Academic rigor, 86
Actors, 147, 178, 258–259
in brokerage position, 323–324
in field, 391
focal, 338–339
individual, 20, 258, 387
internal, 6
market, 90–91, 376–377
network position, 318–319
noncentral, 148
reputation, 320
social, 324–325
voices, 123
See also External actors
Advogato
Advogato Certification System, 347
Advogato.org, 321–323
Advogato Trust Metric, 348–349
community, 323
member, 322
Airline hub, 158
Airline industry, 151, 164
hub-and-spoke system, 153
point-to-point basis, 152
training and staffing functions, 154
All-star analysts, 356, 368–369
All-Star Awards, 354
All-star status, 356, 359
All-stars’ portfolio entries, 360, 361, 371
Ambiguity, 32
American Institute of Architecture (AIA), 353
Analogical learning
activation of base domain, 289–291
de alio identity, 287–288, 299–300, 302
on ratings of specific dimensions of camera quality, 303
temporal pattern in, 304
on user ratings, 301, 305, 306–307
digital cameras, 285
film and non-film producers, 300–301
identities in emerging market, 286–287
inference, 291–293
mapping, 291–293
market emergence, 284, 285
measurement, 298–299
recombinant innovations, 284
statistics, 300
technical features of digital cameras, 313
Apprentice, 347, 348
Arab Spring, 229–230
Articles voices, 123
Attention, 317, 352
in decision-making, 318–319
differences between All-star and non-All-star analysts in, 377
effects, 334
less-focused identity, 325
problem, 363
resources, 357
and social comparison, 361
in status emergence process, 318
and visibility, 359
Bad nodes, 348–349
Banking institutional logic, 39
Base domain activation, 289–291
Baseline model, 436
Bitcoin, 19–20, 235–236
protocol, 234
“Blockchain” technology, 235–236
Blumer’s symbolic interactionism, 230
Bonacich centrality, 319, 330, 334, 336
Bottom-up
community-based movement, 70
process, 75
Boundary-crossing job mobility
boundary-crossing approach, 443–444
characteristics of entrepreneurial leaders, 420
entrepreneur career boundary-crossing
and entry into new product areas, 432–433
and startup performance, 433–440
entrepreneurial leaders’ boundary-crossing, 440–441
industry boundary-crossing, 442
model of entrepreneurs’ boundary-crossing, 421
as source of industry and functional knowledge and skill, 423–424
theory and hypotheses, 422–427
Brewpubs, 129, 146
Brokerage, 317, 323–324
negative impact of, 325
opportunities, 326, 327, 329
See also Network—brokerage
Business models, 267, 270
development, 268
C-Form, 19
organization, 143
Cascading process, 258
Categories, 110, 174, 176–177
attributes, 112
category-spanning hybridization, 427
construction, 110, 111, 130
emergence, 111
as institutions, 209–210
Ji-zake category, 112, 116
labels, 110–111, 289–290
See also Ji-biru category
Categorization literature, 242–243
Central hubs, 158
Centralized network, 143
Certifications, 322
Charge-coupled device (CCD), 295
Charter Management Organizations (CMOs), 77, 84
Charter schools, emergence of, 70, 76–77
cross-national comparison, 93–94
diversity of identities, 90–93
field-level institutional logics to organizational form identity, 91
founding actors, 86–88
frames, 85–86
ideal type of institutional logics, 101
identity shifts over time, 89
initial founder identity, 88
institutional logics, 73–74
legitimized forms, 94–95
measuring institutional logics, 79–82
organizational identities, 70–71, 95
population ecology, 71–72
repackaging institutional logics as organizational frames, 74–76
research context, 76
institutional complexity, 77–79
STEM, 90
topic modeling, 82–83
Chicago School sociologists, 241
Claiming labels, 174, 175, 177–178
Clean Energy Finance and Investment Authority (CEFIA), 43
Co-emergent process, 33
Coercive
forces, 19
pressure, 8
Cognitive
action, 259–260
confusion, 272
dimension, 266
interaction, 270–272
legitimacy, 124
process, 74–75
Cohesion, 147
structural hole signature, 147
Collective behavior theory, 226, 230, 244–245
