INTRODUCTION

1. David Ingram, “Facebook Hits 2 Billion-User Mark, Doubling in Size Since 2012,” Reuters, June 27, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-users-idUSKBN19I2GG (accessed July 16, 2017).

2. Statista, “Number of Monthly Active WhatsApp Users Worldwide from April 2013 to January 2017 (in Millions),” https://www.statista.com/statistics/260819/number-of-monthly-active-whatsapp-users/ (accessed July 16, 2017); YouTube, “YouTube by the Numbers,” https://www.youtube.com/yt/about/press/ (accessed July 16, 2017).

3. DMR, “18 Amazing QQ Statistics,” http://expandedramblings.com/index.php/qq-statistics/ (accessed July 16, 2017); Statista, “Number of Monthly Active WeChat Users from 2nd Quarter 2010 to 1st Quarter 2017,” https://www.statista.com/statistics/255778/number-of-active-wechat-messenger-accounts/ (accessed July 16, 2017).

4. DMR, “By the Numbers: 72 Amazing Baidu Statistics and Facts,” http://expandedramblings.com/index.php/baidu-stats/ (accessed July 16, 2017).

CHAPTER 1: WILD AND WIRED

1. Mark Zuckerberg, quoted in Randi Zuckerberg, Dot Complicated: Untangling Our Wired Lives (New York: Harper Collins, 2013), p. 22.

2. Contact, directed by Robert Zemeckis (Los Angeles, CA: Warner Brothers, 1997).

3. Sherry Turkle, Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age (New York: Penguin, 2015), p. 346.

4. B. J. Mendelson, Social Media Is Bullshit (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2012), p. 179.

5. Hande Boyaci, Tayyab Shah, Amanda Hurley, et al., “Structure, Regulation, and Inhibition of the Quorum-Sensing Signal Integrator LuxO,” PLOS Biology 14, no. 5 (2016): e1002464, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002464; PLOS, “Silencing Cholera's ‘Social Media,’” Science Daily, May 24, 2016, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/05/160524144701.htm (accessed April 29, 2017).

6. Jacqueline Humphries, Liyang Xiong, Jintao Liu, et al., “Species-Independent Attraction to Biofilms through Electrical Signaling,” Cell 168, nos. 1–2 (January 12, 2017), DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.014; University of California–San Diego, “Bacteria Recruit Other Species with Long-Range Electrical Signals,” Science Daily, January 12, 2017, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170112141216.htm (accessed April 29, 2017).

7. Nic Fleming, “Plants Talk to Each Other Using an Internet of Fungus,” BBC, November 11, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20141111-plants-have-a-hidden-internet (accessed April 29, 2017).

8. University of California–Davis, “Plant Parasite ‘Wiretaps’ Host,” Science Daily, August 4, 2008, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080731140231.htm (accessed March 19, 2017).

9. Jacob Poushter, “Smartphone Ownership and Internet Usage Continues to Climb in Emerging Economies,” Pew Research Center, February 22, 2016, http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/02/22/smartphone-ownership-and-internet-usage-continues-to-climb-in-emerging-economies/ (accessed April 21, 2017).

10. David Ingram, “Facebook Hits 2 Billion-User Mark, Doubling in Size Since 2012,” Reuters, June 27, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-users-idUSKBN19I2GG (accessed July 16, 2017).

11. Statista, “Number of Monthly Active WhatsApp Users Worldwide from April 2013 to January 2017 (in Millions),” https://www.statista.com/statistics/260819/number-of-monthly-active-whatsapp-users/ (accessed July 16, 2017).

12. YouTube, “YouTube by the Numbers.”

13. Josh Constine, “Facebook Messenger Hits 1.2 Billion Monthly Users, up from 1B in July,” Tech Crunch, April 12, 2017, https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/12/messenger/ (accessed July 17, 2017).

14. Statista, “Number of Monthly Active WeChat Users from 2nd Quarter 2010 to 1st Quarter 2017,” https://www.statista.com/statistics/255778/number-of-active-wechat-messenger-accounts/ (accessed July 16, 2017).

15. Daniel Sparks, “Top 10 Social Networks: How Many Users Are on Each?” Motley Fool, https://www.fool.com/investing/2017/03/30/top-10-social-networks-how-many-users-are-on-each.aspx (accessed July 16, 2017).

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

18. Statista, “Most Famous Social Network Sites Worldwide as of April 2017, Ranked by Number of Active Users,” https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/ (accessed July 16, 2017).

19. Sparks, “Top 10 Social Networks.”

20. Ibid.

21. Statista, “Most Famous Social Network Sites.”

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid.

26. Aaron Smith, “Record Shares of Americans Now Own Smartphones, Have Home Broadband,” Pew Research Center, January 12, 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/12/evolution-of-technology/ (accessed April 21, 2017).

27. Poushter, “Smartphone Ownership.”

28. Ibid.

29. Craig Wigginton, “2016 Global Mobile Consumer Survey: US Edition,” 2016, https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/technology-media-and-telecommunications/articles/global-mobile-consumer-survey-us-edition.html (accessed April 6, 2017).

30. Ibid.

31. Bernard Marr, “4 Mind-Blowing Ways Facebook Uses Artificial Intelligence,” Forbes, December 29, 2016, https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2016/12/29/4-amazing-ways-facebook-uses-deep-learning-to-learn-everything-about-you/#4246410accbf (accessed March 31, 2017).

32. Smith, “Record Shares of Americans.”

33. Poushter, “Smartphone Ownership.”

34. Andy Coghlan, “Social Brains Grown in a Dish,” New Scientist, January 14, 2017, p. 12.

35. Alexis C. Madrigal, “The iPhone Was Inevitable,” Atlantic, June 29, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/06/the-iphone-was-inevitable/531963/ (accessed June 29, 2017).

36. Sherry Turkle, “Sherry Turkle: Connected, But Alone?” TED, video, 19:48, from a TED Talk delivered February 2012, https://www.ted.com/talks/sherry_turkle_alone_together#t-149287 (accessed March 6, 2017).

37. Sherry Turkle, Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other (New York: Basic Books, 2011), p. 283.

38. Janelle Randazza, Go Tweet Yourself (Avon, MA: Adams Media, 2009), pp. ix–x.

39. Peter Rubin, “Facebook's Bizarre VR App Is Exactly Why Zuck Bought Oculus,” Wired, April 18, 2017, https://www.wired.com/2017/04/facebook-spaces-vr-for-your-friends/ (accessed July 28, 2017).

40. Jeremy Bailenson, quoted in Adam Alter, Irresistible: The Rise of Addictive Technology and the Business of Keeping Us Hooked (New York: Penguin, 2017).

41. Jerry Kane, “Social Media…You Haven't Seen Anything Yet | Jerry Kane | TEDxLongwood,” YouTube video, 19:25, from a TEDx Talk, posted by “TEDx Talks,” July 7, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KzcQzM8CgIc (accessed February 15, 2017).

42. Gerald Kane, interview with the author, February 15, 2017.

43. Tom Standage, Writing on the Wall: Social Media—The First 2,000 Years (New York: Bloomsbury USA, 2013).

44. June Cohen, “The Rise of Social Media Is Really a Reprise,” in Is the Internet Changing the Way You Think? The Net's Impact on Our Minds and Our Future, ed. John Brockman (New York: Harper Perennial, 2011), p. 38.

45. Ibid., p. 39.

46. Edward O. Wilson, The Creation: An Appeal to Save Life on Earth (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), p. 12.

47. Maria Konnikova, “The Limits of Friendship,” New Yorker, October 7, 2014, http://www.newyorker.com/science/maria-konnikova/social-media-affect-math-dunbar-number-friendships (accessed March 21, 2017). See also R. I. M. Dunbar, “Do Online Social Media Cut through the Constraints That Limit the Size of Off-line Social Networks?” Royal Society Open Science, January 20, 2016, DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150292, http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/1/150292 (accessed April 4, 2017).

48. Moya Sarner, “Alone in the Crowd,” New Scientist, July 22, 2017, p. 32.

49. Chris Baraniuk, “World Wide Warp,” New Scientist, February 20, 2016, p. 38.

50. Andrew Sullivan, “I Used to Be a Human Being,” New Yorker, September 18, 2016, http://nymag.com/selectall/2016/09/andrew-sullivan-technology-almost-killed-me.html (accessed June 28, 2017).

51. Jaron Lanier, You Are Not a Gadget: A Manifesto, p. 26.

52. Ibid., p. 200.

53. Ibid., p. 4.

54. Ibid., p. 87.

55. Alexis C. Madrigal, “Facebook Doesn't Understand Itself,” Atlantic, May 23, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/05/the-big-assumption-in-facebooks-leaked-content-moderation-guidelines/527628/ (accessed June 29, 2017).

56. Rory Cellan-Jones, “Stephen Hawking Warns Artificial Intelligence Could End Mankind,”BBC News, December 2, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-30290540 (accessed July 10, 2017).

57. “What If . . We Create Human-Level Artificial Intelligence?” New Scientist 232, no. 3100 (November 19, 2016).

58. “NGA 2017 Summer Meeting—Introducing the New Chair's Initiative ‘Ahead of the Curve,’” YouTube video, 1:26:50, streamed live July 15, 2017, posted by National Governors Association, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2C-A797y8dA (accessed July 17, 2017).

59. Paul Mozur, “Google's AlphaGo Defeats Chinese Go Master in Win for A.I.,” New York Times, May 23, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/23/business/google-deepmind-alphago-go-champion-defeat.html (accessed July 8, 2017).

60. PwC, “UK Economic Outlook,” March 2017, http://www.pwc.co.uk/economic-services/ukeo/pwcukeo-summary-report-march-2017-v2.pdf (accessed July 7, 2017), p. 3.

61. Martin Rees, “Organic Intelligence Has No Long-Term Future,” in What to Think about Machines That Think: Today's Leading Thinkers on the Age of Machine Intelligence, ed. John Brockman (New York: Harper Perennial, 2015), p. 9.

62. Sean Prophet, interview with the author, March 22, 2017.

63. See Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near (London: Duckworth, 2016).

64. Randall, interview with the author.

65. Kelly, interview with the author.

66. Bong Manding, interview with the author, March 29, 2017.

67. Elke Feuer, interview with the author, April 1, 2017.

68. ScienceDaily, “How to Get More Followers on Twitter,” May 2, 2013, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130502115517.htm (accessed July 13, 2017).

69. Dean Burnett, interview with the author, February 28, 2017.

70. Leticia Bode, interview with the author, March 4, 2017.

71. Richard Dawkins, “Net Gain,” in Is the Internet Changing the Way You Think? The Net's Impact on Our Minds and Our Future, ed. John Brockman (New York: Harper Perennial, 2011), p. 9.

72. Thomas Rid, Rise of the Machines: A Cybernetic History (New York: W. W. Norton, 2016), p. 2.

73. Skynet is the fictional net-based artificial intelligence featured in the Terminator films.

74. Oliver Morton, “Concluding Reflections: Lessons from the Industrial Revolution,” in Mega Tech: Technology in 2050, ed. Daniel Franklin (New York: Economist Books / Public Affairs, 2017), p. 226.

