Index

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Adams Street, 237

Adirondack lakes, 73–74

Allegheny County Court, 77

Allegheny Mountains, 1, 43, 66, 74, 99

Allegheny River, 43, 46, 69

Alma Hall, 172–73, 178

Altoona, 249

Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, 57–58, 264–65

American Law Review, 258

American Revolution, 43, 45

Armenian Genocide, 275

Army, U.S., 225

Arnold, Matthew, 214

Arthur, Chester A., 226

Atlantic & Ohio Telegraph Company, 30

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 212, 213, 214

Bar Harbor, Maine, 62, 63

Barnes, Charles, 149

Barton, Clara, 225–30, 241, 275

Bass fishing, 67–68, 80

Battle of Antietam, 225

Battle of Fredericksburg, 225

Battle of Gettysburg, 124

Beale, David

       aftermath of flood, 178–80

       dam breaks and flooding, 147–50, 171–73

       life after the flood, 244, 274–75

       money issues, 232, 233

       recovery efforts, 207, 209, 210–11, 218–19, 220

Beaver, James

       charitable donations, 231, 232

       Homestead Steel Strike, 265

       military assistance from, 221, 224–25

       seeking military assistance from, 180, 207, 217–18, 220

Bellefonte, 217

Bennett, Edward, 119–20, 133–35

Benshoff, Arthur, 149

Berkman, Alexander, 265

Bessemer, Henry, 49–50

Bessemer process, 49–51

Bethlehem Steel, 266, 269

Bidwell, Mr. and Mrs. Dewitt Clinton, 103, 110–11, 118–19

Black-bass fishing, 67–68, 80

Boardinghouses, 54

“Bohunk,” 56

Bolivar, 181, 199, 201

Bookkeeping, 30

Bowser sisters, 189, 190

Boyer, William, 118

       dam flooding, 126, 128

       rainfall, 103, 104, 110–11, 113

       as superintendent of club, 103

Braddock, Edward, 45

Braddock’s Field, 45

British Army, 27, 43

Bromine, 222

Bromo-Chloralum, 222

Brooklyn Bridge, 42

Buchanan, John, 112–13

Burials, 211, 218, 243–44

Burns, Robert, 29, 38

Byers, Abraham, 138

Cambria City, 56, 124, 181–82

Cambria County Court House, 78

Cambria Iron Company, 1–3

       Carnegie and, 23–24

       dam breaks and flooding, 1–2, 151–53, 177

       labor unions and, 56–58

       Morrell and, 42, 46–48, 50–52, 58–62

       recovery, 210, 269

       wages, 54–55, 57–58

Canal system, 69–70, 71, 72–73

Carbolic acid, 222

Carnegie, Andrew, 23–39

       background of, 25–27

       cost-cutting and profits, 31–32, 36

       at Cresson Springs, 37, 38–39, 63–64, 66, 74

       early daily work life of, 28–30

       early life of, 25–30

       The Gospel of Wealth, 4, 38

       investments of, 30–31, 36–37

       mental restoration in nature, 25, 38–39

       Morrell and, 42, 48, 58–62

       move to Pittsburgh, 27–28

       at Paris Universal Exposition, 197–98

       as philanthropic capitalist archetype, 24–25

       post-flood response of, 198, 253, 254

       railroad businesses, 30–32, 35–36, 61–63

       South Fork Club and, 23, 24, 25, 38–39, 62–64, 91–92

       steel businesses, 23–24, 32–35, 48, 58–63, 91, 264–66

       telegraph business, 35–36

Carnegie, Margaret, 27–28, 37

Carnegie, Tom, 58–59

Carnegie, William, 26–27, 28

Carnegie Brothers & Company, 91–92

Carnegie Library, 198, 253

Carnegie Steel Company, 264–65

Carpenter, R. C., 86

Cash donations, 230–33

Central Park, 164, 183, 221, 242

Chambers, Minnie, 155, 169–70, 177

Charitable donations, 230–33

