Note: Italic f and t refer to figures and table respectively.
A
active learning 93
Adams, J. L. 550; Conceptual Blockbusting 502
adequate grounds 251
advance organizers 80
advertisement, role of inference in 116–19
Advertising Age 526
affective forecasting 367
affirming the antecedent 188
affirming the consequent 188–9
Alferink, Larry 330
Allan, R. A. 7
Allan, Teresa 545
Allen, James L. 44
American Management Association 5
American Psychiatric Association 130
analogies 124–8, 277, 494–7, 529–31
Anderson, B. F. 181
Animal Farm (Orwell) 131
antecedent 187
Appleton-Knapp, S. L. 16
Arbitman-Smith, R. 127
Archer, T. 522
Archimedes 530
arguments: and actively open-minded thinking 243–6; analyzing 258–9; anatomy of 232–9; diagramming the structure of 239–43; evaluating the strength of 246–58; explaining as knowing 266–81; against the person 269–70; persuasion and propaganda 264–6; template for writing 259–64; visual 282–6
Aristotle 124
Arum, Richard 17
“as if” statement 455
association effects 268
associative networks 59–61, 59f
assumptions 237
Atkinson, R. C. 99
attitudes, changing with syllogisms 217–18
Australian Skeptics Society 306
authority, appeals to 277
automatic memory 73
automatic thinking 9
Avnim-Pesso, Liora 421
awareness of noncognitive factors 83
B
Ball, Linden J. 178
bandwagon technique 270
Barkun, M. 329
Barnum, P. T. 34
Baron, J. 405
Baron, Jonathan 429
Barzan, George. 20
Basadur, M. 466
Basadur, T. 466
because statements 242
Bechky, B. A. 522
Beecher, Henry Ward 136
Begley, Sharon 224
behavior, predictably irrational 10
Bell, Alexander Graham 496
Bell, C. 281
Berger, D. 411
Bergman, Ingrid 88
beyond a reasonable doubt 198, 338
biased discounting 427
biases: in decision making 428–9; in memory 105–7; in risk assessment 386–8
Bible Code (Drosnin) 347
bionics 532
bisociative thinking 518
Bjork, R. A. 16
black or white fallacies 272
Blink (Gladwell) 40
Bloom, P. 325
Bluedorn, Hans 270
Boden, Margaret A. 525
Boninger, Faith 12
Bonnefon, Jean-Francoise 143, 435
Boxer, Barbara 413
Brennan, Tim 237
Brennan, William J. 139
Brock, Bill 5
Brown, A. L. 17
Brown, Rex V. 429
Bruer, J. T. 27
Buffet, Warren 265
Bugliosi, V.: Till Death Us Do Part 127
Bunche, Ralph 460
Bush, George W. 35, 67–8, 214–15
Butler, H. A. 20
C
Campione, J. C. 17
Campos, A. 549
candidates for office, goals of 12
Carey, J. 7
Caspe, W. 460
categorical reasoning 201
causal direction reversal 544
Ceci, S. J. 92
Center for Science in the Public Interest 34, 35
Chabris, C. F. 61
Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas 535
Chang, J. 122
change blindness blindness 62
Chatterjee, Sumana 556
checklists, creative ideas 542–5
choices, decision making 402–3
Christie-Davies’ Theorem 339
Chronicle of Higher Education 45
Cialdini, R. B. 444; “World’s Greatest Car Salesman” 418–19
circle diagrams 202–9, 204f, 215–17
circular reasoning 274
class inclusion rules 159
closed mind 21
cognitive economy 133
cognitive process instruction 10
Cognitive Reflection Test 36
Cole K. C. 321
collective intelligence 498
college graduates, thinking skills of 5
combinatorial reasoning 199–200
communication: and comprehension of language 114–16, 115f; rules for 119–24
comprehension and memory 78–80
comprehension of language 151–69; concept maps 156–67; guidelines 168–9; re-representation 152–5; spatial representation of thought 167–8; strategies for 151–2
concept maps 156–67; hierarchies 158; linear arrays 156–7, 157f; matrices 164–7, 164t, 165f, 166f; networks 158–64, 158f, 160t
Conceptual Blockbusting (Adams) 502
conclusion indicators 236
conclusions 175–6, 235–6; of arguments 233; based on evidence 263–4; supported by premises 250–5
conditional logic 186
confidence judgments, degree of 94
confirmation bias 105–6, 185, 192–5, 244–5, 406–9