Collective behaviorists, 241
College preparation frame, 84–85
College preparatory, 86–88
Commercialization process, 292–293
Commitment, 273
Community, 240, 244–245, 389
actors, 90–91
community-focused identity, 95
energy management system, 264–265
Community logics, 78, 80, 85, 405
development logic to appropriate, 403–405, 406
experimentation and articulation, 397–400
state logic to restricting, 400–403
Community radio (CR), 395, 400
key actors, 393–394
as new phenomenon in India, 388–390
Community Radio Association and Community Radio Forum, 390
Competition
competition-based status, 356–358
evolutionary forces, 142
Competitive emergence, 378, 379
Competitive Environment, 432
Competitive market mechanisms, 70
Competitive responses, 358
Conceptualisation, 256
Confused nodes, 348–349
Consequential emergence, 4
Constraining pressures, 238
Consultancies, 111
Consumer behaviour, 263
Contemporary relevance, 231
Contested markets, 237
CorpTech Directory of Technology Companies, 427–432, 437
Coverage initiation, predicting, 360–363
Cox proportional model, 331
“Craft beer” category, 112, 116, 128
“Craft Heads”, 128
Crowd
and collective behavior, 229–231
crowd-initiated logics, 245
crowd-to-market progression, 241
crowd-to-social movement progression, 241–242
differentiation, 235–236
emergent discourse, 224
emergent logics, 245
formation, 232–234
as interaction structure across time and space, 231–232
market formation, 237–238
members, 241
micro-level tensions, 238–240
online conversations, 228
Cryptocurrency, 19–20
Customer relationship management, 263
Customised energy reports, 263
De alio entrants, 284–285
De alio identity, 287–288, 299–300, 302
on ratings of specific dimensions of camera quality, 303
temporal pattern in, 304
on user ratings, by phases of market emergence, 306–307
on user ratings, net of user expertise, 305
on user ratings of digital cameras, 301
De alio producers, 292–293, 298–299
De novo entrants, 284–285
Decentralized network, 152
Degree centrality, 160–161
Density dependence, 8
Deregulation, 115–118
“Destination Firms”, 429
Development logic, 405–406
to appropriate community logic, 403–405, 406
“DevilCraft”, 128
Digital cameras
de alio identity, 301
industry, 293
producers, 294
technical features of, 313
Digital Photography Review (DPR), 295–296, 297, 299
Direct network
link, 161
tie implementation, 158–160
Diversity, 427
“DNA logic”, 224
Domain exit prediction, 358–360
Dominance
dominant category label, 116
dominant logics, 384
of state logic, 394–397, 398
Early claimants, 174
to labels, 180
benefits and risks, 181
category emergence, 183–184
logic, 180–181
multiple organizations, 181–182
relevant PSS, 184–188
social understanding, 182–183
eBay, 164–165
Economic growth, 117
Economic structures, 268
Education Management Organizations (EMOs), 84
Ego-to-alter observation (i-to-j observation), 327–328
Electrical devices, interoperability, 264
Emergence, 2–3, 70–73, 78–79, 88, 92, 95, 110, 144, 172, 204–206, 225, 244, 254, 258–259, 265–266, 271–272, 320
of actor’s status, 319
of competitive structure, 353
emergent industry’s entrants, 130
emergent opportunities, 142
endogenous force, 20–21
evidence, 12
formation, 15–17
growth, 14–15
formation, 10–11
Google search trends, 3–4
growth, 8–10
of industries, 133–135
innovation, 19–20
of Japanese microbrewery industry, 115–129
novelty, 5–7, 12–14
organizational ecology, 4–5
organizational theory, 18–19
process, 175–176
processes, 384
of social objects, 386–388
steps, 17–18
theory, 5
See also Charter schools, emergence of; Market emergence
Emerging
categories, 174, 177
fiscal sponsorship as, 189–191
logic, 384–385, 388
role structure, 233
Empty categories, 112
category-specific characteristics, 130
creation of common meanings and identities, 110
and emergence of industries, 133–135
external actors, 111
government policy, 111
Japanese beer industry, 135
