The Year Without Summer

INDEX

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Adams, Henry

Adams, John

Adams, John Quincy

agriculture, see farming; farming, in U.S.

Albany Argus

Albany Daily Advertiser

Albany Gazette

alcohol

Alexander I, Tsar

almanacs

American Advocate

American Atheneum

American Beacon

American Colonization Society

anemometers

apocalyptic predictions

Artois, Count d’

Asia

Association for the Relief of the Manufacturing and Labouring Poor

Austen, Jane

death of

Emma

Persuasion

Austria

Awu

Bacon, Thomas

Baldwin, Thomas

Baltimore American

Bank of England

Barker, Francis

barometers

Batavian Society

Beaufort, Francis

beef

Belgium

Benares

Bend, Joseph

Bengkulu

Bentley, William

Bima

birds

Blucher, Gebhard Leberecht von

Bonaparte, Joseph

Bonstetten, Charles Victor de

Borgia, Lucrezia

Brackett, Adino

Brande, William Thomas

Brandreth, Jeremiah

Brattleboro Reporter

bread, see grain and bread

Britain, see Great Britain

British Critic

British East India Company

Brougham, Henry

Bullard, Isaac

Burdett, Francis

Burr, Aaron

Bury and Norwich Post

Byron, George Gordon, Lord

“Darkness”

death of

Cambridge, Duke of

Canada

farming in

Montreal

Quebec

Capel, Caroline

Carlos of Spain

Caroline of Naples and Sicily, Princess

Cartwright, John

Castle of Chillon

Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Lord

Catherine the Great

Catholic Church

cattle

Caulaincourt, Marquis de

Chambersburg Democratic Republican

Charlotte, Queen

Charlotte of Wales, Princess

Cheyne, John

China

“Christabel” (Coleridge)

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Clairmont, Claire

Clausewitz, Carl von

Clausius-Clapeyron relationship

Clinton, DeWitt

clouds

coal

Cobbett, William

Cochrane, Lord

cold fronts

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor

Columbian

Comet of 1811

Compensation Act

computers

Congregational Church

Connecticut Courant

Coriolis, Gaspard-Gustave

corn

Corn Laws

cotton

Crawford, William Harris

Crèvecoeur, St. John de

Curchod, Suzanne

Daily Advertiser

Daily National Intelligencer

Dalton Minimum

Daniell, John Frederic

Danville North Star

“Darkness” (Byron)

Dartmouth College

Dartmouth Gazette

da Silva Tedim, José Manuel

de Berry, Duc

Decazes, Élie

Declaration of Independence

fortieth anniversary of signing of

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The (Gibbon)

deforestation

de Krüdener, Baroness

Democratic-Republicans

Denmark

Descartes, René

de Staël, Madame

Dewey, Chester

Dickerson, Mahlon

Didier, Jean-Paul

disease

typhus

Disraeli, Benjamin

Doctrinaires

Dompo

Dorset, Duchess of

Dracula (Stoker)

drought

Drury Lane Theatre

Dunbar, William

Dwight, Timothy

earthquakes

Eastern Argus

East India Company

eclipses:

lunar

solar

Edward III, King

Elba

election of 1816

electricity

Elizabeth I, Queen

Emma (Austen)

Enlightenment

Essay on the Influence of a Low Price of Corn on the Profits of Stock, An (Ricardo)

Essay on the Principle of Population, An (Malthus)

Europe, Continental:

British exports to

cool temperatures in

emigration to U.S. from

farming in

rain in

resumption of trade between Britain and

winter of 1815–16 in

winters in

see also religion

Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft, see Shelley, Mary Godwin