75. Kelly Frede, interview with the author, April 8, 2017.

76. Comment posted to “Quit Social Media | Dr. Cal Newport | TEDxTysons,” YouTube video, 13:50, from a TEDx Talk in June 2016, posted by “TEDx Talks,” September 19, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3E7hkPZ-HTk (accessed August 18, 2017).

77. “Charles Barkley Thinks Social Media Is for Losers,” CNET video, https://www.cnet.com/videos/charles-barkley-thinks-social-media-is-for-losers-ces-2017/ (accessed January 10, 2017).

78. Turkle, Alone Together, p. 1.

79. Sebastian Junger writes about the decline of deep and vital human relationships in his book Tribe: On Homecoming and Belonging (New York: Twelve, 2016).

80. New Scientist, “Oh, Lonesome Us,” July 22, 2017, p. 3.

81. Moya Sarner, “Alone in the Crowd,” New Scientist, July 22, 2017, pp. 31–32.

82. Ibid., p. 30.

83. Hugues Sampasa-Kanyinga and Rosamund F. Lewis, “Frequent Use of Social Networking Sites Is Associated with Poor Psychological Functioning among Children and Adolescents,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 18, no. 7 (July 2015): 380–85, http://dx.doi.org/doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0055 (accessed July 30, 2017).

84. University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, “Social Media Use Associated with Depression among U.S. Young Adults,” March 22, 2016, http://www.upmc.com/media/NewsReleases/2016/Pages/lin-primack-sm-depression.aspx (accessed July 30, 2017).

85. Ibid.

86. Keith Hampton, Lee Rainie, Weixu Lu, Inyoung Shin, and Kristen Purcell, “Social Media and the Cost of Caring,” Pew Research Center, January 15, 2015, p. 12, http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/01/15/the-cost-of-caring/ (accessed August 3, 2017).

87. Andrew G. Reece and Christopher M. Danforth, “Instagram Photos Reveal Predictive Markers of Depression,” EPJ Data Science, August 8, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-017-0110-z (accessed August 9, 2017).

88. Ibid.

89. Jean M. Twenge, “Has the Smartphone Destroyed a Generation?” Atlantic, September 2017, p. 61.

90. David Burnham, The Rise of the Computer State (New York: Random House, 1983), p. 9.

91. University of Cambridge, “Computers Using Digital Footprints Are Better Judges of Personality Than Friends and Family,” Science Daily, January 12, 2015, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150112154456.htm (accessed March 2, 2017).

92. Ronald Goldfarb, ed., After Snowden: Privacy, Secrecy, and Security in the Information Age (New York: Thomas Dunne, 2015).

93. Jacob Silverman, interview with the author, January 31, 2017.

94. Louise Story, “F.T.C. to Review Online Ads and Privacy,” New York Times, November 1, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/01/technology/01Privacy.html (accessed March 22, 2017).

95. Lori Andrews, I Know Who You Are and I Saw What You Did: Social Networks and the Death of Privacy (New York: Free Press, 2011), p. 29.

96. Ibid.

97. Jessica Guynn, “Mark Zuckerberg Publishes Manifesto to Save the World,” USA Today, February 16, 2017, https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/02/16/mark-zuckerberg-publishes-manifesto-save-world/98007574/ (accessed July 18, 2017).

98. Steve Kroft, “The Data Brokers: Selling Your Personal Information,” 60 Minutes, August 24, 2014, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/data-brokers-selling-personal-information-60-minutes/ (accessed February 7, 2017).

99. Guglielmo Marconi, quoted in Jacob Silverman, Terms of Service: Social Media and the Constant Price of Connection (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), p. 2.

100. Ibid., p. 4.

101. William Poundstone, interview with the author, February 28, 2017.

102. Randi Zuckerberg, Dot Complicated: Untangling Our Wired Lives (New York: Harper Collins, 2013), p. 78.

103. Danah M. Boyd and Nicole B. Ellison, “Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13, no. 1 (October 2007): 211.

104. Poundstone, interview with the author.

105. Chuck Palahniuk, Fight Club (New York: Norton, 1996), p. 166.

106. Shona Ghosh, “Analyst: Snapchat's Valuation Numbers Don't Add Up,” Business Insider, March 15, 2017, http://www.businessinsider.com/analyst-snapchats-valuation-numbers-dont-add-up-2017-3 (accessed April 6, 2017).

107. Natasha, interview with the author.

108. ICT Data and Statistics Division, ICT: Facts and Figures (Geneva, Switzerland: International Telecommunication Union, May 2015), https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/ICTFactsFigures2015.pdf (accessed February 7, 2017).

109. Rachel Nuwer, “What If the Internet Stopped Working for a Day?” BBC, February 7, 2017, http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170207-what-if-the-internet-stopped-for-a-day (accessed April 27, 2017).

110. Alexandre Aragão, “WhatsApp Has a Viral Rumor Problem with Real Consequences,” BuzzFeed, May 31, 2017, https://www.buzzfeed.com/alexandrearagao/whatsapp-rumors-have-already-provoked-lynch-mobs-a?utm_term=.htNn1Lw63#.icKvlB15R (accessed June 1, 2017).

111. Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel, Blur: How to Know What's True in the Age of Information Overload (New York: Bloomsbury, 2011), p. 6.

112. Ibid., p. 7.

113. Facebook, “Stats,” https://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/ (accessed July 18, 2017).

114. Pew Research Center, “Social Media Fact Sheet,” January 12, 2017, http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheet/social-media/#data (accessed July 18, 2017).

115. Pew Research Center, “Social Media Fact Sheet,” January 12, 2017.

116. Michael Tomasello, “The Ultra-Social Animal,” European Journal of Social Psychology 44, no. 3 (April 2014): 187–94, doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2015 (accessed August 13, 2017).

117. Susan Cain, Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking (New York: Random House, 2013), p. 3.

118. Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), p. 108.

119. Ibid.; “Social Capital Primer,” Bowling Alone, 2017, http://bowlingalone.com/?page_id=13 (accessed January 19, 2017).

120. Ibid., p. 19.

121. Putnam, Bowling Alone, p. 27.

122. Ibid., pp. 288–331; “Social Capital Primer,” Bowling Alone.

123. Putnam, Bowling Alone, p. 22.

124. Ibid., p. 23.

125. Ibid., p. 170.

126. Aaron Smith, “6 New Facts about Facebook,” Pew Research Center, February 3, 2014, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/02/03/6-new-facts-about-facebook/ (accessed March 21, 2017).

127. Jeffrey Gottfried, Michael Barthel, Elisa Shearer, and Amy Mitchell, “The 2016 Presidential Campaign—a News Event That's Hard to Miss,” Pew Research Center, February 4, 2016, http://www.journalism.org/2016/02/04/the-2016-presidential-campaign-a-news-event-thats-hard-to-miss/ (accessed April 29, 2017).

128. Wikipedia, s.v. “Braco (Faith Healer),” last modified April 5, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braco_(faith_healer) (accessed May 24, 2017).

129. David W. Moore, “Three in Four Americans Believe in Paranormal,” Gallup, June 16, 2005, http://www.gallup.com/poll/16915/three-four-americans-believe-paranormal.aspx (accessed April 2, 2017).

130. Linda Lyons, “Paranormal Beliefs Come (Super) Naturally to Some,” Gallup, November 1, 2005, http://www.gallup.com/poll/19558/paranormal-beliefs-come-supernaturally-some.aspx (accessed April 2, 2017).

131. Ibid.

132. Frank Newport, “In US, 42% Believe Creationist View of Human Origins,” Gallup, June 2, 2014, http://www.gallup.com/poll/170822/believe-creationist-view-human-origins.aspx (accessed December 1, 2014).

133. Kurt Andersen, Fantasyland: How America Went Haywire (New York: Random House, 2017), p. 6.

134. Ibid., p. 8.

135. Guy P. Harrison, Good Thinking: What You Need to Know to Be Smarter, Safer, Wealthier, and Wiser (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2015).

136. US Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, “ISIS Online: Countering Terrorist Radicalization and Recruitment on the Internet and Social Media,” July 6, 2016, pp. 1–2, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-114shrg22476/pdf/CHRG-114shrg22476.pdf.

137. Emerson T. Brooking and P. W. Singer, “War Goes Viral: How Social Media Is Being Weaponized,” Atlantic, November, 2016, p. 72.

138. Ibid.

139. US Senate, “ISIS Online.”

140. Ruth Pollard, “Islamic State Propaganda: What the West Doesn't Understand,” Sydney Morning Herald, July 9, 2015, http://www.smh.com.au/world/islamic-state-propaganda-what-the-west-doesntunderstand-20150708-gi86qu.html (accessed March 22, 2017).

141. Ibid.

142. Krishnadev Calamur, “Twitter's New ISIS Policy,” Atlantic, February 5, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/02/twitter-isis/460269/ (accessed July 18, 2017).

143. Emily Dreyfuss, “Facebook's Counterterrorism Playbook Comes into Focus,” Wired, June 17, 2017, https://www.wired.com/story/facebook-counterterrorism/ (accessed July 18, 2017); Monika Bickert, “Hard Questions: How We Counter Terrorism,” Facebook, June 15, 2017, https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2017/06/how-we-counter-terrorism/ (accessed July 18, 2017).

144. “The Importance of Social Media,” New America, https://www.newamerica.org/in-depth/terrorism-in-america/why-do-they-commit-terrorist-acts/ (accessed February 10, 2017). Nearly half of jihadis, 46 percent, have some form of a social media profile with jihadist material or have utilized encryption to conspire.

145. Brendan I. Koerner, “Why ISIS is Winning the Social Media War,” Wired, April 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/03/isis-winning-social-media-war-heres-beat/ (accessed July 18, 2017).

146. Scott Shane, “The Lessons of Anwar al-Awlaki,” New York Times, August 27, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/30/magazine/the-lessons-of-anwar-al-awlaki.html (accessed June 27, 2017).

CHAPTER 2: WELCOME TO YOUR VERY OWN CUSTOMIZED, BIASED BUBBLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL REINFORCEMENT, MANIPULATION, AND LIES

1. David Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), p. 276.

2. Brendan Nyhan, interview with the author, March 7, 2017.

3. Michael P. Lynch, “Googling Is Believing: Trumping the Informed Citizen,” New York Times, March 9, 2016, https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/03/09/googling-is-believing-trumping-the-informed-citizen/ (accessed February 8, 2017).

4. Eli Pariser, The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You (New York: Penguin, 2011), p. 9.

5. Eli Pariser, “Beware Online ‘Filter Bubbles,’” TED Talk, March 2011, https://www.ted.com/talks/eli_pariser_beware_online_filter_bubbles (accessed March 29, 2017).

6. Daniel J. Boorstin, The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America (New York: First Vintage Books, 1992), p. 240.

7. Yuval Noah Harari, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow, p. 323.

8. Ibid., p. 334.

9. Ibid., p. 356.

10. Richard Gray, “Lies, Propaganda, and Fake News: A Challenge for Our Age,” BBC, March 1, 2017, http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170301-lies-propaganda-and-fake-news-a-grand-challenge-of-our-age (accessed July 19, 2017).

