Introduction
1. Ralph V. Turner, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of France, Queen of England, New Haven and London, 2009, pp, 104–122.
2. Yves Renouard, Bordeaux sous Les Rois d’Angleterre, Bordeaux, 1965, pp. 24–30.
3. Ibid., p, 225.
4. Renouard, p. 61.
5. Ibid. pp. 64–65.
6. Sandrine Lavaud, Une communauté enracinée; les Anglais à Bordeaux à la fin du Moyen Age, Revue de Bordeaux et de la Gironde, No.1, 2002 pp. 35–48.
Chapter 1
1. Yves Renouard, Bordeaux sous les rois d’Angleterre Bordeaux, 1965, p. 413. E.F. Jacob, The Fifteenth Century 1399–1485, Oxford, 1961, pp. 11–27.
2. Jonathan Sumption, Trial by Fire, The Hundred Years War II, p. 445–448.
3. M.G.A. Vale, English Gascony, Oxford, 1970, p. 53.
4. Ibid., p. 43.
5. Christopher Allmand, Henry V, London, 1992, p. 55.
6. Vale, p. 53.
7. Jonathan Sumption, Cursed Kings, The Hundred Years War IV, London, 2015, p.200.
8. Ibid., p. 210.
9. Allmand, Henry V, p. 12.
10. Leo Drouyn, La Guienne Anglaise, Bordeaux, Paris, 1860, p. 301.
11. Sumption, IV, pp. 210–214.
12. Renouard, pp. 415–417.
13. Sumption, IV, pp. 217–220.
14. J.H. Shennan, The Parlement of Paris, Stroud, 1998, pp. 161–162.
15. Joseph Calmette, Les Dernières étapes du Moyen Âge Français, Paris, 1944, pp 34–35.
16. Froissart, Chronicles, Trans., Geoffrey Brereton, London, 1978, pp. 395–396.
17. V.H.H. Green, The Madness of Kings, Personal Trauma and the Fate of Nations, Stroud, 1993, pp.72–86.
18. Philippe Contamine, Charles VII, une vie, une politique, Paris 2017, p. 30, my translation.
19. Calmette, Moyen Âge Français, pp. 67–81.
20. Allmand, pp. 48–49.
21. Ed., F.W.D. Brie, London 1906 & 1908, Vol II, p. 271. www.dartmouth.edu
22. K.B. McFarlane, Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights, Oxford, 1972, p. 110.
23. Allmand, p. 54.
24. Juliet Barker, Agincourt The King, the Campaign, the Battle, London, 2006, p. 21
25. Vale, pp. 62–66.
26. Philippe Contamine, Charles VII, Une vie, une politique, Paris, 2017, pp. 28–33.
27. Sumption, IV, p. 366. See also K.B. McFarlane, Henry V, A Personal Portrait, in Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights, p. 124.
28. Contamine, pp. 29–32.
29. Allmand, pp. 66–70. Sumption IV, pp. 370–372.
30. Sumption, IV, pp. 374–384.
31. Allmand, pp. 72–74.
32. Jenny Stratford, ‘Par le special commandement du roy’. Jewels and Plate Pledged for the Agincourt Expedition, in Henry V, New Interpretations, ed. Gwilym Dodd, York, 2013, pp. 163 & 168.
33. Allmand, pp. 74–78.
34. Ibid, pp. 78–82.
35. To name two recent studies, essential for understanding the events: Anne Curry, The Battle of Agincourt, Sources and Interpretations, Woodbridge, Rochester NY, 2000 & 2009. and Juliet Barker, Agincourt, The King, The Campaign, the Battle, London, 2005.
36. Barker, Agincourt, p. 222.
37. Ibid., pp. 221–223.
38. Jules Michelet, Histoire de France, Paris, 1840, Tome VI, p. 20.
39. Barker, Agincourt, pp. 237 & 239.
40. Ibid., pp. 244–247.
41. Ibid., p. 247.
42. Ibid., p. 261.
43. Cursed kings, The Hundred Years War IV, London, 2015.
44. Henry V, The Conscience of a King, New Haven and London, 2016.
45. The London Review of Books, 19 May 2016, p. 29.
46. La Guerre de Cent Ans, Paris, 1945, p. 9. Keith Dockray, Henry V, pp. 11 & 68.
47. Ibid., p. 205. My translation and my emphasis.
48. Michelet found this phrase in the monk of St Albans, Thomas Walsingham’s, Chronicle.
49. Jules Michelet, Histoire de France, Tome VI, Paris, 1840, pp. 37–38. See also Anne Curry, The Battle of Agincourt, Sources and Interpretations, p. 166.
50. Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights, p. 126.
51. Ibid., pp. 129–131.
Chapter 2
1. Helen Castor, Joan of Arc, A History, London, 2014, pp. 36–40. Of the many accounts of this event, this one is particularly poignant.
2. Philippe Contamine, Charles VII, Une vie, une politique, Paris, 2017, pp. 28–34.
3. Maurice Keen, Nobles, Knights and Men-at-Arms in the Middle Ages, London & Rio Grande, 1996, pp.235–238.
4. Gwilym Dodd, Agincourt: Henry’s Hollow Victory, in History Today, 10 October 2016.
5. Juliet Barker, Conquest, p. 88.
6. Ecclesiastes 10, 16.
7. Conquest, p. 88.
8. Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship, Cambridge, 1996, p. 31.
