Subject Index


A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | W


A

ʾabaddon, see Destruction/ʾabaddon

accommodationist hermeneutics, 272–75, see also concordist hermeneutics; Old World Science

Adapa, 25, 211

advocate, see mediator

afterlife, 41–42, 123, 125–34, 139–41, 179, 184, 215, 220, 227–28, 250–51, 321, see also Destruction/ʾabaddon; resurrection; Sheol/netherworld

ancient authors, 23–25

ancient Near East, court documents from, 215, 244, 263, 371; creation accounts/cosmology, 172–73, 272, 401; friends as representatives of, 106–8, 160, 374; sages, 122; texts related to Job, 31–33; theology of, 33–41, 43, 61–63, 72, 74, 85, 106–8, 157–58, 160, 170, 172–73, 180, 192, 250, 253, 257–58, 265, 272, 288–89, 301, 316, 318, 327–28, 334–35, 351, 355, 361, 368, 379, 400, 414; see also cosmic geography; gods; Great Symbiosis

angels, 63, 83, 159, 164; see also demons; Sons of God

appeasement, see gods, appeasement of

authority of the Bible, 24, 86, 226, 266, 268–69, 272–77, 352

B

Behemoth, 397, 406–11, 413, 431, 435, 438

benefits, see righteousness, disinterested

blessing, see Retribution Principle (RP)

C

Chaldeans, 23, 69–70

Challenger, the, 20, 21, 22, 27, 31, 34, 36, 48, 59, 62–69, 71, 73–75, 78, 86, 98, 100–101, 106–9, 118, 123, 134, 161, 171, 182, 184, 186–88, 198, 214, 259, 262, 265–67, 275, 293–94, 331, 352, 358, 374, 399, 412, 436, 450; see also Sons of God

chaos, 85, 119, 167, 175, 257–58, 425; see also cosmic order

chaos creatures, 120–21, 163, 168, 171, 259, 317, 332, 334–35, 406, 410, 418–19; see also Behemoth; Leviathan; Rahab

children of Job, 24, 43, 58–62, 68–70, 98, 182, 302, 316, 434–36

Christ, 47–48, 83, 96, 113, 128, 131, 137, 139–40, 180, 189, 192, 199, 218, 225–26, 229, 233, 235–36, 267–68, 280, 338, 380, 385, 422, 441

concordist hermeneutics, 251, 272–74, 290; see also accommodationist hermeneutics; Old World Science

constellations, 169–70, 402

corporate identity, 313–14

cosmic geography, 166–75, 191, 251–54, 256–57, 273, 287, 399–400

cosmic laws, 39

cosmic mountain, 252

cosmic order, 29, 43, 104, 119–22, 167–68, 171, 175, 249, 252, 256–59, 264–65, 279, 290, 295–97, 334–35, 400, 406, 410–11, 413–14, 418–19, 422, 424–25, 428, 438–39, 441–42; see also chaos; God, wisdom of

covenant, 23, 25, 41–42, 57, 70, 180, 189, 267, 277, 321–23, 437–38; see also Retribution Principle (RP)

courtroom, see legal proceedings

cultic feasts, 58–59, 61; see also ritual

cursing, day of birth, 118–23; God, 58–61, 68, 71, 102–5, 186–87, 189, 435; others, 174, 261, 265, 319; self, 323–24

D

declarative praise genre, 35

Death/mawet/Mot, 74, 121, 216, 252, 258, 288, 317, 407

Deep/tehom, 163, 255, 257, 287; see also Sea/yam

demons, 33, 36, 38, 78, 86, 122, 157, 172, 191, 196–97, 217, 283, 288, 334; see also Challenger, the

Destruction/ʾabaddon, 250, 288, 326; see also Sheol/netherworld

dialogue section [chs. 4–27], 29, 243, 265, 312, 314, 330, 332–33, 355, 360

disciplinary correction, 137, 161, 181, 272; see also Elihu

discourse section [chs. 29–41], 29, 333, 355

disinterested righteousness, see righteousness, disinterested

divine council, see Sons of God/divine council

dreams/visions, 32, 129, 157, 160–61, 220, 315, 355, 381–82; see also revelation

E

Elihu, 28–30, 43–44, 165, 178, 188, 215, 293, 335, 350–88, 414–15

Enlil, 167, 289

Enki/Ea, 122, 167, 256, 397

Erra/Nergal, 122, 171, 334–35

Etana, 25

evil, 36, 39–41, 67, 74, 77–78, 85, 104–5, 280, 302, 399, 410, 421, 447; see also Challenger, the