Chicago Fire of 1871, 267

Child labor, 29–30, 267

Cholera epidemic, 71

Civil War, 8, 31, 180, 225, 244

Cleveland, 268

Coke, 32, 34, 47–48, 51, 66, 76

Collective bargaining, 265

Communalism, 22

Compleat Angler, The (Walton), 67

Conemaugh, Lake, 81, 87, 94–95. See also South Fork dam

       rainfall and morning of dam break, 107–13

       South Fork Club creation of, 41–42, 66, 68–73

Conemaugh River, 3, 69, 70

Conemaugh River Bridge

       dam breaks and flooding, 136–37, 151, 152, 165–70

       failure of, 181–82

       fires at, 168–70, 212–13

Conemaugh Valley

       history of settlement, 42–47, 55–56

       map, viii–ix

Coney Island, New York, 272

Con men, 218

Connellsville coke ovens, 76, 86

Copperas, 222

Cotton industry, 28, 96

Crawford Coke and Coal, 86

Cresson Springs, 37, 38–39, 63–64, 66, 74

Crime, 217–21

Cronyism, 44, 96

Culion Leper Colony, 274

Daisy (cow), 7

Darby, Abraham, 34

Deckert, Frank, 122, 123, 127–28, 199

Decoration Day (May 30, 1889), 101–2, 104–5

Deforestation, 13, 14, 15

Dick, Charlie, 106, 167–68, 169, 219

Dickens, Charles, 69

Disaster souvenirs, 218, 270–71

Disaster tourism, 270–74

Disease prevention, 221–22

Disinfection, 221–22

Donations, 230–33

Double-entry bookkeeping, 30

Dry-fly casting, 67

Dunfermline, Scotland, 26–27

Du Pont brothers, 96

East Conemaugh, 117, 121–22, 139–41

Edgar Thomson Steel Company, 59–60, 264, 275

Ehrenfeld, Emma, 119–22, 133–35, 199

Eiffel Tower (Paris), 197

Elk Lake, 74

Ellis Island, New York, 274

Epidemic, cholera, 71

Erosion, 14–15, 94

European immigrants, 55–56

Event songs, 273–74

Exposition Universelle (1889), 197–98

Fault doctrine, 257–58

Federal Steel Company, 265

Fenn, Mrs., 183

Financial Panic of 1873, 58, 76

Fires, 168–70, 212–13

First National Bank of Johnstown, 47, 85

Fishguard, 80, 112–13, 125–26, 250

Fishing, 67–68, 80, 92–93

Fishing lures, 67–68

Flood songs, 273–74

Fly fishing, 67

Fly rods, 67

Fort Pitt, 43

Foster, Barbara, 190, 192

Fourteenth Infantry Regiment, 221

Fourth Ward School, 209, 230

Franco-Prussian War, 180, 225–26

Frankstown Road, 179

Frick, Elizabeth Overholt, 75–76

Frick, Henry Clay, 75–77

       background of, 75–76

       Carnegie and steel industry, 76, 86, 91, 264–65

       Homestead Steel Strike and, 264–65

       post-flood response of, 198, 206, 253

       South Fork Club and, 75, 76–77, 84, 86

Frick, John, 76

Frick Coke Company, 76, 86, 91

Fritz, George, 7, 50–51

Fritz, John, 7, 50–51

Fulton, John, 210, 251

       dam inspection, 86–88, 89, 103, 248

Fulton, Mrs., 149

Galveston Hurricane of 1900, 12, 275

Garfield, James, 226

Gautier Wire Company, 3, 51, 143–44

Geis, Abbie, 9–10, 11, 13, 145–46, 155–57, 160–61, 238

Geis, Billy, 5

Geis, Edward, 239

Geis, Richard, 9, 146, 156

Geneva Convention, 226

George, Henry, 97–98

German Reform, 55

Gertrude Quinn. See Quinn, Gertrude

Gilded Age, 21–22, 45

Gladstone, William Ewart, 214

Goldman, Emma, 265

Gospel of Wealth, The (Carnegie), 4, 38

Grease fires, 168

Great Galveston Hurricane of 1900, 12, 275

Great Railroad Strike of 1877, 57

Great Storm of May 1889, 99–101

Greeley, Horace, 124

Gromley, Christopher, 139

Guess (dog), 147, 150, 171

Hamilton, Alexander, 45

Hamilton, John B., 221

Harrisburg, 104

Harrison, Benjamin, 8, 221

Hart, Captain A. N.