9. Michael Hicks, The Wars of the Roses, New Haven and London, 2012, pp. 15–26.
10. Henry V, Act 4, Scene 2.
11. David Grummitt, Henry VI, London, 2015, p. 29.
12. Ibid., p. 15.
13. Ibid., pp. 16–18.
14. Ibid., p. 20.
15. Ibid., p. 27.
16. Henry V, The Conscience of a King, New Haven and London, 2016, p. 172.
17. Grummitt, Henry VI, p. 64.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., p. 65.
20. Ibid., pp. 66–67.
21. Ibid., p. 67.
22. Beaucourt, Vol I, p. 241 & Vol II, p. 55.
23. Beaucourt Vol 1, p. 243.
24. Grummitt, p. 68.
25. Michael K Jones, The Battle of Verneuil (17 August 1424): Towards a History of Courage (2002), War in History, 9, pp. 375–411, in Kelly de Vries, Ed., Medieval Warfare, 1300–1450, London & NY, 2016. Google Books (which does not permit more precise pagination for quotations).
26. Beaucourt, Vol II pp. 60–61.
27. Beaucourt, Vol II pp. 60–61.
28. Juliet Barker, Conquest, The English Kingdom of France in the Hundred Years War, London, 2009, reprinted 2010, p. 78.
29. Beaucourt, Volume II, p. 64.
30. The phrase was coined by Alfred H. Burne, The Agincourt War, London, 1956, reprinted Ware, 1999, p.196. It is also Juliet Barker’s title for her chapter on the events in Conquest, London, 2009, reprint 2010, pp. 76–92.
31. Beaucourt’s words
32. Michael K. Jones, Op. cit.
33. Hétéroclite : the word is used by Georges Minois.
34. Journal d’un bourgeois de Paris de 1405 à 1449. Texte original présené et commenté par Colette Beaune, Paris, 1990, p. 211–212.
35. Michael K. Jones, Ibid.
36. Minois, Charles VII, pp. 192–194. Grummitt, Henry VI, p. 69.
37. Barker, Conquest, pp. 79–80.
38. Michael K. Jones, Ibid. Google Books.
39. Barker, Conquest, p.80.
40. Boris Bove, Le Temps de la guerre de cent ans 1328–1453, Paris, 2009, p. 460. A salut was worth 1.10 livres tournois.
41. Grummitt p. 68 and Jones, op. cit.
42. Grummitt, pp. 68–69.
43. Barker, Conquest, p. 81.
44. Ibid., p 83.
45. Ibid.
46. V.H.H. Green, The Later Plantagenets, London, 1955, pp. 299–301 from which are taken all but one of the phrases between quotation marks in homage to a respected teacher.
47. Barker, Conquest, p. 85.
48. Ibid., p. 86.
49. R.A. Griffiths, Henry VI, p. 73.
50. Grummit, p. 58.
51. R.A. Griffiths, Henry VI, p. 73.
52. C.L. Kingsford, ed., The Chronicles of London, 1905, cited by Griffiths., p. 77.
53. Griffiths, p. 78.
54. Ibid., p. 79.
55. Ibid., p. 81.
56. Barker, Conquest, p. 88.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid., p. 92.
Chapter 3
1. Barker, Conquest, pp. 95–97.
2. Helen Castor, Joan of Arc, A History, London, 2009, pp. 77–86.
3. Ibid., p. 28.
4. Ibid., pp. 69–70.
5. Ibid., p. 90. M.G.A. Vale asserted that the Anjou family’s involvement ‘would be impossible to prove.’ Charles VII, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1974. p. 50.
6. Castor, pp. 97–133.
7. Journal d’un Bourgeois de Paris de 1405 â 1449, Paris, 1990. p. 266.
8. Castor, pp. 153–164.
9. Grummitt, Henry VI, pp. 74–79.
10. Grummitt, Henry VI, pp. 74–79.
11. Bove, pp. 446–448.
12. Grummitt, Henry VI, pp. 94–97.
13. Malcolm Vale, Henry V, The Conscience of a King, New Haven and London, 2016, pp.144–145 & 177–178.
14. Donald Matthew, The Norman Monasteries and their English Possessions, Oxford, 1962.
15. I owe this observation to Dr. Robert W. Dunning, formerly Somerset County Archivist.
16. Bertram Wolffe, Henry VI, pp. 142–143.
17. The Nobility of Later Medieval England, Oxford, 1973, p. 284.
18. Grummitt, p 108.
19. R.A. Griffiths, The Reign of King Henry VI, London, 1981, p. 275.
20. Ibid., p. 277.
21. Bertram Wolffe, Henry VI, London, 1981, p. 92.
22. Wolffe, pp. 154–159.
23. Charles Samaran, La Maison, d’Armagnac au XVe siëcle et les dernières luttes de la féodalité dans le midi de la France, Paris, 1908, p. 78. Nabu Public Domain Reprints.
24. Archives Historiques de la Gironde, Tome 16, 1878, p. 243.
25. Samaran, p.79, n.1.
26. This episode is well documented in English sources: Nicholas Harris Nicholas, ed., A Journal by one of the Suite of Thomas Beckyngton … during an embassy to negotiate a marriage between Henry VI and a daughter of the count of Armagnac, A.D. 1442, London 1828 (Google Books), and George Williams, ed., Official Correspondence of Thomas Beckynton, Vol. 2, Cambridge, 2012, re-published from The Rolls Series, London 1872. For an assessment of Thomas Beckynton himself, see Robert W. Dunning, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition ad loc.