F

faith/trust, 22–23, 41, 47, 96–97, 110–12, 134, 137, 139–40, 157, 178, 180–81, 190, 195, 197, 198–99, 233, 235, 269, 275–76, 282–83, 291–92, 300, 301, 303–6, 315, 325, 327, 336, 340, 412–13, 415, 420–22, 424, 426–29, 435, 438–39, 443–47; see also fear of the Lord

fear of the Lord, 29, 124, 277, 285, 290–91, 296, 299–304

forgiveness, 35, 75, 164–65, 271, 280–81, 299, 301, 336, 385–86, 417

friends of Job, accusing Job, 21, 31, 98, 210–11, 223–25, 244–46, 260, 354; agents of the Challenger, 108, 161, 184, 186, 198, 262, 266, 294, 374; historicity, 26–27; in the narrative, 105, 432–35; Job’s response to, 30, 34, 161–63, 177–78, 183, 189, 217, 224, 259–61, 265, 293; reflecting traditional ancient Near Eastern dogma, 36, 38, 43, 106, 351, 374; theology of (and critique), 29, 42–43, 72–74, 86, 104, 106–8, 122, 173–74, 176, 178, 181–85, 198, 216, 222–25, 230, 260–62, 266, 271, 275, 281, 290–91, 294, 296, 299, 330, 351–53, 360–61, 364, 375, 378, 414, 433, 442; see also Elihu; Great Symbiosis; Retribution Principle (RP); traditional dogma

G

Gilgamesh, 25, 126

God, anger of, 34, 75–76, 224, 230, 271, 332, 398, 432, 450; accessibility, 271, 370, 380–81; as a watcher of men, 164; as mediator, 214; attributes of, 41, 111, 113, 190, 267, 269–71, 279, 289, 295, 359, 363, 377, 411, 414–18, 425, 439, 446; breath/Spirit of, 259, 280, 302, 340, 352–54, 369, 376–77, 381; cause of suffering, 109, 112, 116, 173–74, 187, 196–97, 236, 259, 302–4, 331, 414; contingency/aseity of, 40, 303, 335, 358–59, 362, 375, 379–80, 388, 416; grace of, 111, 136–37, 140, 180, 189–90, 194, 270, 283, 357, 362, 380–81, 417, 441; inscrutable, 38, 97, 107, 176, 182, 332, 414; justice of, 22–23, 35, 38–39, 41–43, 46–47, 73, 108, 111, 125, 130, 134, 140, 165, 172, 182, 185–90, 210, 220, 230, 259, 269–71, 290, 294, 298–300, 332, 334–35, 350, 357–62, 368–69, 374–75, 377–81, 384–85, 401, 405, 410–17, 425–26, 428; names of, 60, 73–74, 291–92, 398; policies of, 21–23, 27, 42, 44, 48, 63, 66–69, 72–75, 106, 108–10, 171, 182, 185–86, 188, 198, 225, 245, 265–66, 331, 333, 335, 355, 359, 362, 364, 369, 375–76, 405, 410–14, 435–38, 442; power of, 23, 36, 41, 43, 71, 131, 140, 166, 170–71, 183, 187, 191, 197–98, 249, 251, 255, 258–59, 264–65, 271, 282–83, 291, 300, 305, 332, 334, 338, 354, 365, 370, 376, 379, 398–99, 411, 417, 427, 431, 442–43; protector, 43, 121, 123, 131, 134–37, 314, 383–84, 417, 424; reputation of, 48, 68, 331, 333, 337, 374; role in the cosmos, 190–92, 302, 361, 380, 382–84, 388–89, 402, 411, 416, 421, 431, 439; Spirit of, 354, 376–77; viewed as petty, 171, 189–90, 192–95, 229–30, 271, 291–92, 333, 337, 388; wisdom of, 22–23, 32, 38, 44, 46–47, 135, 176, 191–92, 258, 269, 292, 294–95, 299–300, 302–4, 332–33, 399, 411–15, 417, 421–22, 428, 431, 438, 444, 446–47

“God of the gaps,” 410–11

gods, 32, 63, 252, 379, 400, 403; appeasement of, 32, 34–35, 38, 62–63, 75, 107, 160–61, 225, 262, 293–94, 301, 303, 318, 330; justice/policies of, 33, 35–37, 39–41, 62, 122, 160, 191, 263, 265, 355, 402, 411, 416; responsibility of humans for, 34, 37, 62, 265, 301, 361; see also Great Symbiosis

Great Symbiosis, 34–38, 62–63, 74, 108–9, 180, 186, 235, 265, 275, 293, 301–3, 330, 352, 361–62, 374–75, 379, 423