11. Pariser, Filter Bubble, pp. 15–16.

12. Natasha, interview with the author.

13. Camille, interview with the author.

14. John Michael Strubhart, interview with the author, March 22, 2017.

15. Angela Russell, interview with the author, March 31, 2017.

16. Dean Eckles, Twitter post @deaneckles, October 7, 2016, 10:37 a.m., https://twitter.com/deaneckles/status/784447589236236288 (accessed August 3, 2017).

17. Read Across the Aisle, “Intro to Read Across the Aisle,” introductory video, 2:17, http://www.readacrosstheaisle.com/ (accessed July 19, 2017).

18. The Dr. Bo Show, 2017, https://www.thedrboshow.com/tools/qa/Bo/TheDrBoShow.

19. Bo Bennett, interview with the author, March 9, 2017.

20. Michael Shermer, The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies—How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths (New York: Times Books, 2011), p. 278.

21. Francis Bacon, quoted in Raymond Nickerson, “Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises,” Review of General Psychology 2, no. 2 (1998): 176.

22. Sean Prophet, interview with the author, March 22, 2017.

23. Davies Robertson, Temptest-Tost (Toronto: Penguin Canada, 2006), p. 107.

24. See Harrison, 50 Popular Beliefs That People Think Are True (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2012), pp. 154–60.

25. See ibid., pp. 89–99.

26. Drew Weston, quoted in Shermer, Believing Brain, pp. 261, 363; D. Westen, P. S. Blagov, K. Harenski, C. Kilts, and S. Hamann, “Neural Bases of Motivated Reasoning: An fMRI Study of Emotional Constraints on Partisan Political Judgment in the 2004 US Presidential Election,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 11 (November 2006): 1947–58.

27. Ian Liberman, interview with the author, March 23, 2017.

28. Wikiquote, s.v. “Voltaire,” last modified April 14, 2017, https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Voltaire (accessed February 10, 2017); Robert Andrews, ed., Columbia Dictionary of Quotations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), p. 633.

29. Allister Heath, “Fake News Is Killing People's Minds, Says Apple Boss Tim Cook,” Telegraph, February 10, 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/02/10/fake-news-killing-peoples-minds-says-apple-boss-tim-cook/ (accessed January 11, 2017).

30. Timothy J. Redmond, “Political Obfuscation,” Skeptic 21, no. 4, 2016, p. 57.

31. Eliza Collins, “Poll: Clinton, Trump Most Unfavorable Candidates Ever,” USA Today, August 31, 2016, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2016/08/31/poll-clinton-trump-most-unfavorable-candidates-ever/89644296/ (accessed July 19, 2017).

32. American Press Institute, “‘Who Shared It?’: How Americans Decide What News to Trust on Social Media,” March 20, 2017, https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-research/trust-social-media/ (accessed July 19, 2017).

33. Nieman Lab, “People Who Get News from Social or Search Usually Don't Remember the News Org That Published It, Survey Finds,” July 19, 2017, http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/07/people-who-get-news-from-social-or-search-usually-dont-remember-the-news-org-that-published-it-survey-finds/ (accessed July 20, 2017).

34. Sue Halpern, “How He Used Facebook to Win,” New York Review of Books, June 8, 2017, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2017/06/08/how-trump-used-facebook-to-win/ (accessed July 8, 2017).

35. Ibid.

36. David J. Helfand, “Surviving the Misinformation Age,” Skeptical Inquirer 41, no. 3 (May/June, 2017): 39.

37. Jeff Jones and Lydia Saad, “Gallup Poll Social Series: Governance,” Gallup, September 7–11, 2016, http://www.gallup.com/file/poll/195575/Confidence_in_Mass_Media_160914%20.pdf (accessed February 8, 2017).

38. Ibid.

39. Art Swift, “Americans Trust in Mass Media Sinks to New Low,” Gallup, September 14, 2016, http://www.gallup.com/poll/195542/americans-trust-mass-media-sinks-new-low.aspx (accessed February 8, 2017).

40. Guardian, “David Remnick on the rise of fake news and the era of misinformation,” June 19, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/canneslions/2017/jun/19/david-remnick-deception-fake-news-cannes?CMP=share_btn_tw (accessed June 19, 2017).

41. Richard Gray, “Lies, Propaganda, and Fake News: A Challenge for Our Age,” BBC, March 1, 2017, http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170301-lies-propaganda-and-fake-news-a-grand-challenge-of-our-age (accessed July 19, 2017).

42. Kelsey Sutton, “Trump Calls CNN ‘Fake News,’ as Channel Defends Its Reporting on Intelligence Briefing,” Politico, January 11, 2017, http://www.politico.com/blogs/on-media/2017/01/trump-refusing-to-answer-question-from-cnn-reporter-you-are-fake-news-233485 (accessed February 6, 2017).

43. Aaron Blake, “President Trump's Simplistic, Illogical Worldview, in One Tweet,” Washington Post, February 6, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/02/06/president-trumps-simplistic-illogical-worldview-in-one-tweet/?utm_term=.00d1b079d2c0 (accessed February 7, 2017).

44. Amnesty International, “Syria: Human Slaughterhouse; Mass Hangings and Extermination at Saydnaya Prison, Syria,” February 7, 2017, https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde24/5415/2017/en/ (accessed July 21, 2017).

45. Michael Isikoff, “Exclusive: Defiant Assad Tells Yahoo News Torture Report Is ‘Fake News,’” Yahoo News, February 10, 2017, https://www.yahoo.com/news/exclusive-defiant-assad-tells-yahoo-news-torture-report-is-fake-news-100042667.html (accessed February 10, 2017).

46. Oxford Dictionaries, “Oxford Dictionaries Word of the Year 2016 Is…,” https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/press/news/2016/12/11/WOTY-16 (accessed July 30, 2017).

47. Mackenzie Weinger, “John Fleming Links to Onion Story,” Politico, February 6, 2012, http://www.politico.com/story/2012/02/congressman-links-to-onion-story-072507 (accessed February 6, 2017).

48. Alexandra Topping, “Ex-FIFA Vice President Jack Warner Swallows Onion Spoof,” Guardian, May 31, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/may/31/ex-fifa-vice-president-jack-warner-swallows-onion-spoof (accessed February 6, 2017).

49. Jon Bershad, “FoxNation.com Reposts Anti-Obama Article from the Onion, Doesn't Mention It's a Joke,” Mediaite, November 26, 2010, http://www.mediaite.com/online/foxnation-com-repurposes-anti-obama-article-from-the-onion-forgets-to-mention-its-a-joke/ (accessed February 6, 2017).

50. Henry Chu, “Beijing Newspaper Retreats, Apologizes for Capitol Gaffe,” Los Angeles Times, June 13, 2002, http://articles.latimes.com/2002/jun/13/world/fg-whoops13 (accessed February 6, 2017).

51. “One Giant Slip in Bangladesh News,” BBC News, September 4, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8237558.stm (accessed February 6, 2017).

52. Stanford History Education Group, Evaluating Information: The Cornerstone of Civic Online Reasoning (Stanford, CA: Stanford History Education Group, November 22, 2016), p. 3, https://sheg.stanford.edu/upload/V3LessonPlans/Executive%20Summary%2011.21.16.pdf (accessed May 24, 2017).

53. Ibid., p. 4.

54. Ibid., p. 7.

55. Ibid., pp. 4–5.

56. Ibid., p. 10.

57. Ibid.

58. Ibid., p. 17.

59. Ibid., p. 23.

60. Ibid., p. 24.

61. Sam Wineburg and Sarah McGrew, “Most Teens Can't Tell Fake from Real News,” PBS NewsHour, December 13, 2016, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/column-students-cant-google-way-truth/ (accessed February 8, 2017).

62. Ibid.

63. Ibid.

64. Jessica Guynn, “Google Tweaks Search to Root Out ‘Fake News,’” USA Today, April 25, 2017, https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/04/25/google-tweaks-search-root-out-fake-news/100864892/ (accessed April 22, 2017).

65. Brendan Nyhan, interview with the author, March 7, 2017.

66. “Project Zero,” Harvard Graduation School of Education, 2016, http://www.pz.harvard.edu/who-we-are/about (accessed May 24, 2017).

67. Carrie James, interview with the author, March 20, 2017.

68. Christine Elgersma, “News Literacy 101: Follow These Steps to Help Kids (and You!) Resist Fake News, Fact-Check, and Think Critically about News and Information,” Common Sense Media, February 23, 2017, https://www.commonsensemedia.org/blog/news-literacy-101 (accessed May 24, 2017).

69. Out of Eden Learn, http://learn.outofedenwalk.com/ (accessed May 24, 2017).

70. “Dialogue Toolkit,” Out of Eden Learn, http://learn.outofedenwalk.com/dialogue-toolkit/ (accessed May 24, 2017).

71. Camila Domonoske, “Man Fires Rifle Inside DC Pizzeria, Cites Fictitious Conspiracy Theories,” NPR, December 5, 2016, http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/12/05/504404675/man-fires-rifle-inside-d-c-pizzeria-cites-fictitious-conspiracy-theories (accessed February 2, 2017).

72. Adam Goldman, “The Comet Ping Pong Gunman Answers Our Reporter's Questions,” New York Times, December 7, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/us/edgar-welch-comet-pizza-fake-news.html (accessed February 2, 2017).

73. BBC, “The Saga of ‘Pizzagate’: The Fake Story That Shows How Conspiracy Theories Spread,” December 2, 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-38156985 (accessed July 23, 2017).

74. Domonoske, “Man Fires Rifle.”

75. Matthew Rosenberg, “Trump Adviser Has Pushed Clinton Conspiracy Theories,” New York Times, December 5, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/05/us/politics/-michael-flynn-trump-fake-news-clinton.html?_r=0 (accessed February 2, 2017).

76. Ibid.

77. Howard Gardner, quoted in Rory O'Connor, Friends, Followers, and the Future (San Francisco: City Light Books, 2012), p. 217.

78. Howard Gardner, “The Good: Can We Have It in the Absence of Truth?” December 13, 2016, http://thegoodproject.org/the-good-can-we-have-it-in-the-absence-of-truth/ (accessed February 2, 2017).

79. Anthony C. Adornato, “Forces at the Gate: Social Media's Influence on Editorial and Production Decisions in Local Television Newsrooms,” Electronic News 10, no. 2, May 9, 2016, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1931243116647768?journalCode=enxa (accessed January 19, 2017).

80. O'Connor, Friends, p. 30.

81. Darrell Etherington, “President Obama on Fake News Problem: ‘We Won't Know What to Fight For,’” Techcrunch, November 17, 2016, https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/17/president-obama-on-fake-news-problem-we-wont-know-what-to-fight-for/ (accessed November 19, 2016).

82. Meriam Metzger, interview with the author, March 1, 2017.

83. Lauren Feldman, “The Hostile Media Effect,” in The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication, ed. Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199793471-e-011 (accessed April 30, 2017).