confounding 300
consequences, evaluation of 425–9
consequent 187
Consumer Reports 165
context to evaluate meaning 123, 146–8
contingency relationships 186
continuum 275
contrast to evaluate meaning 146–8
convenience samples 300
convergent structures 241
convergent validity 318
correlated variables 315
counter examples 544
creative ideas checklists 542–5
creative thinking 510–54; as a cognitive process 522–33; defined 511–21; encouraging creativity 533–9; as a group process 522; strategies for 539–50
critical thinking 1–54; cultural influences on 504; and decision making 402–4; defined 7–9; goals of 558; Hollywood style 49–51; improvement of 13–18; and intelligence 27–33; learning to think critically 18–27; media depictions of 49–51; need for 2–13; process model 28f; short-cut to 34–44; thinking about 44–9; and unconscious memory 64
crowdsourcing 498
Csikszentmihaly, Mihaly 521, 538
cues generation for retrieval 82
cultural influences on critical thinking 504
cumulative probabilities 361–2
D
Dahlstrom, W. Grant 298
Dansereau, Donald F. 400
Danziger, Shai 421
Davis, G. A. 543
Day, R. S. 166
death premonitions 345
decision making 3, 397–450; biases in 428–9; commitment and evaluation 443–6; emotions and 43; evaluating consequences 425–9; making sound decisions 399–405; pitfalls and pratfalls in 405–25; preparing a worksheet 429–43; probabilistic 371–2; satisficers 41
declarative memory 72
Decyk, B. N. 134
definitions and control of thought 130–2
degree of confidence judgments 94
De Neys, Wim 143
denying the antecedent 189
denying the consequent 188
dependent variables 297
descriptive and prescriptive processes 405
desirable outcome 560
detour problems 480
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) 130
diagrams 469–76; and argument structure 239–342; circle 202–9, 204f, 215–17; linear 182–4; reasoning with 222–4; tree 187–9
dimensional comparison 440
direct analogy 496
Disraeli 388
distortion in memory 86
distributed 210
double blind procedures 327
doublespeak 122
Douglas Dispatch 255
dreams and probability 345
Dreman, D. 378
Driver, R. 239
Drosnin, M.: Bible Code 347
Druyan, Ann 105
DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) 130
Dubois, Didier 435
Duncker, K. 48
Dunning, Brian 277
E
ecological validity 212
education 6
Edward, J. N. 178
effortful memory 72
elderly and mnemonic devices 101
emotions: in critical thinking 42–3; and decision making 420–1
encoding specificity 82
Erdelyi, Matthew Hugh 106
errors and hypotheses testing 321–5
etymology and reification 141
Euclid 7
evaluation 281, 310, 425–6, 443, 525–6
evaluation stage 458
Evans, Jonathan St. B. T. 178
evidence: disconfirming 406–9; historical 245–50
executive processes 557
experimental design plans 310–12
expert intuition 39
extrinsic motivation 538
F
FactCheck.org 66
Fallacy of False Cause 315
false cause 278
familiarization stage 458
Fargier, Hélene 435
feelings of knowing judgments 94
Feeney, Aidan 143
Ferguson, Geraldine 151
Festinger, Leon 443
Feynman, Richard 536–7; What Do You Care What Other People Think? 536
Fields, W. C. 497
Finke, R. A. 525
Fiorina, Carly 413
first letter mnemonic devices 101–2
Fischer, S. C. 445
Fischhoff, B. 262
Fisher, R 445
Fiske, Susan 85
Fixx, J. F. 37
Flat Earth Society 4
Fogarty, J. 13
Foltz, K. 7
foot-in-the-door 444
foregone conclusion 446
forethought 445
forward-looking strategy 485
four-card selection task 192–4
framework for decision making 400–2, 401f
frequencies, thinking with 378–9
frequency format 379
Frost, Robert 403
Futrell, Mary Hatwood 454
G
Gaissmaier, W. 380
Galilei, Galileo 190
Gallup Poll 328
Gardner, H. 513
Gawrilow, Caterina 198
Gelder, T. van 14
generic-parts technique 500
Gervais, Simon 348
getting to yes 445
Gick, M. L. 494
Gifford-Jones, W. 413