       dam breaks and flooding, 149–50, 171–73

       recovery efforts, 209, 210, 218–19

Hastings, Daniel

       background of, 217

       Barton and Red Cross, 224–25, 227–28, 230, 275

       efforts to deter crime and theft, 217–21

       life after the flood, 275

       recovery efforts, 217–21, 224–25, 252

H.C. Frick Coke Company, 76, 86, 91

Heidenfelter, Mrs., 107

Heiser, Victor

       aftermath of flood, 243–44

       dam breaks and flooding, 153–54, 159–60, 161–62, 164, 182–85

       life after the flood, 244, 274

Hess, John, 139–41

“Highway Patrolman” (song), 274

Homeopathic Hospital (Pittsburgh), 275

Homestead Steel Strike, 264–65

Horseshoe Curve, 70, 72

Hungarian immigrants, 56, 219

“Hunkies,” 56

Hunkietowns, 56

Husband, Herman, 43–44, 45

Immigrants (immigration), 14, 55–56, 209–10

Industrialization, 26–27, 56

Iron, 32–33, 48

Iron bridges, 34

Iron furnaces, 33, 34

Iron ore, 33, 52

Iron smelting, 33–34, 49–50

Jefferson Medical College, 274

Jewish immigrants, 55–56

Johnson, Tom L., 95–98

       background of, 95–96

       charitable giving, 266–68

       donations and money issues, 230, 232–33

       life after the food, 266–68

       monopoly and privilege and, 95–98, 260, 266–67

       recovery efforts, 207–10, 211, 214–15, 222–24

       South Fork dam and, 95, 98, 253

       streetcar businesses, 96–97, 223–24

Johnston, George, 127, 150–52, 165

Johnstown

       Decoration Day (May 30, 1889), 101–2, 104–5

       the flood. See Johnstown Flood of May 31, 1889

       flooding in, 12, 13, 93–94, 123

       history of, 14, 42–47

map, viii–ix

       population of, 13–14

       steel industry in, 2–4, 13–14, 42–43, 46–47, 50–52

Johnstown City Council, 47, 85

Johnstown Department of Public Safety, 220

“Johnstown Flood, The” (song), 274

Johnstown Flood literature, 244, 271

Johnstown Flood of May 31, 1889, 9–11

       aftermath of, 177–93

       charitable donations, 230–33

       crime and theft, 217–21

       dam breaks and flooding, 12, 16–17, 131–66

       disaster tourism, 270–74

       disinfectiing city, 221–22

       effect on the development of American law, 257–61

       fire at bridge, 168–70, 212–13

       flooding begins, 123–29, 131

       lawsuits and court cases against South Fork Club, 256–58

       legacy and popular culture, 270–74

       morning of, 105–13

       negligence and liability of South Fork Club, 255–61

       news reports of, 204–5, 236, 250–51, 257–58

       night of, 163–75

       rainfall, 99–113

       recovery efforts, 206–33

       relief efforts, 203–6

       unnatural contributing factors, 12–15, 247–61

       warning messages, 117–29

       the wreckage, 177–93

Johnstown Flood of 1887, 123

Johnstown floodplain, 14, 101