84. Meet the Press, “Conway: Press Secretary Gave ‘Alternative Facts,’” http://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/video/conway-press-secretary-gave-alternative-facts-860142147643 (accessed July 23, 2017).

85. Michael P. Lynch, “Googling Is Believing: Trumping the Informed Citizen,” New York Times, March 9, 2016, https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/03/09/googling-is-believing-trumping-the-informed-citizen/ (accessed April 30, 2017).

86. Ibid.

87. Matt Taibbi, “The End of Facts,” Rolling Stone, February 23–March 9, 2017, p. 29.

88. Kurt Andersen, Fantasyland: How America Went Haywire (New York: Random House, 2017), p. 7.

89. Kurt Andersen, “How America Lost Its Mind,” Atlantic, September 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/how-america-lost-its-mind/534231/ (accessed August 20, 2017).

90. Craig Silverman et al., “Hyperpartisan Facebook Pages Are Publishing False and Misleading Information at an Alarming Rate,” BuzzFeed, October 20, 2016, https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/partisan-fb-pages-analysis?utm_term=.wdaKZL1NnG#.px7BVneAJR (accessed November 16, 2016).

91. Brendan Nyhan, interview with the author, March 7, 2017.

92. Craig Silverman, “This Analysis Shows How Viral Fake Election News Stories Outperformed Real News on Facebook,” BuzzFeed, November 16, 2016, https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.bxlZ6dMw5Y#.vme21gBbZN (accessed November 19, 2016).

93. Ibid.

94. Ibid.

95. Jessica Wolf, “Political Affiliation Can Predict How People Will React to False Information about Threats,” Science Daily, February 2, 2017, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/02/170202141851.htm (accessed May 24, 2017).

96. Craig Silverman and Lawrence Alexander, “How Teens in The Balkans Are Duping Trump Supporters with Fake News,” BuzzFeed, November 3, 2016, https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/how-macedonia-became-a-global-hub-for-pro-trump-misinfo?utm_term=.paDOyRwW7k#.nwyjXPNbA3 (accessed November 19, 2016).

97. Ibid.

98. Ibid.

99. Office of the Director of National Intelligence, “Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Election,” January 6, 2017, https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICA_2017_01.pdf (accessed June 27, 2017).

100. Julia Munslow, “Ex-CIA Director Hayden: Russia election Meddling Was ‘Most Successful Covert Operation in History,’” Yahoo News, July 21, 2017, https://www.yahoo.com/news/ex-cia-director-hayden-russia-election-meddling-successful-covert-operation-history-212056443.html (accessed July 23, 2017).

101. John Whitehouse, “This Viral Lie about Denzel Washington Is the Perfect Illustration of Facebook's Fake News Crisis,” Media Matters, November 15, 2016, http://mediamatters.org/blog/2016/11/15/viral-lie-about-denzel-washington-perfect-illustration-facebooks-fake-news-crisis/214460 (accessed November 15, 2016).

102. David Mikkelson, “Gun Flight,” Snopes, October 30, 2016, http://www.snopes.com/hillary-clinton-bought-137-million-worth-of-illegal-arms/ (accessed November 16, 2016).

103. Tatianna Amatruda, “That Trump Quote Calling Republicans ‘The Dumbest Group of Voters’? Fake!” CNN, November 10, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/10/politics/trump-quote-facebook-trnd/ (accessed November 16, 2016).

104. Silverman and Alexander, “How Teens in the Balkans.”

105. Ibid.

106. Julia Love and Kristina Cooke, “Google, Facebook Move to Restrict Ads on Fake News Sites,” Reuters, Nov 15, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-alphabet-advertising-idUSKBN1392MM (accessed November 17, 2016).

107. Nyhan, interview.

108. Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook post, November 12, 2016, 10:15 p.m., https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10103253901916271 (accessed November 16, 2016).

109. Zeynep Tufekci, “Mark Zuckerberg Is in Denial,” New York Times, November 15, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/15/opinion/mark-zuckerberg-is-in-denial.html (accessed February 1, 2017).

110. Jose van Dijck, interview with the author, January 21, 2017.

111. Dan Primack, “Business Media Has Its Own Fake News Problem,” AXIOS, April 10, 2017, https://www.axios.com/business-media-has-its-own-fake-news-problem-2353912512.html (accessed April 10, 2017).

112. Josh Constine, “Facebook Shows Related Articles and Fact Checkers before You Open Links,” Techcrunch, April 25, 2017, https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/25/facebook-shows-related-articles-and-fact-checkers-before-you-open-links/ (accessed April 25, 2017).

113. Ibid.

114. Wikipedia, s.v. “Jayson Blair,” last modified May 3, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayson_Blair (accessed February 2, 2017).

115. Mike Wall, “New Conspiracy Theory: Children Kidnapped for Mars Slave Colony,” Space.com, June 30, 2017, https://www.space.com/37366-mars-slave-colony-alex-jones.html (accessed July 30, 2017).

116. Graham Lanktree, “Alex Jones Refuses to Apologize for Sandy Hook Conspiracy Theory,” Newsweek, June 19, 2017, http://www.newsweek.com/alex-jones-megyn-kelly-sandy-hook-infowars-627129 (accessed July 30, 2017).

117. David Corn, “Here's the Alex Jones Story Megyn Kelly and Other Reporters Should Probe: What Is Trump's Relationship to the Nation's Most Dangerous Conspiracy Theorist?” Mother Jones, June 13, 2017, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2017/06/alex-jones-megyn-kelly-donald-trump/ (accessed July 30, 2017).

118. Maksym Gabielkov, Arthi Ramachandran, Augustin Chaintreau, and Arnaud Legout, “Social Clicks: What and Who Gets Read on Twitter?” ACM SIGMETRICS / IFIP Performance 2016 (conference papers, Antibes Juan-les-Pins, France, June 2016), https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01281190 (accessed May 26, 2017).

119. Caitlin Dewey, “6 in 10 of You Will Share This Link without Reading It, a New, Depressing Study Says,” Washington Post, June 16, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/06/16/six-in-10-of-you-will-share-this-link-without-reading-it-according-to-a-new-and-depressing-study/?utm_term=.16c5792fb4d9 (accessed July 23, 2017).

120. James Vincent, “New AI Research Makes It Easier to Create Fake Footage of Someone Speaking,” Verge, July 12, 2017, https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/12/15957844/ai-fake-video-audio-speech-obama (accessed July 23, 2017).

121. Xiaoyan Qiu, Diego F. M. Oliveira, Alireza Sahami Shirazi, Alessandro Flammini, and Filippo Menczer, “Limited Individual Attention and Online Virality of Low-Quality Information,” Nature Human Behaviour 1, no. 0132 (2017), doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0132 (accessed June 26, 2017).

122. Nyhan, interview.

123. Benjamin Radford, e-mail communications with the author, March 12, 2017.

124. John Pavley, “Trolls Are USA,” Blog Pav Blog, November 10, 2016, http://www.pavley.com/2016/11/12/trolls-are-usa/ (accessed November 19, 2016).

125. Ibid.

126. Jacob Silverman, Terms of Service: Social Media and the Constant Price of Connection (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), p. 151.

127. Kate Losse, “‘Fake News,’ Authorship, and the Battle for Narrative Power,” Kate Losse (blog), December 22, 2016, http://www.katelosse.tv/latest/2016/12/22/notes-on-fake-news-narration-power (accessed January 18, 2017).

128. Michael Kaplan and Ellen Kaplan, Bozo Sapiens: Why to Err Is Human (New York: Bloomsbury, 2009). p. 2.

129. Radford, interview with the author.

130. Idiocracy, directed by Mike Judge (Austin, TX: Twentieth Century Fox, 2006). Idiocracy is a 2006 comedy about the dumbing down of America. Many began calling it prophetic in 2016.

131. Timothy Snyder, On Tyranny (New York: Tim Duggan Books, 2017), p. 65.

CHAPTER THREE: SOCIAL MEDIA ADDICTION

1. Anderson Cooper, “What Is ‘Brain Hacking’? Tech Insiders on Why You Should Care,” CBS News 60 Minutes, April 9, 2017, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/brain-hacking-tech-insiders-60-minutes/ (accessed April 18, 2017).

2. Sherry Turkle, Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age (New York: Penguin, 2015), p. 40.

3. Cooper, “What Is ‘Brain Hacking’?”

4. Chuck Palahniuk, Fight Club (New York: Norton and Norton, 1996), p. 29.

5. Andrew Thompson, “Engineers of Addiction,” Verge, May 6, 2016, http://www.theverge.com/2015/5/6/8544303/casino-slot-machine-gambling-addiction-psychology-mobile-games (accessed April 19, 2017).

6. Lesley Stahl, “Slot Machines: The Big Gamble,” CBS News 60 Minutes, January 7, 2011, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/slot-machines-the-big-gamble-07-01-2011/ (accessed November 11, 2016).

7. Alice Robb, “Why Are Slot Machines So Addictive?” New Republic, December 5, 2013, https://newrepublic.com/article/115838/gambling-addiction-why-are-slot-machines-so-addictive (accessed January 21, 2017).

8. Thompson, “Engineers of Addiction.”

9. Aaron Smith, “Record Shares of Americans Now Own Smartphones, Have Home Broadband,” Pew Research Center, January 12, 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/12/evolution-of-technology/ (accessed April 21, 2017).

10. Ibid.

11. Physiological Society, “Stress in Modern Britain,” 2017, http://www.physoc.org/sites/default/files/page/1736%208%20page%20report%20%283%29.pdf (accessed July 30, 2017), p. 3.

12. Ibid., p. 5.

13. TeleNav, “Survey Finds One-Third of Americans More Willing to Give Up Sex Than Their Mobile Phones,” http://www.telenav.com/about/pr-summer-travel/report-20110803.html (accessed July 30, 2017).

14. Cooper, “What Is ‘Brain Hacking’?”

15. “Your Phone Is Trying to Control Your Life,” PBS NewsHour, January 30, 2017, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/phone-trying-control-life/ (accessed April 18, 2017).

16. Tristan Harris, “How Technology Hijacks People's Minds—from a Magician and Google's Design Ethicist,” May 19, 2016, TristanHarris.com, May 19, 2016, http://www.tristanharris.com/essays/ (accessed January 31, 2017).

17. Ibid.

18. Shona Ghosh, “Analyst: Snapchat's Valuation Numbers Don't Add Up,” Business Insider, March 15, 2017, http://www.businessinsider.com/analyst-snapchats-valuation-numbers-dont-add-up-2017–3 (accessed April 6, 2017).

19. Andrew Perrin, “One-Fifth of Americans Report Going Online ‘Almost Constantly,’” Pew Research Center, December 8, 2015, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/12/08/one-fifth-of-americans-report-going-online-almost-constantly/ (accessed February 17, 2017).

20. Michael Winnick, “Putting a Finger on Our Phone Obsession,” dscout, June 16, 2016, https://blog.dscout.com/mobile-touches (accessed May 1, 2017).

21. Adam Felber, Matt Gunn, Bill Maher, et al., Real Time with Bill Maher, episode 15, season 15, directed by Paul G. Casey, aired May 12, 2017 (Los Angeles, CA: HBO, 2017).