Gigerenzer, Gerd 41, 343, 354, 360, 378, 411
given/new distinction 129
givens 455
Gladwell, Malcolm 143; Blink 40
Glaser, Robert 184
Glock, Sabine 443
goal setting for critical thinking 51
goal state 455
Godfrey, Sue 541
Gollwitzer, Peter 198
Goncalo, J. A. 534
Gonzalez, M. A. 548
good enough alternative 41, 441
Goodwin, G. P. 184
Gottfreddson, L. S. 29
Gottlieb, Michael C. 431
Gould, Stephen Jay 303
graphic organizers. see concept maps
grit 460
groups and creativity 522
guilt by association 268
Gutenberg, Johannes 518
H
habit of planning 21
Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment 15
Hammond, Kenneth 405
Handelsman, Mitchell N. 431
Hannay, Timo 293
Hargadon, A. B. 522
Harman, G. 233
Haskins, Greg R. 265
Heinonen, Olli-Pekka 537
Hell, Benedikt 535
Heller, R. 460
Hibbs, Al 353
hierarchies 158
Hill, Benny 346
Hitler, Adolph 264; Mein Kampf 131
Hole, Fred 539
Holland, J.: Induction 294
Holley, C. D. 159
Holt, John 314
Holyoak, K. J. 195–6, 494, 495
How to Lie With Statistics (Huff) 388
How to Win at Poker (Moss) 91–2
Huff, D.: How to Lie With Statistics 388
Hummel, J. E. 495
Hutchings, Patricia 533
Hyman, Ray 306
hypothesis testing 292–336; determining cause 308–21; and occult beliefs and the paranormal 327–30; population and samples 298–305; process 297; science versus science fiction 305–8; and scientific thinking 330–2; and self-fulfilling prophesies 326–7; thinking errors 321–5; understanding 292–8
I
“if, and only if” 196
“if, then” statements 186–7, 190–2, 197–9
illicit conversions 219
illogical conclusions 176
illusory correlation 317
inappropriate analogies 277
incidental learning 73
independent events 356
independent variables 297
Induction (Holland) 294
inert knowledge 82
inference in memory 86
inference stage 405
initial state 455
instruction model for critical thinking 18–27
intelligence quotient (IQ) 29–30
intentional learning 73
interference theory of forgetting 88–9
internal memory aids 96
Internet 3; for crowdsourcing 498; for information evaluation 281
in the long run 340, 342, 346, 363
intimate engagement 460
intrinsic motivation 538
intuition and hypothesis testing 330–2
Invention Convention 517
investment theory of creativity 520–1
IQ (intelligence quotient) 29–30
Irwin, F. W. 415
isolation of variables 308
Izawa, Chizuko 75
J
James, William 83
James Randi Educational Foundation 11
Janik, A. 268
Jennings, Garret 34
Johnson, Samuel 69
Johnson, Wendell 321
Johnson-Laird, Philip 45, 184, 323
Jones, E. A. 8
judgment stage 458
K
Kahane, Howard 175
Kahneman, Daniel 33, 35, 38–40, 348, 358–60, 411, 526–7
Kamal-Smith, Emily 178
Kaufman, Joanne 130
Keren, Gideon 342
Kimmel, H. E. 426
Kingsolver, Barbara 105
Kiuhn, Deanna 295
Klauer, Karl 212
Kluger, Jeffrey 384
Knapp, Samuel 431
Kneer, Julia 443
Knight, Kevin 400
knowing judgments 94
knowing the unknowable 278
knowledge structures 7
knowledge workers 5
Koestler, A. 518
Konnikova, Maria 445
Koriat, A. 262
Kosonen, P. 16
Kraft, Ulrich 515
Kruglanski, Arie W. 406
L
Langer, E. J. 24
language 112–73; analogy and metaphor 124–8; communication 114–16, 115f; comprehension 151–69; emotional 137–9; implications and Inference 116–19; and influence on thought 135–51; psycholinguistics 114–16; rules for clear communication 119–24; underlying representation and surface structure 114–16; words and their meanings 129–35
La Place, Pierre Simon 338
La Rochefoucauld, Francois 319
law of small numbers 304
leads to link 159
learning: distribution of 80–2; incidental 73; intentional 73; organization for 79–80; strategies that promote 75–83
learning to think critically 18–26
Leblois, Sylvie 435
Leedy, Paul D. 292
Lepke, Louis 132
Lepore, Ernie 137
Levav, Jonathan 421
Levine, M. 460
Lewinsky, Monica 254
Lichtenstein, A. 262
liking 418
