Bibliography
Abbink, K., Irlenbusch, B., and Renner, E. (2000). The moonlighting game: An experimental study on reciprocity and retribution. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 42(2), 265–77.
Abdellaoui, M. (1998). Parameter-free eliciting of utilities and probability weighting functions. Working paper, GRID, ENS, Cachan, France.
------ , Bleichrodt, H., and Paraschiv, C. (2007). Loss aversion under prospect theory: A parameter-free measurement. Management Science, 53, 1659–74.
Abeler, J., Falk, A., Goette, L., and Huffman, D. (2011). Reference points and effort provision. American Economic Review, 101 (2), 470–92.
Abramson, L.Y., Metalsky, G.I., and Alloy, L.B. (1979). Judgment of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: Sadder but wiser? Journal of Experimental Psychology, 108, 441–85.
Adams, J.S. (1963). Toward an understanding of inequity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 422–36.
Agarwal, S., Skiba, P.M., and Tobacman, J. (2009). Payday loans and credit cards: New liquidity and credit scoring puzzles. American Economic Review, 99(2), 412–17.
Agell, J., and Lundborg, P. (1995). Theories of pay and unemployment: Survey evidence from Swedish manufacturing firms. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 97, 295–308.
Agnoli, F., and Krantz, D.H. (1989). Suppressing natural heuristics by formal instruction: The case of the conjunction fallacy. Cognitive Psychology, 21, 515–50.
Ahlbrecht, M., and Weber, M. (1997). An empirical study on intertemporal decision making under risk. Management Science, 43(6), 813–26.
Ainslie, G.W. (1975). Specious reward: A behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulsive control. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 463–96.
------ (1986). Beyond microeconomics: Conflict among interest in a multiple self as a determinant of value. In J. Elster (Ed.), The Multiple Self. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 133–75.
------ (1991). Derivation of ‘rational’ economic behaviour from hyperbolic discount curves. American Economic Review, 81, 334–40.
------ (1992). Picoeconomics: The Strategic Interaction of Successive Motivational States within the Person. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
------ (2001). Breakdown of Will. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
------ , and Haendel, V. (1983). The motives of the will. In E. Gottheil, K. Durley, T. Skodola, and H. Waxman (Eds), Etiologic Aspects of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas.
------ , and Haslam, N. (1992). Hyperbolic discounting. In G. Loewenstein, and J. Elster (Eds), Choice Over Time. New York: Russell Sage.
Akerlof, G.A. (1982). Labor contracts as partial gift exchange. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 97(4), 543–69.
Ali, M. (1977). Probability and utility estimates for racetrack bettors. Journal of Political Economy, 85, 803–15.
Allais, M. (1953). Le comportement de l’homme rationnel devant le risque, critique des postulats et axioms de l’école américaine. Econometrica, 21, 503–46.
Aloysius, J.A. (2005). Ambiguity aversion and the equity premium puzzle: A re-examination of experimental data on repeated gambles. Journal of Socio-Economics, 34(5), 635–55.
Alpert, M. and Raiffa, H. (1982). A progress report on the training of probability assessors. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, and A. Tversky (Eds), Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 294–305.
Anderson, E., Hansen, L., and Sargent, T. (1998). Risk and robustmess in equilibrium, Working Paper, University of Chicago.
Andreoni, J., and Miller, J.H. (1993). Rational cooperation in the finitely repeated prisoner’s dilemma: Experimental evidence. Economic Journal, 103, 570–85.
Ang, A., Bekaert, G., and Liu, J. (2005). Why stocks may disappoint. Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, 76(3), 471–508.
Ariely, D. (1998). Combining experiences over time: The effects of duration, intensity changes and on-papers line measurements on retrospective pain evaluations. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 11, 19–45.
------ (2008). Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces that Shape Our Decisions. London: HarperCollins.
------ (2010). The Upside of Irrationality. London: Harper.
------ , Huber, J., and Wertenbroch, K. (2005). When do losses loom larger than gains? Journal of Marketing Research, 42(2), 134–8.
------ , Loewenstein, G., and Prelec, D. (2003). Coherent arbitrariness: Stable demand curves without stable preferences. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118, 73–105.
------ , ------ , and ------ (2006). Tom Sawyer and the construction of value. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organisation, 60, 1–10.
------ , and Wertenbroch, K. (2002). Procrastination, deadline, and performance: self-control by precommitment. Psychological Science, 13(3), 219–24.
------ , and Zauberman, G. (2000). On the making of an experience: The effects of breaking and combining experiences on their overall evaluation. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 13, 219–32.
Arin, K.P., Lorz, O., Reich, O.F.M., and Spagnolo, N. (2011). Exploring the dynamic between terror and anti-terror spending: Theory and UK-evidence. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 77(2), 189–202.
Arkes, H.R. (1991). Costs and benefits of judgment errors: Implications for debiasing. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 486–98.
------ , and Blumer, C. (1985). The psychology of sunk cost. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 35(1), 124–40.
------ , Wortmann R.L., Saville, P.D., and Harkness. A.R. (1981). Hindsight bias among physicians weighing the likelihood of diagnoses. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 252–4.
Arrow, K.J. (1986). Rationality of Self and Others in an Economic System. The Journal of Business, 59, 4, Part 2, The Behavioral Foundations of Economic Theory. S385– S399.
Ashraf, N., Karlan, D., and Yin, W. (2006). Tying Odysseus to the mast: Evidence from a commitment savings product in the Philippines. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(2), 673–97.
Aumann R.J. (1987). Correlated equilibrium as an extension of Bayesian rationality. Econometrica, 55, 1–18.
Ausubel, L.M. (1999). Adverse Selection in the Credit Card Market. Mimeo, University of Maryland, College Park.
Axelrod, R. (1985). The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.
Ayduk, O., Mendoza-Denton, R., Mischel, W., Downey, G., Peake, P.K, and Rodriguez, M. (2000). Regulating the interpersonal self: Strategic self-regulation for coping with rejection sensitivity. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 79(5), 776–92.
Ayton, P., and Fischer, I. (2004). The Hot Hand Fallacy and the Gambler’s Fallacy: Two Faces of Subjective Randomness? Memory & Cognition, 32(8), 1369–78.
Babcock, L., and Loewenstein, G. (1997). Explaining Bargaining Impasse: The Role of Self-Serving Bias. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(1), 109–26
------ , ------ , and Issacharoff, I. (1997). Creating convergence: Debiasing biased litigants. Law and Social Inquiry, 22, 913–25.
------ , ------ , ------ , and Camerer, C. (1995). Biased judgments of fairness in bargaining. American Economic Review, 85, 1337–43.
Ballinger, T.P., and Wilcox, N.T. (1997). Decisions, error and heterogeneity. Economic Journal, 107(443), 1090–105.
Bansal, R., and Yaron, A. (2004). Risks for the long run: A potential resolution of asset pricing puzzles. Journal of Finance, 59(4), 1481–509.
Barber, B.M., and Odean, T. (2001). Boys will be boys: Gender, overconfidence, and common stock investment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(1), 261–92.
------ , and ------ (2008). All that glitters: The effect of attention and news on the buying behavior of individual and institutional investors. Review of Financial Studies, 21(2), 785–818.
Barberis, N., and Huang, M. (2001). Mental accounting, loss-aversion, and individual stock returns. Journal of Finance, 56(4), 1247–92.
------ , ------ , and Santos, T. (2001). Prospect theory and asset prices. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116, 1–53.
------ , Shleifer, A., and Vishny, R. (1998). A model of investor sentiment. Journal of Financial Economics, 49(3), 307–43.
------ , and Xiong, W. (2006). What drives the disposition effect? An analysis of a long standing preference-based explanation. NBER working paper 12397.
Bardsley, N., Mehta, J., Starmer, C, and Sugden, R. (2006). The nature of salience revisited: Cognitive hierarchy theory versus team reasoning. Unpublished.
Bargh, J.A., and Chartrand, T.L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54, 462–79.
------ , Chen, M., and Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behaviour: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 230–44.
Bartels, D.M., and Rips, L.J. (2010). Psychological connectedness and intertemporal choice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 139(1), 49–69.
Batson, C.D. (1991). The Altruism Question. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
------ , Fultz, J., and Schoenrade, P. (1987). Distress and Empathy: Two Qualitatively Distinct Vicarious Emotions with Different Motivational Consequences. Journal of Personality, 55, 19–39.
Battigalli, P., and Dufwenberg, M. (2007). Guilt in games. American Economic Review, 97, 170–6.
------ , and ------ (2009). Dynamic psychological games. Journal of Economic Theory, 144, 1–35.
Baumeister, R.F. (2001). The psychology of irrationality: why people make foolish, self-defeating choices. In I. Brocas and J.D. Carrillo (Eds), The Psychology of Economic Decisions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3–16.
------ , Heatherton, T.F., and Tice, D.M. (1993). When ego threats lead to self-regulation failure: Negative consequences of high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 141–56.
Baumhart, R. (1968). An Honest Profit. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Beard, T.R., and Beil, R. (1994). Do people rely on the self-interested maximization of others? An experimental test. Management Science, 40, 252–62.
Bechara, A. (2005). Decision-making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: a neurocognitive perspective. Nature Neuroscience, 8(11), 1458–63.
------ , Damasio, H., Damasio, A., and Lee, G. (1999). Different contributions of the human amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex to decision making. Journal of Neuroscience, 19(13), 5473–81.
Becker, G.S. (1976). Altruism, egoism, and genetic fitness: Economics and sociobiology. Journal of Economic Literature. 14(3), 817–26.
------ , and Murphy, K.M. (1988). A theory of rational addiction. Journal of Political Economy, 96(4), 675–701.
Becker, J.L., and Sarin, R.K. (1987). Lottery dependent utility. Management Science 33, 1367–82.
Bell, D. (1985). Disappointment in Decision Making under Uncertainty. Operations Research, 33, 1–27.
Bem, D.J. (1972). Self-perception theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 6). New York: Academic Press.
Benartzi, S. (2001). Excessive extrapolation and the allocation of 401(k) accounts to company stock. Journal of Finance, 56(5), 1747–64.
------ , and Thaler, R.H. (1995). Myopic loss aversion and the equity premium puzzle. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(1), 73–92.
------ , and ------ (1998). Illusory diversification and retirement savings. Working paper, University of Chicago and UCLA.
--- --- , and ------ (1999). Risk Aversion or Myopia? Choices in Repeated Gambles and Retirement Investments. Management Science, 45(3), 364–81.
------ , and ------ (2001). Naïve diversification strategies in defined contribution savings plans. American Economic Review, 91(1), 79–98.
Benjamin, J., Li, L., Patterson, C., and Greenberg, B.D. (1996). Population and familial association between the D4 dopamine receptor gene and measures of novelty seeking. Nature Genetics, 12, 81–4.
Bentham, J. (1789/1948). An Introduction to the Principle of Morals and Legislations. Oxford: Blackwell.
Benzion, U., Rapoport, A., and Yagil, J. (1989). Discount rates inferred from decisions: An experimental study. Management Science, 35, 270–84.
Berg, J., Dickhaut, J., and McCabe, K. (1995). Trust, reciprocity, and social history. Games and Economic Behavior, 10, 122–42.
Berger, J., and Fitzsimons, G. (2008). Dogs on the street, Pumas on your feet: How cues in the environment influence product evaluation and choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 45, 1–14.
Berkeley, D., and Humphreys, P. (1982). Structuring decision problems and the ‘bias’ heuristic. Acta Psychologica, 50, 201–52.
Bernheim, B.D. (1993). Is the Baby Boom Generation Preparing Adequately for Retirement? New York: Merrill Lynch.
------- , (2009). The Psychology and neurobiology of judgement and decision making: What’s in it for economics? In P.W. Glimcher, C.F. Camerer, E. Fehr, R.A. Poldrack (Eds), Neuroeconomics: Decision-Making and the Brain. London: Academic Press, 115–26.
------- , and Rangel, R. (2004). Addiction and cue-triggered decision processes. American Economic Review, 94(5), 1558–90.
Bernoulli, D. (1738/1954). Exposition of a new theory on the measurement of risk. Econometrica, 22, 23–36.
Berns, G.S., Capra, C.M., Chappelow, J., Moore, S., and Noussair, C. (2007). Nonlinear neurological weighting functions for aversive outcomes. Neuroimage, 39, 2047–57.
Berridge, K.C. (2001). Irrational pursuits: hyperincentives from a visceral brain. In I. Brocas and J.D. Carrillo (Eds), The Psychology of Economic Decisions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 17–40.
------ (2007). The debate over dopamine’s role in reward: The case for incentive salience. Psychopharmacology, 191, 391–431.
------ , and Robinson, T.E. (1998). What is the role of dopamine in reward: Hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Research Reviews, 309–69.
Bertrand, J. (1883). Book review of Recherche sure les principes mathématiques de la théorie des richesses, Journal des Savants, 67, 499–508. Reprinted in English translation by J.W. Friedman in A. Daughety (Ed. 1989), Cournot Oligopoly. Characterization and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 73–81.
Bewley, T. (1998).Why not cut pay? European Economic Review, 42, 459–90.
Bi, L., and Montalto, C. (2005). Is there a credit card puzzle? An exploratory study. Consumer Interests Annual, 51, 72.
Biais, B., and Weber, M. (2009). Hindsight bias, risk perception, and investment performance. Management Science, 55(6), 1018–29.
Bilgin, B., and LeBoeuf, R. (2010). Looming losses in future time perception. Journal of Marketing Research, 47, 520–30.
Binmore, K. (1999). Why Experiment in Economics? The Economic Journal, 109(453), 16–24.
------ , and Shaked, A. (2010a). Experimental economics: Where next? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 73(1), 87–100.
------ , and Shaked, A. (2010b). Experimental economics: Where next? A Brief Rejoinder. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 73(1), 120–1.
------ , ------ , and Sutton, J. (1985). Testing noncooperative bargaining theory: A preliminary study. American Economic Review, 75(5), 1178–80.
------ , ------ , and ------ (1989). An outside option experiment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 104(4), 753–70.
Birbaumer, N., Veit, R., Lotze, M., Erb, M., Hermann, C., Grodd, W., and Flor, H. (2005). Deficient fear conditioning in psychopathy: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(7), 799–805.
Birks, J.B. (1962). Rutherford at Manchester. New York: W.A. Benjamin.
Birnbaum, M.H. (1997). Violations of monotonicity in judgment and decision making. In A. A. J. Marley (Ed.), Choice, Decision, and Measurement: Essays in Honor of R. Duncan Luce. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 73–100.
------ (1999). Paradoxes of Allais, stochastic dominance, and decision weights. In J. Shanteau, B.A. Mellers, and J. Schum (Eds), Decision Science and Technology: Reflections on the Contributions of Ward Edwards. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic, 27–52.
------ (2004). Causes of Allais common consequence paradoxes: An experimental dissection. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 48, 87–106.
------ (2006). Evidence against prospect theories in gambles with positive, negative, and mixed consequences. Journal of Economic Psychology, 27, 737–61.
------ (2007). Tests of branch splitting and branch splitting independence in Allais paradoxes with positive and mixed consequences. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102, 153–73.
------ (2008). New paradoxes of risky decision making. Psychological Review, 115(2), 463–501.
------ , and Bahra, J. (2007). Gain-loss separability and coalescing in risky decision making. Management Science, 53, 1016–28.
------ , and Navarrete, J.B. (1998). Testing descriptive utility theories: Violations of stochastic dominance and cumulative independence. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 17, 49–78.
------ , Patton, J.N., and Lott, M.K. (1999). Evidence against rank-dependent utility theories: Violations of cumulative independence, interval independence, stochastic dominance, and transitivity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 77, 44–83.
------ , and Stegner, S.E. (1979). Source credibility in social judgment: Bias, expertise,
and the judge’s point of view. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 48–74.
------ , and Zimmermann, J.M. (1998). Buying and selling prices of investments: Configural weight model of interactions predicts violations of joint independence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 74, 145–87.
Blaug, M. (2001). No history of ideas, please, we’re economists. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1 (15), 145–64.
Bloomfield, R. (1994). Learning a mixed strategy equilibrium in the laboratory. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 25(3), 411–36.
Blount, S. (1995). When social outcomes aren’t fair: The effect of causal attributions on preference. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 63, 131–44.
Bó, P.D., and Fréchette, G.R. (2011). The evolution of cooperation in infinitely repeated games: Experimental evidence. American Economic Review, 101(1), 411–29.
Bodner, R., and Prelec, D. (1997). The diagnostic value of actions in a self-signaling model, MIT mimeo.
------ , and ------ (2001). Self-signaling and diagnostic utility in everyday decision making. In I. Brocas, and J.D. Carrillo (Eds), The Psychology of Economic Decisions. New York: Oxford University Press, 105–23.
Böhm-Bawerk, E.v. (1970/1889). Capital and Interest. South Holland: Libertarian Press. Bohnet, I., and Frey, B. (1999). The sound of silence in prisoner’s dilemma and dictator games. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 38(1), 43–57.
Bolles, R.C. (1975). The Theory of Motivation. 2nd edn. New York: Harper and Row. Bolton, G.E. (1991). A comparative model of bargaining: Theory and evidence. American Economic Review, 81(5), 1096–136.
------ , Katok, E., and Zwick, R. (1998). Dictator game giving: Rules of fairness versus acts of kindness. International Journal of Game Theory, 27, 269–99.
------ , and Ockenfels, A. (2000). ERC: A theory of equity, reciprocity, and competition. American Economic Review, 90(1), 166–93.
------ , and Zwick, R. (1995). Anonymity versus punishment in ultimatum bargaining. Games and Economic Behavior, 10, 95–121.
Boone, J.L. (1998). The evolution of magnanimity: When is it better to give than to receive? Human Nature, 9, 1–21.
Bostic, R., Gabriel, S. and Painter, G. (2006). Housing wealth, financial wealth, and consumption: New evidence from microdata. Lusk Center for Real Estate, University of Southern California, July.
Bowman, D., Minehart, D., and Rabin, M. (1999). Loss-aversion in a savings model. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 38(2), 155–78.