22. Mike Elgan, “Social Media Addiction Is a Bigger Problem Than You Think,” ComputerWorld, December 24, 2015, http://www.computerworld.com/article/3014439/internet/social-media-addiction-is-a-bigger-problem-than-you-think.html (accessed March 26, 2017).

23. Adam Alter, Irresistible: The Rise of Addictive Technology and the Business of Keeping Us Hooked (New York: Penguin, 2017), p. 319.

24. Evan Asano, “How Much Time Do People Spend on Social Media?” Social Media Today, January 4, 2017, http://www.socialmediatoday.com/marketing/how-much-time-do-people-spend-social-media-infographic (accessed March 29, 2017).

25. Common Sense Media, The Common Sense Census: Media Use by Tweens and Teens (San Francisco: Common Sense Media, 2015), https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/the-common-sense-census-media-use-by-tweens-and-teens (accessed April 20, 2017). Please note that users must have an account to access this report online.

26. GlobalWebIndex, GWI Social: GlobalWebIndex's Quarterly Report on the Latest Trends in Social Networking (New York / London: GlobalWebIndex, 2017), p. 5.

27. Jason Mander, “Social Media Captures 30% of Online Time,” GlobalWebIndex (blog), June 8, 2016, http://blog.globalwebindex.net/chart-of-the-day/social-media-captures-30-of-online-time/ (accessed April 20, 2017).

28. Craig Wigginton, “2016 Global Mobile Consumer Survey: US Edition,” Deloitte, 2017, https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/technology-media-and-telecommunications/articles/global-mobile-consumer-survey-us-edition.html (accessed April 6, 2017).

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid.

31. APA Staff, “Can You Be Addicted to the Internet?” American Psychiatric Association, July 20, 2016, https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs/apa-blog/2016/07/can-you-be-addicted-to-the-internet (accessed April 20, 2017).

32. Perrin, “One-Fifth of Americans Report.”

33. Eduardo Guedes, Federica Sancassiani, Mauro Giovani Carta, Carlos Campos, Sergio Machado, Anna Lucia Spear King, and Antonio Egidio Nardi, “Internet Addiction and Excessive Social Networks Use: What about Facebook?” Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health 12 (June 28, 2016): 43–48, doi: 10.2174/1745017901612010043, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4926056/#R30 (accessed April 24, 2017).

34. “Twitter Usage Statistics,” Internet Live Stats, http://www.internetlivestats.com/twitter-statistics/ (accessed April 25, 2017).

35. Perrin, “One-Fifth of Americans Report.”

36. GlobalWebIndex, GWI Social, p. 5.

37. Time, “For the Record,” March 13, 2017, p. 6.

38. Common Sense Media, Common Sense Census.

39. Braun Research, Inc., “Trends in Consumer Mobility Report” (Princeton: Bank of America, 2015), http://newsroom.bankofamerica.com/files/doc_library/additional/2015_BAC_Trends_in_Consumer_Mobility_Report.pdf (accessed May 24, 2017).

40. Mary Meeker, Internet Trends 2016—Code Conference (Menlo Park / San Francisco: Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield, Byers, June 1, 2016), http://www.kpcb.com/internet-trends (accessed March 20, 2017).

41. Alter, Irresistible, p. 319.

42. Ibid., pp. 319–20.

43. Bianca Bosker, “The Binge Breaker,” Atlantic, November 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/11/the-binge-breaker/501122/ (accessed April 19, 2017).

44. Time Well Spent, “Calling All Technology Makers,” http://www.timewellspent.io/designers/ (accessed July 24, 2017).

45. Andrew K. Przybylski and Netta Weinstein, “Can You Connect with Me Now? How the Presence of Mobile Communication Technology Influences Face-to-Face Conversation Quality,” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 30, no. 3, July 19, 2012, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0265407512453827 (accessed December 22, 2016).

46. “Craving Facebook? UAlbany Study Finds Social Media to be Potentially Addictive, Associated with Substance Abuse,” news release, University of Albany New Center, December 9, 2014, http://www.albany.edu/news/56604.php (accessed March 27, 2017).

47. Lawrie McFarlane, “Prices Paid for Social Media Use,” in Social Media and Your Brain, ed. C. G. Prado (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2017), p. 119.

48. “FAQ,” Center for Internet Addiction, 2013, http://netaddiction.com/faqs/ (accessed January 9, 2017).

49. McFarlane, “Prices Paid for Social Media,” p. 126.

50. T. Ryan, A. Chester, J. Reece, and S. Xenos, “The Uses and Abuses of Facebook: A Review of Facebook Addiction,” Journal of Behavioral Addictions 3, no. 3 (September 2014): 133–48, doi: 10.1556/JBA.3.2014.016.

51. Common Sense Media, Technology Addiction Concern, Controversy, and Finding Balance (San Francisco: Common Sense Media, 2016), p. 35.

52. Gary Small and Gigi Vorgan, iBrain: Surviving the Technological Alteration of the Modern Mind (New York: William Morrow, 2008), p. 48.

53. Ibid., pp. 48, 50.

54. Lesley McClurg, “After Compulsively Watching YouTube, Teen Girl Lands in Rehab,” April 17, 2017, https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/17/theres-growing-consensus-the-internet-is-addictive/ (accessed June 29, 2017).

55. William J. Netzer, “Poor Sleep May Be Linked to Alzheimer's Disease,” Fisher Center for Alzheimer's Research Foundation, 2017, http://www.alzinfo.org/articles/poor-sleep-may-be-linked-to-alzheimers-disease/ (accessed January 30, 2017).

56. Katie Moisse, “5 Health Hazards Linked to Lack of Sleep,” ABC News, June 11, 2012, http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Sleep/health-hazards-linked-lack-sleep/story?id=16524313 (accessed November 2, 2014).

57. Caroline Williams, “What's the Best Way to Go to Sleep?” New Scientist 230, no. 3075, May 28, 2016, p. 36.

58. Ibid.

59. McClurg, “After Compulsively Watching YouTube, Teen Girl Lands in Rehab,” April 17, 2017.

60. Ibid.

61. Kimberly Young, “What the US Can Learn from China and Korea to Treat Internet Addiction,” Center for Internet Addiction, November 6, 2014, http://netaddiction.com/chinas-internet-addiction-treatment-camps/ (accessed April 20, 2017).

62. Ibid.

63. “FAQ,” Center for Internet Addiction.

64. American Psychiatric Association, ed., Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2013), https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm (accessed April 21, 2017). It does include, however, a recommendation for further study of “Internet gaming disorder.”

65. “FAQ,” Center for Internet Addiction.

66. Common Sense Media, “Dealing with Devices: The Parent-Teen Dynamic, Are We Addicted?” Common Sense Media, 2016, https://www.commonsensemedia.org/technology-addiction-concern-controversy-and-finding-balance-infographic (accessed April 20, 2017).

67. Susanna Cline, interview with the author, March 24, 2017.

68. Alera, interview with the author.

69. Randall, interview with the author.

70. Aalto University, “Movie Research Results: Multitasking Overloads the Brain: The Brain Works Most Efficiently When It Can Focus on a Single Task for a Longer Period of Time,” Science Daily, April 25, 2017, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/04/170425092429.htm (accessed April 25, 2017); Juha M. Lahnakoski, Iiro P. Jääskeläinen, Mikko Sams, and Lauri Nummenmaa, “Neural Mechanisms for Integrating Consecutive and Interleaved Natural Events,” Human Brain Mapping, April 5, 2017, DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23591.

71. Lahnakoski et al., “Neural Mechanisms.”

72. William Poundstone, Head in the Cloud: Why Knowing Things Still Matters When Facts Are So Easy to Look Up (New York: Little, Brown, 2016), p. 295.

73. Frances Booth, interview with the author, April 10, 2017.

74. The Radicati Group, Email Statistics Report, 2015–2019 (London, UK: Radicati Group, March 2015), http://www.radicati.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Email-Statistics-Report-2015–2019-Executive-Summary.pdf (accessed April 25, 2017).

75. Daniel J. Levitin, The Organized Mind (New York: Dutton, 2016), pp. 101–102.

76. Ibid.

77. Turkle, Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other (New York: Basic Books, 2011), pp. 293–94.

78. Shanika, interview with the author.

79. Adrian F. Ward, Kristen Duke, Ayelet Gneezy, and Maarten W. Bos, “Brain Drain: The Mere Presence of One's Own Smartphone Reduces Available Cognitive Capacity,” Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 2, no. 2 (April 2017): 140–54, https://doi.org/10.1086/691462 (accessed June 28, 2017).

80. Newswise, “The Mere Presence of Your Smartphone Reduces Brain Power, Study Shows,” June 23, 2017, http://www.newswise.com/articles/the-mere-presence-of-your-smartphone-reduces-brain-power-study-shows (accessed June 28, 2017).

81. Ward, Duke, Gneezy, and Bos, “Brain Drain.”

82. Cooper, “What Is ‘Brain Hacking’?”

83. “Internet Addiction Test (IAT),” Center for Internet Addiction, 2013, http://netaddiction.com/internet-addiction-test/ (accessed March 30, 2017).

84. Cecilie Schou Andraessen, Torbjørn Torsheim, Geir Scott Brunborg, and Ståle Pallesen, “Development of a Facebook Addiction Scale,” Psychological Reports 110, no. 2 (April 2012): 501–17, DOI: 10.2466/02.09.18.PR0.110.2.501-517, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225185226_Development_of_a_Facebook_Addiction_Scale (accessed June 14, 2017).

85. Ibid.

86. Harris, “How Technology Hijacks.”

87. Ward, Duke, Gneezy, and Bos, “Brain Drain.”

88. Time Well Spent, http://www.timewellspent.io/ (accessed July 24, 2017).

89. Off Time, http://offtime.co/.

90. Time Well Spent.

91. Ibid.

92. In the Moment, https://inthemoment.io/ (accessed July 24, 2017).

93. Time Well Spent.

94. Common Sense Media, Technology Addiction Concern, p. 33.

95. Adblock Plus, https://adblockplus.org/ (accessed July 24, 2017).

96. Common Sense Media, Technology Addiction Concern, p. 29.

97. Harris, “How Technology Hijacks.”

98. Ashani, interview with the author.

99. Michelle, interview with the author.

100. Leo Igwe, interview with the author, March 28, 2017.

101. American Academy of Pediatrics, “American Academy of Pediatrics Announces New Recommendations for Children's Media Use,” October 21, 2016, https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/american-academy-of-pediatrics-announces-new-recommendations-for-childrens-media-use.aspx (accessed July 29, 2017).

102. Peter Rubin, “Mark Zuckerberg's VR Selfie Is a Bigger Deal Than You Realize,” Wired, October 17, 2017, https://www.wired.com/2017/04/facebook-spaces-vr-for-your-friends/ (accessed July 28, 2017).

103. Alter, Irresistible, pp. 142–43.

104. Daniel K. Minto, interview with the author, March 30, 2017.

105. Suzi Parker, “The Benefits of Connecting Kids with Autism to Social Media,” Take Part, March 4, 2014, http://www.takepart.com/article/2014/03/04/digital-literacy-autism-expressed (accessed April 24, 2017).