Lilienfeld, Scott O. 105, 408, 560
linear ordering 181–200; bias 192–5; combinational reasoning 199–200; conditionals 196–8; diagrams 182–4, 187–9; “if” reasoning 190–2, 196, 197–9; schemata 195–6; truth and validity confusion 184–7
linear syllogism. see linear ordering
Lionni, Leo 122
Literary Digest 299
Lochhead, J. 476
long-term memory 69, 71–4, 106
Los Angeles Times 223
Lowenfeld, V. 540
Lubart, T. I. 520
lying truthfully 123
M
Madison, James 6
main point 237
Mankato Area Chamber & Convention Bureau 281
Mannix, E. 519
Marin, L. 15
marked adjectives 184
Martin, Peter 520
Marx, Karl 141
matrices 164–7, 164t, 165f, 166f, 476–9
McCaffrey, T. 500
McHardy, Peter 545
McKeachie, Wilbert J. 13
McKee, Martin 263
mean 389
measures of central tendency 389
Medawar, B. 514
media depictions of critical thinking 49–51
median 389
Mednick, M. T. 532
Mednick, S. A. 532
Mein Kampf (Hitler) 131
Melwani, S. 534
memory 55–111; acquisition of 74–83; aids 96; beliefs about 61–74; biases in 105–7; and creative thinking 526; metamemory 92–4; mnemonics 95–107; retention 83–8; retrieval 88–92
memory trace theories 153
Merrienboer, Jeroen J. G. van 402
metacognition 27
method of places mnemonic devices 100–1
middle term 210
Miller, James E. 114
Milne, A. A. 461
mind control 11
mindfulness 24
mnemonics 95–105; first letters 101–3; methods of places 100–1; pegwords and images 96–100; principles of 102–3; rhymes 100
mock-ups (miniature models) 481
Molnar, Alex 12
Mondrian, Piet 515
Money magazine 348
Monosoff, Tamara 517
mood 201
Morales, Michael 87
Moss, John: How to Win at Poker 91–2
motor memory 72
Mueller, J. S. 534
multiple outcomes 354
multitasking 3
Munby, Hugh A. 199
Munson, R. 317
Murphy’s Law 425
Museum of Tolerence 67
Myers, David 37
N
Naeve, Lowell 132
Nakamura, Jeanne 521
Nardi, A. 399
Narens, L. 93
NASA 408
Nathan, George Jean 246
natural language 236
natural risks 387
Neale, M. A. 519
need to know, changes in 5
negation 146
negative correlation 316
Nelson, George (Pinky) 330
Nelson, T. O. 93
Netherlands research in critical thinking 15
Newton, P. 239
noncognitive factors in memory retrieval 83
noncritical thinking 9
nondirected thinking 9
non sequitur, 274
Norlander, T. 522
noticing 516
Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness (Thaler and Sunstein) 422
O
Obama, Barack 66
Oberauer, Klaus 87
objective probability 366
O’Brien, Barbara 192
occult beliefs and hypothesis testing 327–9
Odean, Terrance 348
Oettingen, Gabriele 198
Oliner, S. P. 561
Oliver, Patrick 466
omission bias 428
opinion 279
optimism 415
optimization 430
Orwell, George 11; Animal Farm 131
Osborn, Alex Faickney 511
P
paradigms 523
paranormal and hypothesis testing 327–9
Paranormal Challenge 11
Park, C. Whan 532
Parsons, Jim 238
particular affirmative 201
particular negative 201
Partnership for 21st Century Skills (2004) 6
Part–whole fallacies 276
Pascal, Blaise 20
Pasteur, Louis 255
Patton, B. 445
Peck, J. 132
Pedone, R. 495
Perez, M. J. 549
Perkins, D. N. 548
personal logic 178
persuaders, analogies as 127
Piaget, Jean 199
pitfalls and pratfalls in decision making 405–25; cognitive nudge 422–5; disconfirming evidence 406–9; emotional states 420–1; entrapment 413–17; heuristics 410–15, 413–15; liking 418; mere exposure effect 419–20; overconfidence 409–10; psychological reactance 417–18; reciprocity 418–19; unconscious influences 421–2; wishful thinking 415
places as mnemonic devices 100–1
Plus, Minus, Interesting (PMI) 547
Pogrow, S. 168
Political Ad Critic website 67–8
politics, critical thinking in 23–4
Pollyanna Principle 415
Polya, George 220, 458, 482, 494, 557
popularity 270
positive correlation 315
practice at retrieval 153
pratfalls, see pitfalls and pratfalls in decision making
Pratkanis, A. R. 264
precise statistics 390