27. Charles Samaran, Comment une des filles de Jean IV d’Armagnac faillit d’être reine d’Angleterre (1442–1443), Revue de Gascogne, January 1901, pp. 376–387. Persée.
28. Ibid. p. 384.
29. Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship, Cambridge, 1996.
30. The Wars of the Roses, Politics and the Constitution in England, c1437–1509, Cambridge, 1997, p. 115. See also Grummitt, Henry VI, pp. 103–107.
31. Wolffe, p. 123.
32. Ribadieu, pp. 140–142.
33. Ribadieu, pp. 137–138.
34. www.gasconrolls.org/en/edition/calendars/C61_126/document/html, No. 27. 22 August 1436.
35. www.gasconrolls.org/en/edition/calendars/C61_127/document/html, No. 81. 15 July 1437 (Ribadieu’s note says 5).
36. Ribadieu. p. 140.
37. Ibid., p. 142.
38. Official Correspondence of Thomas Beckynton, Secretary to King Henry VI and (afterwards) Bishop of Bath and Wells, Vol 2, Ed., George Williams, 1872, re-published, Cambridge, 2012, pp. 186–190.
39. Ribadieu, p. 151.
40. Official Correspondence, pp. 191–193.
41. Ribadieu, p. 154.
42. Ibid., p. 195.
43. Ibid., pp. 156–157 (my translation). Ribadieu had contacted the Bodleian Library at Oxford for this document., cited as Ashm. Ms. 789, fol. 179.
44. Ibid., p. 159.
45. Ibid., pp 155–161.
46. Ibid., p. 163.
47. Beaucourt, Charles VII, Vol III, pp. 232–246.
48. Wolffe, p. 190.
49. Ibid., pp. 269–174.
50. Marie-Louise des Garets, Un Artisan de la renaissance française au XVme siècle, Le Roi René, Paris, 1946, p. 131.
51. Helen E. Maurer, Marguerite of Anjou, Queenship and Power in Late Medieval England, Woodbridge, p. 19.
52. Gerald Harriss, Shaping the Nation, England 1360–1461, Oxford, 2005, pp. 178–179.
53. R.A. Griffiths, The Reign of Henry VI, Stroud, 1981, p. 486.
54. Ibid., pp. 326–328.
55. Griffiths, pp. 486–489 and Maurer pp. 19–22.
56. Griffiths, pp. 492–494.
57. Maurer, p. 33.
58. Ibid., p. 11.
59. Griffiths, pp. 494–495.
60. John Benet’s Chronicle 1399–1461, ed., & trans., Alison Hanham, Basingstoke and New York, 2016, p. 23.
61. Barker, Conquest, p. 346
62. Barker, Conquest, p. 337.
63. Ibid., p. 358.
Chapter 4
1. Maurice Keen, Nobles, Knights and Men-at-Arms in the Middle Ages, London amd Rio Grande, 1996, p. 234.
2. Georges Minois, Charles Le Téméraire, Paris, 2015, pp. 19–20.
3. Boris Bove, p. 448.
4. Gaston du Fresne de Beaucourt, Charles VII, Tome III, Le Reveil du roi, Paris, 1885, pp. 69–70.
5. Buch was his lordship situated near the Bassin d’Archachon to the south-west of Bordeaux.
6. Robert Boutruche, La Crise d’une société, Seigneurs et paysans du Bordelais pendant la Guerre de Cent Ans, Paris, 1947, p. 399.
7. Ibid., p. 400.
8. Denys Joly d’Aussy, Bulletin de la Société des Archives Historiques XIV, 1894, La Saintonge pendant la guerre de Cent Ans, p. 388.
9. www.gasconrolls.org C61_129, N° 64. M.G.A. Vale, English Gascony, p. 108.
10. Robert Favreau, L’Histoire de l’Aunis et de la Saintonge, Vol II, Le Moyen Age, La Crêche, 2014, p. 349.
11. Arch. Comm. de Saint-Jean d’Angély, CC8, cited by Favreau.
12. Boutruche, Crise, p. 400.
13. Ribadieu, Conquête, p. 128.
14. Boutrouche, Crise, p. 400.
15. Ibid., p. 401.
16. These cover seven pages of close print in Beaucourt, Charles VII, Vol II: pp. 402–409.
17. Hippolyte Dansin, Etude sur le gouvernement de Charles VII, Strasbourg, 1856, pp. 41–45.
18. Robert Favreau, La Praguerie en Poitou, Bibliothèque de l’Ecole des Chartes, 1971, Livraison 2, p. 285. www.persee.fr.
19. Jean Chartier, Chronique de Charles VII, roi de France, Vol I, ed., Vallet de Viriville, 1858, p. 258.
20. Peter H. Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire; A Thousand Years of Europe’s History, London, 2016, p. 99.
21. Favreau, Praguerie in Poitou, p. 278.
22. Favreau, Saintonge, p. 349.
23. Robert Garnier, Dunois, le bâtard d’Orléans (1401–1468), Paris, 1999, p. 230.
24. G. Clémont-Simon, Un Capitaine de routiers sous Charles VII, Jean de La Roche, Revue des questions historiques, July 1895, pp. 41–42, www.gallica.bnf.fr.