Brandstätter, E., Gigerenzer, G., and Hertwig, R. (2006). The priority heuristic: Making choices without trade-offs. Psychological Review, 113(2), 409–32.
------ , ------ , and ------ (2008). Risky choice with heuristics: Reply to Birnbaum (2008), Johnson, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, and Willemsen (2008), and Rieger and Wang (2008). Psychological Review, 115(1), 281–90.
Brickman, P., and Campbell, D.T. (1971). Hedonic relativism and planning the good society. In M.H. Appley (Ed.), Adaptation-level Theory. New York: Academic Press, 287–305.
------ , Coates, D., and Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978). Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 917–27.
Brocas, I., and Carrillo, J.D. (2004). Entrepreneurial boldness and excessive investment. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 13(2), 321–50.
------ , and ------ (2008a). Theories of the mind. American Economic Review, 98(2), 175–80.
------ , and ------ (2008b). The brain as a hierarchical organization. American Economic Review, 98(4), 1312–46.
Brookshire, D., and Coursey, D. (1987). Measuring the value of a public good: An empirical comparison of elicitation procedures. American Economic Review, 77(4), 554–66.
Brosnan, S.F. (2008). Inequity and prosocial behavior in chimpanzees. In E.V. Lonsdorf, S. Ross, and T. Matsuzawa (Eds), The Mind of the Chimpanzee. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press.
------ , and de Waal, F.B.M. (2003). Monkeys reject unequal pay. Nature, 425, 297–99.
Brown, A.L., Camerer, C.F., and Lovallo, D. (2007). To review or not review? Limited strategic thinking at the box office. Pasadena, CA: California Institute of Technology.
Brown, G. (1951). Iterative solution of games by fictitious play. In T.C. Koopmans (Ed.), Activity Analysis of Production and Allocation. New York: Wiley.
Bucciol, A., Houser, D., and Piovesan, M. (2011). Temptation at work. Harvard Business School Research Paper No. 11-090, February.
Buchan, N.R., Johnson, E., and Croson, R.T.A. (1997). Culture, power, and legitimacy: Contrasting influences on fairness beliefs and negotiation behavior in Japan and the United States. University of Wisconsin Department of Marketing working paper.
Buehler, R., Griffin, D., and Ross, M. (1994). Exploring the planning fallacy: why people underestimate their task completion times. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 366–81.
Bunting, D. (2009). The saving decline: Macro-facts, micro-behavior. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 70(1/2), 282–95.
Burger, N., Charness, G., and Lynham, J. (2011). Field and online experiments in self-control. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 77(3), 393–404.
Burgstahler, D., and Dichev, I. (1997). Earnings management to avoid earnings decreases and losses. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 24, 99–126.
Burnham, T., and Phelan, J. (2001). Mean Genes: Can We Tame Our Primal Instincts? London: Simon and Schuster.
Burson, K.A., Larrick, R.P., and Klayman, J. (2006). Judgments of performance: The relative, the absolute, and the in-between. Unpublished manuscript. Available from http://ssrn.com/abstract=894129.
Buss, D.M. (1999). Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Butler, D.J., and Loomes, G.C. (2007). Imprecision as an account of the preference reversal phenomenon. American Economic Review, 97(1), 277–97.
Camerer, C.F. (1989). An experimental test of several generalised utility theories. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 2(1), 61–104.
------ (1992). Recent tests of generalizations of expected utility theories. In W. Edwards (Ed.), Utility theories: Measurement and applications. Dordtrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
------ (1997). Progress in behavioral game theory. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11, 167–88.
------ (2000). Prospect theory in the wild: Evidence from the field. In D. Kahneman, and A. Tversky (Eds), Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: Cambridge University Press and the Russell Sage Foundation, 288–300.
------ (2003). Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 67.
------ (2005). Three cheers – psychological, theoretical, empirical – for loss-aversion. Journal of Marketing Research, 42(2), 129–33.
------ (2009). Behavioral game theory and the neural basis of strategic choice. In P.W. Glimcher, C.F. Camerer, E. Fehr, R.A. Poldrack (Eds), Neuroeconomics: Decision- Making and the Brain. London: Academic Press, 193–206.
------ , Babcock, L., Loewenstein, G., and Thaler, R. (1997). Labor supply of New York city cabdrivers: One day at a time. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 407–41.
------ , and Ho, T. (1994). Violations of the betweenness axiom and nonlinearity in probability. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 8, 167–96.
------ , and ------ (1999a). Experience-weighted attraction learning in games: Estimates from weak-link games. In D. Budescu, I. Erev, and R. Zwick (Eds), Games and Human Behavior: Essays in Honor of Amnon Rapaport. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
------ , and ------ (1999b). Experience-weighted attraction learning in normal-form games. Econometrica, 67, 827–74.
------ , ------ , and Chong, K. (2002). Sophisticated experience-weighted attraction learning and strategic teaching in repeated games. Journal of Economic Theory, 104, 137–88.
------ , ------ , and ------ (2004). A cognitive hierarchy model of games. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119 (3), 861–98.
------ , and Hogarth, R.M. (1999). The effects of financial incentives in experiments: A review and capital-labor-production framework. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 19, 7–2.
------ , Johnson, E., Rymon, T., and Sen, S. (1994). Cognition and framing in sequential bargaining for gains and losses. In K. Binmore, A. Kirman, and P. Tani (Eds), Frontiers of Game Theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 27–47.
------ , and Loewenstein, G. (1993). Information, fairness, and efficiency in bargaining. In B. Mellers, and J. Baron (Eds), Psychological Perspectives on Justice: Theory and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
------ , and ------ (2004). Behavioral Economics: Past, Present and Future. In C.F. Camerer, G. Loewenstein, and M. Rabin (Eds), Advances in Behavioral Economics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
------ , ------ , and Prelec, D. (2005). Neuroeconomics: How neuroscience can inform economics. Journal of Economic Literature, 43, 9–64.
------- , and Lovallo, D. (1999). Overconfidence and excess entry: An experimental approach. American Economic Review, 89, 306–18.
------ , and Weigelt, K. (1988). Experimental tests of a sequential equilibrium reputation model. Econometrica, 56, 1–36.
Cameron, L.A. (1999). Raising the stakes in the ultimatum game: Experimental evidence from Indonesia. Economic Inquiry, 37(1), 47–59.
Campbell, R., and Sawden, L. (Eds). (1985). Paradoxes of Rationality and Cooperation. Vancouver: Vancouver University.
Canova, F., and De Nicoló, G. (2003). The properties of the equity premium and the risk-free rate: An investigation across time and countries. International Monetary Fund Staff Papers, 50(2), 222–49.
Caplin, A., and Dean, M. (2008). Economic insights from ‘neuroeconomic’ data. American Economic Review, 98(2), 169–74.
------ and ------- (2009). Axiomatic neuroeconomics. In P.W. Glimcher, C.F. Camerer, E. Fehr, R.A. Poldrack (Eds), Neuroeconomics: Decision-Making and the Brain. London: Academic Press, 21–31.
------ , ------ , Glimcher, P.W., and Rutledge, R.B. (2010). Measuring beliefs and rewards: A neuroeconomic approach. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125(3), 923–60.
Carrillo, J.D. (2004). To be consumed with moderation. European Economic Review, 49(1), 99–111.
Caroll, G.D., Choi, J.J., Laibson, D., Madrian, B.C., and Metrick, A. (2006). Optimal defaults and active decisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 12(4), 1639–74.
Carpenter, J.P. (2000). Bargaining outcomes as the results of coordination expectations: An experimental study of sequential bargaining. Middlebury College Department of Economics working paper.
------ , Bowles, S., Gintis, H., and Hwang, S-H. (2009). Strong reciprocity and team production: Theory and evidence. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 71(2), 221–32.
Carroll, C.D., Otsuka, M., and Slacalek, J. (2006). How large is the housing wealth effect? A new approach. German Institute for Economic Research, October.
Carter, J.R., and Irons, M.D. (1991). Are economists different, and if so, why? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5, 171–77.
Caruso, E.M., and Epley, N. (2007). The road to streaks is paved with intentions: Perceived intentionality in the prediction of repeated events. Unpublished.
Casari, M., and Luini, L. (2009). Cooperation under alternative punishment institutions: An experiment. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 71(2), 273–82.
Case, K.R., Quigley, J.M., and Shiller, R.J. (2005). Comparing wealth effects: The stock market versus the housing market. Advances in Macroeconomics, Berkeley Electronic Press, 5(1), article 1. http://www.bepress.com/bejm/advances/vol5/iss1/art1.
Cason, T.N., and Mui, V.-L. (1998). Social influence and the strategy method in the sequential dictator game. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 42, 248–65.
Casscells, W., Schoenberger, A., and Grayboys, T. (1978). Interpretation by physicians of clinical laboratory results. New England Journal of Medicine, 299, 999–1001.
Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., and Feldman, M.W. (1982). Theory and observation in cultural transmission. Science, 218, 19–27.
Chagnon, N.A. (1983). Yanomamo: The Fierce People, 3rd edn. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
------ (1988). Life histories, blood revenge, and warfare in a tribal population. Science, 239, 985–92.
------ (1990). Reproductive and somatic conflicts of interest in the genesis of violence and warfare among tribesmen. In J. Hass (Ed.) The Anthropology of War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 77–104.
Chakravarti, D., Krish, R., Pallab, P., and Srivastava, J. (2002). Partitioned presentation of multicomponent bundle prices: Evaluation, choice and underlying processing effects. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 12(3), 215–29.
Chang, C.J., Yen, S.-H., and Duh, R.-R. (2002). An empirical examination of competing theories to explain the framing effect in accounting-related decisions. Behavioral Research in Accounting, 14, 35–64.
Chapman, D.A. (2002). Does intrinsic habit formation actually resolve the equity premium puzzle. Review of Economic Dynamics, 5(3), 618–45.
Chapman, G.B. (1996). Temporal discounting and utility for health and money. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, Cognition, 22(3), 771–91.
------ (2000). Preferences for improving and declining sequences of health outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 13, 203–18.
------ , and Elstein, A.S. (1995). Valuing the future: temporal discounting of health and money. Medical Decision Making, 15(4), 373–86.
------ , Nelson, R., and Hier, D.B. (1999). Familiarity and time preferences: Decision making about treatments for migraine headaches and Crohn’s disease. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 5(1), 17–34.
Charness, G., and Gneezy, U. (2008). What’s in a name? Anonymity and social distance in dictator and ultimatum games. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 68(1), 29–35.
------ , Haruvy, E., and Sonsino, D. (2007). Social distance and reciprocity: An internet experiment. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 63(1), 88–103.
------ , and Rabin, M. (2002). Understanding social preferences with simple tests. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117, 817–69.
Chaudhuri , A. (1998). The ratchet principle in a principal agent problem with unknown costs: An experimental analysis. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 37(3), 291–304.
Cheema, A., and Soman, D. (2002). Consumer responses to unexpected price changes: Affective reactions and mental accounting effects. Advances in Consumer Research, 29, 342.
------ , and ------ (2006). Malleable mental accounting: The effect of flexibility on the justification of attractive spending and consumption decisions. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 16(1), 33–44.
------ , and ------ (2008). The effects of partitions on controlling consumption. Journal of Marketing Research, 45, 665–75.
Chen, C, Burton, M., Greenberger, E., and Dmitrevea, J. (1999). Population migration and the variation of dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) allele frequencies around the globe. Evolution and Human Behavior, 20(5), 309–24.
Cherry, T.L., Frykblom, P., and Shogren, J.F. (2002). Hardnose the Dictator. American Economic Review, 92(4), 1218–21.
Chew, S.H. (1983). A generalization of the quasilinear mean with applications to the measurement of income inequality and decision theory resolving the Allais paradox. Econometrica, 51, 1065–92.
------ , Epstein, L.G., and Segal, U. (1991). Mixture symmetry and quadratic utility. Econometrica, 59, 139–63.
------ , and MacCrimmon, K. (1979). Alpha-nu choice theory: A generalisation of expected utility theory. Working paper 669, University of British Columbia.
Chiappori, P., Levitt, S., and Groseclose, T. (2002). Testing mixed strategy equilibria when players are heterogeneous: The case of penalty kicks. University of Chicago working paper.
Choi, J.J., Laibson, D., and Madrian, B. (2006). Reducing the complexity costs of 401(k) participation through quick enrollment. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 11979.
------- , ------ , and ------ (2009). Mental accounting in portfolio choice: Evidence from a flypaper effect. American Economic Review, 99(5), 2085–95.
Choi, S. (2006). A cognitive hierarchy model of learning in networks. ELSE Working Papers (238). ESRC Centre for Economic Learning and Social Evolution, London, UK.
Christensen-Szalanski, J.J. (1984). Discount functions and the measurement of patients’ values: Women’s decisions during child birth. Medical Decision Making, 4, 47–58.
Chu, C.Y.C., Chien, H.-K., and Lee, R.D. (2010). The evolutionary theory of time preferences and intergenerational transfers. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 76(3), 451–64.
Chung, S.H., and Herrnstein, R.J. (1967). Choice and delay of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 10, 67–74.
Clark, A.E., Frijters, P., and Shields, M.A. (2008). Relative income, happiness, and utility: An explanation for the Easterlin paradox and other puzzles. Journal of Economic Literature, 46(1), 95–144.
------ , and Oswald, A.J. (1996). Satisfaction and comparison income. Journal of Public Economics, 61, 359–81.
Clithero, J.A., Tankersley, D., and Huettel, S.A. (2008). Foundations of neuroeconomics: from philosophy to practice. PLoS Biology, 6(11), 2348–53.
Clotfelter, C.T, and Cook, P.J. (1993). The gambler’s fallacy in lottery play. Management Science, 39(12), 1521–5.
Coates, J.M., and Herbert, J. (2008). Endogenous steroids and financial risk taking on a London trading floor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(16), 6167–72.
Coller, M., and Williams, M.B. (1999). Eliciting individual discount rates. Experimental Economy, 2, 107-27.
Conlin, M., O’Donoghue, T., and Vogelsang, T.J. (2007). Projection bias in catalog orders. American Economic Review, 97(4), 1217–49.
Conlisk, J. (1989). Three variants on the Allais example. American Economic Review, 79, 392–407.
Constantinides, G.M. (1990). Habit formation: A resolution of the equity premium puzzle, term premium, and risk-free rate puzzles. Journal of Political Economy, 98, 519–43.
Cooper, R., DeJong, D., Forsythe, R., and Ross. T. (1990). Selection criteria in coordination games: Some experimental results. American Economic Review, 80, 218–33.
------ , ------ , ------ , and ------ (1994). Alternative institutions for solving coordination problems: Experimental evidence on forward induction and preplay communication. In J. Friedman (Ed.), Problems of Coordination in Economic Acitivity. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer.
Cooper, D., Garvin, S., and Kagel, J. (1997a). Signalling and adaptive learning in an entry limit pricing game. RAND Journal of Economics, 28, 662–83.
------ , ------ , and ------ (1997b). Adaptive learning versus equilibrium refinements in an entry limit pricing game. Economic Journal, 107, 553–75.
Cosmides, L., and Tooby, J. (1992). Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In J. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby (Eds), The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 163–28.
------ and ------ (1996). Are humans good intuitive statisticians after all? Rethinking some conclusions from the literature in judgment under uncertainty. Cognition, 58, 1–73.
Costa, Jr., P.T., and McCrae, R.R. (1984). Personality is a lifelong determinant of well-being. In C. Malatesta, and C. Izard (Eds), Affective Processes in Adult Development and Aging. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 141–56.
Costa-Gomes, M., Crawford, V., and Broseta, B. (2001). Cognition and behavior in normal-form games: An experimental study. Econometrica, 69(5), 1193–235.
Cournot, A. (1838/1897). On the competition of producers. In N.T. Bacon (Trans.), Research into the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth. New York: Macmillan.
Coursey, D., Hovis, J., and Schulze, W. (1987). The disparity between willingness to accept and willingness to pay measures of value. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 102, 679–90.
Cowley, E. (2008). The perils of hedonic editing. Journal of Consumer Research, 35, 71–84.
Cox, J. (1999). Trust, reciprocity, and other-regarding preferences of individuals and groups. Working paper, University of Arizona.
Cranton, P. (1992). Strategic delay in bargaining with two-sided uncertainty. Review of Economic Studies, 59, 205–25.
Crawford, V.P., Gneezy, U., and Rottenstreich, Y. (2008). The power of focal points is limited: Even minute payoff asymmetry may yield large coordination failures. American Economic Review, 98(4), 1443–58.
------ , and Meng, J. (2010). New York City Cabdrivers’ Labor Supply Revisited: Reference-Dependent Preferences with Rational-Expectations Targets for Hours and Income. Working paper.
Cronqvist, H. and Thaler, R. (2004). Design choices in privatized social-security systems: Learning from the Swedish experience. American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings, 94, 424–8.
Croson, R.T.A. (1996). Information in ultimatum games: An experimental study. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 30, 197–212.
------ , and Konow, J. (2009). Social preferences and moral biases. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 69(3), 201–12.
Cross, P.K. (1997). Not can, but will college teaching be improved? New Directions for Higher Education, 17, 1–15.
Cubitt, R.C., Starmer, C., and Sugden, R. (2001). Discovered preferences and the experimental evidence of violations of expected utility theory. Journal of Economic Methodology, 3(8), 385–414.
Cupchik, G.C., and Leventhal, H. (1974). Consistency between expressive behavior and the evaluation of humorous stimuli: The role of sex and self-observation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 429–42.
Daly, M., and Wilson, M. (1988). Homicide. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter. Damasio, A.R. (1994). Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam Berkley.
------ (2009). Neuroscience and the emergence of neuroeconomics. In P.W. Glimcher, C.F. Camerer, E. Fehr, R.A. Poldrack (Eds), Neuroeconomics: Decision-Making and the Brain. London: Academic Press, 207–14.
Damon, W. (1980). Patterns of change in children’s social reasoning: A two-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 51, 1010–17.
Daniel, T.E., Seale, D.A., and Rapoport, A. (1998) Strategic play and adaptive learning in the sealed-bid bargaining mechanism. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 42, 133–66.