predictions based on combined information 372–8
premature closure 432
premises 176, 233–5, 234, 250–5, 291
preparation stage 458
preponderance of evidence 339
prescriptive and descriptive processes 405
pride, appeals to 273
Prince, G. M. 512
probabilistic reasoning 219–21
probability 337–96; decision making 371–83; and expected values 362–6; judgments about likelihood and uncertainty 346–9; nature of the world 338–46; and risk 384–92; subjective 366–71; using 349–62
probable conclusion 180
problem-based learning 454
problem planning and representation: multiple statements of the goal 463–6; representation of the problem space 466–80; representation selection 480–1
problem solving 451–509; anatomy of a problem 454–7; planning and representation 463–81; problem defined 452–4, 453f; problems 500–4; stages in 458–61; well-defined and ill-defined problems 461–3
problem solving aids 126
procedural memory 72
production stage 458
professional intuition 37
prophecies, self-fulfilling 326–7
propositional logic 186
prospective memory 103
prospective research 314
psycholinguistics 114
psychological reactance 417–18
psychology, cognitive 10
Public Opinion Laboratory 3
push polls 150
put downs 278
Q
qualifiers 238
quality of learning judgments 93–4
R
Rapp, David N. 248
reasoning 174–230; and argument 233–4; categorical 201; combinational 199–200; in everyday contexts 221–5; inductive and deductive 180–99; and linear ordering 181–99; logical and psychological 175–80; probabilistic 219–21; syllogistic 200–19
reciprocal peer questioning 153–4
recognition heuristic 412
regression toward a mean 382
reification 141
relative frequencies 385
reliability of a measure 321
remembering, guide for monitoring the process of 94t
Renshon, Jonathan 426
representation of problem space 466–80, 467f, 471f; detour problems 480; hierarchical trees 474–6; matrix 476–9
representativeness heuristic 413–15
representative samples 299
re-representation 152
Resnick, L. B. 7
Restak, Richard M. 556
retrospective experiments 314
retrospective review 446
rhymes as mnemonic devices 100
Richards, Beah 216
Rieger, Diana 443
Rieke, R. 268
risks: assessing 386–8, 426–8; cumulative 361–2; and decision making 384–8
Rodin, G. C. 166
Rogers, Will 246
Rogerson, Mark D. 431
Rokeach, M. 21
Roksa, Josipa 17
Romney, Mitt 66
Roosevelt, Theodore 117
Rorschach test 320
Roweton, W. 543
Ruiz, A. I. 92
rules 488–9; communication 119–24; for determining validity 209–11, 210t, 211t; of hierarchies 159
Russell, Bertrand 2
S
Saltzstein, H. D. 460
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity 135–6
Saville, George 221
Sawyer, K. 522
Schauble, Leona 184
Schneider, D. J. 560
Schoenfeld, A. H. 482
scientific method and hypothesis testing 305–6
Scriven, Michael 221
search stage 405
Sears, Alan 238
Seech, Z. 244
self-criticism 23
self-fulfilling prophecies 326–7
self-justification 23
self-regulation 21
Seligman, M. 415
semantic memory 72
Seth, Rajesh 534
Shermer, Michael 35, 42, 245, 324, 345
Shiffrar, Maggie 540
short run 346
Silver, N. 348
Simon, Herbert A. 40–1, 455–6, 459
Simons, D. J. 61
Singer, Barry 327
Singmann, Henrik 212
skills, intelligence and thinking 27
skills approach for crtical thinking 51
slippery slope 275
slips of the tongue 90
small numbers, law of 304
Smith, Daniel 534
Smith, S. M. 525
snobbery, appeals to 273
Snyder, M. 85
solution paths 455
Sparks, Jesse R. 248
spatial representation of thought 167–8
Spiker, V. A. 8
Stalin, Joseph 561
Stanford-Binet test 32
Stanovich, Keith E. 29, 31, 244
statement, in argument 240
state of understanding 7
statistical prediction against intuition 37
Stein, B. S. 127
Steinem, Gloria 500
stereotypes: and categorization 133; and memory 85–6
Sternberg, R. J. 30, 520, 529–30
Stoltzfus, E. R. 166