25. Beaucourt, Charles VII, Vol III, pp. 116–120.
26. George Minois, Charles VII, Un roi shakespearien, Paris, 2005, pp. 396–397.
27. Ibid., p. 398.
28. See also Beaucourt, Charles VII, Vol III, pp. 123–135.
29. Jean Chartier, Chronique de Charles VII, roi de France, Ed., Vallet de Viriville, Paris, 1858, Tome I, pp. 254–255.
30. Favreau, Praguerie en Poitou, pp. 291–292.
31. Ibid., p. 296.
32. Robert Favreau, Régis Reich et Yves-Jean Rioux, Eds., Bonnes Villes du Poitou et des pays charentais, Poitiers, 2002, p. 408.
33. Favreau, Praguerie in Poitou, p. 292.
34. Beaucourt, Charles VII, Vol III, pp. 126–127.
35. E.g., by Bernard de Rosier, Provost of the church in Toulouse, a King’s Counsel and one of Lomagne’s enthusiastic supporters.
36. La Chronique d’Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Ed., L. Douët-d’Arcq, Paris, 1861, Vol V, p. 414.
37. Georges Minois, Charles VII, p. 402.
38. Beaucourt, Charles VII, Vol III, p. 134.
39. Ibid., pp. 170–171.
40. Ibid., p. 133.
41. Ibid., pp. 131–132.
42. Christine Carpenter, The Wars of the Roses, politics and the constitution in England, c1437–1509, Cambridge, 1997, p. 96.
43. Boris Bove, Le Temps de la Guerre, pp. 451–452.
44. Kelly DeVries & Robert Douglas Smith, Medieval Military Technology, Toronto, 2012, p. 159. Boris Bove, Le Temps, p. 452.
45. Bove, Ibid.
46. Barker, Conquest, p. 359.
47. Guillaume Leseur, Histoire de Gaston IV, comte de Foix, Ed.. HenriCourteault, Vol I, Paris, 1893, Classic Reprint, pp. 120–128.
48. Monstrelet, Tome II, p. 25, & Preuves de la Chronique de Mathieu d’Escouchy, p. 15.
49. Favreau, Praguerie en Poitou, p. 293.
50. Charles Samaran, La Maison d’Armagnac au XVe siècle et les dernières luttes de la féodalité dans la Midi de la France, Paris, 1908, Primary Source Edition, p. 46.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid., pp. 62–63.
54. Ibid., p. 65.
55. Ibid., pp. 71–73.
56. Chronique, Ed., Douet d’Arc, Paris, 1857, pp. 292–293.
57. Ibid.
58. Samaran, p, 74.
59. Ibid., p. 75, and Pièce justificative N°3, p. 368.
60. Ibid., p. 76.
61. Ibid., p. 78.
62. Ibid., pp. 89–90.
63. Ibid., p. 90, n.1.
64. Beaucourt, Charles VII, Vol III, p. 225.
65. Samaran, Maison, p. 90.
66. Ibid., p. 92.
67. Ibid., pp. 93–99.
Chapter 5
1. R.A. Griffiths, The Reign of King Henry VI, pp. 510–511.
2. M.G.A. Vale, Charles VII, 1974, pp. 118–119.
3. B.de Mandrot, Louis XI et le drame de Lectoure, Revue historique (Paris), 1888, pp. 241–242, www.Gallica.
4. Gaston Fresne de Beaucourt, Histoire de Charles VII, Tome V, Le Roi victorieux, Paris, 1890, p. 40, n. 1.
5. Ibid., p. 45, n. 2.
6. Ibid., p. 45.
7. John Benet’s Chronicle 1399–1462, An English Translation with a New Introduction, ed. Alison Hanham, Basingstoke and New York, 2016, p. 30.
8. Beaucourt V, p. 43.
9. Ribadieu, Conquête, p. 173.
10. Ibid.
11. Jean Chartier, Chronique de Charles VII, Ed., Vallet de Viriville, Paris, 1858, Tome II, p. 242.
12. Ribadieu, Conquête, p. 175.Jean Chartier, Chronique de Charles VII, Ed.
13. Raymond Corbin, Histoire du dernier archevêque gascon, Pey Berland, et du pays bordelais au XVème siècle.
14. Nicholas Harris Nicholas, Journal of a Member of the suite of Thomas Beckington, London, 1828, p. 201.
15. Corbin, ibid., provides details, pp. 136–137. A more general account is found in Chartier, p. 247.
16. Corbin, ibid., p.140.
17. Ibid., pp. 139–140, and Boutruche, Crise, p. 406.
18. Ibid., p.140.
19. Ibid., p. 138.
20. Jean Glenisson, La Reconstruction agraire en Saintonge méridionale au lendemain de la guerre de Cent ans, Revue de la Saintonge et de l’Aunis, 1975, p. 65.
