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Index entries in italics reference photographs.
A
Adams, Abigail, 16, 33, 36, 37, 47, 70, 131, 195, 224
Adams, John, 223
about, 46, 222–224, 232
admission to the bar, 44
after trials, 277–278, 286–287
Boston Massacre, during, 30–31
Boston Massacre, early work on trial defense, 74
Boston Massacre, response to, 33
Boston Massacre, responsibility of townspeople, 107, 119, 171–172, 182, 229–230
defense attorney for John Hancock, 52–53
election to General Court, 70–71
essays of, 48–49
income of, 116–117
on juror responsibilities, 248
as law student, 40–44
legal practice, growth of, 45–46, 46–47
political career of, 47–48, 51
Preston trial, and transcription of, 11, 12
Preston trial, summation, 108–111
reputation of, 36–37, 39, 62–63, 116, 286–287
Robert Treat Paine and, 86–88
self-defense as defense strategy, 73
soldiers’ trial, challenges of, 222–224
soldiers’ trial, on witness testimony, 240–248
soldiers’ trial, start of summation, 222
soldiers’ trial, summation, 224–238
soldier’s trial, on importance of, 227
on Stamp Act of 1765, 48–51
trial fees, 283–284
trial of Richardson and Wilmot, 69
Adams, John Quincy, 225
Adams, Samuel, 18–19, 22, 32, 35, 58, 116, 161, 162, 199, 285–286
as man in red cloak, 281–282
propaganda campaign and, 35, 276
on scheduling of trial, 66
soldiers’ trial, 116, 161, 275–276
Sons of Liberty and, 58
on Townshend Acts, 77
trade restrictions, response to, 18
as Vindex, 162, 168, 191, 275, 282
American colonies. see colonies, the
Ancient and Honorable Artillery, 153–154, 156
Andrew (slave of Oliver Wendell), 105–106, 195–199, 257, 275
Andrews, Benjamin, 57
appeal of felony, 115
Appleton, John, 153, 165
Appleton, Nathaniel, 153
Archibald, Edward, 25, 251
Archibald, Francis, 132
Arnold, Benedict, 19
assault, defined, 236–237
assemblies
lawful, 232, 233, 234, 254, 255, 268, 270, 271
unlawful, 139, 231–232, 233, 236, 247, 254–255, 268, 271
Assize of Arms, 153
Assize of Clarendon, 66
attorneys. see lawyers
Attucks, Crispus, 16, 30, 79–81, 105–106, 188, 247, 256–257, 284–285, 285
Auchmuty, Robert, Jr., 36, 38, 52, 111
Austin, Johnathan Williams, 98, 125–126, 158
B
Bailey, James, 135–137, 139, 160, 213, 246, 272
bar, admission to, 44
Barrick, Joseph, 85
Bass, Henry, 209–210, 240
Bass, Jedediah, 140–141, 161
Battle of Golden Hill, 22–23
Belknap, Joseph, 99
“benefit of clergy,” 276–277
Bliss, Theodore, 96–97, 104–105, 106, 137, 207–209
bloody-backs, 78, 122, 146
Blowers, Sampson Salter, 67–69, 118
Boston, Massachusetts, 21
colonial life of, 131, 214–215
establishment of, 154–155
occupation of, 20–24, 32
public response to Boston Massacre defense lawyers, 38–39
role of church in, 218–219
Boston Massacre
about, 9–11, 15–17, 26–32
defense strategy for, 65, 71–72, 73, 213, 226–231
eyewitness depositions, 56–58
Hugh White, at start of, 25, 27–28
Incident on King Street, 25
law as response to, 35
military occupation as cause of, 32
newspaper accounts of, 55–56
propaganda of, 33–35, 55–56, 113
prosecution, challenges of, 73
public participation in, 57–58, 64, 107, 113, 119, 171–172, 182, 231
public response to, 33–34, 39
public response to defense lawyers, 38–39