strategies: for comprehension 151–2; for creative thinking 539–40; for decision making 400–2, 401f; for problem solving 482–99; that promote learning 75–83
Stritzke, Werner 87
structure mapping 125
Stuckler, David 263
Studdert-Kennedy, Michael 113
Stumm, Sophie von 535
Stupple, Edward J. N. 178
subarguments 237
subgoal 482
sub-problems 482
sunk cost 416
Sunstein, Cass R.: Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness 422
Svensson, N. 522
syllogism, defined 201
syllogistic reasoning 201–19; changing attitudes with 217–18; and circle diagrams 202–9, 215–17; and ecological validity 212–15; errors in 218–19; in everyday contexts 221–2; and false premises 211–12; quantifiers 201, 216–17; and validity determination 202–11
symbol analysts 5
symbolic activity 496
System 2 Thinking 40
systems approach to creativity 521
Szent-Gjorgy, Albert 533
T
Tallyrand 273
Taseer, S. 561
Teigen, Karl Halvor 342
Terman, Lewis 31
testimonials 270
testing 18
Tetlock, Philip E. 261
Thaler, Richard H.: Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness 422
Theory of Inventive Problem Solving 493
therefore statements 242
Think! Bar 34
thinking 1–53; as a biological process 45–6; defined 7–8; with frequencies 378–9; improvements in 13–18; and learning 18–27; skills, need for 2–13; skills and intelligence 27–34; types of 35–44
thinking outside the box 520
Thinking Skills Review Group 14
thought, definitions and the control of 130–2
thought, influence of language on 136–7
thought and knowledge: defined 6–7
three stage experimental design 310–12
Till Death Us Do Part (Bugliosi) 127
Time Magazine 74
Torrence Test of Creative Thinking 549
Toulmin, S. 268
Townsend, Robert 282
traditions, appeals to 279
transcontextual 464
transfer of training 17–18, 25–6
tree diagrams 187–90, 355–6, 487f
truths 132
Tversky, Amos 358, 360, 405, 411
Tzeng, J. 163
U
uncertainty 339–41, 346–9, 401–2, 425–6
unconscious influences 43–4, 421–2
underlying representation of language 114–16
universal affirmative 201
universal negative 201
unmarked adjectives 184
Uranowitz, S. W. 85
Ury, W. 445
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 380
U.S. Supreme Court 139
V
valid conclusion 176
validity: and hypothesis testing 317–18; rules for determining 209–11, 210t, 211t
Van Gelder T. 15
von Oech, R. 518
variables 297
variables, isolation and control of 308–9
Venezuela evaluation study 14
Verbal Comprehension Score 31
virtue by association 268
voluntary risk 387
Vye, N. J. 127
W
WAIS (Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale) 31, 32f, 33
Wales, C. E. 399
Wallas, Graham 458
Ward, T. B. 525
weak and inappropriate analogies 277
weasel phrases 117
Wechsler, David 31
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) 31, 32f, 33
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) 31
weighing in worksheet preparation 435–8
Weinberger, J. 68
Weisel, Elie 64
well-defined problems 463
Wells, Herbert George 343
West, Richard F 243
Westen, D. 68
What Do You Care What Other People Think? (Feynman) 536
What’s the Harm website 11
Whimbey, A. 476
Whiting, C. S. 543
Wickens, T. D. 16
Wicklegren, W. 463
Wiig, K. M. 457
Willard, Ralph 74
willingness to plan 21
willingness to self-correct 22–3
Winerman, Lea 2
Winne, P. H. 16
WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) 31
wishful thinking 415
Woodward, Bob 35
word meanings and language 129–35
word origins, study of 141
workforce 5
worksheet preparation for decision making 429–43; alternatives 432–3, 435–8; calculation 438–9; comparisons 440–1; considerations 433–5; framing the decision 431–2; optimization 430; problems in 441–3
“World’s Greatest Car Salesman” (Cialdini) 418–19
world view constraints 504
writer’s block 548
Y
Yalow, Rosalyn S. 326
Younggren, Jeffrey 431
Z