21. Chartier, II, pp. 249–253.
22. Ibid., pp. 255–260.
23. Corbin, Pey Berland, p. 141.
24. Chartier II, pp. 255–260.
25. Corbin, Pey Berland, pp. 141–142.
26. Georges Minois, Charles VII, p. 643.
27. A.H.G., Vol X, N°36, p. 79.A
28. Yves Renouard, Bordeaux sous les Rois d’Angleterre, Bordeaux, 1965, p. 27.
29. Registres de la Jurade, Tome III, 8 January 1407, cited by Sandrine Lavaud.
30. Sandrine Lavaud, Bordeaux et le Vin au Moyen Age, Luçon, 2003, pp. 99–101. Forton’s will is archived as ADG 3 E 0807 f° 49, dated April 1445.
31. A.H.G., Tome LVI, 1925–27, pp. 34–38.
32. R.A. Griffiths, Henry VI, p.529.
33. Ibid.
34. British History Online: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/parliament-rolls-medieval/march-1453Introduction.
35. Benet’s Chronicle, p. 32.
36. Ribadieu, pp. 217ff.
37. Ibid., p. 219.
38. Corbin, Pey Berland, p. 145.
39. Ribadieu, p. 224, and Corbin, Pey Berland, p. 145.
40. Ribadieu, p. 226.
41. Ibid., p. 232.
42. Livre des Bouillons, fol. 142, v° (see Bibliography).
43. Ibid., fol. 141 v°.
44. Ribadiau, p. 235.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid., p. 236.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid., p. 237. The full text of the treaty is given by Jean Chartier, Vol II, pp. 279–291. The treaty embodies all that Charles VII wrote in a letter to the citizens of Bordeaux from Saint-Jean d’Angély, dated 20 June 1451, BnF Dupuy I [1.1 ark:/12148/CC883885] N° 153. Thanks are due to Mme Véronique Martin, at the time responsable du site de Jonzac des Archives départementales de la Charente-Maritime, for her transcription of the king’s letter.
49. Jules Balasque, avec la collaboration de E. Deleurens, Etudes Historiques sur la ville de Bayonne, Tome III, Bayonne, 1875, p. 468.
50. Ibid., p. 474.
51. Ibid., p. 479.
52. Ibid., p. 483.
53. See also M.G.A. Vale, English Gascony, pp. 133–135.
54. Balasque-Dulaurens., p. 488.
55. Ribadieu, p.169. In reprisal for the act of treason, Henry VI’s council deprived Beaumont of his lordship of Curton in the Entre-Deux-Mers and gave it to the Jurade of Bordeaux who had asked for it, the better to defend themselves from attack. www.gasconrolls.org, C61_137, N°4.See also Guilhem Pépin’s introductory note to this roll.
56. Ibid., p. 189.
57. Balasque-Dulaurens, pp. 491–492.
58. Ibid., p. 493, citing Archives de Bayonne, AA 1, p. 356.
59. Ibid., p. 496.
60. Ibid., p. 497.
61. Ribadieu, p. 255.
62. Balasque-Dulaurens, p. 497.
63. Balasque-Dulaurens says there were twelve pinnaces and one warship.
64. Guillaume Leseur, Histoire de Gaston IV, Comte de Foix, Ed., Henri Courteault, Paris, 1893, pp. 206–213.
65. Ibid., Vol I, p. 214, where also n. 2 says that the account of the cross in the sky is also given in the Preuves of Mathieu d’Escouchy, not in full daylight but at seven in the morning, citing a letter from Foix and Dunois to the king.
66. Balasque-Dulaurens, p. 499.
67. Leseur, Vol I. pp. 218–219.
68. Joan of Arc, A History, London, 2015. p. 20.
Chapter 6
1. Yves Renouard, Bordeaux sous les rois d’Angleterre, p. 513.
2. Corbin, Pey Berland, p. 283.
3. Ribadieu, p. 253. Jehan de Wavrin, Receuil des Chroniques et anchiennes istoires de La Grant Bretaigne à présent nommé Engleterre, ed., William and L.C.P. Hardy, London, 1891, Reprint, Cambridge, 2012, Vol 5, p. 185.
4. Ibid., p. 257.
5. Ribadieu, pp. 258–259.
6. Histoire des règnes de Charles VII et de Louis XI, Ed., J. Quicherat, Paris, 1855–1859, pp. 257–258.
7. www.gasconrolls.org ad loc.
8. Beaucourt, Charles VII, Tome V, pp. 262–263
9. Chartier, Tome II, p. 330.
10. Ibid., p. 331.
11. Histoire des règnes de Charles VII et de Louis XI, Ed., J. Quicherat, Tome I, Paris, 1855–1859, p. 260.
12. The Last Years of English Gascony, 1451–1453, T.R.H.S., Series 19 (1969), p.126.
13. Conquête, p. 269.
14. Charles VII, Tome V, pp. 263–264.
15. La Crise, p. 408.
16. Bordeaux sous les rois d’Angleterre, p. 515.
17. M.G.A. Vale, Last Years, pp. 126–127.
18. Ibid
19. John Watts, Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship, p. 287n, 288, 319n, 347n, 350n.
20. Vale, Last Years, p. 127 (citing A.D.G., G 1160, f° 88v and La Cartulaire de l’Eglise Collégiale de Saint-Seurin, Ed, J. Bruteils, 1897, p. xxxvii). See also Robin Harris, Valois Guyenne, Woodbridge and Rochester NY, 2005, p. 9.
21. See below.
22. A.J. Pollard, John Talbot and the War in France,1427–1453, Barnsley, 2005, (R.H.S., 1983), pp. 65–70.
23. Joseph Stevenson, Letters and Papers illustrative of the wars of the English in France, Vol 2, Part II, p. 589. Forgotten Books.