Davidson, R.J. (1994). Asymmetric brain function, affective style, and psychopathology: The role of early experience and plasticity. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 741–58.
Daw, N.D., Kakade, S., and Dayan, P. (2002). Opponent reactions between serotonin and dopamine. Neural Networks, 15, 603–16.
Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
------ (1986). The Blind Watchmaker. London: Longman.
De Bondt, W.F.M., and Thaler, R. (1985). Does the stock market overreact? Journal of Finance, 40(3), 793–805.
De Martino, B., Kumaran, D., Seymour, B., and Dolan, R.J. (2006). Frames, biases and rational decision making in the human brain. Science, 313, 684–87.
de Quervain, D., Fischbacher, U., Treyer, V., Schellhammer, M., Schyder, U., Buck, A., and Fehr, E. (2004). The neural basis of altruistic punishment. Science, 305, 1254–8.
de Vany, A. (2011). The New Evolution Diet: The Smart Way to Lose Weight, Feel Great and Live Longer. London: Vermillion.
Deci, E.L., Koestner, R., and Ryan, R.M. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin 125.
DellaVigna, S. (2009). Psychology and economics: evidence from the field. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(2), 315–72.
------ , and Malmendier, U. (2003). Self-Control in the Market: Evidence from the Health Club Industry, Mimeo.
------ , and ------ (2004). Contract design and self-control. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(2), 353–402.
------ , and ------ (2006). Paying not to go to the gym. American Economic Review, 96, 694–719.
Dennett, D. (1987). Cognitive wheels: the frame problem of AI. In K.M. Ford and Z.W. Pylyshyn (Eds), The Robot’s Dilemma Revisited: The Frame Problem in Artificial Intelligence. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
------ (1995). Darwin’s dangerous idea: Evolution and the meanings of life. London: Penguin.
Desvousges, W., Johnson, R., Dunford, R., Boyle, K.J., Hudson, S., and Wilson, K.N. (1992). Measuring non-use damages using contingent valuation: An experimental evaluation accuracy. Research Triangle Institute Monograph 92–1.
Dhar, R., Huber, J., and Khan U. (2007). The shopping momentum effect. Journal of Marketing Research, 44(4), 370–8.
Diamond, J. (1991). The Third Chimanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal. New York: Harper Perennial.
------ (1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel. New York: Norton.
------ (2005). Collapse: How Civilizations choose to fail or succeed. London: Penguin.
Diamond, P., and Köszegi, B. (2003). Quasi-hyperbolic discounting and retirement. Journal of Public Economics, 87(9/10), 1839–72.
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55, 34–43.
Dixit, A., and Nalebuff, B. (1991). Thinking Strategically. New York: Norton.
Dixon, N.F. (1976). The Psychology of Military Incompetence. Jonathan Cape.
Dobzhansky, T. (1973). Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. The American Biology Teacher, 35, (March): 125–9.
Dougherty, M.R., Franco-Watkins, A.M., and Thomas, R. (2008). Psychological plausibility of the theory of probabilistic mental models and the fast and frugal heuristics. Psychological Review, 115(1), 199–213.
Drumwright, M.E. (1992). A demonstration of anomalies in evaluations of bundling. Marketing Letters, 3, 311–21.
Duesenberry, J. (1949). Income, Saving, and the Theory of Consumer Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Dufwenberg, M. (2002). Marital Investment, Time Consistency & Emotions. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 48, 57–69.
------ , and Gneezy, U. (2000). Price competition and market concentration: An experimental study. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 18, 7–22.
------ , and Kirchsteiger, G. (2004). A theory of sequential reciprocity. Games and Economic Behavior, 47, 268–98.
Dugatkin, L.A. (1991). Dynamics of the tit for tat strategy during predator inspection in guppies. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 29, 127–32.
Dulany, D.E., and Hilton, D.J. (1991). Conversational implicature, conscious representation, and the conjunction fallacy. Social Cognition, 9, 85–110.
Dunning, D. (2007). Self-image motives and consumer behaviour: How sacrosanct self-beliefs sway preferences in the marketplace. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17(4), 237–49.
Dutton, D.G., and Aaron, A.P. (1974). Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 510–17.
Duxbury, D., Keasey, K., Zhang, H., and Chow, S.L. (2005). Mental accounting and decision making: Evidence under reverse conditions where money is spent for time saved. Journal of Economic Psychology, 26(4), 567–80.
Eagly, A., and Chaiken, S. (1996). Attitude structure and function. In D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, and G. Lindzey (Eds), The Handbook of Social Psychology (4th edn), New York: McGraw-Hill.
Easterlin, R.A. (1995). Will raising the incomes of all increase the happiness of all? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 29(1), 35–47.
------ (2001). Income and happiness: Towards a unified theory. Economic Journal, 111, 464–84.
------ (2009). Lost in transition: Life satisfaction on the road to capitalism. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 71(2), 130–45.
Ebert, J.E.J., and Prelec, D. (2007). The fragility of time: Time-insensitivity and valuation of the near and far future. Management Science, 53(9), 1423–38.
Eckel, C.C., and Gintis, H. (2010). Blaming the messenger: Notes on the current state of experimental economics. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organisation, 73 (1), 109–19.
------ , and Grossman, P. (1996a). Altruism in anonymous dictator games. Games and Economic Behavior, 6, 181–91.
------ , and ------ (1996b). The relative price of fairness: Gender differences in a punishment game. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 30, 143–58.
------ , and ------ (2001). Chivalry and solidarity in ultimatum games. Economic Inquiry, 39, 171–88.
Economist, The (2005). Loss aversion in monkeys. June 23.
------ (2006). Pursuing happiness. June 29.
------ (2006). The joy of giving. October 12.
------ (2008). Do economists need brains? July 24.
------ (2008). The way the brain buys. December 18.
------ (2010). Rose-coloured spectacles? June 24.
Edgeworth, F.Y. (1881). Mathematical Psychics. London: Kegan Paul.
Edmans, A., Garcia, D., and Norli, O. (2007). Sports sentiment and stock returns. Journal of Finance, 62(4), 1967–98.
Edwards, W. (1954). The theory of decision making. Psychological Bulletin, 41, 380–417.
------ (1955). The prediction of decisions among bets. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 50, 201–14.
------ (1961). Behavioral decision theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 12, 473–98.
------ (1962). Subjective probabilities inferred from decisions. Psychological Review, 69, 109–35.
Ellsberg, D. (1961). Risk, ambiguity and the Savage axioms. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 75, 643–69.
Elster, J. (1979). Ulysses and the Sirens: Studies in Rationality and Irrationality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
------ (1985a). Rationality, morality, and collective action. Ethics, 96, 136–55.
------ (1985b). Weakness of will and the free-rider problem. Economics and Philosophy, 231–65.
------ (1989). When rationality fails. In K. Cook, and M. Levi (Eds), Limits of Rationality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
------ (1998). Emotions and economic theory. Journal of Economic Literature, 36(1), 47–74.
Engen, E.M., Gale, W.G., and Uccello, C.E. (1999). The adequacy of household saving. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2, 65–187.
Epley, N., and Gneezy, A. (2007). The framing of financial windfalls and implications for public policy. Journal of Socio-economics, 36, 36–47.
------ , Mak, D., and Idson, L. (2006). Bonus or Rebate?: The impact of income framing on spending and saving. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 19, 213–27.
Epstein, L.G., and Zin, S.E. (1989). Substitution risk aversion, and the temporal behaviour of consumption growth and asset returns: A theoretical framework. Econometrica, 57, 937–69.
Epstein, L.H., Paluch, R., Smith, J.D., and Sayette, M. (1997). Allocation of attentional resources during habituation to food cues. Psychophysiology, 34, 59–64.
------ , Saad, F.G., Giacomelli, A.M., and Roemmich, J.N. (2005). Effects of allocation of attention on habituation to olfactory and visual food stimuli in children. Physiology and Behavior. 84, 313–31.
------ , Temple, J.L., Roemmich, J.N., and Bouton, M.E. (2009). Habituation as a determinant of food intake. Psychological Review, 116(2), 384–407.
Epstein, S. (1994). Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49, 709–24.
Ermisch, J., and Gambetta, D. (2010). Do strong family ties inhibit trust? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 75(3), 365–76.
Evans, D.J., and Sezer, H. (2004). Social discount rates for six major countries. Applied Economics Letters, 11, 557–60.
Evans, J.St.B.T., and Over, D.E. (1996). Rationality and Reasoning. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
Fagley, N.S., and Miller, P.M. (1987). The effects of decision framing on choice of risky versus certain options. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 39, 264–77.
------ , and ------ (1997). Framing effects and arenas of choice.: Your money or your life? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 71, 355–73.
Falk, A., Fehr, E., and Fischbacher, U. (2001). Driving forces of informal sanctions. Institute for Empricial Research in Economics, University of Zurich, Working Paper No. 59.
------ , ------ , and ------ (2005). Driving forces behind informal sanctions. Econometrica, 73(6), 2017–30.
------ , ------ , and ------ (2008). Testing theories of fairness – Intentions matter. Games and Economic Behavior, 62, 287–303.
------ , and Fischbacher, U. (1998). A theory of reciprocity. University of Zurich, IEER working paper.
------ , and ------ (2005). Modeling strong reciprocity. In H. Gintis, S. Bowles, R. Boyd, and E. Fehr (Eds), Moral Sentiments and Material Interests: The Foundations of Cooperation in Economic Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 193–214.
Farber, H.S. (2005). Is tomorrow another day? The labor supply of New York City cab drivers. Journal of Political Economy, 113, 46–82.
------ (2008). Reference-dependent preferences and labor supply: The case of New York City taxi drivers. American Economic Review, 98(3), 1069–82.
Farrell, D., Ghai, S., and Shavers, T. (2005). The demographic deficit: How aging will reduce global wealth. McKinsey Quarterly, March.
Faust, D., Hart, K.J., and Guilmette, T.J. (1988). Pediatric malingering: The capacity of children to fake believable deficits on neuropsychological testing. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 578–82.
Fedorikhin, A., and Patrick, V.M. (2010). Positive mood and resistance to temptation: the interfering influence of elevated arousal. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 37, 698–711.
Feenberg, J., and Skinner, J. (1989). Sources of IRA saving. In L. Summers (Ed.), Tax Policy and the Economy, Vol. 3. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Fehr, E. (2009). Social preferences and the brain. In P.W. Glimcher, C.F. Camerer, E. Fehr, R.A. Poldrack (Eds), Neuroeconomics: Decision-Making and the Brain. London: Academic Press, 215–32.
------ , and Falk, A. (1999). Wage rigidity in a competitive incomplete contract market. Journal of Political Economy, 107, 106–34.
------ , and Fischbacher, U. (2004). Third-party punishment and social norms. Evolution and Human Behavior, 25, 63–87.
------ , and ------ (2005). The economics of strong reciprocity. In H. Gintis, S. Bowles, R. Boyd, and E. Fehr (Eds), Moral Sentiments and Material Interests: The Foundations of Cooperation in Economic Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 151–92.
------ , ------ , and Kosfeld, M. (2005). Neuroeconomic foundations of trust and social preferences: Initial evidence. AEA Papers and Proceedings, May.
------ , Hoff, K., and Kshetramade, M. (2008). Spite and Development. American Economic Review, 98(2), 494–99.
------ , and Gächter, S. (2000). Cooperation and punishment in public goods experiments. American Economic Review, 90(4), 980–94.
------ , and ------ (2001). Fairness and retaliation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3, 159–81.
------ , and Goette, L. (2007). Do workers work more if wages are high? Evidence from a randomized field experiment. American Economic Review, 97(1), 298–317.
------ , Klein, A., and Schmidt, K.M. (2004). Contracts, fairness and incentives. Discussion Paper No. 2004-07, Department of Economics, University of Munich.
------ , ------ , and ------ (2007). Fairness and contract design. Econometrica, 114, 121–54.
------ , and Schmidt, K.M. (1999). A theory of fairness, competition and cooperation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, 817–68.
------ , and ------ (2004). Fairness and incentives in a multi-task principal-agent model. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 106, 453–74.
------ , and ------ (2005). The rhetoric of inequity aversion – a reply. www.najecon.org/naj/cache/666156000000000616.pdf
------ , and ------ (2007). Adding a stick to the carrot? The interaction of bonuses and fines. American Economic Review, 97(2), 177–81.
------ , and ------ (2010). On inequity aversion: A reply to Binmore and Shaked. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 73(1), 101–8.
------ , and Tyran, J-R. (2003). What causes nominal inertia? Insights from experimental economics. In I. Brocas and J.D. Carrillo (Eds), The Psychology of Economic Decisions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 299–314.
Fehr-Duda, H., Epper, T., Bruhin, A., and Schubert, R. (2011). Risk and rationality: The effects of mood and decision rules on probability weighting. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 78(1), 14–24.
Ferguson, N. (1998). The Pity of War. London: Allen Lane, 358.
Fernandez, K.V. and Lastovicka, J.L. (2011). Making magic: Fetishes in contemporary consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 38(4), forthcoming.
Ferson, W.E., and Constantinides, G.M. (1991). Habit persistence and durability in aggregate consumption: Empirical tests. Journal of Financial Economics, 29, 199– 240.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–40.
------ (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Fiedler, K. (1988). The dependence of the conjunction fallacy on subtle linguistic factors. Psychological Research, 50, 123–9.
Fielding, D., and Stracca, L. (2007). Myopic loss aversion, disappointment aversion, and the equity premium puzzle. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 64(2), 250–68.
Finkenauer, J. (1982). Scared straight! And the panacea phenomenon. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Finlayson, A.C., and McCay, B.J. (1998). Crossing the threshold of ecosystem resilience: The commercial extinction of northern cod. In F. Berkes, and C. Folke (Eds), Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fischbacher, U., and Gächter, S. (2010). Social preferences, beliefs, and the dynamics of free-riding in public goods experiments. American Economic Review, 100(1), 541–56.
Fischhoff, B., Slovic, P., and Lichtenstein, S. (1979). Subjective sensitivity analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 23, 339–59.
Fisher, I. (1930). The Theory of Interest. New York: Macmillan.
Fishburn, P.C. (1970). Utility Theory and Decision Making. New York: Wiley.
------ (1983). Transitive measurable utility. Journal of Economic Theory, 31, 293–317.
Fiske, A.P., and Tetlock, P. (1997). Taboo trade-offs: Reactions to transactions that transgress the domain of relationships. Political Psychology, 18, 255–97.
Fliessbach K., Weber B., Trautner P., Dohmen T., Sunde U., Elger C.E., and Falk A. (2007). Social comparison affects reward-related brain activity in the human ventral striatum. Science, 318(5854), 1305–8.
Fodor, J. (1975). The Language of Thought. New York: Crowell.
Fong, G.T., and Nisbett, R.E. (1991). Immediate and delayed transfer of training effects in statistical reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 120, 34–45.
Forsythe, R., Horowitz, J.L., Savin, N.E., and Sefton, M. (1994). Fairness in simple bargaining experiments. Games and Economic Behavior, 6, 347–69.
------ , Kennan, J., and Sopher, B. (1991). Dividing a shrinking pie: An experimental study of strikes in bargaining games with complete information. In R.M. Isaac (Ed.), Research in Experimental Economics, Vol. 4. Greenwich, CN: JAI Press, 223–67.
Foubert, B., and Gijsbrechts, E. (2007). Shopper response to bundle promotions for packaged goods. Journal of Marketing Research, 44, 647–62.
Fox, C.R., and Poldrack, R.A. (2009). Prospect theory and the brain. In P.W. Glimcher, C.F. Camerer, E. Fehr, and R.A. Poldrack (Eds), Neuroeconomics: Decision-Making and the Brain. London: Academic Press, 145–74.
Frank, R.H. (1985). Choosing the Right Pond – Human Behavior and the Quest for Status. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
------ (1988). Passions within Reason: the Strategic Role of the Emotions. New York: Norton.
------ , and Hutchens, R.M. (1993). Wages, seniority, and the demand for rising consumption profiles. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 21, 251–76.
------ , Gilovich, T., and Regan, D.T. (1993). Does studying economics inhibit cooperation? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7, 159–71.
Frederick, S., and Loewenstein, G. (1999). Hedonic adaptation. in D. Kahneman, E. Diener, and N. Schwarz (Eds), Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation Press.
------ , ------ , and O’Donoghue, T. (2002). Time discounting and time preference: A critical review. Journal of Economic Literature, 40(2), 351–401.
------ , Novemsky, N., Wang, J., Dhar, R., and Nowlis, S. (2009). Opportunity cost neglect. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(4), 553–61.
------ , and Read, D. (2002). The empirical and normative status of hyperbolic discounting and other DU anomalies. Working paper, MIT and London School of Economics, Cambridge, MA and London.
Fredrickson, B.L. (2000). Extracting meaning from past affective experiences: The importance of peaks, ends, and specific emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 577–606.
Freud, A. (1937). The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense. London: Hogarth Press. Frey, B., and Bohnet, I. (1995). Institutions affect fairness: Experimental investigations.
Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 151(2), 286–303.
------ , and ------ (1997). Identification in democratic society. Journal of Socio-Economics, 26, 25–38.
------ , and Oberholzer-Gee, F. (1997). The Cost of Price Incentives: An Empirical Analysis of Motivation Crowding-Out. American Economic Review, 87(4), 746–55.
Friedman, M. (1953). The methodology of positive economics. In M. Friedman, Essays in Positive Economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 343.
------ (1957). A Theory of Consumption Function. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
------ , and Savage, L.J. (1948). The utility analysis of choices involving risks. Journal of Political Economy, 56, 279–304.
Fu, T., Koutstahl, W., Fu, C.H.Y., Poon, L., and Cleare, A.J. (2005). Depression, confidence, and decision: Evidence against depressive realism. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 27, 243–52.
Fuchs, V. (1982). Time preferences and health: An exploratory study. In V. Fuchs (Ed.), Economic Aspects of Health. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Fudenberg, D. (2006). Advancing beyond ‘Advances in Behavioral Economics’. Journal of Economic Literature, 44(3), 694–711.