Johnstown Flood Relief Commission, 231

Johnstown Gas & Water Company, 47, 85

Johnstown Opera House, 47

Johnstown’s Presbyterian Church, 147, 213, 274–75

Johnstown Tribune, 78, 94–95, 124, 127–28, 252–53, 276

Johnstown Works, 269

Johnstown Zouaves, 8

Jones, Bill

       at Cambria mill, 50–51, 59

       at Carnegie’s Thomson mill, 59–60, 198, 275

       life after the flood, 275

       relief efforts, 213–15, 275

Juniata River Valley, 42

Keltz, S. W., 120, 133–34

Keystone Bridge Company, 34

Kloman, Andrew, 58–59

Knox, Philander, 92

Knox & Reed, 92, 254

Koch, Henry, 236

Labor, 52–58

       capital and, 260–61

       child, 29–30, 267

       wages, 54–55, 57–58

Labor housing, 47, 53–54, 56

Labor strikes, 57, 58, 264–65

Labor unions, 56–58, 264–65

Lake Conemaugh, 81, 87, 94–95. See also South Fork dam

       rainfall and morning of dam break, 107–13

       South Fork Club creation of, 41–42, 66, 68–73

Latrobe, 241

Laurel Hill, 43

Lavell, Pat, 214–15

Lawsuits against South Fork Club, 256–58

Leis, Mr. and Mrs., 191–92, 237

Leishman, John G. A., 91–92

Liability, 255–61

Libby (nurse), 9–10, 11, 145–46, 155–57, 160–61, 238

Lilly Station, 199, 200, 201

Lincoln, Abraham, 8

Little, Nancy, 256

Little Conemaugh River, 3, 46, 69, 94

       dam breaks and flooding, 11–12, 13, 135–37

       erosion, 14–15, 94

       narrowing of, 15, 16, 94–95

       rainfall, 101, 105–6, 117

       unnatural contributing factors, 12–15, 247–61

Lloyd, Mr., 147, 149

Looting, 218, 219

Lorillard, Pierre, 62

Low pressure system, 100–101

Lucy Furnaces, 58–59

Luddites, 27

Ludwig, Mrs., 237

Lumbering, 13, 14, 15

McCachren, Maxwell, 235–36

       life after the flood, 276–77

       rescue of Gertrude, 185–88, 236, 276

McCullough, David, 244

McDowell, N. M., 86, 89

McGregor, James, 254

Magee, Thomas, 152–53, 170–71, 182

“Magic lanterns,” 272

Main Line Canal, 69–70, 72–73

Marine National Bank, 103

Market Street Bridge, 34

Marvin, S. S., 206

Maryland Coal Company, 264

Matthews, William, 173

Medical care, 221–22, 229

Mellon, Andrew, 76, 84, 92, 253

Meteoric iron, 32–33

Metz, Mrs., 189–90, 193

Midvale Steel and Ordnance Company, 269

Miller, Reuben, 206

Millionaires’ Row (Cleveland), 96, 207

Millville, 166, 181–82

Millville bridge, 124

Mineral Point

       dam breaks and flooding, 135, 138–39

       deaths, 138–39

       telegraph warnings, 117, 120–21, 122, 199

Minersville, 56

Mississippi River, 34

Monongahela River, 43, 45

Monopolies, 22, 61–62, 95–96

Morgan, J. P., 265

Morgues, 210, 211, 218

Morrell, Daniel J., 41–42, 58–62

       Cambria Iron Company and, 7, 42, 46–48, 50–52, 58–62

       concerns about South Fork dam, 83, 85–86, 88–90, 93, 248

       death of, 95

       early life of, 42