Ji-biru and emergence of japanese microbrewery industry, 115–129
material and symbolic resources, 112
media, consultants, and technology gurus, 136
research design and methods, 113
data analysis, 115
data sources, 113–114
Endogenous force, 20–21
Energy systems, 262
Entrants and product offerings, 123–126
Entrepreneur boundary-crossing, 430–431
and entry into new product areas, 424–426
performance, 426–427
Entrepreneur career boundary-crossing, 432–433
baseline model, 436, 437
industry boundary-crossing, 440
multinomial Logit models for failure, acquisition, IPO, 438–439
piecewise exponential hazard rate models, 435
Entrepreneurial leaders, 420, 421, 423
functional responsibilities, 425
Entrepreneurial opportunity structure, 164
Entrepreneurial producer, 243
Entrepreneurs, 146, 243
join startup organizations, 420
Entrepreneurship, 34–36, 165, 425
Environment-focused identity, 95
Environmental instability, 32
Environmental shocks, 144–145
Environmental uncertainty, 32, 33, 35
data analysis, 41–43
data collection, 39–40
external legitimacy, 63–64
geographical locations, 34
green banks, 57–58
green institutional logic, 38–39
hybrid entrepreneurship, 43–57
innovative hybrid organizations, 32–33
institutional logics, 60–61
institutional uncertainty and entrepreneurship, 34–36
local environments, 58–59
novel strategies, 64
relationship between resource environment and strategic orientation, 59–60
senior leadership teams in hybrid organizations, 36–37
strategic orientation, 37–38
strategic orientation, 62
Ethereum, 19–20
Evolutionary
biology, 2
dynamics, 271, 274
framework, 232
novelties, 2
Executive migration, 424
External actors, 6, 111, 118
actors, themes, and representative quotes, 120
and industry emergence, 131–133
micro-level factors, 123
number of internal and external voices, 119
references to different themes
brewers, media, and non-brewers, 122
by year, 122
themes identified in articles on Ji-biru, 121
See also Actors
External legitimating forces, 237
External shocks, 259
Failure Rate, 430
Fields, 258–259
emergence, 260, 265–266, 268–269
field-level institutional logics, 72
Film Company, 304, 308
Firm Age, 432
Firms, 178
“Fiscal sponsor” label, 175
Fiscal sponsorship, 175
as emerging category, 189–191
implications of fiscal sponsorship empirical context, 210–213
Flea markets, 237
Focal actor, 338–339
tenure, 330
Focal organization, 231
Formalization, 84–85
frame, 86
Formation of emergence, 10–11, 15–17
“Fortress hub”, 152
Founding actors, 84
characteristics, 83–84, 86
frames and institutional logics by, 87
Founding process, 43–44
Fragmentation, 13
Function-specific experience, 421
Functional boundary-crossing, 425–426, 431, 436, 440
Functional knowledge, 423–424
Futurists, 111
Generalists, 145, 146, 148, 156–158, 160, 162
Geography, 172, 175, 180, 184, 194–195
arguments, 184–185
geographic PSS, 186–187
geography segment
intersection, 196–197
social space defining by, 202
logic, 187–188
potential stakeholders, 185–186
social space defining by, 199–202
Geopolitical instability, 38–39
Glass-Steagall Act (1933), 4
Global warming, 38–39
Good nodes, 348–349
Government-funded projects, 268
Green banks, 33, 39
Green institutional logic, 38–39
“Green” environmental sustainability organizations, 33
GREENSOUTH, 41, 43, 56–57
founding process, 51
Core Founding Group’s involvement, 53
interactions with resource environment, 53–55
local context and founding group, 51
long-term strategic orientation, 55
impact of resource environment on, 52
interview summary, 40
GREENWEST, 41, 43
founding process, 44
banking logic, 47–50
Core Founding Group’s involvement, 47
interactions with resource environment, 47
local context and founding group, 44–47
impact of resource environment on, 45–46, 48–49
interview summary, 40
Growth, 8–10, 14–15
Hazard rate of failure, 433
Heckman’s selection model, 332
Heterogeneity, 11
High-status actor, 327
Hub-and-spoke system, 152, 153
passengers, 154