------ , and Levine, D.K. (1998). The Theory of Learning in Games. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
------ , and ------ (2006). A dual self model of impulse control. American Economic Review, 96(5), 1449–76.
Gabaix, X., and Laibson, D. (2001). The 6D bias and the equity premium puzzle. NBER/Macroeconomics Annual, 16(1), 257–312.
Gächter, S., and Falk, A. (1999). Reputation or reciprocity? Working paper no. 19, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich.
------ , and Hermann, B. (2007). The limits of self-governance when cooperators get punished: Experimental evidence from urban and rural Russia. Discussion papers 2007-11, The Centre for Decision Research and Experimental Economics, University of Nottingham.
------ , Orzen, H., Renner, E., and Starmer, C. (2009). Are experimental economists prone to framing effects? A natural field experiment. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 70(3), 443–46.
Gailliot, M.T., Baumeister, R., DeWall, C.N., Maner, J.K., Plant, E.A., Tice, D.M., Brewer, L.E., and Schmeichel, B.J. (2007). Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(2), 325–36.
Galanter, E., and Pliner, P. (1974). Cross-modality matching of money against other continua. In H.R. Moskowitz et al. (Eds), Sensation and Measurement. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Reidel, 65–76.
Gallistel, C.R. (2009). The neural mechanisms that underlie decision making. In P.W. Glimcher, C.F. Camerer, E. Fehr, and R.A. Poldrack (Eds), Neuroeconomics: Decision-Making and the Brain. London: Academic Press, 419–24.
Gangestad, S.W., and Buss, D.M. (1993). Pathogen prevalence and human mate preferences. Ethology and Sociobiology, 14, 89–96.
Geanakoplos, J., Pearce, D., and Stacchetti, E. (1989). Psychological games and sequential rationality. Games and Economic Behavior, 1, 60–79.
Genesove, D., and Mayer, C. (2001). Loss-aversion and seller behavior: Evidence from the housing market. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(4), 1233–60.
Gerber, A., and Rohde, K.I.M. (2010). Risk and preference reversals in intertemporal choice. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 76(3), 654–68.
Gertner, R. (1993). Game shows and economic behaviour: risk taking on ‘Card Sharks’. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 507–21.
Gibbons, R. (1997). Incentives and Careers in Organizations. in D. Kreps and K. Wallis (Eds), Advances in Economics and Econometrics: Theory and Applications (Volume II), Cambridge University Press.
Gigerenzer, G. (1996a). On narrow norms and vague heuristics: A reply to Kahneman and Tversky. Psychological Review, 103, 592–6.
------ (1996b). Rationality: Why social context matters. In P.B. Baltes, U. Staudinger (Eds), Interactive Minds: Life-Span Perspectives on the Social Foundation of Cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 319–46.
------ (2004). Fast and frugal heuristics: The tools of bounded rationality. In D. Koehler and N. Harvey (Eds), Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making. Oxford, England: Blackwell, 62–88.
------ , and Goldstein, D.G. (1996). Reasoning the fast and frugal way: Models of bounded rationality. Psychological Review, 103, 650–69.
------ , Hoffrage, U., and Kleinbolting, H. (1991). Probabilistic mental models: A Brunswikian theory of confidence. Psychological Review, 98, 506–28.
------ , and Hug, K. (1992). Domain-specific reasoning: Social contracts, cheating and perspective change. Cognition, 43, 127–71.
------ , Todd, P.M., and The ABC Research Group (1999). Simple heuristics that made us smart. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gigliotti, G., and Sopher, B. (1993). A test of generalized expected utility theory. Theory and Decision, 35, 75–106.
Gilbert, D.F., Pinel. E.C., Wilson, T.D., Blumberg, S.J., and Wheatley, J.P. (1998). Immune neglect: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 617–38.
Gilboa, I., and Schmeidler, D. (1995). Case-based decision theory. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, 605–39.
------ , and ------ (2001). A Theory of Case-Based Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gilovich, T. (1991). How We Know What Isn’t So: The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life. New York: The Free Press.
------ , Vallone, R., and Tversky, A. (1985). The hot hand in basketball: On the misperception of random sequences. Cognitive Psychology, 17, 295–314.
Ginossar, Z., and Trope, Y. (1987). Problem solving in judgment under uncertainty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 464–74.
Gintis, H. (2009). The Bounds of Reason: Game Theory and the Unification of the Behavioral Sciences. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
------ , Smith. E.A., and Bowles, S. (2001). Cooperation and costly signalling. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 213, 103–19.
Glaeser, E. (2003). Psychology and the market. NBER Working Paper, 10203, 4.
Glassner, B. (1999). The Culture of Fear: Why Americans are Afraid of the Wrong Things. New York: Basic Books.
Glimcher, P.W. (2003). Decisions, Uncertainty, and the Brain: The Science of Neuroeconomics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
------ (2009). Choice: towards a standard back-pocket model. In P.W. Glimcher, C.F. Camerer, E. Fehr, and R.A. Poldrack (Eds), Neuroeconomics: Decision-Making and the Brain. London: Academic Press, 503-22.
------ , Kable, J., and Louie, K. (2007). Neuroeconomic studies of impulsivity: Now or just as soon as possible? American Economic Review, 97(2), 142–7.
Gneezy, U., and Potters, J. (1997). An experiment on risk taking and evaluating periods. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112, 631–46.
------ , Kapteyn, A., and Potters, J. (2003). Evaluation periods and asset prices in a market experiment. Journal of Finance, 58, 821–38.
------ , and Rustichini, A. (2000). A fine is a price. Journal of Legal Studies, 29, 1–17.
Goeree, J.K., and Holt, C.A. (2001). Ten little treasures of game theory and ten intuitive contradictions. American Economic Review, 91(5), 1402–22.
------ , and Yariv, L. (2010). An experimental study of collective deliberation. Econometrica, 79(3), 893–921.
Gollwitzer, P.M. (1990). From weighing to willing: Approaching a change decision through pre-or postdecisional implementation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 45, 41–46.
Golnaz, T., Satpute, A.B., and Lieberman, M.D. (2007). The sunny side of fairness: Preference for fairness activates reward circuitry (and disregarding unfairness activates self-control circuitry). Psychological Science, 19(4), 339–47.
Gonzalez, R., and Wu, G. (1999). On the shape of the probability weighting function. Cognitive Psychology, 38, 129–66.
Gourville, J. (1998). Pennies-a-day: The effect of temporal reframing on transaction evaluation. Journal of Consumer Research, 24, 395–408.
------ , and Soman, D. (1998). Payment depreciation: The effects of temporally separating payments from consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 25(2), 160–74.
Graeff, F.G., Guimaraes, F.S., DeAndrade, T.G.C.S., and Deakin, J.F.W. (1996). Role of 5-HT in stress, anxiety, and depression. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 54, 129–41.
Graham, L., and Oswald, A.J. (2010). Hedonic capital, adaptation and resilience. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 76(2), 372–84.
Green, J., and Jullien, B. (1988). Ordinal independence in nonlinear utility theory. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 1, 355–87.
Green, L., Fry, A., and Myerson, J. (1994). Temporal discounting and preference reversals in choice between delayed outcomes. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 1(3), 383–9.
Greenspan, A., and Kennedy, J. (2005). Estimates of home mortgage originations, repayments, and debt on one-to-four family residences. Federal Reserve Board Finance and Economics Discussion Paper. 2005–41.
Grubb, M. (2009). Selling to overconfident consumers. American Economic Review, 99(5), 1770–807.
Gruber, J., and Köszegi, B. (2001). Is addiction rational? Theory and evidence. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(4), 1261–303.
Gul, F. (1991). A theory of disappointment in decision making under uncertainty. Econometrica, 59, 667–86.
------ , and Pesendorfer, W. (2001). Temptation and self-control. Econometrica, 69(6), 1403–36.
------ , and ------ (2007). Welfare without happiness. American Economic Review, 97, 471–76.
------ , and ------ (2008). The case for ‘mindless economics’. In A. Caplan and A. Schotter (Eds), The Foundations of Positive and Normative Economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Guryan, J., and Kearney, M.S. (2008). Gambling at lucky stores: empirical evidence from state lottery sales. American Economic Review, 98(1), 458–73.
Güth, W., Marchand, N., and Rullière, J.L. (1997). On the reliability of reciprocal fairness – An experimental study. Discussion paper, Humboldt University Berlin.
------ , Schmittberger, R., and Schwarze, B. (1987). An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 3, 367–88.
------ , and Van Damme, E. (1998). Information, strategic behavior and fairness in ultimatum bargaining: An experimental study. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 42, 227–47.
Haigh, M.S., and List, J.A. (2005). Do professional traders exhibit myopic loss-version? An experimental analysis. Journal of Finance, 60(1), 523–34.
Hamer, D. (1998). Living with our Genes. New York: Doubleday.
Han, S., Lerner, J.S., and Keltner, D. (2007). Feelings and consumer decision making: The Appraisal-Tendency Framework. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17(3), 158–68.
Handa, J. (1977). Risk, probability, and a new theory of cardinal utility. Journal of Political Economy, 85, 97–122.
Hardie, B.G.S., Johnson, E.J., and Fader, P.S. (1993). Modeling loss-aversion and reference dependence effects on brand choice. Marketing Science, 12, 378–94.
Harle, K.M., and Sanfey, A.G. (2007). Incidental sadness biases social economic decisions in the Ultimatum Game. Emotion, 7(4), 876–81.
Harless, D.W. (1992). Predictions about indifference curves inside the unit triangle: A test of variants of expected utility. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organisation, 18, 391–414.
Harrison, G., Lau, M.I., and Williams, M.B. (2002). Estimating individual discount rates in Denmark: A field experiment. American Economic Review, 92(5), 1606–17.
------ , and McCabe, K. (1992). Testing noncooperative bargaining theory in experiments. In R.M. Isaac (Ed.), Research in Experimental Economics, Vol. 5. Greenwich, CN: JAI Press.
------ , and ------ (1996). Expectations and fairness in a simple bargaining experiment. International Journal of Game Theory, 25, 303–27.
Harsanyi. J.C., and Selten, R. (1988). A General Theory of Equilibrium in Games. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Harvey, C.M. (1986). Value functions for infinite-period planning. Management Science, 32, 1123–39.
Hausch, D.B., and Ziemba, W.T. (1995). Efficiency in sports and lottery betting markets. In R.A. Jarrow, V. Maksimovic, and W.T. Ziemba (Eds), Handbook of Finance. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
He, H., and Modest, D.M. (1995). Market frictions and consumption-based asset pricing. Journal of Political Economy, 103, 94–117.
Heath, C., and Fennema, M.G. (1996). Mental depreciation and marginal decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 68, 95–108.
------ , and Soll, J.B. (1996). Mental budgeting and consumer decisions. Journal of Consumer Research, 23, 40-52.
Heberlein, T.A., and Bishop, R.C. (1985). Assessing the validity of contingent valuation: Three field experiments. Paper presented at the International Conference on Man’s Role in Changing the Global Environment, Italy.
Hedesström, T.M., Svedsäter, H., and Gärlin, T. (2004). Identifying heuristic choice rules in the Swedish premium pension scheme. Journal of Behavioral Finance, 5(1), 32–42.
Hedgcock, W., and Rao, A.R. (2009). Trade-off aversion as an explanation for the attraction effect: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Marketing Research, 46, 1–13.
Heidhues, P., and Köszegi, B. (2010). Exploiting naivete about self control in the credit market. American Economic Review, 100(5), 2279–303.
Heilman, C., Nakamoto, K., and Rao, A. (2002). Pleasant surprises: Consumer response to unexpected in-store coupons. Advances in Consumer Research, 29, 342.
Heinz, M., Juranek, S., and Rau, H.A. (2011). Do women behave more reciprocally than men? Gender differences in real effort dictator games. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, forthcoming.
Helson, H. (1964). Adaptation level theory: An experimental and systematic approach to behavior. New York: Harper.
Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Camerer, C., Fehr, E., and Gintis, H. (2004). Foundations of Human Sociality: Economic Experiments and Ethnographic Evidence from Fifteen Small-Scale Societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
------ , ------ , ------ , ------ , ------ , ------ , and McElreath, R. (2001). In search of Homo Economicus: Behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies. American Economic Review, 91(2), 73–8.
------ , ------ , ------ , ------ , ------ , ------ , ------ , Alvard, M., Barr, A., Ensminger, J., Henrich, N.S., Hill, K., Gil-White, F., Gurven, M., Marlowe, F.W., Patton, J.Q., and Tracer, D. (2005). ‘Economic Man’ in Cross-Cultural Perspective: Behavioral Experiments in 15 Small-Scale Societies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28(6), 795–815.
Herrman, B., Thöni, C., and Gächter, S. (2008). Antisocial punishment across societies. Science, 319, 1362–7.
Herrnstein, R., (1981). Self-control as response strength. In C.M. Bradshaw, E. Szabadi, and C.F. Lowe (Eds), Quantification of Steady-State Operant Behavior. New Holland: Elsevier.
Hertwig, R. and Gigerenzer, G. (1999). The ‘conjunction fallacy’ revisited: How intelligent inferences look like reasoning errors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 12, 275–305.
------, and Ortmann, A. (2001). Experimental practices in economics: A methodological challenge for psychologists. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(3), 383–403.
Hey, J.D., and Orme, C. (1994). Investigating generalizations of expected utility theory using experimental data. Econometrica, 62, 1291–326.
Higgins, E.T. (2007). Promotion and prevention strategies for self-regulation: A motivated cognition perspective. In R.F. Baumeister and K.D. Vohs (Eds), Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications, 2nd edn. New York: Guilford.
Hilton, D.J. (1995). The social context of reasoning: Conversational inference and rational judgment. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 248–71.
Hirshleifer, D., and Shumway, T. (2003). Good day sunshine: Stock returns and the weather. Journal of Finance, 58(3), 1009–32.
Hirshleifer, J. (1987). On the emotions as guarantors of threats and promises. In J. Dupre (Ed.), The Latest on the Best. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 307–26.
------ (1998). The bioeconomic causes of war. Managerial and Decision Economics, 19, 457–66. Reproduced in J. Hirshleifer (2001), The Dark Side of the Force: Economic Foundations of Conflict Theory, 26–7.
Ho, D.E., and Imai, K. (2008). Estimating causal effects of ballot order from a randomized natural experiment: The California alphabet lottery, 1978–2002. Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(2), 216–40.
Ho, T., Camerer, C., and Weigelt, K. (1998). Iterated dominance and iterated best-response in experimental p-beauty contests. American Economic Review, 88(4), 947–69.
------ , Lim, N., and Camerer, C. (2006). Modeling the psychology of consumer and firm behaviour with behavioural economics. Journal of Marketing Research, 43, 307–31.
Hoffman, E., McCabe, K., Shachat, K., and Smith, V. (1994). Preferences, property rights and anonymity in bargaining games. Games and Economic Behavior, 7, 346–80.
------ , ------ , and Smith, V. (1996). On expectations and monetary stakes in ultimatum games. International Journal of Game Theory, 25, 289–301.
------ , ------ , and ------ (1998). Behavioral foundations of reciprocity: Experimental economics and evolutionary psychology. Economic Inquiry, 36, 335–52.
------ , ------ , and ------ (2000). The impact of exchange context on the activation of equity on ultimatum games. Experimental Economics, Springer, 3(1), 5–9.
Holcomb, J.S., and Nelson, P.S. (1992). Another experimental look at individual time preference. Rationality and Society, 4(2), 199–220.
Holt, C.A. (2006). Markets, Games, and Strategic Behavior: Recipes for Interactive Learning. Addison-Wesley.
Homans, G.C. (1961). Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
Hood, B. (2006). Talk given at the British Association Festival of Science, September 4.
Hsee, C.K., Abelson, R.P., and Salovey, P. (1991). The relative weighting of position and velocity in satisfaction. Psychological Science, 2(4), 263–6.
Hsu, M., Bhatt, M., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., and Camerer, C.F. (2005). Neural systems responding to degrees of uncertainty in human decision-making. Science, 310, 1680–3.
------ , Zhao, C., and Camerer, C.F. (2008). Neural evidence for nonlinear probabilities in risky choice. Working paper, California Institute of Technology.
Huber, J., and Puto, C. (1983). Market boundaries and product choice: Illustrating attraction and substitution effects. Journal of Consumer Research, 10, 31–44.
Humphrey, S.J. (1998). More mixed results on boundary effects. Economics Letters, 61, 79–84.
------ (2000). The common consequence effect: Testing a unified explanation of some recent mixed evidence. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 41, 239–62.
------ (2001a). Are event-splitting effects actually boundary effects? Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 22, 79–93.
------ (2001b). Non-transitive choice: event-splitting effects or framing effects? Economica, 68, 77–96.
Hung, M.-W., and Wang, Jr.-Y. (2005). Asset prices under prospect theory and habit formation. Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets & Policies, 8(1), 1–29.
Huys, Q., and Dayan, P. (2009). A Bayesian formulation of behavioral control. Cognition, 113(3), 314–28.
Ibbotson, R.G., and Chen, P. (2003). Long-run stock returns: Participating in the real economy. Financial Analysts Journal, 59(1), 88–98.
Independent Public Service Pension Commission: Final Report (2011), 21–36.
Ingram, R.E. (1990). Self-focused attention in clinical disorders: Review and a conceptual model. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 156–76.
Insurance Information Institute (1992). No-fault auto insurance. New York: Insurance Information Institute.
Iyengar, S.S., and Lepper, M.R. (2000). When choice is demotivating: Can one desire too much of a good thing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 995–1006.
Jakiela, P. (2011). Social preferences and fairness norms as informal institutions: experimental evidence. American Economic Review, 101(3): 509–13.
Janakiraman, N., Meyer, R., and Morales, A. (2002). The mental accounting of price shocks: The effects of unexpected price changes on cross-category purchase patterns. Advances in Consumer Research, 29, 342–3.
Janis, I. (1967). Effects of fear arousal on attitude change. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. New York: Academic Press.
Jevons, H.S. (1905). Essays on Economics. London: Macmillan.
Jevons, W.S. (1888). The Theory of Political Economy. London: Macmillan.