Morse, Samuel, 119

Morse code, 30, 119, 121

Mountain House, 37, 38–39, 63–64, 66

Mount Marcy, 74

Moxham (town), 97, 181

Moxham, Arthur

       life after the flood, 268–69

       recovery efforts, 208–9, 210, 217–18, 219, 220, 223–24

Muriatic acid, 222

Musante, Mr., 161

“My Last Message” (song), 273–74

Napoleon Bonaparte, 31

National Steel Corporation, 265

New Austria, 143

New Florence Station, 203–5, 248

Newport, Rhode Island, 62

New York Sun, 250

New York World, 272

New York Yacht Club, 68

Niagara Falls, 181

Nickel, 32–33

“Night of the Johnstown Flood, The” (song), 274

Nitric acid, 222

Noah’s Ark, 272

Nursing and Barton, 225

Ogle, Hetty, 127–28, 129, 273

Ohio River, 43, 44, 46

Oil, 29, 32, 35

Oil fires, 168

Oklahoma house, 242

Old Overholt, 75–76

Panic of 1873, 58, 76

Paris Exposition of 1889, 197–98

Parke, John, 102–3

       aftermath of flood, 249

       background of, 102

       dam breaks, 131–33

       flooding, 125–27, 128, 131

       inspecting the dam, 109–10

       rainfall, 105, 108–10, 111–13

       warning messages, 118–21

       work at club, 102–3, 104

Pennsylvania Main Line Canal, 69–70, 72–73

Pennsylvania Railroad, 46, 103

       canal system and, 46, 72–73

       Carnegie and, 30–32, 35–36, 61

       flooding, 110–11, 199–205

       Great Railroad Strike of 1877, 57

       Horseshoe Curve, 70, 72

       Pitcairn and, 84, 85, 91, 199–205

Pennsylvania Supreme Court, 259

Phenique, 222

Phenyle, 222

Philippines, 274

Phipps, Henry, 91–92

Phipps, Henry, Jr., 206

Pig iron, 33, 49, 52–53

Pinkerton Agency, 265

Pitcairn, Robert

       background of, 91

       dam breaks and flooding, 199–203

       Pennsylvania Railroad and, 84, 85, 91, 199–205

       relief efforts, 203–4, 206, 212

       South Fork dam and, 200–201, 203–5, 248–49, 253

Pittsburgh

       Carnegie family move to, 27–28

       history of, 43–44

       relief train, 211–12, 213–14

       wealth of, 22

Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce, 230

Pittsburgh Chronicle-Telegraph, 204

Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette, 204

Pittsburgh Dispatch, 204, 254

Pittsburgh Ladies’ Committee, 213

Pittsburgh Locomotive Works, 34

Pittsburgh Relief Committee, 206, 210, 211–12, 220, 229

Pittsburgh Times, 204

Placid, Lake, 63, 73–74

Poetry, 272

Policing, 217–21, 224–25

Pollution, 221–22

Poplar Street bridge, 124

Portage system, 69

Poverty, 97, 267

Presbyterian Church, Johnstown, 147, 213, 274–75

Price-fixing, 61–62

Progress and Poverty (George), 97–98

Prospect, 177

Psalm 23, 148

Psalm 46, 148

Purity, 222

Quicklime, 222

Quinn, Eulalia, 276

Quinn, Gertrude, 4–11, 244

       aftermath of flood, 236–41

       background of, 4–5, 7–8