H

harem, 323

“health-and-wealth,” 443

historicity, see friends of Job, historicity; Job (book), historicity; Job (character), historicity

honor, 60, 312–14, 317, 331, 354; see also shame

hope, 129, 133–34, 137, 140–41, 179, 197–98, 283, 306, 422, 428; Job’s, 125, 157, 159–63, 172, 178–79, 181, 185, 210, 214–15, 218–20, 224, 226, 229, 246, 264, 314, 424; see also afterlife; faith/trust

humility, 115, 233, 279–80, 405, 429, 432, 443, 447; see also pride

I

illness, see sickness

Intelligent Design, 27

J

Jesus, see Christ

Job (book), artistry, 21; author of, 23–24, 26–27, 57–58, 61, 80, 86, 293, 352; central question of, 20–23, 27, 188–89, 294, 415, 436; composition history, 28; date, 23–24; Israelite provenance, 36, 38, 70, 74; genre, 24–27; historicity, 24–25; language, 23–24; see also wisdom literature

Job (character), accusations against God/flawed view of God, 86, 188–90, 213, 223–24, 229, 259, 267–68, 270–71, 332–35, 398–99, 401–2, 410, 418, 433–34; as not an Israelite, 23, 57–58, 74, 133, 167, 180, 320; as plaintiff or defendant, 108, 182, 329; as role model, 20, 97–98, 188, 276, 278; as star witness for the defense, 182, 186, 266; motivations of, 20, 21, 23, 62–63, 68–69, 74, 98, 124, 179–80, 184–86, 211, 293, 324, 329–31, 333, 358, 361, 364, 374–75, 388, 399, 434, 436; name, 25; repentance, 161, 183, 263–64, 281, 360, 375, 431–32; restoration, 33, 44, 59, 161, 166, 177, 180, 182–87, 198, 221, 225, 245–46, 261–64, 314, 330–31, 351, 356–57, 364, 374, 432–37; innocence/righteousness of, 25, 35–36, 38, 42–48, 57–58, 62, 66–69, 72, 100–101, 105, 108, 119, 161, 163, 180, 182, 185–88, 198, 223–25, 230, 246–48, 260–61, 264–67, 293–94, 312, 318, 320–21, 330–31, 333, 350–51, 354, 358, 361, 364–65, 375, 381, 405–6, 413, 436; signature of, 329; suffering of, 22, 42, 69–70, 101, 105, 109, 116, 186, 189, 218, 246, 259, 262, 317, 355, 375–76, 404–6, 415, 434–35, 437; view of God in general, 62, 165, 171, 173, 230, 271, 332–36; see also righteousness, disinterested

Job’s lament [ch. 3], 29, 118, 162, 174, 415

justice, see God, justice of; gods, justice/policies of

K

Kirtu, 25

L

lament genre, 27, 29, 34–35, 40, 118, 124–26, 134, 138, 271; see also Job’s lament [ch. 3]

law of Moses, 23, 57, 136, 189, 277–78; see also covenant

Leviathan, 85, 120–23, 163, 259, 286, 334, 397, 406–11, 413, 431, 435, 438; see also chaos creatures

legal proceedings, 211, 246, 379–80, 404; God on trial, 20–21, 42, 72, 178, 182, 414, 443; in ancient Near East, 66, 164, 244, 263; Job seeking legal action, 73, 125, 160–61, 164–66, 171–72, 174, 176–79, 183–84, 186–87, 211, 214–15, 218, 222–26, 233, 246, 259, 263, 266, 321, 329–32, 350, 360, 370, 415, 431; see also mediator

life’s transience, 163

literary artifice, 24–27

Ludlul bel nemeqi, 25, 32, 37, 158, 160, 182, 219

M

Marduk, 32, 122, 250, 254, 258, 334–35, 367, 397

mediator, 158, 214, 223–26, 244, 262, 266–67, 355–57, 434, 450–52; see also God, as mediator

monotheism, 39–40, 42, 45, 63, 74, 328

Moses, 23, 48

Mot, see Death/mawet/Mot

mourning, 70–71, 102, 105, 126, 214, 219–20, 317, 432

N

narrative frame [chs. 1–3, 42], 28–29, 59, 124, 177, 271, 292, 432

netherworld, see Sheol/netherworld

O

oaths, 60–61, 259, 312, 314, 318, 321, 323, 326, 329–31, 333, 336, 350, 433

Old World Science, 191, 272–73; see also accommodationist hermeneutics, concordist hermeneutics

Open Theism, 48

order, see cosmic order

P

patriarchal period, 23

Plato, 26–27, 198–99

philosophy, 26, 31–33, 36, 40–41, 67, 73, 97, 104, 107–10, 140, 185, 190, 193–94, 225, 228, 266, 269, 298, 334, 351–53, 358, 376–77, 401–2, 412, 438, 443

piety, 32, 34, 36, 37, 58, 124–25, 157, 181, 210, 223, 244, 276, 292, 294

polytheism, see gods

pride, 84, 175, 222, 224–25, 233, 280, 406, 409; see also humility

prosperity/wealth, 21, 22, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 44, 58, 61, 69, 87, 101, 107, 115, 134, 161, 177, 181–182, 186, 213, 216, 227, 235, 245, 246, 259, 261, 276, 286, 293–94, 303, 312, 316, 323–24, 327, 330–31, 357, 361, 364–65, 375, 432, 435–36, 443; see also righteousness, disinterested