Hybrid entrepreneurship, 43
founding process, 43–44
Hybrid organizations, 35–36
senior leadership teams in, 36–37
i-to-j observation. See Ego-to-alter observation (i-to-j observation)
“Ideal type” societal institutional logics, 71
and characteristics of school education field, 101
Identity, 318
brokerage on, 325
identity-oriented approach, 71
less-focused identity, 326
of social actor, 324–325
See also De alio identity
“Illegitimacy discount”, 35
Implications, 202–203
fiscal sponsorship empirical context, 210–213
Implicit recognition, 254
Incentives, 57, 176, 180, 203, 268
Incumbent analysts, 361, 362
Incumbent non-All-star analysts, 362–363
Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), 397
Individual actors, 20, 258, 387
Industry
boundary-crossing, 430, 433, 436, 436, 440
job mobility as source, 423–424
development, 110
industry-specific experience, 421, 423
industry-specific knowledge, 421
network structure, 164
Industry emergence, 133–135
category-specific characteristics, 130
creation of common meanings and identities, 110
external actors, 111, 131–133
government policy, 111
Japanese beer industry, 135
Ji-biru and emergence of Japanese microbrewery industry, 115–129
lack of effective and gradual legitimation processes, 137
material and symbolic resources, 112
media, consultants, and technology gurus, 136
research design and methods, 113
data analysis, 115
data sources, 113–114
Inference, 291–293
Information flows, 177
Innovation, 163, 245–246
boundary-crossing and emergence of innovation in startups, 422
diffusion, 245–246
literature, 230–231
Innovative banker, 43
Innovative entrepreneurship, 32
Innovative hybrid models, 32
Innovative hybrid organizations, 32–33, 35–36
Instagram, 3
Institutional bricolage, 36
Institutional complexity, 73, 384, 385
burgeoning research on, 408
in Charter schools field, 77–79
institutional logics, 388
Institutional ecology, 71–72
Institutional entrepreneurs, 229
Institutional entrepreneurship, 384, 387
Institutional investor, 47, 354
Institutional Investor magazine, 356, 358, 365
Institutional logic(s), 17, 72–74, 237, 245
archival sources, 417
in community radio field, 405
conversation between sociologists and emergence theorists, 411
emergence
of community logic, 408–409
with logics perspective, 410–411
processes, 384
of social objects, 386–388
emerging logic, 407
findings, 393
development logic to appropriate community logic, 403–405, 406
dominance of state logic, 394–397, 398
experimentation and articulation of community logic, 397–400
key actors in field of community radio, 393–394
state logic to restricting community logic, 400–403
toward normative evaluation and power, 385–386
Institutional processes, 254
Institutional theory, 4, 8, 19, 60–61, 258
institutional logics, 245
legitimacy and, 9
literature, 142
novelty and, 7
Institutional uncertainty, 34–36
Institutionalised rules, 267
Institutionalization, 174, 177, 237
Institutions, 176–177
categories as, 209–210
Instructional frame, 84–85
Internal actors, 6
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 175, 191, 195, 196, 217
data, 194
U.S. IRS. Fiscal sponsors, 189
International Data Corporation (IDC), 224
Internet of Things (IoT), 227–228, 233
Interoperability of electrical devices, 264
Intersubjective typifications, 233
Isomorphism, 19, 254
Japan Brewer’s Association (JBA), 128
Japan Craft Beer Association (JCBA), 114, 128
Japan Craft Beer Support, 128
Japan Microbrewery Association (JMA), 128
Japanese culture, 268–269
Japanese ji-biru brewers, 114
Japanese microbrewery industry, 112–113
emergence of, 115
deregulation and media hype, 115–118
entrants and product offerings, 123–126
legitimacy, standards, and exits, 126–129
role of external actors, 118–123
See also Smart-city development in Japan
Japanese National Archives Library, 114
Ji-biru category, 12, 112, 113, 115, 116
deregulation and media hype, 115–118