Jha-Dang, P., and Banerjee, A. (2005). A theory based explanation of differential consumer response to different promotions. Advances in Consumer Research, 32, 235–6.
Jobes, J. (1974). A revelatory function of art. The British Journal of Aesthetics, 14, 24–133.
Johnson, E.J., Camerer, C., Sen, S., and Rymon, T. (2002). Detecting failures of backward induction: Monitoring information search in sequential bargaining experiments. Journal of Economic Theory, 104, 16–47.
------ , Hershey, J., Meszaros, J., and Kunreuther, H. (1992). Framing, probability distortions, and insurance decisions. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 7, 35–51.
------ , Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M., and Willemsen, M.C. (2008). Process models deserve process data: Comment on Brandstätter, Gigerenzer, and Hertwig (2006). Psychological Review, 115(1), 263–72.
Johnson, M.D., Herrmann, A., and Bauer, H.H. (1999). The effects of price bundling on consumer evaluations of product offerings. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 16, 129–42.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Byrne R.M.J., and Schaeken, R.S. (1992). Propositional reasoning by model. Psychological Review, 99, 418–39.
------, Legrenzi, P., Girotto, V., and Legrenzi, M.S. (2000). Illusions in reasoning about consistency. Science, 288, 531–2.
Jones, C.P., and Wilson, J.W. (2005). The Equity Risk Premium Controversy. Journal of Investing, 14(2), 37–43.
Jones-Lee, M.W., Loomes, G., and Philips, P.R. (1995). Valuing the prevention of non-fatal road injuries: Contingent valuation versus standard gambles. Oxford Economic Papers, 47, 675–95.
Jordan, J.S. (1991). Bayesian learning in normal-form games. Games and Economic Behavior, 3, 60–81.
Jullien, B., and Salanié, B. (1997). Estimating preferences under risk: The case of racetrack bettors. IDEI and GREMAQ, Working paper, Toulouse University.
Just, D.R., and Price, J. (2011). Using incentives to encourage healthy eating in children. Working paper.
Kachelmeier, S.J., and Shehata, M. (1992). Examining risk preferences under high monetary incentives: Experimental evidence from the People’s Republic of China. American Economic Review, 82(5), 1120–41.
Kacelnik, A. (1997). Normative and descriptive models of decision making: time discounting and risk sensitivity. In G.R. Bock and G. Cardew (Eds), Characterizing Human Psychological Adaptations: Ciba Foundation Symposium 208. Chichester: Wiley, 51–70.
Kagel, J., Kim, C., and Moser, D. (1996). Fairness in ultimatum games with asymmetric information and asymmetric payoffs. Games and Economic Behavior, 13, 100–10.
Kahneman, D. (1986). Comments on the contingent valuation method. In R.G. Cummings, D.S. Brookshire, and W.D. Schulze (Eds), Valuing Environmental Goods: An Assessment of the Contingent Valuation Method. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Allanheld.
------ (2003). Maps of Bounded Rationality: Psychology for Behavioral Economics. American Economic Review, 93(5),1449–75.
------ (1994). New challenges to the rationality assumption. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 150, 18–36.
------ (2000). Experienced utility and objective happiness: A moment-based approach. In D. Kahneman, and A. Tversky (Eds), Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: Cambridge University Press and the Russell Sage Foundation, Ch. 37.
------ , Knetsch, J.L., and Thaler, R.H. (1986). Fairness as a constraint on profit seeking: Entitlements in the market. American Economic Review, 76(4), 728–41.
------ , ------ , and ------ (1990). Experimental tests of the endowment effect and the Coase theorem. Journal of Political Economy, 98(6), 1352–75.
------ , and Lovallo, D. (1993). Timid choices and bold forecasts: A cognitive perspective on risk taking. Management Science, 39(1), 17–31.
------ , and Ritov, I. (1994). Determinants of stated willingness to pay for public goods – A study in the headline method. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 9(1), 5–38.
------ , Ritov, I., and Schkade, D.A. (1999). Economic preferences or attitude expressions? An analysis of dollar responses to public issues. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 19(1–3), 203–35.
------ , Schkade, D.A., and Sunstein, C.R. (1998). Shared outrage and erratic awards: The psychology of punitive damages. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 16, 49–86.
------ , Slovic, P., and Tversky, A. (1982). Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
------ , and Snell, J. (1992). Predicting a changing taste: Do people know what they will like? Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 5, 187–200.
------ , and Tversky A. (1972). Subjective probability: A judgement of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology, 3, 430–54.
------ , and ------ (1973). On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80, 237–51.
------ , and ------ (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47, 263–91.
------ , and ------ (1984). Choices, values, and frames. The American Psychologist, 39, 341–50.
------ , and ------ (1992). Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5, 297–324.
------ , and ------ (1996). On the reality of cognitive illusions. Psychological Review, 103, 582–91.
------ , Sarin, R., and Wakker, P.P. (1997). Back to Bentham? Explorations of experienced utility. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112, 375–405.
Kamas, L., and Preston, A. (2011). The importance of being confident: Gender, career choice and willingness to compete. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, forthcoming.
Kamins, M.A., Folkes,V.S., and Fedorikhin, A. (2009). Promotional bundles and consumers’ price judgments: When the best things in life are not free. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(4), 660–70.
Kaplan, H.R. (1978). Lottery winners: How they won and how winning changed their lives. New York: Harper and Row.
Kasser, T., and Ryan, R.M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 41–2.
------ , and ------ (1996). Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22(3), 280–7.
Katz, J., Redelmeier, D., and Kahneman, D. (1997). Memories of painful medical procedures. Paper presented at the American Pain Society 15th Annual Scientific Meeting.
Keeley, L.H. (1996). War Before Civilization. New York: Oxford University Press. Kennan, J., and Wilson, R. (1990). Theories of bargaining delays. Science, 249, 1124–8.
Keren, G., and Roelofsma, P. (1995). Immediacy and certainty in intertemporal choice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 63(3), 287–97.
Keynes, J.M. (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. London: Macmillan.
Khalil, E.L. (2011). The mirror neuron paradox: How far is understanding from mimicking? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 77(1), 86–96.
Kida, T., Moreno, K., and Smith, J. (2010). Investment decision making: Do experienced decision makers fall prey to the paradox of choice? Journal of Behavioral Finance, 11(1), 21–30.
King, A., and King, J. (2011). Golden eggs and plastic eggs: Hyperbolic preferences and the persistence of debit. Journal of Economics & Finance, 35(1), 93–103.
Kirby, K.N., and Marakovic, N.N. (1995). Modeling myopic decisions: Evidence for hyperbolic delay-discounting with subjects and amounts. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 64, 22–30.
------ , Petry, N.M., and Bickel, W. (1999). Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128(1), 78–87.
Kirchler, E., and Maciejovsky, B. (2002). Simultaneous over- and under-confidence: evidence from experimental asset markets. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 25, 65–85.
Kiyonari, T., and Barclay, P. (2008). Cooperation in social dilemmas: Free-riding may be thwarted by second-order reward rather than by punishment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(4), 826–42.
Klayman, J., Soll, J.B., Gonzalez-Vallejo, C., and Barlas, S. (1999). Overconfidence: it depends on how, what, and whom you ask. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 79, 216–47.
Kliger, D., and Levit, B. (2009). Evaluation periods and asset prices: Myopic loss aversion at the financial marketplace. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 71(2), 361–71.
Knack, S., and Keefer, P. (1997). Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross-country investigation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), 1251–88.
Knetsch, J.L. (1989). The endowment effect and evidence of nonreversible indifference curves. American Economic Review, 79, 1277–84.
------ , and Sinden, J.A. (1984). Willingness to pay and compensation demanded: Experimental evidence of an unexpected disparity in measures of value. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 99, 507–21.
------ , and Wong, W-K. (2009). The endowment effect and the reference state: Evidence and manipulations. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 71(2), 407–13.
Knez, M.J., and Camerer, C. (1995). Social comparison and outside options in 3-person ultimatum games. Games and Economic Behavior, 10, 165–94.
Knez, P., Smith, V.L., and Williams, A. (1985). Individual rationality, market rationality, and value estimation. American Economic Review, 75, 397–402.
Knoch, D., Gianotti, L., Pascual-Leone, A., Treyer, V., Regard, M., Hohmann, M., and Brugger, P. (2006). Disruption of right prefrontal cortex by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induces risk-taking behavior. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 6469–72.
------ , Nitsche, M.A., Fischbacher, U., Eisenegger, C., Pascual-Leone, A., and Fehr, E. (2008). Studying the neurobiology of social interaction with transcranial direct current stimulation – the example of punishing unfairness. Cerebral Cortex, 18(9), 1987–90.
Knutson, B., Adams, C.M., Fong, G.W., and Hommer, D. (2001a). Anticipation of increasing monetary reward selectively recruits nucleus accumbens. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, RC159.
------ , Fong, G.W., Adams, C.W., and Hommer, D. (2001b). Dissociation of reward anticipation and outcome with event-related fMRI. NeuroReport, 12, 3683–7.
------ , ------ , Bennett, S.M., Adams, C.M., and Hommer, D. (2003). A region of mesial prefrontal cortex tracks monetarily rewarding outcomes: Characterization with rapid event-related fMRI. NeuroImage, 18, 263–72.
------ , Rick, S., Wimmer, G.E., Prelec, D., and Loewenstein, G. (2007). Neural predictors of purchases. Neuron, 53, 147–56.
------ , Delgado, M.R., and Phillips, P.E.M. (2009). Representation of subjective value in the striatum. In P.W. Glimcher, C.F. Camerer, E. Fehr, R.A. Poldrack (Eds), Neuroeconomics: Decision-Making and the Brain. London: Academic Press, 389– 406.
Kocherlakota, N.R. (1996). The equity premium: It’s still a puzzle. Journal of Economic Literature, 34(1), 42–71.
Konow, J. (2000). Fair shares: Accountability and cognitive dissonance in allocation decisions. American Economic Review, 90(4), 1072–91.
Koopmans, T.C. (1960). Stationary ordinal utility and impatience. Econometrica, 28, 287–309.
Kooreman, P. (1997). The labeling effect of a child benefit system. Unpublished working paper, University of Groningen.
Köszegi, B., and Rabin, M. (2006). A model of reference-dependent preferences. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121, 1133–65.
Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P.J., Fischbacher, U., and Fehr, E. (2005). Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature, 435, 673–6.
Krosnick, J.A., Li, F., and Lehman, D.R. (1990). Conversational conventions, order of information acquisition, and the effect of base rates and individuating information on social judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1140–52.
Kühberger, A. (1995). The framing of decisions: A new look at old problems. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 62, 230–40.
Kuhnen, C.M., and Knutson, B. (2005). The neural basis of financial risk-taking. Neuron, 47, 763–70.
Kumar, A., and Lim, S.S. (2008). How do decision frames influence the stock investment choices of individual investors? Management Science, 54(6), 1052–64.
Kunreuther, H., Ginsberg, R., Miller, L., Slovic, P., Bradley, B., and Katz, N. (1978). Disaster Insurance Protection: Public Policy Lessons. New York: Wiley.
Kuziemko, I., Buell, R., Reich, T., and Norton, M.I. (2011). Last place aversion: Evidence and redistributive implications. NBER working paper 17234.
Laibson, D.L. (1996). Hyperbolic discounting, undersaving, and savings policy. NBER Working Paper 5635.
------ (1997). Golden eggs and hyperbolic discounting. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112, 443–77.
------ (1998), Life-cycle consumption and hyperbolic discount functions. European Economic Review, 42(3–5), 861–7.
------ , Repetto, A., and Tobacman, J. (2009). Estimating discounting functions with consumption choices over the lifecycle. Unpublished.
Lancaster, K.J. (1963). An axiomatic theory of consumer time preference. International Economic Review, 4, 221–31.
Langer, E.J. (1982). The Illusion of Control. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic and A. Tversky, (Eds), Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge University Press, Ch. 16.
Langer, T., and Weber, M. (2001). Prospect theory, mental accounting, and differences in aggregated and segregated evaluation of lottery portfolios. Management Science, 47(5), 716–33.
------ , and ------ (2005). Myopic prospect theory versus myopic loss-aversion: How general is the phenomenon? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 56(1), 25–38.
Larrick, R.P., and Blount, S. (1997). The claiming effect: Why players are more generous in social dilemmas than in ultimatum games. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 810–25.
Larwood, L., and Whittaker, W. (1977). Managerial myopia: Self-serving biases in organizational planning. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 194–8.
Lattimore, P.K., Baker, J.R., and Witte, A.D. (1992). The influence of probability on risky choice: A parametric examination. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 17, 377–400.
Lazear, E.P. (2000). Performance pay and productivity. American Economic Review, 90(5), 1346–61.
LeBoeuf, R.A. (2006). Discount rates for time versus dates: The sensitivity of discounting to time-interval description. Journal of Marketing Research, 43, 59–72.
Leclerc, F., Schmidt, B., and Dube, L. (1995). Decision making and waiting time: Is time like money? Journal of Consumer Research, 22, 110–19.
LeDoux, J.E. (1996). The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Ledyard, J. (1995). Public goods: A survey of experimental research. In J. Kagel, and A. Roth (Eds), Handbook of Experimental Economics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Leith, K.P., and Baumeister, R.F. (1996). Why do bad moods increase self-defeating behaviour? Emotion, risk-taking, and self-regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1250–67.
Lerner, J.S., and Keltner, D. (2001). Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 146–59.
Levav, J., and McGraw, P. (2009). Emotional accounting: How feelings about money influence consumer choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 46, 66–80.
Levin, I.P., and Chapman, D.P. (1990). Risk taking, frame of reference, and characterization of victim groups in AIDS treatment decisions. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology, 26, 421–34.
------ , Schneider, S.L., and Gaeth, G.J. (1998). All frames are not created equal: A typology and critical analysis of framing effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76, 149–88.
Levinson, S.C. (1995). Interactional biases in human thinking. In E. Goody (Ed.), Social Intelligence and Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 221–60.
Levitt, S.D., and Dubner, S.J. (2005). Freakonomics. London: Allen Lane.
------ , and List J.A. (2007). What do laboratory experiments measuring social preferences reveal about the real world? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(2), 153–74.
Levy, M., and Levy, H. (2002). Prospect theory: Much ado about nothing? Management Science, 48(10), 1334–49.
Lewis, R.J. (1983). Scared straight – California style. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 10, 209–26.
Libet, B. (1985). Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 8(4), 529–66.
------ (1993). The neural time factor in conscious and unconscious events. Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Consciousness (Ciba Foundation Symposium, 174), 123–46.
------, Gleason, C.A., Wright, Jr., E.W., and Pearl, D.K. (1983). Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness-potential). Brain, 106, 623–42.
Lichtenstein, S., and Fischoff, B. (1977). Do those who know more also know more about how much they know? The calibration of probability judgments. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 1–12.
------ , and Slovic, P. (1973). Response-induced reversals of preference in gambling: An extended replication in Las Vegas. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 101, 16–20.
Lima, S. (1984). Downy woodpecker foraging behavior: Efficient sampling in simple stochastic environments. Ecology 67, 377–85.
List, J.A. (2004). Neoclassical theory versus prospect theory: Evidence from the marketplace. Econometrica, 72(2), 615–25.
------ (2011). Does market experience eliminate market anomalies? The case of exogenous market experience. American Economic Review, 101(3), 313–17.
------ , and Cherry, T.L. (2000). Learning to accept in ultimatum games: Evidence from and experimental design that generates low offers. Experimental Economics, 3, 11–31.
------ , and ------ (2008). Examining the role of fairness in high stakes allocation decisions. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 65(1), 1–8.
Littlewood, J.E. (1953). A Mathematician’s Miscellany. London: Methuen.
Livnat, A., and Pippenger, N. (2006). An optimal brain can be composed of conflicting agents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(9), 3198–202.
Loewenstein, G. (1987). Anticipation and the valuation of delayed consumption. Economic Journal, 87, 666–84.
------ (1988). Frames of mind in intertemporal choice. Management Science, 34, 200–14.
------ (1996). Out of control: Visceral influences on behaviour. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 65, 2.
------ (2000). Emotions in economic theory and economic behavior. American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 90, 426–32.
------ , Issacharoff, S., Camerer, C., and Babcock, L. (1993). Self-serving assessments of fairness and pretrial bargaining. Journal of Legal Studies, 22, 135–59.
------ , O’Donoghue, T., and Rabin, M. (2003). Projection bias in predicting future utility. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 1209–48.
------ , and Prelec, D. (1992). Anomalies in intertemporal choice: Evidence and interpretation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 573–97.
------ , and ------ (1993). Preferences for sequences of outcomes. Psychological Review, 100(1), 91–108.
------ , and Sicherman, N. (1991). Do workers prefer increasing wage profiles? Journal of Labor Economics, 9(1), 67–84.
------ , Thompson, L., and Bazerman, M.H. (1989). Social utility and decision making in interpersonal contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(3), 426–41.
------ , Weber, R., Flory, J., Manuck, S., and Muldoon, M. (2001). Dimensions of time discounting. Paper presented at Conference on Survey Research on Household Expectations and Preferences. Ann Arbor, MI., November 2–3.
Loomes, G., Starmer, C., and Sugden, R. (2003). Do anomalies disappear in repeated markets? The Economic Journal, 113, C153–C166.
------ , and Sugden, R. (1982). Regret theory: An alternative theory of rational choice under uncertainty. Economic Journal, 92, 805–24.
------ , and ------ (1986). Disappointment and dynamic consistency in choice under uncertainty. Review of Economic Studies, 53(2), 271–82.
------ , and ------ (1987). Some implications of a more general form of regret theory. Journal of Economic Theory, 41(2), 270–87.
------ , and ------ (1995). Incorporating a stochastic element into decision theories. European Economic Review, 39, 641–48.
------ , and ------ (1998). Testing different stochastic specifications of risky choice. Economica, 65, 581–98.
Lopes, L.L., and Oden, G.C. (1991). The rationality of intelligence. In E. Eels, and T. Maruszewski (Eds), Probability and Rationality: Studies on L. Jonathan Cohen’s Philosophy of Science. Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi, 199–223.