scheduling and duration of trials, 64–66, 69–70, 81, 102, 111–112, 143, 215, 234, 235, 249–251, 274
severing of trials, 72
size of, 27, 177, 178, 180, 188, 200, 212, 268
tensions leading to, 19–26
Thomas Preston, at start of, 27–29
trials, transcriptions of, 9–13, 118, 281
trials of, about, 11
trials of, as entertainment, 63–64
victims of, 16, 80–81, 202–203
Boston Tea Party, 286
Bourgatte, Charles, 57, 64, 279–281
Braintree Instructions, 50, 51
branding, as punishment, 277
Brewer, James, 133–135
Bridgham, Ebenezer, 126–128, 158, 240–241
Bulkely, John, 190
Burdick, Benjamin, Jr., 97, 150–152, 163
C
Caldwell, James, 16, 30, 79–80
Calef, Daniel, 97
canon law, 49
Carr, Maurice, 30
Carr, Patrick, 30, 79, 253–254
Carrol, John, 78–79, 121, 139, 160, 274
Carter, James, 155–156
Chauncy, Charles, 65
chief justice, Preston trial, 89
church, role of in colonial Boston, 218–219
citizens’ trial, 259, 279–281
Clark, John, 81
Coffin, John, 105, 106
collective responsibility, 231
colonial courthouses, 88
colonial fears of Great Britain, 77–78
colonial trade, 17, 69
colonial trials
basic structure of, 157
as entertainment, 214–215
juror responsibilities, 146
objections during, 140
right to speedy trial, 65–66
scheduling and duration, 64–66, 69–70, 81, 102, 111–112, 143, 215, 234–235, 249–251, 274
colonial trials, duration. see Boston Massacre, scheduling and duration of trials
colonies, the
allegiance to the Crown, 17
Christmas and, 258–259
legal system, development of, 32, 41, 42, 115
militias in, 153–154
occupation by British soldiers, 20–22
role of church in, 218–219
self-government of, 17
tensions with Great Britain, 17–20, 23–25, 51–52
colonists, political sides of, 52
common law, 43, 44, 50, 69, 72, 227, 233, 250, 260–261
Condon, Samuel, 56
convictions pardoned by the Crown, 65
Cooper, Samuel, 296
Corbett, Michael, 54
Cornwall, Daniel, 191–192
courthouses, colonial, 88
courtrooms, early traditions of, 124
Cox, John, 95, 189
Crown, colonial allegiance to, 17
Crown Law (Foster), 217. see also Foster, Michael
Cruikshanks, Alexander, 94–95, 187
Cunningham, Peter, 94
Cushing, John, 90, 113, 271
Customs Board, 19–20
D
Dalrymple, William, 32
Dana, Richard, 18, 33–34
Danbrooke, John, 139, 161
Davis, Benjamin, Jr., 186
Davis, Benjamin, Sr., 102, 178–179, 244
deathbed testimony, 204–205
death penalty, 53, 88, 274
Deblois, Gilbert, 85
defense, Preston trial
prosecution interruption of, 104–105
witnesses for, 101–110
defense, soldiers’ trial
cross-examination of, 134–136, 189, 198
strategies of, 118–119, 171–172, 191–192
defense counsel, about, 84
defense lawyers, early role in, 124
defense strategy, 65, 71–72, 73, 213, 226–232
Dickinson, John, 172
A Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law (Adams), 49
Dock Square, battle in, 26, 31, 102, 150–154, 177, 188, 233, 247, 252
Dodge, James, 128–129, 242
Dunmaresq, Philip, 85
E
Edwards, Joseph, 102, 110
Emmons, Samuel, 137
English common law, 69. see also common law
entertainment, trials as, 63–64
evidence
conflicting, 191
hearsay, 98, 139–140, 200–201
physical, 174
reliability of, 254
rules of, 74–75, 139–140, 244
spectral, 75
excusable homicide, 226, 265
eyewitness depositions, 56–58, 64–65
F