entrants and product offerings, 123–126
legitimacy, standards, and exits, 126–129
role of external actors, 118–123
Ji-zake category, 112, 116
Job mobility, 421, 423, 424
Jobs, Steve, 64
Journeyers, 347, 348
Kyoto Protocol, 38–39
Language analysis, 79
Language literacy, 86
Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), 82–83
Leader-Founder, 431
Learning orientations, 9–10
Legitimacy, 9, 126–129
Legitimate category, 118
Legitimation
evolutionary forces, 142
processes, 130
Lenient categories, 422
Levi-Strauss’ bricolage–concept, 274
Literacy, 84–85
“Local beer”. See Ji-biru category
“Local products”, 115
Logics, 15, 73, 225–226, 227, 229, 238
of action, 233, 235, 237
banking institutional, 39
development, 403–406
DNA, 224
dominant, 384
green institutional, 38–39
institutional, 245
institutional, 73–74
market, 78, 84–85
market segment, 187–188
professions, 78, 84–85
repackaging institutional, 74–76
shared, 237, 241
state, 78, 84–85, 394–397, 398, 400–403
See also Community logics
Long-term strategic orientation, 55–57
Low-load factor, 152
Low-status actor, 327
LPG reforms in India, 388
Maasdar in Abu Dhabi, smart-city projects of, 255–256
“Machiokoshi”, 117
MALLET package, 82–83
Management gurus, 111
Mapping, 288, 291–293, 304
of existing firms into new product categories, 16
into graph, 348
of knowledge, 18
of schools by locations, 92
Market emergence, 284, 285
call for new approach, 227–229
crowd, 226
and collective behavior, 229
dynamics in, 229
formation, 232–234
as interaction structure across time and space, 231–232
de alio identity on user ratings, by phases of, 306–307
existing approaches, 226–227
market formation, 237–238
micro-level tensions, 238–240
See also Emergence; Social construction of markets
Market segment, 179–180, 184, 195–196
arguments, 184–185
geographic PSS, 186–187
logic, 187–188
potential stakeholders, 185–186
social space defining by, 199
Market(s), 110, 224–225, 226–227
actors, 90–91, 376–377
analysis, 160
categories, 172, 174–175
cognitive foundations, 224
concentration, 145
entry decisions, 146
logics, 78, 84–85
opportunity, 232
performance behavior, 353
reform, 70
rejection mechanisms, 11
space, 243
Master, 347, 348
MAXQDA 2010 software, 80
“Meaning slots”, 110
Media hype, 115–118
Mental models, 424
Metropolises, 115
Metropolitan statistical area (MSA), 194
Micro-level ethnography, 73
Micro-level tensions, 238–240
Micro-macro link, 245
Microbreweries, 116, 146
Mimetic adoption, 8–9
Mimetic forces, 19
Mission statement, 86
Mobile technology, 231, 243
Mobility of leaders, 424–425
Mortality rate of microbreweries, 145–146
Mortgage-backed securities, 4
“Mouthpiece for NGO”, 403
Multi-step content analysis process, 80
Mutual cognition, 260
Mutual recognition, 232, 234
Nascent entrepreneurs, 142
Natural selection, 2
Negotiated environment, 36
Neoclassical economic model, 226–227
Neoinstitutional theory, 384, 387, 410
Neoinstitutional work, 179
Network opportunity, 159
emergence and identification, 142, 144
airline industry, 151–156
directions for future research, 163–165
generalists and specialists, 156–158
network theory and niche, 146–151
networks as niche, 160–163
niche width and resource partitioning process, 144–146
of specialist niche, 158–160
framework, 163
Network(s), 143
approach, 316
brokerage, 323–324, 326, 327
information benefits of networks, 323
less-focused identity, 326
negative correlation, 325–326
negative impact of brokerage, 325
centralization, 148, 160, 162
degree centrality, 330, 334, 336
hub, 159
connections, 157
as niche, 160–163
structure, 240
New labels, 14, 174, 178, 180
New product areas, entry into, 421, 422, 424, 425, 429–430, 432–433
New Songdo in Korea, smart-city projects of, 255–256
Niche, 146–151
network opportunity identification of specialist niche, 158–160
networks as, 160–163
width, 144–146
Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 117
Nikkei Sangyou Shimbun, 117