24. See below.
25. Vale, Last Years, p. 124.
26. http://www.britishhistory.ac.uk:rymer-foedera:vol 11/ pp. 303–318 and www.gasconrolls.org, C61_139, N° 17.
27. Variétés bordelaises, Tome II, pp. 361–363.
28. Marcel Gourion, Receuil des Privilèges accordés par Charles VII et Louis XI, Bordeaux, 1938, N°VI, p. 46.
29. Vale, Last Years, p. 138, and A Fifteenth Century Interrogation of a Political Prisoner, B.I.H.R., 1970.
30. A.H.G., Tome XII, 1870, p. 343.
31. Michael Hicks, The Wars of the Roses, New Haven and London, 2012, pp. 49–55.
32. Joseph Stevenson, Letters and Papers, Vol 2, Part II, pp. 379–482.
33. John Watts, Henry VI, pp. 294–296.
34. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/parliament-rolls-medieval/march-1453
35. R.A. Griffiths, Henry VI, p. 391.
36. Boutrouche, La Crise, p. 409n.
37. Joseph Stevenson, Letters and Papers, Vol 2, Part II, pp. 486–494. Forgotten Books.
38. I am indebted to Mr Tom Edlin who teaches history at Westminster School for information on this topic.
39. Boris Bove, Le Temps de la Guerre de Cent Ans, 1328–1453, Paris, 2013, pp. 465–470.
40. M.G.A. Vale, Charles VII, pp. 127–134, Beaucourt, Charles VII, Tome V, pp. 85–133 & 426–433 and Edouard Perroy, La Guerre de Cent Ans, Paris, 1945, pp. 290–291.
41. Jean-Yves Ribault, The Palace of Jacques Coeur, Paris, 2008, passim.
42. Beaucourt, Charles VII, Tome V, pp. 268–269.
43. Beaucourt, Supplément aux preuves de Mathieu d’Escouchy, p. 33.
44. Beaucourt, Charles VII, Tome V, p. 270.
45. Ibid., pp. 271–272.
46. A.J. Pollard, John Talbot, p. 127, citing Chronique, ed., de Beaucourt, Tome II, 1864, pp. 34–35.
47. Ibid., citing Jean de Bueil, Le Jouvencel, texte établi et annoté par Léon Lecestre, Paris, 1887, p. 296.
48. Ribadieu, p. 299, based on Thomas Basin, Tome I, p. 265.
49. Conquête, p. 312.
50. Charles VII, pp. 604–605.
51. Mémoires de J. du Clercq, Ed., Frédéric, Baron Roffenberg, Tome II, Brussels, 1823, Livre III, pp 152–161 (Google Books).
52. Malcolm Vale, War and Chivalry, London, 1981, p. 76.
53. Kelly de Vries & Robert Douglas Smith, Medieval Military Technology, Toronto, 2nd Edition, 2012, pp. 85–86.
54. A.J. Pollard, ONDB, Oxford, online edition, 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26932
55. A.J. Pollard, John Talbot, the War in France 1427–1453, R.H.S., 1983, and Barnsley, 2005, p. 123.
56. Ibid., p. 138, n36.
57. Beaucourt, Charles VII, Tome V, p. 276.
58. See also Lt-Col. Alfred H. Burne, The Agincourt War, London,1956, re-issued, Ware, 1999, pp. 331–342.
59. A.J. Pollard, John Talbot, p. 138.
60. Philippe Contamine, Charles VII, une vie, une politique, Paris, 2017, p. 307.
61. Ibid., pp. 307–308.
62. I owe this sentence to Mr Tom Edlin.
63. David Grummitt, Henry VI, Abingdon and New York, 2015, p. 170.
64. A.F. Pollard, John Talbot, pp. 122–124.
65. K.B. McFarlane, England in the Fifteenth Century, Collected Essays, London, 1981, pp. 23–43, though modified by others since then.
66. See Helen Castor, Blood and Roses, The Paston Family and the Wars of the Roses, London 2004.
67. War and Chivalry, London,1981, p. 162.
68. Ibid., p. 161.
69. ‘Jamais, dit-il, je n’oyrai messe, ou j’aurai aujourd’hui rué jus (jeté à terre) la compagnie des Français qui est là-bas dans ce parc devant moi. ‘ Ribadieu, Conquête, pp. 296–297.
70. A.J. Pollard, John Talbot, pp. 133–134.
71. Chronique, Vol II, p. 7.
72. A.J. Pollard, John Talbot, p.126. See also Sean McGlynn, By Sword and Fire, Cruelty and Atrocity in Medieval Warfare, London, 2008, p. 216, and the discussion in Maurice Keen, Chivalry, New Haven and London, 1984, pp. 224–237.
73. A.J. Pollard, John Talbot, p. 129, author’s italics.
74. M.G.A. Vale, Last Days, p. 132, and see Beaucourt, Tome V, p. 262.
75. Ibid.
76. www.gasconrolls.org, C61_139, 31 Henry VI, N°66.
77. Jacques Baurein, Variétés bordelaises, ou essai historique et critique sur la topologie ancienne et moderne du Diocèse de Bordeaux, 1784, Tome I, pp. 206–207.