106. Shu–saku Endo–, Silence (New York: Picador, 2017), p. 166.

107. D. I. Tamir, J. P. Mitchell, “Disclosing Information about the Self Is Intrinsically Rewarding,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 21 (May 22, 2012): 8038–43, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1202129109 (accessed February 19, 2017).

108. Ibid.

109. John Higginson, interview with the author, April 18, 2017.

110. Andrea, interview with the author.

111. Robert DeAngelo, interview with the author, April 15, 2017.

112. Alyssa Bereznak, “Can Real Life Compete with an Instagram Playground?” Ringer, August 9, 2017, https://www.theringer.com/tech/2017/8/9/16110424/instagram-playground-social-media (accessed August 10, 2017).

113. Museum of Ice Cream, https://www.museumoficecream.com/ (accessed August 11, 2017).

114. Susan Adams, “The 25-Year-Old Behind The Museum Of Ice Cream,” Forbes, May 19, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestreptalks/2017/05/19/the-25-year-old-behind-the-museum-of-ice-cream/#61fe89f02e4e (accessed August 11, 2017).

115. Ibid.

116. Ibid.

117. FaceApp: Neural Face Transformations, Wireless Lab OOO, https://www.faceapp.com/.

118. Jacob Silverman, Terms of Service: Social Media and the Constant Price of Connection (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), p. 265.

119. Ibid., p. 24.

120. Ibid., p. 206.

121. Harris, “How Technology Hijacks.”

CHAPTER FOUR: WHAT YOUR OTHER MIND DOES ON SOCIAL MEDIA

1. Sam Harris, Free Will (New York: Free Press, 2012), p. 14.

2. Chris Baraniuk, “World Wide Warp,” New Scientist, February 20, 2016, p. 38.

3. Sam Harris, “Reality and the Imagination: A Conversation with Yuval Noah Harari,” March 19, 2017, https://www.samharris.org/podcast/item/reality-and-the-imagination (accessed April 29, 2017).

4. Cesar Hidalgo, “2015: What Do You Think of Machines That Think? Machines Don't Think, But Neither Do People,” Edge, 2015, https://www.edge.org/response-detail/26176 (accessed December 25, 2016).

5. Carl Sagan, The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark (New York: Random House, 1995), pp. 38–39.

6. Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking Books, 2011).

7. Jon Stewart, “Global Data Storage Calculated at 295 Exabytes,” BBC, http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-12419672 (accessed July 26, 2017).

8. Dean Buonomano, Brain Bugs: How the Brain's Flaws Shape Our Lives (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011), pp. 143–44.

9. Guy P. Harrison, Good Thinking: What You Need to Know to Be Smarter, Safer, Wealthier, and Wiser (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2015).

10. Excerpted from Harrison, Good Thinking, pp. 20–22.

11. Paul Offit, Do You Believe in Magic? Vitamins, Supplements, and All Things Natural: A Look behind the Curtain (New York: Harper Paperbacks, 2014), p. 42.

12. Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man, 2nd ed. (New York: Vintage International, 1995), p. 5.

13. Guy P. Harrison, “Embraced by Evil,” Caymanian Compass, December 5, 2002, pp. 15–16.

14. David Eagleman, Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain (New York: Vintage Books, 2012), p. 65.

15. Bo Bennett, interview with the author, March 9, 2017.

16. Justin Kruger and David Dunning, “Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77, no. 6 (December 1999): 1121–34, http://gagne.homedns.org/~tgagne/contrib/unskilled.html (accessed April 29, 2017).

17. Robert Eno, trans., The Analects of Confucius (Bloomington: Indiana University Bloomington, 2015), p. 7, http://www.indiana.edu/~p374/Analects_of_Confucius_(Eno-2015).pdf (accessed November 20, 2016).

18. Wikipedia, s.v. “I Know That I Know Nothing,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_know_that_I_know_nothing (accessed June 6, 2017).

19. William Shakespeare, As You Like It, act 5, scene 1.

20. Buonomano, Brain Bugs, p. 81.

21. For more on this, see Guy P. Harrison, 50 Reasons People Give for Believing in a God (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2008) and 50 Simple Questions for Every Christian (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2013).

22. Excerpt from Guy P. Harrison, Good Thinking: What You Need to Know to Be Smarter, Safer, Wealthier, and Wiser (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2015), pp. 155–57.

23. Benjamin Libet, Curtis Gleason, Eldwood Wright, and Dennis Pearl, “Time of Conscious Intention to Act in Relation to Onset of Cerebral Activity (Readiness Potential),” Brain 106, no. 3 (September 1983): 623–42.

24. John A. Bargh, “Our Unconscious Mind,” Scientific American, January 2014, p. 32.

25. My book, 50 Popular Beliefs That People Think Are True (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2012) includes a chapter on the Roswell claim.

26. A. Tversky and D. Kahneman, “Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases,” Science 185, no. 4157 (1974): 1124–31, doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124.

27. Thabile Vilakazi, “South African Pastor Sprays Insecticide on Congregants ‘To Heal Them,’” CNN, November 23, 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/23/africa/south-african-insecticide-prophet/index.html (accessed November 23, 2016).

28. Demetrios Vakratsas and Tim Ambler, “How Advertising Works: What Do We Really Know?” Journal of Marketing 63, no. 1 (January 1999): 26–43.

29. Richard M. Perloff, “Third-Person Effect Research 1983–1992: A Review and Synthesis,” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 5, no. 2 (1993): 167–84, doi: 10.1093/ijpor/5.2.167.

30. Ibid.

31. Eric Anderson, Erika H. Siegel, Eliza Bliss-Moreau, and Lisa Feldman Barrett, “The Visual Impact of Gossip,” Science 332, no. 6036 (June 17, 2011): 1446–48.

32. S. E. Asch, “Effects of Group Pressure on the Modification and Distortion of Judgments,” in Groups, Leadership and Men: Research in Human Relations, ed. H. Guetzkow (Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie, 1951), pp. 177–190.

33. Michael Enright, “Does the Backfire Effect Explain Donald Trump's Startling Success?” CBC Radio, June 19, 2016, http://www.cbc.ca/radio/thesundayedition/america-guns-and-violence-remembering-beaumont-hamel-the-backfire-effect-1.3637113/does-the-backfire-effect-explain-donald-trump-s-startling-success-1.3637123 (accessed December 19, 2016).

34. David McRaney, “The Backfire Effect,” You Are Not So Smart (blog), June 10, 2011, https://youarenotsosmart.com/2011/06/10/the-backfire-effect/ (accessed March 2, 2017).

35. Ibid.

36. Joshua Compton, interview with the author, March 30, 2017.

37. Buonomano, Brain Bugs, p. 121.

38. Ibid., p. 122.

39. Bennett, interview with the author.

40. Timothy J. Redmond, “Political Obfuscation,” Skeptic 24, no. 6 (2016), p. 57.

41. Joyce Ehrlinger, Thomas Gilovich, and Lee Ross, “Peering into the Bias Blind Spot: People's Assessments of Bias in Themselves and Others,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31, no. 5 (May 2005): 1–13, doi:10.1177/0146167204271570.

CHAPTER FIVE: THE QUEST FOR PRIVACY, SECURITY, AND THE PERFECT PASSWORD

1. David Lyon, The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994), p. 37.

2. Kevin D. Mitnick and Robert Vamosi, The Art of Invisibility (New York: Little, Brown, 2017), p. 5.

3. Evan Dashevsky, “Admit It, You Don't Care about Digital Privacy,” PC Mag, March 25, 2014, http://www.pcmag.com/feature/321880/admit-it-you-don-t-care-about-digital-privacy (accessed April 22, 2017).

4. Ted Claypoole and Theresa Payton, Protecting Your Internet Privacy: Are You Naked Online? (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017), p. ix.

5. May Wong, “Former NSA Director Defends Surveillance Programs,” Stanford Center for International Security and Cooperation, October 10, 2014, http://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/news/former-nsa-director-defense-surveillance-programs (accessed January 10, 2017).

6. Jared Lanier, You Are Not a Gadget: A Manifesto (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010), p. 48.

7. Alexander Klimburg, The Darkening Web: The War for Cyberspace (New York: Penguin, 2017), p. 273.

8. Maggie Astor, “Your Roomba May Be Mapping Your Home, Collecting Data That Could Be Shared,” New York Times, July 25, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/25/technology/roomba-irobot-data-privacy.html (accessed August 5, 2017).

9. Marc Goodman, Future Crimes: Everything Is Connected, Everything Is Vulnerable and What We Can Do About It (New York: Random House, 2015), p. 80.

10. Yuval Noah Harari, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (New York: Harper, 2017), p. 346.

11. “A Lost Privilege,” in The Province of the Heart (New York: Viking Press, 1960.

12. Lyon, David. The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994), p. 214.

13. Nicholas Carr, Utopia Is Creepy: And Other Provocations (New York: W. W. Norton, 2016), p. 255.

14. David Brin, ed., Chasing Shadows: Visions of Our Coming Transparent World (New York: Tom Doherty Associates, 2017), p. 87.

15. Ibid., p. 323.

16. Ibid., p. 324.

17. Ibid.

18. Lee Rainie, “The State of Privacy in Post-Snowden America,” Pew Research Center, September 21, 2016, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/21/the-state-of-privacy-in-america/ (accessed March 3, 2017).

19. Ibid.

20. Elke Feuer, interview with the author, April 1, 2017.

21. Elizabeth Stoycheff, “Under Surveillance: Examining Facebook's Spiral of Silence Effects in the Wake of NSA Internet Monitoring,” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 93, no. 2 (March 8, 2016), http://journals.sagepub.com/stoken/rbtfl/1jxrYu4cQPtA6/full (accessed April 18, 2017).

22. Mary Madden, “Public Perceptions of Privacy and Security in the Post-Snowden Era,” Pew Research Center, November 12, 2014, http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/11/12/public-privacy-perceptions/ (accessed April 17, 2017).

23. Jeremy Kocal, interview with the author, March 29, 2017.

24. Lori Andrews, I Know Who You Are and I Saw What You Did: Social Networks and the Death of Privacy (New York: Free Press, 2011), p. 59.

25. Rainie, “State of Privacy.”

26. Ibid.

27. Jacob Silverman, Terms of Service: Social Media and the Constant Price of Connection (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), p. xiv.

28. Ibid., p. 293.

29. Kelly, interview with the author.

30. David Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect: The Inside Story of the Company That Is Connecting the World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), p. 199.

31. Silverman, Terms of Service, p. 99.

32. Ibid., pp. 156–57.

33. Wikipedia, s.v. “Ashley Madison Data Breach,” last modified May 17, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Madison_data_breach (accessed April 16, 2017).

34. Laurie Segall, “Pastor Outed on Ashley Madison Commits Suicide,” CNN, September 8, 2015, http://money.cnn.com/2015/09/08/technology/ashley-madison-suicide/index.html (accessed April 16, 2017).