Lorio, A. (2005). The real truth about your car’s trade-in value! InsiderCarSecrets. com blog, November 19. Available at http://www.insidercarsecrets.com/2005/11/ real-truth-about-your-cars-trade-in.html.
Luce, R.D., and Fishburn, P.C. (1991). Rank- and sign-dependent linear utility models for finite first-order gambles. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 4, 29–59.
------ and ------ (1995). A note on deriving rank-dependent utility using additive joint receipts. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 11, 5–16.
Lund, D.A., Caserta, M.S., and Diamond, M.F. (1989). Impact of spousal bereavement on the subjective well-being of older adults. In D.A. Lund (Ed.), Older Bereaved Spouses: Research with Practical Implications. New York: Hemisphere, 3–15.
Luttmer, E.F.P., and Singhal, M. (2008). Culture, context and the taste for redistribution. NBER working paper 14268.
Luttmer, E.G.J. (1996). Asset pricing in economies with frictions. Econometrica, 64, 1439–67.
Lykken, D., and Tellegen, A. (1996). Happiness is a stochastic phenomenon. Psychological Science, 7, 186–9.
Lyubomirsky, S., and Lepper, H.S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137–55.
MacCrimmon, K., and Smith, M. (1986). Imprecise equivalences: Preference reversals in money and probability. University of British Columbia Working paper 1211.
MacDonald, R.R. (1986). Credible conceptions and implausible probabilities. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 39, 15–27.
MacDonald, T.K., and Ross, M. (1999). Assessing the accuracy of predictions about dating relationships: How and why do lovers’ predictions differ from those made by observers? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1417–29.
Machina, M.J. (1982). ‘Expected utility’ theory without the independence axiom. Econometrica, 50, 277–323.
------ (1983). The economic theory of individual behaviour toward risk: Theory, evidence, and new directions. Technical Report 433, Dept. of Economics, Stanford University.
MacKeigan, L.D., Larson, L.N., Draugalis, J.R., Bootman, J.L., and Burns, L.R. (1993). Time preference for health gains versus health losses. Pharmacoeconomics, 3(5), 374–86.
Madrian, B.C., and Shea, D.F. (2001). The power of suggestion: Inertia in 401(k) participation and savings behavior. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(4), 1149–87.
Maenhout, P. (1999). Robust portfolio rules and asset pricing, Working Paper, INSEAD, Paris.
Maier-Rigaud, F.P., Martinsson, P., and Staffiero, G. (2010). Ostracism and the provison of a public good: Experimental evidence. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 73(3), 387–95.
Malmendier, U. and Tate, G. (2005). CEO overconfidence and corporate investment. Journal of Finance, 60, 2661–700.
------ , and ------ (2008). Who makes acquisitions? CEO overconfidence and the market’s reaction. Journal of Financial Economics, 89(1), 20–43.
Mankiw, N.G., and Zeldes, S. (1991). The consumption of stockholders and nonstockholders. Journal of Financial Economics, 29(1), 97–112.
Margolis, H. (1982). Selfishness, Altruism and Rationality: A Theory of Social Choice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Marketing Magazine (2011). Domino’s Pizza turns to behavioural economics. May 5. Markowitz, H. (1952). The Utility of Wealth. Journal of Political Economy, 60, 151–8.
Mayer, T., and Russell, T. (2005). Income smoothing and self-control: The case of school teachers. Economic Enquiry, 43(4), 823–30.
Maynard-Smith, J. (1976). Evolution and the theory of games. American Scientist, 64, 41–5.
------ (1982). Evolution and the Theory of Games. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McClure. S.M., Laibson, D.L., Loewenstein, G., and Cohen, J.D. (2004). Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science, 306(5695), 503–7.
McGlothlin, W.H. (1956). Stability of choices among uncertain alternatives. American Journal of Psychology, 69, 604–15.
McKelvey, R.D., and Palfrey, T.R. (1992). An experimental study of the centipede game. Econometrica, 58, 1321–39.
Mehra, R., and Prescott, E.C. (1985). The equity premium: A puzzle. Journal of Monetary Economics, 15, 145–61.
Mehta, J., Starmer, C., and Sugden, R. (1992). An experimental investigation of focal points in coordination and bargaining: Some preliminary results. In J. Geweke (Ed.), Decision Making under Risk and Uncertainty: New Models and Findings. Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 211–20.
------ , ------ , and ------ (1994a). Focal points in pure coordination games: An experimental investigation. Theory and Decision, 36(2), 163–85.
------ , ------ , and ------ (1994b). The nature of salience: An experimental investigation of pure coordination games. American Economic Review, 84(3), 658–3.
Meyer, D.J., and Meyer, J. (2005). Risk preferences in multi-period consumption models, the equity premium puzzle, and habit formation utility. Journal of Monetary Economics, 52(8), 1497–515,
Meyer, R.F. (1976). Preferences over time. In R. Keeney and H. Raiffa (Eds), Decisions with Multiple Objectives. New York: Wiley.
Meyvis, T., Ratner, R.K., and Levav, J. (2010). Why we don’t learn to accurately forecast our feelings: How the misremembering of our predictions blinds us to our past forecasting errors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 139(4), 579–89.
Milinski, M. (1987). Tit for tat and the evolution of cooperation in sticklebacks. Nature, 325, 433–5.
Milkman, K.. and Beshears, J. (2009). Mental accounting and small windfalls: Evidence from an online grocer. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 71(2), 384–94.
Mill, J.S. (1873/1990). Autobiography. London: Penguin.
Miller, D.T., and Taylor, B.R. (1995). Counterfactual thought, regret and superstition: How to avoid kicking yourself. In N.J. Roese and J.M. Olson (Eds), What might have been: The social psychology of counterfactual thinking. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 305–32.
Miller, P.M., and Fagley, N.S. (1991). The effects of framing, problem variations, and providing rationale on choice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 517–22.
Miravete, E. (2003). Choosing the wrong calling plan? Ignorance and learning. American Economic Review, 93, 297–310.
Mischel, W. (1974). Process in delay of gratification. In D. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 7. New York: Academic Press.
------ , Grusec, J., and Masters, J.C. (1969). Effects of expected delay time on subjective value of rewards and punishments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 11(4), 363–73.
------ , and Metzner, R. (1962). Preference for delayed reward as a function of age, intelligence, and length of delay interval. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 64(6), 425–31.
------ , Shoda, Y., and Peake, P.K. (1988). The nature of adolescent competencies predicted by preschool delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(4), 687–96.
------ , ------ , and Rodriguez, M.L. (1992). Delay of gratification in children. In G. Loewenstein and J. Elster (Eds), Choice Over Time. New York: Russell Sage.
Mishra, A., and Mishra, H. (2011) The influence of price discount versus bonus pack on the preference for virtue and vice foods. Journal of Marketing Research, 48(1), 196–206.
Mitzkewitz, M., and Nagel, R. (1993). Experimental results on ultimatum games with incomplete information. International Journal of Game Theory, 22, 171–98.
Modigliani, F., and Brumberg, R. (1954). Utility analysis and the consumption function: An interpretation of cross-section data. In K.K. Kurihara (Ed.), Post Keynesian Economics. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Moll, J., Krueger, F., Zahn, R., Pardini, M., de Oliveira-Souza, R., and Grafman, J. (2006). Human fronto-mesolimbic networks guide decisions about charitable donation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 103, 15623–8.
Moore, D.A., and Healy, P.J. (2008). The trouble with overconfidence. Psychological review, 115(2), 502–17.
Morales, A.C., and Fitsimons, G.J. (2007). Product contagion: Changing consumer evaluations through physical contact with disgusting products. Journal of Marketing Research, 44, 272–83.
Morier, D.M., and Borgida, E. (1984). The conjunction fallacy: A task specific phenomenon? Personal and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 243–52.
Munasinghe, L., and Sicherman, N. (2000). Why do dancers smoke? Time preference, occupational choice, and wage growth. Working paper, Columbia University and Barnard College, New York.
Muraven, M., and Baumeister, R.F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126, 227–59.
------ , ------ , and Tice, D.M. (1999). Longitudinal improvement of self-regulation through practice: Building self-control through repeated exercise. Journal of Social Psychology, 139, 446–57.
------ , Tice, D.M., and Baumeister, R.F. (1998). Self-control as a limited resource. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 774–89.
Murnighan, J.K., and Saxon, M.S. (1998). Ultimatum bargaining by children and adults. Journal of Economic Psychology, 19, 415–45.
Musson, F.F., and Alloy, L.B. (1988). Depression and self-directed attention. In L.B. Alloy (Ed.), Cognitive Processes in Depression. New York: Guilford Press, 193–220.
Myers, D.G., and Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy? Psychological Science, 6, 10–19.
Nagel, R. (1995). Unravelling in guessing games: An experimental study. American Economic Review, 85, 1313–26.
Nash, J. (1950). The bargaining problem. Econometrica, 18, 155–62.
------ (1951). Non-cooperative games. Annals of Mathematics, 54, 286–95.
Neelin, J., Sonnenschein, H., and Spiegel, M. (1988). A further test of noncooperative bargaining theory: Comment. American Economic Review, 78, 824–36.
Neilson, W.S. (1992). A mixed fan hypothesis and its implications for behavior toward risk. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organisation, 19, 197–211.
Netzer, N. (2009). Evolution of time preferences and attitudes toward risk. American Economic Review, 99, 937–95.
New York Times (2011). Urge to own that Clapton guitar is contagious, scientists find. March 8.
Newell, A. and Simon, H.A. (1972). Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Newell, R.G., and Pizer, W.A. (2003). Discounting the distant future: How much do uncertain rates increase valuations? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 46(1), 52–71.
Newman, G.E., Diesendruck, G., and Bloom, P. (2011). Celebrity contagion and the value of objects. Journal of Consumer Research, 38(2).
Niv, Y., and Read Montague, P. (2008). Theoretical and empirical studies of learning. In P.W. Glimcher, C.F. Camerer, E. Fehr, R.A. Poldrack (Eds), Neuroeconomics: Decision-Making and the Brain. London: Academic Press, 331–52.
Nordgren, L.F., and Dijksterhuis, A.P. (2009). The devil is in the deliberation: Thinking too much reduces preference consistency. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(1), 39–46.
Novemsky, N., and Kahneman, D. (2005a). The boundaries of loss-aversion. Journal of Marketing Research, 42, 119–28.
------ , and ------ (2005b). How do intentions affect loss-aversion? Journal of Marketing Research, 42, 139–40.
Nowak, M.A., May, R.M., and Sigmund, K. (1995). The arithmetics of mutual help. Scientific American, 272, 50–5.
Nyarko, Y., and Schotter, A. (2002). An experimental study of belief learning using elicited beliefs. Econometrica, 70, 971–1005.
O’Curry, S. (1997). Income source effects. Working paper, Department of Marketing, DePaul University, Chicago.
O’Doherty, J.P. (2004). Reward representations and reward-related learning in the human brain: Insights from neuroimaging. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14(6), 769–76.
O’Doherty, J., Kringelbach, M.L., Rolls, E.T., Hornak, J., and Andrews, C. (2001). Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 4(1), 95–102.
O’Donoghue, T., and Rabin, M. (2001). Choice and procrastination. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(1), 121–60.
------ , and ------ (2008). Procrastination on long-term projects. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 66(2), 161–75.
Ochs, J. (1995). Games with unique, mixed strategy equilibria: An experimental study. Games and Economic Behavior, 10, 202–17.
------ , and Roth, A.E. (1989). An experimental study of sequential bargaining. American Economic Review, 79, 355–84.
Odean, T. (1998). Are investors reluctant to realize their losses? Journal of Finance, 53, 1775–98.
------ (1999). Do investors trade too much? American Economic Review, 89(5), 1279–98.
Oehler, A., Heilmann, K., Läger, V., and Oberländer, M. (2003). Coexistence of disposition investors and momentum traders in stock markets: experimental evidence. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money. 13(5), 503–24.
Offerman, T. (1999). Hurting hurts more than helping helps: The role of the self-serving bias. Mimeo, CREED, University of Amsterdam.
Ok ada, E.M. (2001). Trade-ins, mental accounting, and product replacement decisions. Journal of Consumer Research, 27(4), 433–46.
------ , and Hoch, S.J. (2004). Spending time versus spending money, Journal of Consumer Research, 31 (September), 313–23.
Olds, J., and Miller, P. (1954). Positive reinforcement caused by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 47, 419–27.
Olmstead, A.L., and Rhode, P. (1985). Rationing without government: The West Coast gas famine of 1920. American Economic Review, 75(5), 1044–55.
Olsen, R.A., and Troughton, G.H. (2000). Are risk premium anomalies caused by ambiguity? Financial Analysts Journal, 56(2), 24–31.
Osherson, D.N. (1995). Probability judgment. In E.E. Smith and D.N. Osherson (Eds), Thinking: An Invitation to Cognitive Science. Vol. 3. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2nd edn, 35–75.
Östling, R., Wang, J.T-y.,Chou, E., and Camerer, C.F. (2007). Field and lab convergence in Poisson LUPI games. Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance. Stockholm: Stockholm School of Economics.
Ostrom, E. (1998). A behavioural approach to the rational choice theory of collective action. American Political Science Review, 92, 1–22.
------ (2000). Collective action and the evolution of social norms. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14, 137–58.
Oyefaso, O. (2006). Would there ever be consensus value and source of the equity risk premium? A review of the extant literature. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance, 9(2), 199–215.
Palacios-Heurta, I. (2001). Professionals play minimax. Brown University working paper. Palm, R., Hodgson M., Blanchard, D., and Lyons, D. (1990). Earthquake insurance in California. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Parducci, A. (1995). Happiness, Pleasure, and Judgment: The Contextual Theory and its Applications. Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum.
Parks, C.D., and Stone, A.B. (2010). The desire to expel unselfish members from the group. The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(2), 303–10.
Paserman, M.D. (2008). Job search and hyperbolic discounting: Structural estimation and policy evaluation. Economic Journal, 118(531), 1418–52.
Paulus, M.P., and Frank, L.R. (2006). Anterior cingulate activity modulates non-linear decision weight function of uncertain prospects. Neuroimage, 30, 668–77.
Payne, J.W., Schkade, D.A., Desvousges, W., and Aultman, C. (1999). Valuation of multiple environmental programs: A psychological analysis. Unpublished manuscript, Duke University.
Pelgrin, F., and de Serres, A. (2003). The Decline in Private Saving Rates in the 1990s in OECD Countries: How Much Can Be Explained by Non-wealth Determinants? OECD Economic Studies, 1, Figure 1, 120.
Peters, A., Schweiger, U., Pellerin, L., Hubold, C., Oltmanns, K.M., Conrad, M., Schultes, B., Born, J., and Fehm, H.L. (2004). The selfish brain: Competition for energy resources. Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews, 28(2), 143–80.
Pfeiffer, J.E. (1982). Explosion: An Enquiry into the Origins of Art and Religion. New York: Harper and Row.
Phelps, E.S., and Pollak, R.A. (1968). On second-best national saving and game-equilibrium growth. Review of Economic Studies, 35, 185–99.
Pidgeon, N., Hood, C., Jones, D., Turner, B., and Gibson, R. (1992). Risk perception. In Risk analysis, perceptions and management. Report of a Royal Society Study Group. London: The Royal Society.
Pigou, A.C. (1920). The Economics of Welfare. London: Macmillan.
Pilutla, M.M., and Chen, X.-P. (1999). Social norms and cooperation in PDs: The effect of context and feedback. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 78, 81–103.
Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: Norton.
Plassman, H., O’Doherty, J., and Rangel, A. (2007). Orbitofrontal cortex encodes willingness to pay in everyday economic transactions. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 9984–8.
Platt, M.L., and McCoy (2005). Risk-sensitive neurons in macaque posterior cingulate cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 8(9), 1220–7.
------ , and Padoa-Schioppa, C. (2009). Neuronal representations of value. In P.W. Glimcher, C.F. Camerer, E. Fehr, and R.A. Poldrack (Eds), Neuroeconomics: Decision-Making and the Brain. London: Academic Press, 441–59.
Plott, C.R. (1996). Rational individual behavior in markets and social choice processes: The discovered preference hypothesis. In K. J. Arrow, E. Colombatto, M. Perlman, and C. Schmidt (Eds), The Rational Foundations of Economic Behavior. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 225–50.
------ , and Zeiler, K. (2005). The willingness to pay – willingness to accept gap, the ‘endowment effect,’ subject misconceptions, and experimental procedures for eliciting evaluations. American Economic Review, 95(3), 530–45.
------ , and ------ (2007). Exchange asymmetries incorrectly interpreted as evidence of endowment effect theory and prospect theory? American Economic Review, 97(4), 1449–66.
Plous, S. (1993). The psychology of judgment and decision making. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Pohl, R.F., and Hell, W. (1996). No reduction in hindsight bias after complete information and repeated testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 67, 49–58.
Poldrack, R.A. (2006). Can cognitive processes be inferred from neuroimaging data? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 59–63.
Politzer, G., and Noveck, I.A. (1991). Are conjunctional rule violations the result of conversational rule violations? Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 20, 83–103.
Pope, D.G., and Schweitzer, M.E. (2011). Is Tiger Woods loss averse? Persistent bias in the face of experience, competition, and high stakes. American Economic Review 101(1), 129–57.
Prelec, D. (1989). Decreasing impatience: Definition and consequences. Working paper 90-015, Harvard Business School.
------ (1998). The probability weighting function. Econometrica, 60, 497–528.
------ , and Loewenstein, G. (1998). The red and the black: Mental accounting of savings and debt. Marketing Science, 17(1), 4–27.
------ , and Simester, D. (2001). Always leave home without it: A further investigation of the credit-card effect on willingness to pay. Marketing Letters, 12(1), 5–12.
Prendergast, C. (1999). The provision of incentives in firms. Journal of Economic Literature, 37(1), 7–63.
Putler, D. (1992). Incorporating reference price effects into a theory of consumer choice. Marketing Science, 11, 287–309.
Quattrone, G.A., and Tversky, A. (1984). Causal versus diagnostic contingencies: On self-deception and on the voter’s illusion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 237–48.
Quiggin, J. (1982). A theory of anticipated utility. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 3(4), 324–45.