Godwin, William

Goodrich, Samuel

grain and bread

corn

Corn Laws and

in France

imports and exports of

in Ireland

oats

prices of

wheat harvesting

Great Britain

Bank of England

beggars in

Board of Agriculture report in

cold and snow in

conspiracy in

Corn Laws in

East India Company

economy of

exports to Europe

farming in

financial markets in

improved relations between U.S. and

Ireland and

Irish uprising against

Java and

Napoléon and

Parliament

Poor Employment Act

rain in

reform clubs in

relief efforts in

resumption of trade between Continent and

riots and protests in

taxes in

textile manufacturing in

unemployment in

War of 1812

Great Comet of 1811

Great Lakes

ice in

Greece

Greenland

Gresik

Gulf of Mexico

Gunong Gede

Hadley, George

hail

Hall, Frederick

Halley, Edmund

Hallowell American Advocate

Hamilton, Alexander

Harper’s

Harwood, Benjamin

Hastings, Lord

Hatcher, Harlan

Hawthorne, Nathaniel

Henry, Joseph

Henry III, King

Hereford Journal

Herschel, Frederick William

Hobhouse, John

Holyoke, Edward Augustus

Hone, William

horses

Huaynaputina

Hugo, Victor

Humphreys, William

Hungary

Hunt, Henry

Hunt, Leigh

Huskisson, William

hygrometers

ice

in Great Lakes

in North Atlantic

ice ages

Iceland

Illinois

India

Indiana

Inverness

Ireland

Britain and

Catholics in

crime in

diets in

economy of

emigration to U.S. from

farming in

Great Famine in

humanitarian relief in

Inverness incident in

land values in

movement toward cities in

nationalist uprising in

police forces in

population of

potatoes in

Protestants in

public gatherings in

rain and cold in

relief efforts in

rural population of

typhus in

unemployment in

iron

Irving, Washington

Italy

colored snowfall in

Jackson, Andrew

Java

British possession of

Jefferson, Thomas

weather observations of

Jerome, Chauncey

jet stream

John, Saint

John VI, King

Johnson, Richard

Jones, William

Kent, Duke of

King, Rufus

Krakatoa

Laki

Lamb, H. H.

Lancaster Gazetteer

Lancaster Sands (Turner)

landscape artists

Turner

Latrobe, Benjamin

Lausanne

Leavitt, Dudley

Leigh, Augusta

Leopold I, King

Lewis, Matthew Gregory “Monk”

lightning rods

lightning storms

Linguet, Simon-Nicholas Henri

Lining, John

liquor

Little, Enoch

Liverpool, Robert Jenkinson, Lord

London

sunsets in

London Chronicle

London Examiner

London Star

Louis XIV, King

Louis XVI, King

Louis XVIII, King

Louisiana

Lowell, Frances Cabot

lunar eclipse

Lyon

Mackenzie, George

MacLaurin, John

Madison, Dolley

Madison, James

Executive Mansion of

popularity of

weather observations of

Maine

emigration out of

Malthus, Thomas Robert

maple syrup

Maria, Queen

Marie Antoinette

Marie Thérèse de France

Marshall, John

Mary, Princess

Maryland Gazette

Massachusetts

Mather, Cotton

Maunder, Edward

Maunder Minimum

Mease, James

Mersenne, Marin

meteorology

instruments used in

medicine and

theological

Metternich, Klemens von

Milan

Milbanke, Annabella

milk

Mill, James

millennialists

miners

Mississippi River

Monroe, James

Montreal

Montreal Herald

moon

eclipse of

Moor’s Charity School

Mormon Church

Morning Chronicle

Mount Agung

Mount Mayon

Mount St. Helens

Mount Tambora

eruptions of

Mount Tambora eruption of 1815

aerosol cloud from

ash cloud from

cooling from

deaths from

explosions in

magnitude of

news of

preliminary eruption

pumice from

pyroclastic flows from

rainstorm following

tremors from

tsunami from

Murray, John

Napoléon I, Emperor

in Battle of Waterloo

exile in Elba

Raffles and

return to Paris

National Register

Native Americans

Natural Theology

Navier, Claude-Louis

Navier-Stokes equations

Necker, Jacques

Netherlands

Neuville, Jean-Guillaume Hyde de

Newcastle Mercury

New England

emigration out of

farming in

fields of ice in

forest fires in

rain in

New England Palladium

New Hampshire

Dartmouth College in

textile industry in

New-Hampshire Patriot

New-Hampshire Sentinel

New York City

New York Evening Post

Nicholas, Wilson Cary

Niles, Hezekiah

Niles’ Weekly Register

Noel, Lady

Norfolk Beacon

Norfolk Chronicle

North America:

debate over climate change in

in winter of 1815–16

North American Review

North and South poles

cyclonic vortex near

North Atlantic Oscillation

North Carolina

Novarupta

nuclear bombs

oats

ocean temperatures

O’Connell, Daniel

Ohio

olive oil

Oliver, William

omega blocks

orchards

Paley, William

Paris

Pascal, Blaise

peace

Peel, Robert

Pennsylvania

farms in

Philadelphia

Pittsburgh

Perceval, Spencer

Persuasion (Austen)

Petersburg Intelligencer

Philip V, King

Phillips, Owen

Picture of Philadelphia (Mease)

Pilgrims

Pinatubo

Place, Francis

Plumer, William

Polidori, John W.