A Fair Account of the Late Unhappy Disturbance at Boston, 60, 75
felonious homicide, 226, 265
felony, appeal of, 115
Ferreter, Nicholas, 149–150, 157, 159, 163, 270
feudal law, 49
Field, Catherine, 202–203
Forrest, James, 35–36
Fosdick, Nathaniel, 98, 146–147, 161–162, 264, 269, 270
Foster, Michael, 217, 220, 227, 229, 233, 235, 256, 267
Franklin, Benjamin, 77, 224, 276
Freemason lodges, 126
Frost, John, 102–103, 191
G
Gage, Thomas, 20, 118, 274–275
Garrick, Edward, 25, 27, 93
Gifford, James, 108
Goddard, Robert, 97–98, 108–109
Goldfinch, John, 25, 93, 185–186
grand juries, about, 84
Gray, Samuel, 16, 79, 80, 129, 186
Green, Bartholomew, 27
Green, Hammond, 57, 79, 279
Greene, John, 81
Greenwood, Thomas, 57, 79, 279
Grey, Harrison, Jr., 199–200
Grey, John and ropeworks incident. see ropeworks incident
Gridley, Jeremiah, 44, 46, 48
Gridley, John, 201–202
guilt, universal, 231
H
Hale, Matthew, 76, 108, 225, 232, 233
Hall, Thomas, 206–207
Hancock, John, 19, 52, 66, 117, 282
Hartegan, James, 78–79, 121, 139, 161, 274
Harvard College, 41
Hawkins, William, 54–55, 229
hearsay evidence, 98, 139–140, 200–201
Helyer, Joseph, 107, 251
Hemmingway, Samuel, 147–148, 157, 158, 162–163, 242, 270
Henry, Patrick, 19
Hill, Edward, 102
Hill, John, 156
Hill, William, 85
Hilyer, Joseph, 148–149
Hinkley, Ebenezer, 93–94
Hirons, Richard, 183–185
Hitt, Robert, 10
Hodgson, John, 12, 118
homicide, definitions of, 111, 163–164, 167, 169–170, 216–217, 226–227, 261, 265
Hutchinson, Thomas, 110
on Auchmuty, 118
Boston Massacre, during, 31–32, 98–99
Boston Massacre, response to, 32–33
Pitt Packet trial and, 55
on public pressure regarding trial, 66–67
ransack of home, 19
on soldiers’ trial, 116, 274–275
testimony of troops, 58–59
I
Inches, Henderson, 15
Incident on King Street, 25, 55. see also Boston Massacre
innocence, presumption of, 91
Institutes of the Lawes of England (Coke), 66, 273
intent, malicious, 119, 132–133, 159
J
Jackson, William “Brazen Head,” 101
Jack Tarrs, 245
Jefferson, Thomas, 123, 224
Jeffries, John, 203–206
Johnson, Michael. see Attucks, Crispus
judges
colonial role of, 41
instructions to jury, 112, 259
in Preston trial, 88–89
in soldiers’ trial, 117–118
juries, origin of, 83–84
juror responsibilities, 146, 169–170, 215
jury deliberations, Preston trial, 113–114
jury selection
about, 64
Preston trial, 84–85
soldiers’ trial, 120–121
jury system, development of, 84
justifiable homicide, 226–227, 261, 265
K
Killroy, Matthew
during Boston Massacre, 30
evidence against, 270
indictment of, 78–79
during soldiers’ trial, 121, 122, 129, 133, 159, 213, 242, 257, 272
verdict and, 274
King George’s War, 10
King Street, about, 154–155
King William’s War, 10
Kneeland, Bartholomew, 152
Knight, Thomas, 180–181, 213
Knox, Henry, 28, 97, 110, 189, 284
Knox’s Noble Train of Artillery, 284
L
Langford, Edward G., 129–131, 158, 242, 244–246
law, elements of, 176
law and religion, 219
lawful assembly, 233, 234, 235, 254, 255, 268, 270, 271
law proceedings
basic structure of trials, 156
development of in America, 32, 41, 42, 115
interruption of defense by prosecution, 104–105
rebuttal of witnesses, 94
law profession, colonial training for, 42–43
lawyers
colonial public opinion toward, 41