Non-All-star analysts, 359, 360, 362, 363, 365, 371, 375, 377
Non-focal actors, 338
Non-ideal innovations, 7
Non-optimal oriented diffusion mechanisms, 11
Nongovernment organization (NGOs), 389, 399, 403, 405
member, 402
Normative evaluation and power, 385–386
Normative force, 19
Novelty, 5–7, 12–14
emergence, 13–14
and institutional theory, 7
Oakland Community Organizations (OCO), 84
On-demand approach, 263
Online
conversations, 228, 233
interaction, 231
platforms, 228
postings, 232
Open-source software, 321–322
Opportunity identification, 142
Organizational/organizations, 262–263, 269
commitment, 265
consequences, 242–243
ecology, 4–5, 8, 142
treatment, 144
fields, 254–255, 261–262, 273
through cognitive action, 259–260
and issue of participation numbers, 256–257
through social interaction, 257–259
frames, 74, 94
interpreting latent themes and identifying, 83–84
repackaging institutional logics as, 74–76
identities, 70–71
interrelations, 256
learning research, 421
Overlapping network, 149–150
Passengers, 157
Pastapur Initiative, 395
Path-dependent emergence, 9
Path-dependent evolutionary process, 13
Peer certificates, 322
Peers group, 174, 181–184, 195
Phenomenon-driven case study approach, 391–392
Physical geographic space, 146
PICO network, 84
Platform leaders, 266–267
Policy makers, 113
Population ecology, 71–72
Producer identities, 285
Product-level technical information, 295
“Production market”, 224, 229, 237, 245
Professions logic, 78, 84–85
Proximate Social Space (PSS), 173–175, 179–180, 184–188, 206–209
early claimants to labels in, 180–188
geographic, 186–187
independent variables for, 196–197
relevant, 184–188
social interactions patterns in, 179–180
variables for, 196–197
Public interest litigation, 402
Qualitative analysis software, 80
Qualitative research methods, 261
Radical psychological transformation, 229–230
Recombinant innovations, 284
Recombinant technologies, 286
Reduced search costs, 234
“Regional hubs”, 161–162
Regional Public Administration, 120
Regulation Fair Disclosure (Reg-FD), 365–366, 375
Relational mappings, 292
Repackaging institutional logics as organizational frames, 74–76
Resource partitioning, 144–146
dynamics of long-term industry evolution, 146
literature, 147
theory, 143
Resurgence, 142
Route network, 151–152
Securities analysts, 354
Poisson models of entry by, 372, 373–374
Poisson models of exit by, 370
and quest for institutional investor all-star status, 355–356
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 365–366
Security proof, 348–349
Segment-based peers, 198
“Selfie-stick”, 3–4
Semi-structured interview protocol, 40
Sensemaking process, 232, 287, 297, 309
Sensor technology, 263
Shared logics, 237, 241
“Silicon Valley” category, 135
Small business industry corporations (SBICs), 70
Small-batch brewers, 118
Small-batch brewing, 117
Smart City Manager, 265
Smart meter, 267–268
Smart towns, 264–265, 273
projects, 270
Smart-city, 274
challenges, 265
definitions, 262–263
demonstration projects, 268
initiatives, 263–265
objectives, 265–266
solutions, 255–256, 263–264, 267–268
Smart-city development in Japan, 254
cognitive interaction, 271–272
evidence, 262
Japanese culture, 268–269
methods and data, 260–262
organisational fields, 254–255
and issue of participation numbers, 256–257
through cognitive action, 259–260
through social interaction, 257–259
organisational respondents, 266–267
organisations in research, 279
smart meter, 267–268
specific temporal context, 269–270
theoretical context, 256
TQM, 273–274
See also Japanese microbrewery industry
Social actors, 7, 16, 72, 174, 184, 324, 324–325, 408
Social construction, 204–206, 258, 259
Social construction of markets, 172, 203–204
analysis of survivor bias, 217–219
assessing survivor bias, 193
categories, 176–177
contributions and future research, 204
categories as institutions, 209–210
implications of fiscal sponsorship empirical context, 210–213