------ (1993). Generalized expected utility theory: the rank-dependent model. Boston: Kluwer Academic.
Rabin, M. (1993). Incorporating fairness into game theory and economics. American Economic Review, 83(5), 1281–302.
------ (2000). Diminishing marginal utility of wealth cannot explain risk aversion. In D. Kahneman and A. Tversky (Eds), Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: Cambridge University Press, 202–08.
------ (2002a). Inference by believers in the law of small numbers. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117, 775–816.
------ (2002b). A perspective on psychology and economics. European Economic Review, 46, 657–85.
------ , and Schrag, J.C. (1999). First impressions matter: A model of confirmatory bias. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, 37–82.
Rae, J. (1905/1834). The Sociologicial Theory of Capital. London: Macmillan. Raghubir, P., and Srivastava, J. (2009). The denomination effect. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(4), 701–13.
Ramanathan, S., and Williams, P. (2007), Immediate and delayed emotional consequences of indulgence: The moderating influence of personality type on mixed emotions, Journal of Consumer Research, 34, 212–23.
Ramnani, N., and Owen, A.M. (2004). Anterior prefrontal cortex insights into function from anatomy and neuromimaging. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5, 184–94.
Rangel, A. (2009). The computation and comparison of value in goal-directed choice. In P.W. Glimcher, C.F. Camerer, E. Fehr, and R.A. Poldrack (Eds), Neuroeconomics: Decision-Making and the Brain. London: Academic Press, 425–40.
Rapoport, A., and Budescu, D.V. (1997). Randomization in individual choice behavior. Psychological Review, 104, 603–7.
------ , Sundali, J.A., and Potter, R.E. (1996). Ultimatums in two-person bargaining with one-sided uncertainty: Offer games. International Journal of Game Theory, 25, 475–94.
------ , Weg, E., and Felsenthal, D.S. (1990). Effects of fixed costs in two-person sequential bargaining. Theory and Decision, 28, 47–71.
Rashes, M.S. (2001). Massively confused investors making conspicuously ignorant choices (MCI-MCIC). Journal of Finance, 56(5), 1911–27.
Read, D., Frederick, S., Orsel, B., and Rahman, J. (2005). Four score and seven years from now: The date/delay effect in temporal discounting. Management Science, 51(9), 1326–35.
------ , and Loewenstein, G. (1995). Diversification bias: Explaining the discrepancy in variety seeking between combined and separated choices. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 1, 34–49.
------ , and Read, N.L. (2004). Time discounting over the lifespan. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 94(1), 22–2.
------ , and Roelofsma, P. (2003). Subadditive discounting versus hyperbolic discounting: A comparison of choice and matching. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 91(2), 140–53.
------ , and van Leeuwen, B. (1998). Predicting hunger: The effects of appetite and delay on choice. Organizatonal Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76(2), 189–205.
Redelmeier, D.A., and Heller, D.N. (1993). Time preference in medical decision making and cost-effectiveness analysis. Medical Decision Making, 13(3), 212–17.
------ , and Kahneman, D. (1996). Patients’ memories of painful medical treatments: Real-time and retrospective evaluations of two minimally invasive procedures. Pain, 116, 3–8.
------ , and Shafir, E. (1995). Medical decision making in situations that offer multiple alternatives. Journal of the American Marketing Association, 273, 302–5.
------ , ------ , and Aujla, P. (2001). The beguiling pursuit of more information. Medical Decision Making, 21(5), 376–87.
------ , and Tversky, A. (1992). On the framing of multiple prospects. Psychological Science, 3(3), 191–3.
Regner, T., and Barria, J.A. (2009). Do consumers pay voluntarily? The case of online music. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 71(2), 395–406.
Resnick, M.D. (1987). Choices: An Introduction to Decision Theory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Reyna, V.F., and Brainerd, C.J. (1991). Fuzzy-trace theory and framing effects in choice: gist extraction, truncation, and conversion. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 4, 249–62.
Rha, J.-Y., and Rajagopal, P. (2001). Is time like money? Consumers’ mental accounting of time. Consumer Interest Annual, 47, 1–2.
Ridley, M. (1993). The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature. London: Viking.
------ (1996). The Origins of Virtue. London: Penguin.
------ (2004). Nature via Nurture. London: Harper Perennial.
Rilling, J.K., Gutman, D.A., Zeh, T.R., Pagnoni, G., Berus, G.S., and Kilts, C.D. (2002). A neural basis for social cooperation. Neuron, 35(2), 395–405.
------ , Sanfey, A.G., Aronson, J.A., Nystrom, L.E., and Cohen, J.D. (2004). Opposing bold responses to reciprocated and unreciprocated altruism in putative reward pathways. Neuroreport, 15(16), 2539–43.
Rind, B. (1996). Effects of beliefs about weather conditions on tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26(2), 137–47.
Risen, J.L., and Gilovich, T. (2007). Another look at why people are reluctant to exchange lottery tickets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(1), 12–22.
------ , and Critcher, C.R. (2011). Visceral fit: While in a visceral state, associated states of the world seem more likely. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 777–93.
Rizzo, J.A., and Zeckhauser, R.J. (2007). Pushing incomes to reference points: Why do male doctors earn more? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 63(3), 514–36.
Robinson, J. (1951). An iterative method of solving a game. Annals of Mathematics, 54, 296–301.
Robinson, T.E., and Berridge, K.C. (2003). Addiction. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 25–53.
Robson, A. (2002). Evolution and human nature. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(2), 89–106.
------ , and Samuelson, L. (2007). The evolution of intertemporal preferences. American Economic Review, 97, 492–5.
------ , and ------ (2009). The evolution of time preference under aggregate uncertainty. American Economic Review, 99(5), 1925–53.
------ , and Szentes, B. (2008). Evolution of time preference by natural selection: comment. American Economic Review, 98(3), 1178–88.
Rockenbach, B. (2004). The behavioral relevance of mental accounting for the pricing of option contracts. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 53, 513–27.
Roelofsma, P. (1994). Intertemporal Choice. Amsterdam: Free University.
Rogers, A.R. (1994). Evolution of time preference by natural selection. American Economic Review, 84, 460–81.
Ross, M., and Sicoly, F. (1979). Egocentric biases in availability and attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 322–36.
Roth, A.E., and Malouf, M. (1979). Game-theoretic models and the role of information in bargaining. Psychological Review, 86, 574–94.
------ , and Murnighan, J.K. (1982). The role of information in bargaining: An experimental study. Econometrica, 50, 1123–42.
------ , and Schoumaker, F. (1983). Expectations and reputations in bargaining: An experimental study. American Economic Review, 73(3), 362–72.
------, Prasnikar, V., Okuno-Fujiwara, M., and Zamir, S. (1991). Bargaining and market behavior in Jerusalem, Ljubljana, Pittsburgh and Tokyo: An experimental study. American Economic Review, 81(5), 1068–95.
Rozin, P., and Fallon, A.E. (1987). A perspective on disgust, Psychological Review, 94(1), 23–41.
------ , Millman, L., and Nemeroff, C. (1986). Operation of the laws of sympathetic magic in disgust and other domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(4), 703–12.
Rubinstein, A. (1988). Similarity and decision making under risk (Is there a utility solution to the Allais paradox?). Journal of Economic Theory, 46, 145–53.
------ (1989). The electronic mail game: Strategic behavior under ‘almost common knowledge’. American Economic Review, 79(3), 385–91.
------ (2003). “Economics and psychology”? The case of hyperbolic discounting. International Economic Review, 44(4), 1207–16.
Ryle, G. (1949). The Concept of Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sagi, A., and Friedland, N. (2007). The cost of richness: The effect of the sized and diversity of decision sets on post-decision regret. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(4), 515–24.
Saini, R., and Monga, A. (2008). How I decide depends on what I spend: Use of heuristics is greater with time than for money. Journal of Consumer Research, 34, 914–19.
Sally, D. (1995). Conversation and cooperation in social dilemmas: A meta-analysis of experiments from 1958 to 1992. Rationality and Society, 7, 58–92.
Samuelson, P.A. (1937). A note on measurement of utility. Review of Economic Studies, 4, 155–61.
------ (1963). Risk and uncertainty: a fallacy of large numbers. Scientia, 108–13.
Samuelson, W., and Zeckhauser, R.J. (1988). Status quo bias in decision making. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 1, 7–59.
Sanfey, A.G., Rilling, J.K., Aronson, J.A., Nystrom, L.E., and Cohen, J.D. (2003). The neural basis of economic decision-making in the ultimatum game. Science, 300, 1755–8.
Saunders, E.M. Jr. (1993). Stock prices and Wall Street weather. American Economic Review, 83(5), 1337–45.
Savage, L.J. (1954). The Foundations of Statistics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
Sayman, S., and Öncüler, A. (2009). An investigation of time inconsistency. Management Science, 55(3), 470–82.
Schelling, T.C. (1960). The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
------ (1984). Self-command in practice, in policy, and in a theory of rational choice. American Economic Review, 74(2), 1–11.
Schkade, D., and Kahneman, D. (1998). Does living in California make people happy? A focusing illusion in judgements of life satisfaction. Psychological Science, 9, 340–46.
Schmidt, U., and Zank, H. (2005). What is loss aversion? Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 30, 157–67.
------ , Starmer, C., and Sugden, R. (2008). Third-generation prospect theory. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 36(3), 203–223.
Scholer, A.A., Zou, X., Fujita, K., Stroessner, S.J., and Higgins, E.T. (2010). When risk seeking becomes a motivational necessity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(2), 215–31.
Scholten, M., and Read, D. (2006). Discounting by intervals: A generalized model of intertemporal choice. Management Science, 52(9), 1424–36.
Scholz, J.K., Seshadri, A., and Khitatrakun, S. (2003). Are Americans saving ‘optimally’ for retirement? Working paper, University of Wisconsin at Madison.
Schooler, J.W., Ariely, D., and Loewenstein, G. (2001). The pursuit and assessment of happiness can be self-defeating. In I. Brocas, and J.D. Carrillo (Eds), The Psychology of Economic Decisions. New York: Oxford University Press, 41–70.
-------, ------ , and ------. (2003). The Pursuit and Assessment of Happiness Can be Self-Defeating, in Isabelle Brocas and Juan Carrillo (Eds) The Psychology of Economic Decisions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schultz, W., Apicella, P., and Ljungberg, T. (1993). Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task. Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 900–13.
Schwarz, N. (1996). Cognition and Communication: Judgmental Biases, Research Methods, and the Logic of Conversation. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
------ , Strack, F., Hilton, D., and Naderer, G. (1991). Base rates, representativeness, and the logic of conversation: The contextual relevance of ‘irrelevant’ information. Social Cognition, 9, 67–84.
------ , Strack, F., Kommer, D., and Wagner, D. (1987). Soccer, rooms, and the quality of your life: Mood effects on judgments of satisfaction with life in general and with specific domains. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 69–79.
Schweitzer, M., and Solnick, S. (1999). The influence of physical attractiveness and gender on ultimatum game decisions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 79, 199–215.
Sen, A.K. (1977). Rational fools: A critique of the behavioral foundations of economic theory. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 6, 317–44.
------ (1987). On Ethics and Economics. Oxford: Blackwell.
------ (1990). Rational Behavior. In J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, and P. Newman (Eds), The New Palgrave: Utility and Probability. New York: Norton, 198–216.
Senior, N.W. (1836). An Outline of the Science of Political Economy. London: Clowes and Sons.
Shachat, J.M. (2002). Mixed strategy play and the minimax hypothesis. Journal of Economic Theory, 104, 189–226.
Shafir, E., Diamond P., and Tversky A. (1997). Money Illusion. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 341–74.
------ , and LeBoeuf, R. (2002). Rationality. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 491–517.
Shah, A.K., and Oppenheimer, D.M. (2008). Heuristics made easy: An effort-reduction framework. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 207–22.
Shapiro, J.M. (2005). Is there a daily discount rate? Evidence from the food stamp nutrition cycle. Journal of Public Economics, 89(2/3), 303–25.
Shapiro, M., and Slemrod, J. (2003). Consumer response to tax rebates. American Economic Review, 93, 381–96.
Shea, J. (1995a). Myopia, liquidity constraints, and aggregate consumption. Journal of Money, Credit, Banking, 27(3), 798–805.
------ (1995b). Union contracts and the life cycle/permanent income hypothesis. American Economic Review, 85(1), 186–200.
Shefrin, H.M., and Statman, M. (1984). Explaining investor preference for cash dividends. Journal of Financial Economics, 13, 253–82.
------ , and ------ (1985). The disposition to sell winners too early and ride losers too long. Journal of Financial Economics, 40, 777–90.
------ , and Thaler, R.H. (1992). Mental accounting, saving, and self-control. In G. Loewenstein, and J. Elster (Eds), Choice Over Time. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Sherif, M., and Sherif, C.W. (1964). Reference Groups: Exploration into Conformity and Deviation of Adolescents. New York: Harper and Row.
Shiv, B., Carmon, Z., and Ariely, D. (2005). Placebo effects of marketing actions: Consumers may get what they pay for. Journal of Marketing Research, 42(4), 383–93.
----- , and Fedorikhin, A. (1999). Heart and mind in conflict: the interplay of affect and cognition in consumer decision making. Journal of Consumer Research, 26(3), 278–92.
Shivakoti, G.P., and Ostrom, E. (Eds). (2002). Improving Irrigation Governance and Management in Nepal. Oakland, CA: ICS Press.
Shoda, Y., Mischel, W., and Peake, P.K. (1990). Predicting adolescent cognitive and self-regulatory competencies from preschool delay of gratification. Developmental Psychology, 26(6), 978–86.
Shogren, J.F., Shin, S.Y., Hayes, D.J., and Kliebenstein, J.B. (1994). Resolving differences in willingness to pay and willingness to accept. American Economic Review, 84(1), 255–70.
Shue, K., and Luttmer, E.F.P. (2009). Who misvotes? The effect of differential cognition costs on election outcomes. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 1(1), 229–57.
Sieck, W., and Yates, J.F. (1997). Exposition effects on decision making: Choice and confidence in choice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 70, 207–19.
Siegel, J. and Thaler, R. (1997). Anomalies: The equity premium puzzle. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11, 191–200.
Siemens, J.C. (2007). When consumption benefits precede costs: Towards an understanding of ‘buy now, pay later’ transactions. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 20, 521–31.
Simon, H.A. (1955). A behavioural model of rational choice. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69, 99–118.
------ (1956). Rational choice and the structure of the environment. Psychological Review, 63, 129–38.
------ (1957). Models of Man: Social and rational. New York: Wiley.
------ (1959). Theories of decision making in economics and behavioral science. American Economic Review, 49(3), 252–83.
------ (1978). Rationality as process and as product of thought. American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 68, 1–16.
------ (1990). Invariants of human behaviour. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 1–19.
Simonson, I. (1990). The effect of purchase quantity and timing on variety-seeking behaviour. Journal of Marketing Research, 17, 150–62.
Singer, T., Seymour, B., O’Doherty, J.P., Stephan, K.E., Dolan, R.J., and Frith, C.D. (2006). Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others. Nature, 439(7075), 466–9.
Skiba, P.M., and Tobacman, J. (2008). Payday loans, uncertainty, and discounting: Explaining patterns of borrowing, repayment and default. Unpublished.
Slacalek, J. (2006). What drives personal consumption? The role of housing and financial wealth. German Institute for Economic Research. September.
Sliwka, D. (2007). Trust as a signal of a social norm and the hidden costs of incentive schemes. American Economic Review 97(3), 999–1012.
Sloman, S.A. (1996). The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 3–22.
Slonim, R.L. and Guillen, P. (2010). Gender selection discrimination: Evidence from a trust game. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 76(2), 385–405.
------ , and Roth, A.E. (1998). Learning in high-stakes ultimatum games: An experiment in the Slovak republic. Econometrica, 66, 569–96.
Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., and Lichtenstein, S. (1982). Response mode, framing, and information-processing effects in risk management. In R. Hogarth (Ed.), New Directions for Methodology of Social and Behavioural Science: Question Framing and Response Consistency. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 21–36.
------ , and Lichtenstein, S. (1983). Preference reversals: A broader perspective. American Economic Review, 73, 596–605.
Slugoski, B.R., and Wilson, A.E. (1998). Contribution of conversation skills to the production of judgmental errors. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 575–601.
Smith, A. (1759/1892). The Theory of Moral Sentiments. New York: Prometheus. Smith, E.A., and Bird, R.B. (2005). Costly signaling and cooperative behavior. In H.
Gintis, S. Bowles, R. Boyd, and E. Fehr (Eds), Moral Sentiments and Material Interests: The Foundations of Cooperation in Economic Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 115–48.
Smith, G., Levere, M., and Kurtzman, R. (2009). Poker player behavior after big wins and big losses. Management Science, 55(9), 1547–55.
Smith, S.M., and Levin, I.P. (1996). Need for cognition and choice framing effects. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 9, 283–90.
Smith, V.L. (1990). Schools of Economic Thought: Experimental Economics. Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar.
------ (1991). Rational choice: the contrast between economics and psychology. Journal of Political Economy, 99, 877–97.
Soll, J.B., and Klayman, J. (2004). Overconfidence in interval estimates. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 299–314.
Solnick, S.J. (2001). Gender differences in the ultimatum game. Economic Inquiry, 39, 189–200.
Solomon, R.L. (1980). The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation. American Psychologist, 35, 691–712.
Soman, D. (1997). Contextual effects of payment mechanism on purchase intention: check or charge? Unpublished working paper, University of Colorado.
------ (2004). The effect of time delay on multi-attribute choice. Journal of Economic Psychology, 25(2), 153–75.
------ , and Cheema, A. (2002). The effect of credit on spending decisions: The role of the credit limit and credibility. Marketing Science, 21(1), 32–53.
------ , and Gourville, J.T. (2001). Transaction decoupling: How price bundling affects the decision to consume. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(1), 30–44.
Soster, R.L., Monga, A., and Bearden. W.O. (2010). Tracking costs of time and money: How accounting periods affect mental accounting. Journal of Consumer Research, December 2010.