early traditions of, 123
role of, 225
Lee, Benjamin, 190–191
legal system in the colonies, 32, 41, 42, 115
Leigh, Benjamin, 103
Lexell’s comet, 144–145
liberty movement, growth of, 53–54, 91. see also colonies, the, tensions with Great Britain
Liberty Tree, 19, 24, 25, 118, 189, 210, 243, 251
Lillie, Theophilius, 23
Lincoln’s Last Trial: The Murder Trial That Propelled Him to the Presidency (Abrams and Fisher), 11
Locke, John, 221
loyalists, about, 52
Loyal Nine, the, 209
Lynde, Benjamin Jr., 66, 89, 113, 271–272
M
Magna Carta, 50, 66
malice aforethought, 226, 260–261
malicious intent, 119, 132–133, 159
man in red cloak, 26, 177–178, 180–181, 268, 281, 282
Mansfield, John, 203
manslaughter
as capital offense, 274
defined, 216, 226–227, 235–236
Oliver on, 267–268
Manwaring, Edward, 57, 279, 280
indictment of, 79
Marshall, Thomas, 93, 153–154, 164–165, 175, 178
Masonic lodges, 126
Massachusetts Act of 1750, 214
Massachusetts Superiour Court of Judicature, 88
Mather, Cotton, 259
Maverick, Samuel, 79, 80, 146
McCauley, William, 78–79, 121, 122, 125, 274
Mein, John, 278
Merchant, William, 25
military, propaganda campaign against, 173
Military Company of Massachusetts, 153–154
militias, colonial, 153–154
Molasses Act, 18
Molineux, William, 280, 282
Monk, Christopher, 81, 133–134
Montgomery, Edmund (Hugh), 29, 78–79, 121, 137–139, 213, 230, 272, 274, 281
Morton, Dimon, 98
Munro, John, 57, 79, 279, 280
murder
definitions of, 159, 226–227
and homicide, 111, 163–164, 167, 169–170, 226
Murray, James, 105, 195
Murray, Matthew, 105
N
neck verse, 277
Nemo moriturus praesumitur mentiri, 204–205
newspaper accounts of Boston Massacre, 55–56, 281–282
newspapers, Preston trial and, 114–115
Non-Importation Agreement of August 1768, 179
nonimportation agreements, 61, 77, 93, 101
North America, wars in, 10
O
occupation of Boston, 32
Oliver, Andrew, 19
Oliver, Peter
about, 22, 26, 65, 265–266
after trials, 283
on citizens’ trial, 280–281
instructions to jury, 113
as judge in Preston trial, 89
judge’s charge to jury, 266–271
on Samuel Adams, 285–286
Otis, James, 19, 46, 48
P
Paine, Robert Treat, 87
about, 39–40
after trials, 282
final arguments in Preston trial, 111
final closing of soldiers’ trial, 249–257, 259
John Adams and, 86–88
prosecution of Richardson and Wilmot, 67–69
as prosecutor in soldiers’ trial, 117
as prosecutor in soldiers’ trial, 186
role of townspeople in mob, 251–252
on self-defense vs. murder, 167, 255–256
Palmes, Richard, 29, 103–104, 110, 137–138, 160
Panton, Henry, 53
pardons of convictions by the Crown, 65
Parker, David, 81
patriots, about, 52
Patterson, Robert, 81
Payne, Edward, 81, 210
Pelham, Henry, 57–59
perjury, 92–93
perukes, 123
pettifoggers, 42, 48
physical evidence, 174
Piemont, John, 93
Pierce, Edward, 260
Pierce, Isaac, 31, 98–99
Pilgrims, jury system and, 84
Pitt, William, 17
Pitt Packet, trial and, 53–55
“praying clergy,” 276–277
preliminary arguments, Preston trial, 92
Preston, Thomas
about, 11, 35–36
acquittal of, 114
after soldiers’ trial, 275, 283–284
arrest of, 33–34
Boston Massacre, during, 27–29
defense strategy and, 71–72
deposition of, 60
entreaty to dispel mob, 199
indictment of, 78–79