proximate social space, 206–209
social construction and emergence, 204–206
early claimants to labels, 180–188
emergence process, 175–176
empirical setting, 189–191
implications, 202–203
institutions, 176–177
labels, 176–177
PSS, 173–174
social interactions patterns in, 179–180
social interactions, 174–175
social space, 199–202
strategically claiming labels to influence understanding, 177–178
website archives, 192–193
See also Market emergence
Social engagement, 256
Social influence, 238
Social interactions, 172, 173–174, 258–259, 260, 267, 269–272
patterns in proximate social space, 179–180
Social media, 3, 232–233, 243
Social movement(s), 75, 228–229, 237, 240–242, 258–259
mechanisms, 227
theory, 14, 226, 227
Social objects, emergence of, 386–388
Social ordering, 320
Social space, 199
geography, 199–202
probit analysis, 200–201
geography segment, 202
market segment, 199
Social understanding, 172–174, 177–178
Socially Responsible Investment (SRI), 39
Socio-cognition
distinctions, 238–240
efforts, 265–266
explanations, 256
process, 14–15, 246
Socio-cultural
change, 227
evolutionary framework, 226
Sociopolitical legitimacy, 110
Space, 225
crowds as interaction structure across, 231–232
social, 199–202
See also Proximate Social Space (PSS)
Specialists, 156–158, 162
network opportunity identification of niche, 158–160
niche network opportunity, 160
niche size, 158
Stakeholders, 37
Standards, 126–129
Startup outcomes, 429–430
Startup performance, 430, 433
baseline model, 436, 437
industry boundary-crossing, 440
State intervention, 6
State logic, 78, 84–85
dominance of, 394–397, 398
to restricting community logic, 400–403
Statistical t-tests, 83
Status, 316
actor’s network position, 318–319
Advogato Certification System, 347
Advogato Trust Metric, 348–349
brokerage position, 317
descriptive statistics and correlations, 333
emergence of, 316
evaluation, 317–318
focal actor, 338–339
future studies, 340–341
implications, 339–340
and network brokerage, 323–327
non-focal actors, 338
random effects Probit estimates of working on projects, 332
Status-seeking behavior, 16–17, 352
affecting competitive emergence, 378
benefits of securities analyst market, 354–355
market actors, 376–377
and market performance behavior, 353
motivations of competitive emergence, 379
STEM, 86, 88
schools, 90
Strategic Action Fields (SAF), 258–259
Strategic orientation, 33–34, 42, 44, 58
green, 40, 58
GREENSOUTH, 41, 53, 56–57
GREENWEST, 41, 47, 55–56
of hybrid organization, 38
innovative hybrid organizations, 34
long-term, 55
organization’s, 38, 60, 61
relationship with resource environment, 59
shifting, 36
Structural equivalence, 147
Structural holes, 143, 323–324
Sub-crowds, 235–236, 241
“Super Smart Society” theme, 135–136
Supplementary analysis, 193
Survivor bias
analysis of potential, 217–219
assessment, 193
Systematic transactions, 235–236
Teaching professions, 78
Technology company, 267
Technology-focused identity, 95
Telecom & Internet, 433, 437
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), 400
Theory of crowds, 223–246
Theory on organizational learning, 423
Thomson Financial Securities Data’s VentureXpert database, 429
3D printing, 241–242
market space, 237–238
Time, 9–10, 225
bank, 154
crowds as interaction structure across, 231
identity shifts over, 89
time-space compression, 225
Topic modeling, 79, 82–83, 94
solution for charter applications, 105–106
Topics coded by institutional logics and latent frames, 107
Total Quality Management (TQM), 273–274
Tranches, 4
Transformation, 80
Transitional stage, 235
Transportation network, 151
Trust-relationships, 268–269
UCINET, 329, 330
Uncategorized products, 185
UNDP, 400
UNESCO, 388, 400
Venture performance, 426–427
VentureXpert database, 429
Vocabulary analysis, 79
Web-enabled crowds, 231
Website archives, 192–193
“Wisdom of crowds”, 230–231
Youth development frame, 84–85
YouTube, 164–165