Spitzer, M., Fischbacher, U., Herrnberger, B., Grön, G., and Fehr, E. (2007). The neural signature of social norm compliance. Neuron, 56, 185–96.
Stackelberg, H. von (1934). Marktform und Gleichtgewicht. Vienna: Julius Springer. Stahl, D.O. (1996). Boundedly rational rule learning in a guessing game. Games and Economic Behavior, 16, 303–30.
------ (1999a). Sophisticated learning and learning sophistication. University of Texas at Austin working paper.
------ (1999b). Evidence based rules and learning in symmetric normal-form games. International Journal of Game Theory, 28, 111–30.
------ (2000a). Rule learning in symmetric normal-form games. Games and Economic Behavior, 32, 105–38.
------ (2000b). Action-reinforcement learning versus rule learning. University of Texas at Austin working paper.
------ (2001). Population rule learning in normal-form games: Theory and evidence. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 45, 19–35.
------ , and Wilson, P. (1995). On players’ models of other players: Theory and experimental evidence. Games and Economic Behavior, 10, 218–54.
Stanovich, K.E. (1999). Who is Rational? Studies of Individual Differences in Reasoning. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
------ , and West, R.F. (1998). Individual differences in framing and conjunction effects. Thinking and Reasoning, 4, 289–317.
------ , and ------ (1999). Discrepancies between normative and descriptive models of decision making and the understanding/acceptance principle. Cognitive Psychology, 38, 349–85.
Starmer, C. (2000). Developments in non-expected utility theory: The hunt for a descriptive theory of choice under risk. Journal of Economic Literature, 38, 332–82.
------ (2005). Normative notions in descriptive dialogues. Journal of Economic Methodology, 12(2), 277–89.
------ , and Sugden, R. (1989). Violations of the independence axiom in common ratio problems: An experimental test of some competing hypotheses. Annals Operational Research, 19, 79–102.
------ , and ------ (1993). Testing for juxtaposition and event-splitting effects. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 6, 235–54.
------ , and ------ (1998). Testing alternative explanations of cyclical choices. Economica, 65(259), 347–61.
Stein, E. (1996). Without Good Reason: The Rationality Debate in Philosophy and Cognitive Science. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sterling, P., and Eyer, J. (1988). Allostasis: A new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. In S. Fisher, and J. Reason (Eds), Handbook of Life Stress, Cognition and Health. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 629–48.
Stewart, J., and Wise, R.A. (1992). Reinstatement of heroin self-administration habits: Morphine prompts and naltrexone discourages renewed responding after extinction. Psychopharmacology, 108, 779–84.
Stigler, G. (1965). The development of utility theory. In Essays in the History of Economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
------ (1981). Economics or ethics? In S. McMurrin (Ed.), Tanner Lectures on Human Values. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stone, E.R., Yates, F., and Parker, A.M. (1994). Risk communication: Absolute versus relative expressions of low-probability risks. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 60, 387–408.
Stouffer, S.A., Lumsdaine, A.A., Lumsdaine, M.H., Williams, Jr, R.M., Smith, I.L., and Cottrell, Jr, L.S. (1949). The American Soldier. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Strack, F., Martin, L.L., and Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(5), 768–77.
Straub, P., and Murnighan, K. (1995). An experimental investigation of ultimatum games: Information, fairness, expectations, and lowest acceptable offers. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 27, 345–64.
Strotz, R.H. (1955). Myopia and inconsistency in dynamic utility maximization. Review of Economic Studies, 23, 165–80.
Sugden, R. (2003). Reference-dependent subjective expected utility. Journal of Economic Theory, 111(2),172–91.
Suh, E., Diener, E., and Fujita, F. (1996). Events and subjective well-being: Only recent events matter. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1091–102.
Sunday Times, The (2010). Ciao, British shoplifter, I see you from ’ere. November 21. Sunstein, C.R., Kahneman, D., and Schkade, D.A. (1998). Assessing punitive damages. Yale Law Journal, 107, 2071–153.
Svenson, O. (1981). Are we all less risky and more skilful than our fellow drivers? Acta Psychologica, 9, 143–8.
Takemura, K. (1993). The effect of decision frame and decision justification on risky choice. Japanese Psychological Research, 35, 36–40.
------ (1994). Influence of elaboration on the framing of decisions. Journal of Psychology, 128, 33–9.
Taylor, S.E. (1991). Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization-minimization hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 67–85.
Temple, J.L., Giacomelli, A.M., Kent, K.M., Roemmich, J.N., and Epstein, L.H. (2007). Television watching increases motivated responding for food and energy intake in children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85, 355–61.
Terrell, D. (1994). A test of the gambler’s fallacy: evidence from pari-mutuel games. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 8(3), 309–17.
Tetlock, P.E. (2002), Social functionalist frameworks for judgment and choice: Intuitive politicians, theologians, and prosecutors, Psychological Review, 109, 451–71.
------ , Kristel, O.V., Elson, B., Green, M., and Lerner, J. (2000). The psychology of the unthinkable: Taboo trade-offs, forbidden base rates, and heretical counterfactuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 853–70.
Thaler, R.H. (1980). Toward a positive theory of consumer choice. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1, 39–60.
------ (1981). Some empirical evidence on dynamic inconsistency. Economic Letters, 8, 201–7.
------ (1985). Mental accounting and consumer choice. Marketing Science, 4, 199–214.
------ (1999). Mental accounting matters. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 12, 183–206.
------ , and Johnson, E.J. (1990). Gambling with the house money and trying to break even: The effects of prior outcomes on risky choice. Management Science, 36(6), 643–60.
------ , and Shefrin (1981). An economic theory of self-control. Journal of Political Economy, 89(2), 392–406.
------ , and Sunstein (2008). Nudge. London: Penguin.
------ , Tversky, A., Kahneman, D., and Schwartz, A. (1997). The effect of myopia and loss-aversion on risk taking: An experimental test. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112, 647–61.
------ , and Ziemba, W. (1988). Parimutuel betting markets: Racetracks and lotteries. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2, 161–74.
Tice, D.M., and Baumeister, R.F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8, 454–8.
Times, The (2006). Children’s champions demand a total ban on smacking. January 21. www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article716578.ece.
Titmuss, R.M. (1971/1987). The gift of blood. In B. Abel-Smith, and K. Titmuss (Eds), The Philosophy of Welfare: Selected Writings by R.M. Titmuss. London: Allen and Unwin.
Tobin, J. (1972). Inflation and unemployment. American Economic Review, 62(1), 1–18.
Tom, S.M., Fox, C.R., Trepel, C., and Poldrack, R.A. (2007). The neural basis of in decision making under risk. Science, 315, 515–18.
Train, K.E. (1991). Optimal regulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Tricomi, E., Rangel, A., Camerer, C.F., and O’Doherty, J. (2010). Neural evidence for inequality-averse social preferences. Nature, 463, 1089–92.
Trivers, R. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35–57.
------ (1985). Social Evolution. Reading, Mass.: Benjamin/Cummings.
------ (1991). Deceit and self-deception: The relationship between communication and consciousness. In M. Robinson and L. Tiger (Eds) Man and Beast Revisited, Washington DC: Smithsonian, 175–91.
------ (2011). Deceit and Self-deception: Fooling Yourself the Better To Fool Others. London: Allen Lane.
Tversky, A., and Griffin, D. (2000). Endowments and contrast in judgments of well-being. In D. Kahneman, and A. Tversky (Eds), Choices, Values and Frames. New York: Cambridge University Press and the Russell Sage Foundation.
------ , and Kahneman, D. (1971). Belief in the law of small numbers. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 105–10.
------ , and ------ (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 207–32.
------ , and ------ (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211, 453–8.
------ , and ------ (1982). Evidential impact of base rates. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, and A. Tversky (Eds), Judgement under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York: Cambridge University Press, 153–60.
------ , and ------ (1983). Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: the conjunction fallacy in probability judgement. Psychological Review, 90, 293–315.
------ , and ------ (1986). Rational choice and the framing of decisions. Journal of Business, 59, S251–S278.
------ , and ------ (1992). Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5, 297–323.
------ , Sattath, S., and Slovic, P. (1988). Contingent weighting in judgment and choice. Psychological Review, 93(3), 371–84.
------ , and Shafir, E. (1992). Choice under conflict. The dynamics of deferred decision. Psychological Science, 3(6), 358–61.
------ , Slovic, P., and Kahneman, D. (1990). The causes of preference reversal. American Economic Review, 80, 204–17.
Twenge, J.M., Baumeister, R.F., Tice, D.M., and Schmeichel, B. (2000). Decision Fatigue: Making Multiple Personal Decisions Depletes the Self’s Resources. Manuscript submitted for publication, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
Ülkümen, G., Thomas, M., and Morwitz, V.G. (2008). Will I spend more in 12 months or a year? The effect of ease of estimation and confidence on budget estimates. Journal of Consumer Research, 35, 245–56.
Usta, M., and Häubl, G. (2011). Self-regulatory strength and consumers’ relinquishment of decision control: When less effortful decisions are more resource depleting. Journal of Marketing Research, 48(2), 403–12.
Vaillant, G. (2000). Adaptive mental mechanisms: Their role in positive psychology. American Psychologist, 55, 89–98.
Valley, K., Thompson, L., Gibbons, R., and Bazerman, M.H. (2002). How communication improves efficiency in bargaining games. Games and Economic Behavior, 38, 127–55.
Van Boven, L., White, K, and Huber, M. (2009). Immediacy bias in emotion perception: Current emotions seem more intense that previous emotions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 138(3), 368–82.
Varey, C.A., and Kahneman, D. (1992). Experiences extended across time: evaluation of moments and episodes. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 5(3), 169–85.
Varian, H. (2006). Intermediate Microeconomics. London: Norton.
Veenhoven, R. (1988). Utility of happiness. Social Indicators Research, 20, 333–54.
Veit, R., Flor, H., Erb, M., Hermann, C., Lotze, M., Grodd, W., and Birbaumer, N. (2002). Brain circuits involved in emotional learning in antisocial behavior and social phobia in humans. Neuroscience Letters, 328(3), 233–6.
Venti, S.F., and Wise, D.A. (1987). Aging, moving, and housing wealth. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper.
Vohs, K.D., Baumeister, R.F., Schmeichel, B.J., Twenge, J.M., Nelson, N.M., and Tice, D.M. (2008). Making choices impairs subsequent self-control: A limited-resource account of decision making, self-regulation, and active initiative. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(5), 808–8.
Von Mises, L. (1949). Human action: A Treatise on Economics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Von Neumann, J., and Morgenstern, O. (1947). The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, 2nd edn; 1st edn 1944. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Vosgerau, J. (2010). How prevalent is wishful thinking? Misattribution of arousal causes optimism and pessimism in subjective probabilities. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 139(1), 32–48.
Waber, R., Shiv, B., Carmon, Z., and Ariely, D. (2007). Paying more for less pain. Working paper, MIT.
Wager, D.T., Rilling, J.K., Smith, E.E., Sokolik, A., Casey, K.L., Davidson, R.J., Kosslyn, S.M., Rose, R.M., and Cohen, J.D. (2004). Placebo-induced changes in fMRI in the anticipation and experience of pain. Science, 303, 1162
Wakker, P.P. (2003). The data of Levy and Levy (2002) “Prospect theory: Much ado about nothing?” actually support prospect theory. Management Science, 49(7), 979–81.
------ , Thaler, R.H., and Tversky, A. (1997). Probabilistic insurance. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 15, 5–26.
Walker, M., and Wooders, J. (2001). Minimax play at Wimbledon. American Economic Review, 91(5), 1528–38.
Wang, P., and Mariman, E.C. (2008). Insulin resistance in an energy-centered perspective. Physiology and Behavior. 94(2), 198–205.
Wang, X.T. (1996). Framing effects: Dynamics and task domains. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 68, 145–57.
------ , and Johnston, V.S. (1995). Perceived social context and risk preference: A re-examination of framing effects in a life-death decision problem. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 8, 279–93.
Wansink, B. (2006). Mindless Eating – Why We Eat More Than We Think. New York: Bantam-Dell.
------ , and Cheney, M.M. (2005). Super bowls: Serving bowl size and food consumption. Journal of the American Medical Association, 293(14), 1727–28.
------ , Just, D.R., and Payne, C.R. (2009). Mindless eating and healthy heuristics for the irrational. American Economic Review, 99(2), 165–9.
Wason, P.C. (1966). Reasoning. In B.M. Foss (Ed.), New Horizons in Psychology. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Weber, J.M., and Murnighan, J.K. (2008). Suckers or saviors? Consistent contributors in social dilemmas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 1340–53.
Weber, R. (2001). Behavior and learning in the ‘dirty faces’ game. Experimental Economics, 4, 229–42.
Wegner, D.M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101, 34–52.
------ (2002). The Illusion of Conscious Will. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Weil, P. (1989). The equity premium puzzle and the risk-free rate puzzle. Journal of Monetary Economics, 15, 145–61.
Weinstein, N.D. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 806–20.
Weizsäcker, G. (2010). Do we follow others when we should? A simple test of rational expectations. American Economic Review, 100(5), 2340–60.
Wertenbroch, K. (1996). Consumption self-control via purchase rationing. Working paper, Yale University.
Wetherick, N.E. (1971). Representativeness in a reasoning problem: A reply to Shapiro. Bulletin of the British Psychologal Society, 24, 213–14.
Whewell, W. (1840). The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, Founded upon Their History. London.
Wilcox, K., Vallen, B., Block, L., and Fitzsimons, G. (2009). Vicarious goal fulfilment: When the mere presence of a healthy option leads to an ironically indulgent decision. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(3), 380–93.
Wilkinson, G.S. (1984). Reciprocal food sharing in the vampire bat. Nature, 308, 181–4.
Wilkinson, J.N. (1996). Marketing in the health club industry. PhD dissertation, City University, London.
------ (2003). Frequency of price promotion: A consumer deadline model. Working paper, Department of Business and Economics, Richmond the American International University in London.
------ (2004). Utility theory and evolutionary psychology: Some implications and empirical evidence. Working paper, Department of Business and Economics, Richmond the American International University in London.
Williams, A.C. (1966). Attitudes toward speculative risks as an indicator of attitudes toward pure risks. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 33, 577–86.
Williams, G.C. (1966). Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Wilson, E.O. (1998). Consilience. London: Little, Brown.
Wilson, T.D., Lindsay, S., and Schooler, T.Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107(1), 101–26.
------ , and Schooler, T.Y. (1991). Thinking too much: Introspection can reduce the quality of preferences and decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(2), 181–92.
------ , Gilbert D.T., and Centerbar, D.B. (2003). Making sense: The causes of emotional evanescence. In J. Carrillo and I. Brocas (Eds), The Psychology of Economic Decisions, Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 209–33.
------ , Wheatley, T., Meyers, J.M., Gilbert, D.T., and Axsom, D. (2000). Focalism: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 821–36.
Windmann, S., Kirsch, P., Mier, D., Stark, R., Walter, B., Güntürkün, O., and Vaiti, D. (2006). On framing effects in decision making: Linking lateral versus medial orbitofrontal cortex activation to choice outcome processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 1198–1211.
Winkler, R. (2006). Does ‘better’ discounting lead to ‘worse’ outcomes in long-run decisions? The dilemma of hyperbolic discounting. Ecological Economics, 57(4), 573–82.
Winston, G.C. (1980). Addiction and backsliding: A theory of compulsive consumption. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1, 295–324.
Wong, W.K. (2008). How much time-inconsistency is there and does it matter? Evidence on self-awareness, size, and effects. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 68, 645–56.
World Values Survey 1981–2007, World Values Survey Organization. Aggregate File Producer: ASEP/JDS, Madrid.
Wortman, C.B., Silver, R.C., and Kessler, R.C. (1993). The meaning of loss and adjustment to bereavement. In M.S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, and R.O. Hansson (Eds), Handbook of Bereavement: Theory, Research, and Intervention. New York: Cambridge University Press, 349–66.
Wozniak, D. (2011). Gender differences in a market with relative performance feedback: Professional tennis players. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, forthcoming.
Wu, G., and Gonzalez, R. (1996). Curvature of the probability weighting function. Management Science, 42, 1676–90.
----- , and Markle, A.B. (2008). An empirical test of gain-loss separability in prospect theory. Management Science, 54(7), 1322–35.
Wunsch, J.S., and Olowu, D. (Eds). (1995). The Failure of the Centralized State: Institutions and Self-Governance in Africa. 2nd edn. Oakland, CA: ICS Press.
Xiao, E., and Houser, D. (2005). Emotion expression in human punishment behavior. Experimental, 0504003.
Yariv, L. (2005). I’ll see it when I believe it: A simple model of cognitive consistency. Mimeo.
Yates, J.F., and Watts, R.A. (1975). Preferences for deferred losses. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13(2), 294–306.
Zahavi, A. (1975). Mate selection – A selection for a handicap. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 53, 205–14.
Zak, P.J. (2011). The physiology of moral sentiments. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 77(1), 53–65.
------ , Kurzban, R. and Matzner, W. T. (2004). The neurobiology of trust. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1032, 224–7.
------ , Stanton, A.A., and Ahmadi, S. (2007). Oxytocin Increases Generosity in Humans. PLoS ONE 2(11): e1128. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001128
Zhou, C. (1999). Informational asymmetry and market imperfections: Another solution to the equity premium puzzle. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 34(4), 445–69.
Zhu, R., Chen, X., and Dasgupta, S. (2008). Can trade-ins hurt you? Exploring the effect of a trade-in on consumers’ willingness to pay for a new product. Journal of Marketing Research, 45, 159–70.
Zillman, D. (1978). Attribution and misattribution of excitatory reactions. In J.H. Harvey, W.J. Ickes, and R.F. Kidd (Eds), New Directions in Attribution Research, Vol. 2. Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 335–68.
Zink, C.F., Pagnoni, G., Martin, M.E., Dhamala, M., and Berns, G.S. (2003). Human striatal response to salient nonrewarding stimuli. Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 8092–7.
Zuckerman, M. (1979). Attributions of success and failure revisited, or: The motivational bias is alive and well in attribution theory. Journal of Personality, 47, 245–87.