       dam breaks and flooding, 1–2, 9–10, 145–46, 155–57, 160–61, 173–75

       the fires, 167–75

       life after the flood, 272, 276–77

       newspaper reports of, 236

       rainfall begins, 106

       rescue of, 175, 185–90, 192–93, 236, 276

       return to Johnstown, 241–43

Quinn, Helen, 156, 157, 191, 192–93, 237

Quinn, James, 4–11

       aftermath of flood, 191–93, 236–39, 242, 243

       appearance of, 5, 6

       concerns about dam safety, 94

       dam breaks and flooding, 9–11, 16, 145–46, 156–58, 173–75

       life after the flood, 276–77

       rainfall begins, 106

       reputation for worry, 10–11

       rescue of Gertrude and, 192–93

Quinn, Marie, 10, 242–43

Quinn, Rosemary, 156, 157, 191, 192–93, 237–41

Quinn, Rosina

       aftermath of flood, 237–43

       background of, 5–6

       in Kansas, 9, 237, 238–41

       life after the flood, 276

Quinn, Vincent, 6–7, 8

       dam breaks and flooding, 9–10, 146, 155, 158–59

       death of, 158–59, 238, 240

       rainfall begins, 106

Quinn’s Store, 4, 47, 190, 191, 237, 238, 276

Radioactivity, 32

Rainfall, 99–113

Red Cross, 225–30, 241, 275

Red Cross hotels, 229, 241

Reed, James Hay, 92, 254–55

Regulations, 28, 85, 269

Regulator Rebellion, 43

Reilly, John, 74–75, 200

Relief train, 211–12, 213–14

Republican Party, 8

“Retort” coke ovens, 47–48

Revere, Paul, 273, 274

Reverend Beale. See Beale, David

Revolutionary War, 43, 45

Robert the Bruce, 29

Rockefeller Foundation, 274

Roebling, John, 42, 46

Roosevelt, Theodore, 260

Rosin, 222

Ruff, Benjamin Franklin, 73–81

       background of, 65–66

       controlling interest in South Fork Club, 75, 76–77

       death of, 95

       desire to create a lake, 65–66, 68–69, 73–74

       Morrell’s concerns about dam, 88–90, 95

       purchase of property for South Fork Club, 74–75

       redamming of South Fork, 77–81, 83–84, 86–88, 200–201, 248, 250

Russian famine of 1921–22, 275

Rylands rule, 258–59

Sailing, 68

St. John’s Catholic Church, 180

Salvation Army, 8, 175

Sang Hollow, 203, 211–12

Sanitary corps, 222

Sanitas, 222

Schwab, Charles, 265–66, 269

Scott, James, 220, 221

Scott, Tom, 30–31, 61

Scottsdale, Kansas, 9, 237, 238–41

Sea Islands hurricane of 1893, 275

Seventh Avenue Hotel, 92

Shelters, 229, 241

Sherman Antitrust Act, 260–61

Skinner, George, 236

Slag, 33, 52–53

Slattery, Gertrude. See Quinn, Gertrude

Sluice pipes, 70, 72, 73, 78–79, 87, 248

Smelting, 33–34, 49–50

Social Problems (George), 97–98

Sodium hypochlorite, 222

Soil erosion, 14–15, 94

Songs, 273–74

Sons of Vulcan, 58

South Fork

       initial damming of, 65, 68–73

       rainfall and morning of dam break, 107–13

       redamming of, 65, 77–81, 83–84, 86–88, 103, 200–201

       washouts, 79, 80

South Fork (town)