priest, 10–11, 23, 215, 226, 315, 434; see also cultic feasts; ritual

Q

Qoheleth, 45–47

R

Rahab, 171, 258–59, 334, 406; see also chaos creatures

repentance, see Job (character), repentance

Rephaim, 250

responsibility, see God, cause of suffering; Job (character), innocence/righteousness of

resurrection, 128, 131, 133–34, 179, 219–20, 226–29, 280; see also afterlife

Retribution Principle (RP), 21, 23, 32, 33, 38, 39–48, 59, 67–68, 73, 98, 101, 108–9, 125, 134, 137, 157, 166, 172, 181–3, 185–86, 189–90, 216, 225, 230–31, 236, 247, 249, 259, 262, 264, 266, 290, 294, 323, 331, 350, 352, 358–59, 363, 369, 374–76, 378–79, 384–85, 401, 405, 410, 413–14, 420, 422, 428, 434–39, 443; see also God, justice of; traditional dogma

revelation, 34, 73, 111, 158, 181, 189–90, 212, 215, 267–70, 272–75, 277–78, 302, 304, 334–35, 337, 376–77, 381–82, 398, 417; see also authority of the Bible; dreams/visions

rewards, see righteousness, disinterested

righteous, the, 21–23; see also Retribution Principle (RP)

righteousness, 34–35, 38, 63, 159; disinterested, 23, 67, 107, 185, 188–89, 199, 216, 221, 235–36, 247, 260–61, 265–66, 275–81, 293–94, 330–31, 333, 336, 364; see also Job (character) innocence/righteousness of; prosperity/wealth; Retribution Principle (RP)

ritual, 34–38, 43, 58–59, 61–63, 67–68, 107, 121–22, 158–61, 163, 180, 210, 213, 226, 291, 293, 295, 301, 303, 318, 320, 333, 435; see cultic feasts; piety; priest

S

Sabeans, 23, 69

sacred space, 35, 62, 252, 254, 286, 315, 418–19

Satan, see Challenger, the

Sea/yam, 120, 163, 287–88, 291, 418–19; see also Deep/tehom

Shamash, 35, 257, 288, 327

shame, 133, 227, 312–14, 316, 432; see also honor

Sheol/netherworld, 78, 118, 120, 123, 125–28, 130–31, 133–34, 174–75, 179, 215, 228, 250–53, 256–57, 288, 299, 325, 334, 400; see also afterlife, resurrection

sickness, 32–33, 61, 101–2, 106, 137, 182, 216, 235, 301, 303, 318, 429

silence, 105, 162, 178–79, 183–84, 243, 262, 266, 314, 330–31, 355, 359–60, 411, 431

sin, see friends of Job, accusing Job; Job (character), innocence/righteousness of

Socrates, see Plato

Sons of God/divine council, 63–64, 74, 110, 160, 212, 214–15, 221, 315, 335, 372, 400–402

spirit, see God, Spirit of

suffering, 19–20, 22–23, 26–27, 37, 39–40, 43, 47, 73, 87, 97–98, 107, 116, 140–41, 192, 216, 231–34, 280–81, 296–303, 374, 376, 386–88, 397, 412–15, 418, 420–22, 424–29, 437–38, 440–44; in the ancient Near East, 31, 33, 36–37, 40, 43; see also evil; God, cause of suffering; Job (character), suffering of

T

tehom, see Deep/tehom

temple, 23, 57, 129, 315, 318, 335, 402, 418–19; see also sacred space

theodicy, 20, 21, 39–45, 47, 186, 269, 350, 374–76, 378, 420, 436–37, see also Elihu; Retribution Principle (RP)

theophany, 129, 168, 398

thought experiment, 26–27, 48, 69, 110, 424

traditional dogma, 36, 104, 106, 162, 181–83, 216, 222, 249, 262, 352; see friends of Job, Retribution Principle (RP)

trust, see faith/trust

Tsevat’s triangle, 43–44, 108, 165, 185, 225, 262, 374, 376, 410

U

Uz, 23, 56–57, 351

W

wealth, see prosperity/wealth

weather, 170, 191, 254, 259, 290, 366–69, 371, 381–82, 398, 400–402, 416; see cosmic geography

wicked, the, see Retribution Principle (RP)

wife of Job, 45, 59, 102–6, 186, 323, 325–26, 434

wisdom, 31, 42, 57, 279; as inaccessible, 285, 287, 304; produces creation, 289–90, 300; source of, 183, 287–88, 352–54, 362, 377, 441; see also God, wisdom of

wisdom hymn [ch. 28], 29–30, 285, 332

wisdom literature, 26–27, 45, 58, 110, 277, 403, 438, 443