78. Ribadieu, pp. 275–277.
79. A. Peyrègne, Les Emigrés gascons en Angleterre (1453–1485), Annales de Midi, Tome 66, N° 26, 1954, p. 115, n.20.
80. Ribadieu, p. 272.
Chapter 7
1. Ribadieu, p. 333.
2. Ibid
3. See Léo Drouyn, Bordeaux vers 1450, description topographique, Livre I, Bordeaux 1871, re-issued 2009, and the two volumes of his topographical engravings, Léo Drouyn et Bordeaux, Saint-Quentain-de-Baron, 2011.
4. Camille Favre, Introduction biographique au Jouvencel, Paris, 1887, pp. ccvi-ccvii.
5. Beaucourt, Charles VII, Tome V, p. 278.
6. Barker, Conquest, p. 362.
7. www.gasconrolls.org C61_139, N° 66
8. Ribadieu, p. 335.
9. Marcel Gourion, Recueil des privilèges accordés à la ville de Bordeaux par Charles VII et Louis XI, Bordeaux, 1938, Annexe, pp. 177–182.
10. Ibid., p. 178.
11. R.A. Griffiths, Henry VI, p. 352.
12. Ribadieu, p. 337, citing Chartier, p. 269.
13. Ribadieu, p. 340.
14. Guillaume Leseur, Histoire de Gaston de Foix, Tome II, p. 26.
15. Ribadieu, p. 344. Ribadieu’s account of the siege and capitulation of Bordeaux leans heavily upon the Chronique de Mathieu d’Escouchy, the continuator of Monstrelet, cited by him as de Coucy.
16. Ibid., p. 342; Beaucourt, Charles VII, Tome V, p. 281.
17. Ribadieu, Conquête, p. 347.
18. Ribadieu, p. 350.
19. Ibid., p. 351.
20. Ibid, p. 352, citing Jean Chartier.
21. Ibid., p. 353.
22. Registres du Parlement de Paris, cited by Dom Devienne, Histoire de Bordeaux, p. 549
23. Ibid.
24. A.H.G., Tome II, Livre des Privilèges, pp. 243–256.
25. Ribadieu, p. 355.
26. Ibid., p. 356.
27. Marcel Gourion, Recueil, pp. 183–184.
28. Ribadieu, p. 358.
29. John Benet’s Chronicle 1399–1462, An English Translation with a New Introduction, Alison Hanham, ed., Basingstole and New York, 2016, p. 35.
30. Ribadieu, p. 377.
31. Ribadieu, p. 377.
32. Ibid., p. 378 and n.2.
33. Vale, Last Years, p. 129.
34. www.gasconrolls.org, C61_139, N°69.
35. Ibid., preamble.
36. On 17 February 1454, Charles VII had given his small lordship in the Landes at Trau to Gerard of Albret. (Ribadieu, p. 382.)
37. Ribadieu, pp. 379–382. Boutruche, Crise, p. 413.
38. A.H.G., 1888, pp. 365–366.
39. Robin Harris, Valois Guyenne, p. 110.
40. Michel Suffran, Le Guide du Bordelais, Besançon, 1991, pp. 96 and 396.
41. Michel Bochaca and N. Fouchère, La Construction des châteaux de Hâ et de Tropeyte, in Anne-Marie Cocula and Michel Combet, Château et ville : actes et rencontres d’archéologie et histoire en Perigord, les 28, 29 et 30 septembre 2001, Bordeaux, 2002, pp. 53–64.
42. Marc Seguin, Jonzac à la fin du Moyen Âge, Revue de Saintonge et Aunis, XXXVII, 2011, p. 61.
43. J.M.Pardessus,Table chronologique des Ordonnances des rois de France de la troisième race Vol XVII, Paris,1847, p.439. Google Books.
44. A.D.C-M., E262
45. Robin Harris, Valois Guyenne, Woodbridge and Rochester NY, 1994, p. 100.
46. Robin Harris, Valois Guyenne, Woodbridge and Rochester NY, 1994, p. 26.
47. A.H.G., Tome V, Livre des coûtumes, Ed., Henri Barkhausen, N° 23, pp. 642–680.
48. Ribadieu, Conquête, Préface, p. xi.
49. Yves Perotin, Les Chapitres bordelais contre Charles VII, Annales de Midi. Revue historique, archéologique et philologique de la France méridionale, Tome 63, N° 13, 1951, p.34ff. www.persée.fr.
50. www.gasconrolls.org, 61_139, N° 18.
51. Henri Barkhausen, ed., A.H.G., Tome XII, 1870, pp. 342–343.
52. Perotin, Chapitres, p. 36.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid., p. 37.
55. Vallet de Viriville, Histoire de Charles VII, Tome III, p. 328.
56. Ribadieu, pp. 420–421.
57. Perotin, Chapitres, p. 38.
58. Gourion, Recueil, p. 84.
59. Perotin, Ibid.
60. Ibid
61. Ibid., p. 39.
62. Ibid.
63. A.H.G., Vol XI, p. 396.
64. Perotin, Chapitres, p. 40.
65. A.H.G., Tome IX, pp. 227–231, 303–305 & 309–310 (Minutes of the Grands Jours).
66. Perotin, Chapitres, p. 41.
67. Ibid., p. 41.
68. Harris, Valois Guyenne, p. 96.
69. Ibid., p. 97.
70. See above, pp. 51–55.
71. Helen Castor, Joan of Arc, A History, pp. 222–242.
Chapter 8
1. Beaucourt, Charles VII, Tome I, pp.228–230.
2. Ibid., Tome II, pp. 395–397.
3. Harris, Valois Guyenne, p. 28.
4. Pierre Prétou, The Subjection of the Landes and Southern Aquitaine by the king of France (1441–1463), in Guilhem Pépin, ed., Anglo-Gascon Aquitaine, Problems and Perspectives, Woodbridge, 2017, p.175.
