghanistan, 291, 292, 295, 297, 299, 300, 302–3, 304, 306, 307, 308–9; end of, 288–9, 315; Blake comments on life in, 397; see also KGB; Moscow

Special Branch, 18, 230, 236, 241

Special Group, 118

Special Operations Executive, 27, 33, 59, 60, 61, 95, 401

Special Security Organisation (SSO), 368

Spedding, David, 327, 354

Spetsnaz troops, 304

Spooks, 344–5

SSO (Special Security Organisation), 368

Stalin, Joseph, 23, 28, 30, 41, 42, 49, 63, 66, 87, 186, 219, 288

Stanley, Henry, 104

Stanleyville, 97, 121, 122, 127

Star Wars Strategic Defense Initiative, 269, 281, 282, 288

Stasi, 227–8

State Department (US), 57, 114, 116, 137, 155

State Scientific and Technical Commission (Soviet Union), 138, 146, 224

State Opera House, Vienna, 50

StB (Czechoslovak security service), 11, 180 181

Steers, Bob, 10, 11

Stettin, 12

Stevenson, Adlai, 375

Stinger missile, 305–6, 312

Stockholm, 186

Stokes, Michael, 141, 151, 157, 163

Stormie Seas (boat), 55, 61

Stratford-upon-Avon, 190

Straw, Jack, 331, 359, 360, 378, 383

Sudan, 333

Suez Crisis, 79–81, 83, 84, 91, 95, 392

Sukarno, President, 80

Sunday Telegraph, 221

Sussex, 299

SVR (Russian Foreign Intelligence Service), 319, 396

Switzerland, 24, 36

Syria, 389

Tajikistan, 336

Tajiks, 294, 336

Taliban, 311–12, 313, 335 337, 338, 339, 399

Tanganyika, 94, 95

Tenet, George, 332, 358, 359, 372, 373, 375, 382, 387, 393

Tennyson, Alfred, Lord: ‘Ulysses’, 402

terrorism, 7, 291, 326, 327–8, 345–52, 356, 359, 386, 394, 395, 398 see also September 11 terrorist attacks

Thames House, 346, 347

Thatcher, Margaret, 214, 256, 270, 272, 277, 281, 282, 292, 304, 305, 309

Their Trade is Treachery (booklet), 239–40, 396

Third Man, The, 20; screenplay for, 13–14, 15, 16, 20, 75, 132 30All, 33

Thysville, 108, 128

Times, The, 217

Tirana, 63

Tomlinson, Richard, 324–5

Tora Bora, 338

torture/mistreatment, 339–43, 352, 400

Travellers Club, 384

Treasury, 316

Trefgarne, Elizabeth, 225

Tremmel, Valeri, 42

Trend, Lord, 213

Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 74

Trieste, 12

Truman Doctrine, 56

Truro, 190

Trust, the, 54, 200

Tshombe, Moise, 112, 113, 129

Tudor-Hart, Edith, 18, 70, 208

Turkey, 56, 70, 145

Turner, Stansfield, 292–3

Ukraine, 41, 63

Unilever, 97

Unison, 209

United Nations, 113, 114, 118, 120, 121, 122, 127–8, 129, 309, 360, 373, 375, 376, 377, 378, 380, 381, 382, 397; General Assembly, 381; Security Council, 375, 382; weapons inspectors, 357, 359, 368, 376–7, 380, 382

United States: lacks intelligence from within Soviet Union, 28; and defecting Soviet soldiers, 32; and German scientists, 34; and kidnappings in Vienna, 35; Operation Claptrap, 44; informed about Vienna Tunnel, 46; and Operation Gladio, 49; announcement of Truman Doctrine, 56; Marshall Plan, 56, 58; increase in covert action, 56–7, 57–8; and Albania, 57, 58, 62, 63, 65; Philby based in, 63–6; leaking of Philby’s name, 74; involved in removal of Mossadegh in Iran, 79; and Suez Crisis, 81–2, 84; and Hungarian uprising, 82, 83; informed about Philby’s betrayal, 88; relationship with Britain damaged by Philby’s betrayal, 91; involvement in the Congo through work of Devlin, 108, 110–11, 113, 114–15, 115–16, 117–19, 120, 121, 122–4, 126, 127, 128–9, 130, 131; Congress unearths CIA’s secret assassination programmes, 131; and Vietnam, 132, 293; Penkovsky betrays Soviets to see Penkovsky, Oleg; and Berlin, 158–9; Golitsyn in, 187–8, 190, 198, 199, 205; molehunts in, 187, 209–11; Nosenko gives information to, 200–1, 202; Nosenko in, 202–3; informed about molehunt in Britain, 204, 205; Soviet fears about, 268–9; and Gordievsky’s information, 270–1, 281–2; and Afghanistan, after Soviet invasion, 291–2, 292–3, 295, 296, 300, 303, 304–5, 307. 308, 309, 310, 312–13; attempts to pressure Soviets on all fronts, 307; and Pakistan’s nuclear programme, 310–11; targeted by bin Laden, 312; experience of CIA in Congress, 323; focus on terrorist threat, 328; Dearlove builds close relationships in, 329, 358; September 11 terrorist attack on, 330–5; and Afghanistan, after 9/11, 336, 337, 338, 339; treatment of prisoners, 339, 340, 341, 342–3; not permitted to run unilateral operations in UK, 343; fears in, 356; and Iraq, 354, 355–6, 357, 358–9, 360, 362, 371–3, 374, 375–6, 377, 378–9, 380, 381–2, 388, 389; and Libya, 383–4; and post-Soviet Russia, 396; see also CIA; Washington

UPI press agency, 82, 85

U2 spy plane, 136, 170

Uzbekistan, 336

Varentsov, Marshal Sergei, 145, 146, 147, 149, 158, 162, 176

Vassall, John, 190, 200, 228–31, 232, 238, 239

Vauxhall Cross, 321–2, 353, 354, 365, 368, 383, 387, 390, 393, 395, 402

Vienna, 8, 9–50, 70, 82, 83, 95, 157, 185, 192, 215, 266

Vienna Tunnel, 45–7

Vietnam, 132, 292, 293, 294, 309

Virginia, 203

Vladimir prison, 176

Volkova, Zina, 224, 226

V2 rockets, 34

Walker, Peter, 221

Walton, Eric, 61

Warner, Gerry, 132–3, 178–9, 207, 217–18, 231, 281, 283, 291, 296, 317, 321, 398

War Office, 70

Warsaw, 178, 179, 207, 217, 233, 234, 235

Warsaw Pact, 270

Washington: organisational chart for Albanian operation, 59; Philby in, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69; impact of Philby’s betrayal felt in, 90, 91; and Congo crisis, 114–15, 118, 120; perceptions of missile gap, 147; and Penkovsky’s information about missiles, 147, 170; Oldfield in, 159, 211; Golitsyn arrives in, 187; hunt for traitor begins in, 187; Golitsyn returns to, 198, 199; Nosenko discussed in, 201; informed about MI6 investigations, 204; Rennie in, 205; Gordievsky’s warnings have impact in, 271; and Afghanistan, after Soviet invasion, 291, 294, 296, 300, 304, 305, 312–13; Dearlove becomes head of MI6 station in, 329; visit of British offials after 9/11, 331–4; and Afghanistan, after 9/11, 337, 339; and Iraq, 355, 356, 359, 375, 376, 377, 379, 382, 385, 387; Dearlove goes to, 358–9; Allen and Dearlove discuss Libyan offer in, 383; Dearlove at farewell dinner in, 393; brief references, 6, 36, 56, 57, 396