35. Jamie Seidel, “US General Tells How Social Media Fails Have Helped Agents Identify Islamic State Targets,” News.com.au, June 5, 2015, http://www.news.com.au/world/us-general-tells-how-social-media-fails-have-been-assisting-agents-identify-islamic-state-targets/news-story/6f524ab55e78a06926b913c87234f157 (accessed February 27, 2017).

36. Sherry Turkle, Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other (New York: Basic Books, 2011), p. 260.

37. Jaron Lanier, You Are Not a Gadget: A Manifesto (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010), p. 200.

38. Ibid., pp. 70–71.

39. Kenneth Olmstead and Aaron Smith, “What the Public Knows about Cybersecurity,” Pew Research Center, March 22, 2017, http://www.pewinternet.org/2017/03/22/what-the-public-knows-about-cybersecurity/ (accessed March 22, 2017).

40. Tim Raynor, interview with the author, April 2, 2017.

41. Miles, interview with the author.

42. Kevin Hand, interview with the author, April 11, 2017.

43. Caitlin Dewey, “Creepy Startup Will Help Landlords, Employers and Online Dates Strip-Mine Intimate Data from Your Facebook Page,” Washington Post, June 9, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/06/09/creepy-startup-will-help-landlords-employers-and-online-dates-strip-mine-intimate-data-from-your-facebook-page/ (accessed February 9, 2017).

44. Goodman, Future Crimes, p. 75.

45. Maeve Duggan, “Online Harassment 2017,” Pew Research Center, July 11, 2017, http://www.pewinternet.org/2017/07/11/online-harassment-2017/ (accessed August 4, 2017).

46. Ibid.

47. New York Times, “Cartoon Captures Spirit of the Internet,” December 14, 2000, http://web.archive.org/web/20141030135629/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/14/technology/14DOGG.html (accessed August 4, 2017).

48. Lori Andrews, I Know Who You Are and I Saw What You Did: Social Networks and the Death of Privacy (New York: Free Press, 2011), p. 5.

49. Ibid., p. 28.

50. Ibid., p. 19.

51. Randi Zuckerberg, Dot Complicated: Untangling Our Wired Lives (New York: Harper Collins, 2013), p. 55.

52. Goodman, Future Crimes, p. 121.

53. Steve Kroft, “The Data Brokers: Selling Your Personal Information,” CBS News 60 Minutes, August 24, 2014, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/data-brokers-selling-personal-information-60-minutes/ (accessed February 7, 2017).

54. Darren Davidson, “Facebook Targets ‘Insecure’ Young People,” Australian, May 1, 2017, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/digital/facebook-targets-insecure-young-people-to-sell-ads/news-story/a89949ad016eee7d7a61c3c30c909fa6 (accessed May 27, 2017).

55. Antonio Garcia-Martinez, “I'm an Ex-Facebook Exec: Don't Believe What They Tell You about Ads,” Guardian, May 2, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/02/facebook-executive-advertising-data-comment (accessed May 26, 2017).

56. CareerBuilder, “Number of Employers Using Social Media to Screen Candidates Has Increased 500 Percent over the Last Decade,” April 28, 2016, http://www.careerbuilder.com/share/aboutus/pressreleasesdetail.aspx?ed=12/31/2016&id=pr945&sd=4/28/2016 (accessed April 18, 2017).

57. Kimberlee Morrison, “Survey: 92% of Recruiters Use Social Media to Find High-Quality Candidates,” Business Insider, September 22, 2015, http://www.adweek.com/digital/survey-96-of-recruiters-use-social-media-to-find-high-quality-candidates/ (accessed April 18, 2017).

58. CareerBuilder, “Number of Employers Using Social Media.”

59. Ibid.

60. Ibid.

61. Silverman, Terms of Service, p. 7.

62. Robert DeAngelo, interview with the author, April 15, 2017.

63. Ghostery, “About Ghostery,” https://www.ghostery.com/about-ghostery/ (accessed August 2, 2017).

64. Mitnick and Vamosi, Art of Invisibility, p. 13.

65. Ibid., pp. 15–18.

66. Garth Humphreys, interview with the author, March 19, 2017.

67. Associated Press, “Amanda Todd's Accused Cyberbully Sentenced to 11 Years in Dutch Prison,” Global News, March 16, 2017, http://globalnews.ca/news/3313729/amanda-todd-cyberbullying-aydin-coban-sentenced/ (accessed August 2, 2017).

68. Mitnick and Vamosi, Art of Invisibility, pp. 129–30.

69. Ibid., p. 141.

70. Andrews, I Know Who You Are, pp. 5–6.

71. Mitnick and Vamosi, Art of Invisibility, p. 30.

72. Silverman, Terms of Service, p. 281.

73. Mitnick and Vamosi, Art of Invisibility, p. 231.

74. Michal Kosinski, David Stillwell, and Thore Graepel, “Private Traits and Attributes Are Predictable from Digital Records of Human Behavior,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 5 (April 9, 2013), www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1218772110 (accessed March 20, 2017); Wu Youyou, Michal Kosinski, and David Stillwell, “Computer-Based Personality Judgments Are More Accurate Than Those Made by Humans,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 4 (January 27, 2015): 1036–40, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1418680112 (accessed March 20, 2017).

75. Michal Kosinski, David Stillwell, and Thore Graepel, “Private Traits and Attributes Are Predictable from Digital Records of Human Behavior,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 5 (April 9, 2013), www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1218772110 (accessed March 20, 2017); Wu Youyou, Michal Kosinski, and David Stillwell, “Computer-Based Personality Judgments Are More Accurate Than Those Made by Humans,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 4 (January 27, 2015): 1036–40, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1418680112 (accessed March 20, 2017).

76. Abby Ohlheiser, “There Are 13 Countries Where Atheism Is Punishable by Death,” Atlantic, December 10, 2013, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/12/13-countries-where-atheism-punishable-death/355961/ (accessed August 3, 2017); Max Bearak and Darla Cameron, “Here Are the 10 Countries Where Homosexuality May Be Punished by Death,” Washington Post, June 16, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/?utm_term=.7a7ef1539e87 (accessed August 3, 2017).

77. “A Fingertip to the Wise,” Newsweek 168, no. 12, April 7, 2017, p. 49.

78. Turkle, Alone Together, p. 258.

79. Facebook, “Data Policy,” last revised September 29, 2016, https://www.facebook.com/about/privacy/ (accessed May 25, 2017).

80. Michael J. de la Merced, “Snap Shares Leap 44% in Debut as Investors Doubt Value Will Vanish,” New York Times, March 2, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/02/business/dealbook/snap-snapchat-ipo.html?_r=0 (accessed March 3, 2017).

81. Anna Escher and Katie Roof, “Snapchat Is Already More Valuable Than These 9 Companies,” TechCrunch, March 2, 2017, https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/02/snapchat-is-already-more-valuable-than-these-9-companies/ (accessed March 3, 2017).

82. Snap, “Privacy Policy,” Snap Inc., January 10, 2017, https://www.snap.com/en-US/privacy/privacy-policy/ (accessed April 4, 2017).

83. Snap, “Privacy Policy,” January 10, 2017, https://www.snap.com/en-US/privacy/privacy-policy/ (accessed April 4, 2017).

84. Snap Inc. Terms of Service, https://www.snap.com/en-US/terms/ (accessed June 27, 2017).

85. Ibid.

86. Facebook, “Data Policy,” last modified September 29, 2016, https://www.facebook.com/policy.php (accessed August 18, 2017).

87. Kim Komando, “Can You Spy on a Phone When It Is Turned Off?” USA Today, June 20, 2014, https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/columnist/komando/2014/06/20/smartphones-nsa-spying/10548601/ (accessed April 17, 2017).

88. Science Daily, “Malware Turns PCs into Eavesdropping Devices,” November 22, 2016, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161122123955.htm (accessed July 13, 2017).

89. Toby Pereira, “Phones Would Be Safer If ‘Off’ Meant ‘Off,’” New Scientist, January 4, 2017, https://www.newscientist.com/letter/mg23331072-900--phones-would-be-safer-if-off-meant-off/ (accessed March 30, 2017).

90. Justin R. Garcia, Amanda N. Gesselman, Shadia A. Siliman, Brea L. Perry, Kathryn Coe, and Helen E. Fisher, “Sexting among Singles in the USA: Prevalence of Sending, Receiving, and Sharing Sexual Messages and Images,” Sexual Health, 2016, doi: 10.1071/SH15240.

91. Amanda Lenhart, Monica Anderson, and Aaron Smith, “Teens, Technology, and Romantic Relationships,” Pew Research Center, October 1, 2015, http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/10/01/teens-technology-and-romantic-relationships/#fn-14598–2 (accessed April 17, 2017).

92. If you are a victim of revenge porn, these websites may offer some help: www.endrevengeporn.org, www.withoutmyconsent.org, and www.womenagainstrevengeporn.com.

93. “Project Zero,” Harvard Graduate School of Education, http://www.pz.harvard.edu/who-we-are/about (accessed May 25, 2017).

94. Carrie James, interview with the author, March 20, 2017.

95. Ibid.

96. Ibid.

97. Snap, “Privacy Policy.”

98. Jacob Morgan, “Privacy Is Completely and Utterly Dead, and We Killed It,” Forbes, August 19, 2014, https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobmorgan/2014/08/19/privacy-is-completely-and-utterly-dead-and-we-killed-it/#6f3a12f431a7 (accessed January 6, 2017).

99. Tanya Basu, “New Google Parent Company Drops ‘Don't Be Evil’ Motto,” Time, October 4, 2015, http://time.com/4060575/alphabet-google-dont-be-evil/ (accessed August 3, 2017).

100. Mitnick and Vamosi, Art of Invisibility, p. 105.

101. Hadas Gold, “10 Things to Know about the NSA,” Politico, June 12, 2013, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/10-things-to-know-about-the-nsa-092651 (accessed August 3, 2017).

102. “Facebook Privacy,” Electronic Privacy Information Center, 2017, https://epic.org/privacy/facebook/ (accessed May 25, 2017).

103. Goodman, Future Crimes, p. 133.

104. Lyon, Electronic Eye, p. 41.

105. Christopher Mimms, “Most People Are Cool with ‘Smart Toilets’ That Share Their Personal Data,” Atlantic, December 17, 2013, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/12/most-people-are-cool-smart-toilets-share-their-personal-data/356230/ (accessed August 3, 2017).

106. Bernard Marr, “4 Mind-Blowing Ways Facebook Uses Artificial Intelligence,” Forbes, December 29, 2016, https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2016/12/29/4-amazing-ways-facebook-uses-deep-learning-to-learn-everything-about-you/#4246410accbf (accessed March 31, 2017).

107. James Vincent, “UN Condemns Internet Access Disruption as a Human Rights Violation,” Verge, July 4, 2016, https://www.theverge.com/2016/7/4/12092740/un-resolution-condemns-disrupting-internet-access (accessed August 3, 2017).

108. Silverman, Terms of Service, p. 311.

109. Robert DeAngelo, interview with the author, April 15, 2017.

110. Goodman, Future Crimes, p. 4.

111. Andres Weigend, Data for the People: How to Make Our Post-Privacy Economy Work for You (New York: Basic Books, 2017), p. 47.