public opinion of, 65
public threats to, 70
on quality of counsel, 114
Preston trial
Auchmuty and, 111
conclusion of Quincy’s case, 99–100
defense witnesses, 101–110
final arguments of Paine, 111
impact on Rex v Wemms, 115
John Adams, summation in, 108–111
judges’ instructions to jury, 112
jury deliberations, 113–114
jury selection, 84–85
justices for, 88–89
newspapers and, 114–115
preliminary arguments, 92
start of, 90–92
verdict in, 114
witnesses for prosecution, 93–101, 106
presumption of innocence, 91
Prince, Newton, 107, 192–193
propaganda campaign, 173, 267, 276
prosecution, Preston trial
challenges of, 73
conclusion of Quincy’s case, 99–100
preliminary arguments, 92
witnesses for, 93–101
prosecution, soldiers’ trial, 117–118
at start of, 124–130
strategies of, 118–119
witnesses, start of, 125
prosecutors of Boston Massacre trials, 39–40
provocation, self-defense and, 236–237
public response to Boston Massacre, 33–34, 39
public response to Boston Massacre defense lawyers, 38–39
Puritan ethics, 258–259
Putnam, James, 43
Q
Queen Anne’s War, 10
Quincy, Josiah, Jr.
acceptance of trial cases, 36, 37–38
after trials, 283
defense of Richardson and Wilmot, 67–69
soldiers’ trial, opening defense, 169–176
summation for defense, 215–222
Quincy, Josiah, Sr., 37, 45
Quincy, Samuel, 39, 53
after trials, 282–283
closing arguments in soldiers’ trial, 157–167
opening statement for prosecution, 92
Preston trial, about, 99
prosecution of Richardson and Wilmot, 67–69
prosecution witnesses and, 93–101
as prosecutor in citizens’ trial, 279
as prosecutor in soldiers’ trial, 117
during start of soldiers’ trial, 124–130
R
reasonable doubt, 225–226, 249–250, 271
rebuttal of witnesses, 94
religion and law, 219
religious beliefs, 219
responsibility, collective, 231
Revenue Act, 52
Revere, Paul
Boston Massacre engraving, 59, 174–175
propaganda and, 58
Sons of Liberty and, 19
Rex v. Steadman, 111
Rex v. Wemms. see soldiers’ trial
Richardson, Ebenezer, 23, 67–69, 78, 266
Richardson verdict, delayed sentencing, 68, 78
right to speedy trial, 65–66
Riot Act, the, 105, 195, 233
rioters, defined, 233–234
ropeworks incident, 24, 80, 122, 149, 156, 159, 163, 200
Ruddock, John, 192
rules of evidence, 74–75, 139–140, 244
Rush, Benjamin, 19
Russell, Nathaniel, 188–189
Ryan, John, 66
S
Salem witch trials, 75, 106
Seider, Christopher, 23–24, 25, 66, 67
self-defense
about, 111
as defense strategy, 65, 71–72, 73, 213, 227–231
legal boundaries of, 216
Locke on, 221
vs. murder, 167, 255–256
Paine on, 255–256
proof of, 166
prosecution denial of, 132–133, 167
provocation and, 234–237
right of, 226–227
Trowbridge on, 261
self-incrimination, rights against, 99
Selkrig, James, 179–180
Seven Year’s War, 10
Sewall, Jonathan, 39, 52, 66
Sewall, Samuel, 75
A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre in Boston, 60, 74, 75, 173, 182, 266, 280
Simpson, Josiah, 145–146, 161
slavery, about, 194–195
slaves, testimony of, 105–106
smuggling, 18
soldiers
bloody-backs, 78, 122, 146
prejudice against, 173
treatment of by officers, 122–123
wages of, 122
soldiers’ trial (Rex v. Wemms)
about, 13, 121–122
Adams on witness testimony, 240–248
closing arguments, start of, 213