5. Ibid., pp. 178–179.
6. Illustration 4.
7. Prétou, Subjection, pp. 176–177.
8. Ibid
9. Joseph Stevenson, Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English in France During the Reign of Henry VI, King of England, Vol I, p. 343.
10. Robin Harris, Valois Guyenne, p. 28 &n.
11. Stevenson, ibid., cited in Prétou, Subjection, p. 173.
12. Prétou, ibid., p. 180.
13. Robin Harris, Valois Guyenne, p. 25.
14. Ribadieu, p. 401, nn. 1 & 2.
15. Paul Marchegay, La Rançon d’Olivier de Coëtivy, extrait de la Bibliothèque de l’Ecole des Chartes, Vol XXXVIII, 1877, pp. 5–6, 21–23 & 24–25, ADC-M Br 5219, cited by Robin Harris, Valois Guyenne, p. 27.
16. Marchegay, Rançon, p. 21.
17. Ibid.
18. Gourion, Recueil, p. 65.
19. Henri Barkhausen, ed., A.H.G., Tome IX, pp. 81–83.
20. Lettres de Marie de Valois, fille de Charles VII et Agnès Sorel, à Olivier de Coëtivy, Seigneur de Taillebourg, son mari, 1458–1472, Les Roches Baritaud, 1875, ADC-M, Br 5219.
21. Beaucourt, Charles VII, Tome VI, pp. 432–434, which leans on Marchegay’s two publications.
22. Sandrine Lavaud, Bordeaux et le vin au Moyen Age, Luçon, 2003, pp. 165–180.
23. Ibid., p. 209.
24. A.H.G. IX, N°. 24., pp. 680–685.
25. Christine Carpenter, The Wars of the Roses, Cambridge, 1997, p. 105.
26. E.M. Carus-Wilson, The Effects of the Acquisition and of the Loss of Gascony on the English Wine Trade, B.I.H.R., XXI, N°. 63, 1947, reproduced in Medieval Merchant Venturers, Collected Studies, London & New York, 1954, p.271ff. This section leans heavily upon this article.
27. A.H.G. XXXVIII, pp. 223–228, cited in Carus-Wilson, Effects, p. 273, n. 2.
28. Carus-Wilson, Effects, p. 274.
29. Ibid., pp. 274–275.
30. Ibid., p. 276.
31. Ibid, p. 277, citing A.H.G. IX pp. 447ff.
32. Prétou, Subjection, p. 180.
33. Carus-Wilson, Effects, pp. 274–278.
34. Les Conséquences de la conquête de la Guyenne par le roi de France pour le commerce des vins de Gascogne, Annales de Midi, Tome 61, 1948, pp. 15–31.
35. M. Gourion, Recueil des privilèges accordés à la ville de Bordeaux par Charles VII et Louis XI, Bordeaux, 1938, p. 20.
36. Ibid., p. 25, cited by Renouard, Conséquences, p. 20.
37. Renouard, Conséquences, p. 21.
38. Ibid., citing E. Power and M. Postan, Studies in English Trade in the XVth Century, London, 1933, pp. 1–28 & 321–360.
39. Renouard, Conséquences, p. 22. His authority is M. Gouron, L’Amirauté de Guyenne, Paris 1938, p. 113. The details are different from those given by Miss Carus-Wilson, above, p. 18.
40. Ibid., pp. 22–23.
41. A.H.G., Tome IX, p. 404.
42. Conséquences, p. 23.
43. Ibid., p. 24.
44. Ibid.
45. Gourion, Recueil, p. 123.
46. Ibid., pp. 123–124.
47. E.g., Théophile Malvezin, Histoire du commerce de Bordeaux depuis les origines jusqu’au nos jours, Bordeaux, 1892, Vol II, pp. 19–22. www.gallica.bnf.fr
48. Gourion, Recueil, pp. 106–107.
49. Renouard, Conséquences, p. 25.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid., p. 26.
52. www.gasconrolls.org C61_144.
53. Renouard, Conséquences, p. 27.
54. Ibid., p. 28.
55. Ibid.
56. Samaran, La Maison d’Armagnac, pp. 164–174.
57. Renouard here cites Calmette & Périnelle, Louis XI et l’Angleterre, pp. 91–92 & 106.
58. Renouard, Conséquences, p. 30.
59. See also : A. Peyrègne, Les Emigrés gascons en Angleterre (1453–1485), Annales du Midi, Tome 66, N°. 26, 1954, pp. 113–128.
60. Gourion, Recueil, pp. 73–75.
61. Studies in the Medieval Wine Trade, Oxford, 1971, p. 85.
62. Ibid.
63. www.gasconrolls.org, ad loc.
64. Ibid.
65. James, Wine Trade, p. 86.
66. Ibid., pp. 86–88.