112. Ibid., p. 13.

113. Kenneth Cukier, “The Data-Driven World,” in Mega Tech: Technology in 2050, ed. Daniel Franklin (New York: Economist Books/Public Affairs, 2017), pp. 172–73.

114. Madden, “Public Perceptions of Privacy.”

CHAPTER SIX: WHAT'S NEXT?

1. Nick Bostrom, Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (Oxford, UK: Oxford Press, 2014), p. 314.

2. Arati Prabhakar (former director of DARPA), “The Merging of Humans and Machines Is Happening Now,” Wired, January 27, 2017, http://www.wired.co.uk/article/darpa-arati-prabhakar-humans-machines (accessed April 28, 2017).

3. Edward O. Wilson, The Social Conquest of the Earth (New York: Liveright, 2012), p. 21.

4. Daniel C. Dennett, “The Singularity—An Urban Legend?” in What to Think about Machines That Think: Today's Leading Thinkers on the Age of Machine Intelligence, ed. John Brockman (New York: Harper Perennial, 2015), pp. 85–86.

5. Sam Parker, “16 of the Wisest Things Anyone Ever Said about the Internet,” BuzzFeed, May 15, 2013, https://www.buzzfeed.com/samjparker/quotes-about-the-internet?utm_term=.onNAw8Qgm#.ewPXK6Q9q (accessed March 6, 2017).

6. Lawrence M. Krauss, “A Scientific Breakthrough Lets Us See to the Beginning of Time,” New Yorker, March 17, 2014, http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/a-scientific-breakthrough-lets-us-see-to-the-beginning-of-time (accessed August 5, 2017).

7. Martin Rees, “Organic Intelligence Has No Long-Term Future,” in Brockman, What to Think about Machines That Think, p. 11.

8. “Google Is God,” Googlism, http://www.thechurchofgoogle.org/proof-google-is-god/ (accessed August 5, 2017).

9. John Markoff, “Our Masters, Slaves, or Partners,” in Brockman, What to Think about Machines That Think, p. 26.

10. Bryan Alexander, https://bryanalexander.org/.

11. Bryan Alexander, interview with the author, July 9, 2017.

12. Carrie James, interview with the author, March 20, 2017.

13. Michelle Dean, “The Lessons of Steubenville,” New Yorker, January 11, 2013, http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-lessons-of-steubenville (accessed April 27, 2017).

14. Prabhakar, “Merging of Humans and Machines.”

15. Shona Ghosh, “Analyst: Snapchat's Valuation Numbers Don't Add Up,” Business Insider, March 15, 2017, http://www.businessinsider.com/analyst-snapchats-valuation-numbers-dont-add-up-2017-3 (accessed April 6, 2017).

16. Josh Constine, “Facebook Is Building Brain-Computer Interfaces for Typing and Skin-Hearing,” TechCrunch, April 19, 2017, https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/19/facebook-brain-interface/ (accessed August 9, 2017).

17. Cade Metz, “Elon Musk Isn't the Only One Trying to Computerize Your Brain,” Wired, March 31, 2017, https://www.wired.com/2017/03/elon-musks-neural-lace-really-look-like (accessed April 28, 2017).

18. Liat Clark, “Facebook Is Working on Tech That Will Read Your Thoughts and Let You ‘Hear’ with Your Skin,” Wired, April 20, 2017, http://www.wired.co.uk/article/facebook-messenger-bots-developer-conference-2017 (accessed April 28, 2017); Nick Statt, “Facebook Is Working on a Way to Let You Type with Your Brain,” Wired, April 19, 2017, http://www.theverge.com/2017/4/19/15360798/facebook-brain-computer-interface-ai-ar-f8–2017 (accessed April 28, 2017).

19. Isaac Asimov, “My Own View,” in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction ed. Robert Holdstock (London: Cathay Books, 1978); later published in Asimov on Science Fiction, by Isaac Asimov (London: Panther, 1981).

20. Jake Farr-Wharton, interview with the author, March 31, 2017.

21. Henry David Thoreau, Walden and Other Writings by Henry David Thoreau (New York: Random House, 1992), p. 49.

22. Michael Strangelove, quoted in Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), p. 171.

23. William Gibson, Neuromancer (New York: Ace, 1984), p. 51.

24. Sir Tim Berners-Lee, quoted in Klint Finley, “Tim Berners-Lee, Inventor of the Web, Plots a Radical Overhaul of His Creation,” Wired, April 4, 2017, https://www.wired.com/2017/04/tim-berners-lee-inventor-web-plots-radical-overhaul-creation/ (accessed August 9, 2017).

25. Sir Tim Berners-Lee, “Three Challenges for the Web, According to Its Inventor,” World Wide Web Foundation, March 12, 2017, http://webfoundation.org/2017/03/web-turns-28-letter/ (accessed April 18, 2017).

26. Jacob Silverman, Terms of Service: Social Media and the Constant Price of Connection (New York: HarperCollins, 2015), p. 46.

27. John Brockman, ed., Is the Internet Changing the Way You Think? The Net's Impact on Our Minds and Our Future (New York: Harper Perennial, 2011), pp. 218–19.

28. Matt Burgess, “Future of Fitness: VR Cycling Kit to Let You Exercise in Virtual Worlds,” Factor, February 13, 2015, http://factor-tech.com/feature/future-fitness-vr-cycling-kit-let-exercise-virtual-worlds/ (accessed August 5, 2017).

29. Natasha, interview with the author.

30. John Michael Strubhart, interview with the author, March 22, 2017.

31. Yuval Noah Harari, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (New York: Harper, 2017), p. 350.

32. Joy Holloway-D'Avilar, interview with the author, March 23, 2017.

33. Timothy J. Redmond, interview with the author, March 1, 2017.

34. Camille, interview with the author.

35. Chris Dixon, quoted in Rory O'Connor, Friends, Followers, and the Future (San Francisco: City Light Books, 2012), p. 34.

36. Ted Anderson, “The Hive Mind,” in Brockman, What to Think about Machines That Think, p. 284.

37. Cesar Hidalgo, “2015: What Do You Think of Machines That Think? Machines Don't Think, But Neither Do People,” Edge, 2015, https://www.edge.org/response-detail/26176 (accessed December 25, 2016).

38. Rachel Nuwer, “What If the Internet Stopped Working for a Day?” BBC, February 7, 2017, http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170207-what-if-the-internet-stopped-for-a-day (accessed April 27, 2017).

39. Dave Gershgorn, “The Unbreakable Genius of Mark Zuckerberg,” Popular Science, August 23, 2016, http://www.popsci.com/mark-zuckerberg (accessed February 1 2017).

40. “A Globe, Clothing Itself with a Brain,” Wired, June 1, 1995, https://www.wired.com/1995/06/teilhard/ (accessed August 6, 2017).

41. Nick Bostrom, Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 58–59.

42. To learn more about AI, superintelligence, and the singularity, I recommend the following three books: Nick Bostrom, Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (Oxford: Oxford Press, 2014); Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near (New York: Viking, 2005); James Barrat, Our Final Invention: Artificial Intelligence and the End of the Human Era (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2015).

43. Bostrom, Superintelligence, p. 319.

44. H. G. Wells, Mind at the End of Its Tether (London: William Heinemann, 1945), p. 30.

45. Kurzweil, Singularity Is Near, p. 136.

46. Harari, Homo Deus, pp. 393–94.

47. Miki Hardisty, interview with the author, April 25, 2017.

48. BlockGeeks, “What Is Blockchain Technology? A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners,” https://blockgeeks.com/guides/what-is-blockchain-technology/ (accessed August 6, 2017); Robert Hackett, “Wait, What Is Blockchain?” Fortune, May 23, 2016, http://fortune.com/2016/05/23/blockchain-definition/ (accessed April 26, 2017).

49. Thomas L. Friedman, “Moore's Law Turns 50,” New York Times, May 13, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/13/opinion/thomas-friedman-moores-law-turns-50.html?_r=0 (accessed April 26, 2017).

50. Harari, Homo Deus, p. 391.

51. Tactical Tech, https://tacticaltech.org/ (accessed August 6, 2017).

52. Maya Indira Ganesh, interview with the author, March 14, 2017.

53. Christoph, interview with the author.

54. Emanuel Maiberg, “Why Is ‘Second Life’ Still a Thing?” MotherBoard, April 29, 2016, https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/z43mwj/why-is-second-life-still-a-thing-gaming-virtual-reality (accessed August 7, 2017).

55. Janet Maslin, “A Future Wrapped in 1980s Culture,” New York Times, August 14, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/15/books/ready-player-one-by-ernest-cline-review.html (accessed August 7, 2017).

56. Cameron M. Smith, interview with the author.

57. Jeremy Kocal, interview with the author, March 29, 2017.

58. Nathan Lee, interview with the author, March 27, 2017.

59. Ashani, interview with the author.

60. Cheryl, interview with the author.

61. Ashley, interview with the author.

62. ABC News, “Top 10 Facts You Don't Know about Girls’ Education,” ABC News, October 7, 2013, http://abcnews.go.com/International/10-facts-girls-education/story?id=20474260 (accessed April 27, 2017).

63. “Seven Things Women in Saudi Arabia Cannot Do,” The Week, September 27, 2016, http://www.theweek.co.uk/60339/nine-things-women-cant-do-in-saudi-arabia (accessed April 27, 2017).

64. “Flat Earth. The Awakening. This Story Is Not for Everybody,” YouTube video, 56:39, posted by MG TV, April 16, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCq_bSjyj9Q (accessed April 29, 2017).

65. Tonny Onyulo, “Witch Hunts Increase in Tanzania as Albino Deaths Jump,” USA Today, February 26, 2015, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/02/26/tanzania-witchcraft/23929143/ (accessed April 29, 2017).

66. Virtual Human Interaction Lab, Stanford University, https://vhil.stanford.edu/ (accessed August 7, 2017).

67. Ibid. and Marlene Cimons, “Using Virtual Reality to Make You More Empathetic in Real Life,” Washington Post, November 12, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/using-virtual-reality-to-make-you-more-empathetic-in-real-life/2016/11/14/ff72ee7a-a06e-11e6-a44d-cc2898cfab06_story.html?utm_term=.2a1ca2fecbe3 (accessed April 29, 2017).

68. Brendan Nyhan, interview with the author, March 7, 2017.

69. José van Dijck, interview with the author, January 21, 2017.

70. Peter Boghossian, interview with the author, January 17, 2017.

71. Michelle, interview with the author.

72. Jacob Silverman, interview with the author, January 31, 2017.

73. Ibid.

74. Oliver Morton, “Concluding Reflections: Lessons from the Industrial Revolution,” Mega Tech: Technology in 2050, ed. Daniel Franklin (New York: Economist Books / Public Affairs, 2017), p. 226.

75. American Gods, episode one, Starz, July 2017.

76. Gary Kasparov, Deep Thinking: Where Machine Intelligence End and Human Creativity Begins (New York: Public Affairs, 2017), p. 258.