Political Register

pollution

Poor Employment Act

pork

Portugal

Post, John D.

presidential election of 1816

Priestly, J. B.

Prince, Thomas

Prince Regent (George IV)

Providentialism

Prussia

Quarterly Review

Quebec

Quebec Gazette

Raffles, Stamford

Napoléon and

Raffles, Thomas

rain:

in Continental Europe

drought

in Great Britain

in Ireland

in New England

in Virginia

Randolph, John

religion

apocalyptic predictions

French Revolution and

Pilgrims and

prayers

processions

revival movements

in upstate New York

Revelation, Book of

Ricardo, David

Richardson, Lew Fry

Richmond Enquirer

Robbins, Samuel

Robbins, Thomas

Rocca, Albert Jean Michel de

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques

Royal Academy of Sciences

Royal Cornwall Gazette

Royal Meteorological Society

Rumford’s soup

Rush, Richard

Rutland Herald

Saint Helena

Sanggar

Santa Maria

Saussure, Horace-Bénédict de

Schwarzenberg, Karl

science

Scotland

Selkirk, Earl of

sheep

Shelley, Frances, Lady

Shelley, Harriet Wentworth

Shelley, John

Shelley, Mary Godwin

death of

Frankenstein

half-sister of

Percy’s marriage to

Shelley, Percy Bysshe

death of

Mary’s marriage to

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley

Shindell, Drew

Sidmouth, Lord

Simond, Louis

Singapore

Sismondi, Jean Charles Leonard Simonde de

slavery

Smith, Adam

Smith, David C.

Smith, Don Carlos

Smith, Joseph

Smith, Joseph, Jr.

Smith, Lucy

snow

colored

in spring and summer of 1816

Société Royale de Médecine

soil temperatures

Soufrière

South Carolina

Spain

spring of 1816

squirrels

steamboats

Stendhal

Stilwell, Lewis

Stockbridge Star

Stoker, Bram

Stokes, George Gabriel

Sumatra

Sumbawa

Sumenep

summer of 1817

sun

eclipse of

magnetic field around

prediction of extinguishment of

sunsets

sunspots

superstition

Surakarta

Switzerland

crime in

emigration out of

famine in

Taiwan

Tambora (village)

Tambora (volcano)

eruption of 1815, see Mount Tambora eruption of 1815

eruptions of

Teignmouth

telegraph

temperatures:

cooling from Mount Tambora

of Earth interior

in Europe

North American climate change

Teramo

textile industries

thermometers

Thomas, David

Thompson, Benjamin

Times (London)

Tompkins, Daniel

Torricelli, Evangelista

trade winds

Transactions of the American Philosophical Society

Turner, William

Twomey, Sean

“Two-Penny Trash”

typhus

United States:

Bank of

cities in

Compensation Act in

Congress of

Declaration of Independence anniversary in

Democratic-Republicans in

emigration from Europe to

farming in, see farming, in U.S.

federal budget of

Federalists in

improved relations between Britain and

manufacturing in

national debt of

nationalism in

Native American tribes in

political parties in

population growth in

presidential election of 1816

Spain and

taxes in

transportation in

War of 1812

winter of 1815–16 in

University of Virginia

Vermont

Vermont Journal

Vermont Mirror

Vermont Register and Almanac

Vesuvius

vineyards

Virginia, 138,1 59–60

volcanic eruptions:

computer simulations of

cooling temperatures caused by

Eyjafjallajökull

Huaynaputina

Krakatoa

Laki

measurement of

Mount Agung

Mount St. Helens

Novarupta

Pinatubo

Santa Maria

Vesuvius

Volcanic Explosivity Index

Volney, Comte de

Voltaire

warm fronts

War of 1812

Waterloo, Battle of

weather:

collection of measurements and statistics on

diaries on

disease correlated with

forecasting of

Jefferson’s observations on

Madison’s observations on

in summer of 1811

in summers immediately preceding 1816