       dam breaks and flooding, 136–37

       damming of South Fork and concerns in, 78, 93

       rainfall, 104, 107, 110

       warning messages, 117–20, 125

South Fork dam

       causes of failure, 12–15, 247–61

       culvert, 72, 73, 78–79, 87, 126

       dam breaks and flooding, 12, 16–17, 131–37

       discharge pipe system, 72, 78, 79, 88, 200, 248

       false alarms, 93–95

       first dam collapse, 72–73

       first dam construction, 70–72

       fishguard, 80, 112–13, 125–26, 250

       Fulton’s inspection of, 86–88, 89, 248, 253

       lack of regulations regarding, 85

       local acceptance of, 93–95

       local discomfort with, 84–85

       map, viii–ix

       Morrell and, 83, 85–86, 88–90, 93, 248

       negligence and liability issues, 255–61

       Pitcairn’s responsibilities, 200–201, 203–5, 248–49, 253

       rainfall and morning of break, 107–13

       second dam construction, 77–81, 83–84, 86–88, 103, 200–201

       sluice pipes, 70, 72, 73, 78–79, 87, 248

       spillway, 71–72, 77–78, 79–80, 87, 93, 111–13, 125–27, 248

       warning messages, 117–23, 127–29

South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, 12, 21–23

       aftermath of flood, 198–99

       auction of contents, 263–64

       Carnegie and, 23, 24, 25, 38–39, 62–64, 91–92

       cause of dam failure, 248–56

       closing of, 263–64

       controlling interests in, 75, 76–77

       cottage construction, 84

       cottage life, 90–91

       creation of lake, 41–42, 66, 68–73

       fishing at, 67, 80, 92–93

       formation of, 22–23, 24, 63–64, 65–66, 77

       indoor-plumbing system, 102–3, 104, 263

       initial rainfall, 102–5, 107–13

       lawsuits against, 256–58

       local employment at, 84–85, 92

       membership of, 21, 23, 75–76, 83–84, 90–92, 95, 253–54

       negligence and liability issues, 255–61

       purchase of property, 74–75

       Ruff-Frick shareholder combination, 75–78

       secrecy of, 21, 23, 83–84

South Fork station, 110–11, 113, 120–21

South Fork telegraph tower, 119–22

Souvenirs, 218, 270–71

Spencer, Herbert, 214

Springsteen, Bruce, 274

Steel industry, 2–4, 13–14, 23–24, 32–35, 48, 58–60, 264–66, 269

Steelmaking, 33–34, 48–51

Stella, 240–41

Steubenville bridge, 34

Stevenson, Mrs., 154–55, 177

Stone bridge. See Conemaugh River Bridge

Stony Creek, 11, 13, 46, 69, 94

       erosion, 14–15, 94

       narrowing of, 15, 16, 94–95

       rainfall, 101, 105–6, 117

       unnatural contributing factors, 12–15, 247–61

Storm of May 1889, 99–101

Stowe, Edwin H., 77

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 236

Strayer, Jacob, 256

Streetcars, 96–97, 223–24

Superior Rail Mill and Blast Furnaces, 34

Swank, George, 124, 127–29, 252–53

Swiss Red Cross, 225–26

Tax policy, 97–98

Telegraphy, 31, 35–36, 119–21

Textile industry, 26, 28

“That Valley of Tears” (song), 273–74

Theft, 218, 270

Thomson, J. Edgar, 30, 31

Thomson Steel Company, 59–60, 264, 275

Trout fishing, 67, 80, 92–93

Turtle Creek, 91

Tuxedo Club, New York, 62

Twain, Mark, 21

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 236

Unger, Elias J.

       aftermath of flood, 249, 255

       background of, 103–4

       business interests, 86 103, 92

       dam breaks, 131–33

       initial flooding, 125–26, 128, 131

       initial rainfall, 103–4, 107–8, 110–13

       presidency of South Fork Club, 103–4

       warning messages, 117–18, 125

Union Army, 8, 225

Union Depot Hotel Station (Pittsburgh), 103, 204

Union Iron Mills, 58–59

Union Station (Washington, D.C.), 226

Universal Exposition of 1889, 197–98

University of Pennsylvania, 102

U.S. Red Cross of the Geneva Convention, 226

U.S. Steel, 265–66, 269

Utopia, 222

Vandyke beards, 5, 6

Wage labor, 54–55, 57–58

Wallace, William, 29

Walters, James, 172–73

Walton, Izaak, 67

Washington, George, 45

Weather Bureau, U.S., 100, 101

Webber, Herbert, 248

Western Union, 36, 127–28, 129

West Overton, 75–76

Wet-fly fishing, 67

Wetzengreist, 119, 120–21, 122

Whiskey Rebellion, 43, 45, 59, 76

Whiteface Mountain, 74

Whitman, Walt, 272

Woodruff Sleeping & Parlor Coach Company, 103

Woodvale, 117, 135, 142–43

Workers. See Labor

Workers’ camps, 222

Young, Mrs., 149