cross-examination during, 134–136
defense, opening of, 169–176
defense, resting of, 249
defense, summation of, 215–222, 225–238
defense, witnesses for, 207–209
importance of, 40
indictment of soldiers, 78–79
judges’ charges to jury, 259
judges in, 117–118
jury deliberations, 273
jury selection, 120–121
legal strategies in, 71–72, 118–119, 171–172, 191–192, 202–203, 228–231
prosecution, discrepancies and, 175
prosecution, final closing, 249–257
prosecution, witnesses for, 206–207, 209
Quincy’s closing arguments in, 157–167
soldiers, arrest of, 34
soldiers, public threats to, 70
start of, 121–130
transcription of, 118
verdicts in, 273–274
Sons of Liberty, 19, 22–23, 58, 67, 70, 81, 126, 131, 144, 209
spectral evidence, 75
stage performances, 214
Stamp Act of 1765, 18–19, 48–51
street theater, 214
Strong, William, 181–182
Suffolk County Bar Society, 63, 66
Sugar Act, 18, 91
summations, about, 252–253
T
talesmen, 85
taxation and trade restrictions, 17–20, 61, 77, 93, 101, 132
taxation without representation, 77
teagues, 245
testimony of witnesses. see witness testimony
Thayer, Nathaniel, 152–153
Thompson, James, 186–187
Townshend Acts, 19, 60–61, 172
transcription of trials, 9–13, 281
A Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown (Hawkins), 54–55, 229
Treaty of Paris, 10
trial adjournment, about, 95–96
trial by ordeal, 83
trial fees, 36, 116–117, 283–284
trial juries, about, 84
trial prosecutors. see Paine, Robert Treat; Quincy, Samuel
trials, colonial
basic structure of, 157
as entertainment, 214–215
juror responsibilities, 146
objections during, 140
right to speedy trial, 65–66
scheduling and duration, 64–66, 69–70, 81, 102, 111–112, 143, 215, 234–235, 249–251, 274
trials, severing of, 72
trials, transcription of, 9–13, 281
trials as entertainment, 63, 64
Trowbridge, Edmund, 90, 112–113, 167, 259–268, 283
True Sentiments of America (Adams), 49
Tudor, John, 33
Tyler, Royall, 33
U
universal guilt, 231
unlawful assembly, 139, 231–232, 233, 236, 247, 254–255, 268, 271
V
verdicts in soldiers’ trial, 273–274
victims of Boston Massacre, 16, 80–81, 202–203. see also specific
Vindex (Samuel Adams), 162, 168, 191, 275, 282
W
Wallis, William Wait, 85
Warren, Joseph, 19, 66
Warren, William, 78–79, 121, 122, 274
wars in North America, 10
Wemms, William
acquittal of, 273
indictment of, 78–79
swearing in of, 121
during witness testimony, 126
Wendell, Oliver, 105–106, 195
Wheatley, Phillis, 194
White, Hugh
acquittal of, 274
in altercation, 93
indictment of, 78–79
during soldiers’ trial, 121, 129, 135, 145
at start of massacre, 25, 27
Whitehouse, Jane Crothers, 106
Whitehouse, Joseph, 106
wigs, 123
Wilkinson, Thomas, 141–142, 213, 251, 270
Williams, John, 200–201
Williams, Robert, 152
Wilmot, George, 67–68
Winston, Obadiah, 98
witch trials, Salem, 75, 106
witness testimony
about, 176
during Adams summation, Preston trial, 109
conflicting evidence of, 191
on deathbed, 204–205
for defense, soldiers’ trial, 176–181, 183–193
interruption by defendant, 108
for prosecution, 93–101, 106, 125–137, 210–212
rebuttal of, 94
of slaves, 105–106, 198
standards for evaluating, 75–76
truthfulness of, 92–93
of women, 105–106
women, testimony of, 106
Wyat, William, 95