Jones, Eugene Kinckle, 472–473

Jones, George, 157

Jones, Hattie, 338, 520

Jones, Henry “Broadway,” 81

Jones, J. Raymond, 701

Jones, James Earl, 473–474

Jones, Jo, 53

Jones, K. C., 738

Jones, LeRoi. See Baraka, Amiri

Jones, Leroy. See Baraka, Amiri

Jones, Lois Mailou, 474–476

Elizabeth Catlett’s studies with, 151

at Salon of Contemporary Negro Art, 748

Jones, Madame Sissieretta Joyner, 476, 476–478

Jones, Mat, 628

Jones, Philly Joe, 214

Jones, Quincy, 478–479

Aretha Franklin and, 312

arranger of the Basie orchestra, 53, 54

Little Richard recording with, 537

and Michael Jackson, 438

Oprah Winfrey and, 906

Jones, Sarah Garland, 182

Jones, Scipio Africanus, 479–480

Jones, Thad, 53, 598

Jones, William Tass. See Jones, Bill T.

Joplin, Scott, 480, 480–482

Jordan, Barbara, 482, 482–484

election to Congress, 923

Jordan, Duke, 650

Jordan, James, 184

Jordan, Joe, 189

Jordan, June, 484–485

Jordan, Michael, 486, 486–488

Flora Hyman compared to, 430

Oprah Winfrey and, 906

Jordan, Vernon, 488–489

Howard Thurman’s influence on, 814

and Urban League, 116, 489, 926

Jordan Rules, The, 487

Jorgensen, Marian, 299

Joseph, “One-Leg Willie,” 81

Joseph Crane Hartzell (Tanner), 801

Josephine Baker (sculpture; Barthé), 51

Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation, 205

Josephson, Barney, 406

Joseph V. Baker Associated, 377

“Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho,” 436

journalists. See Journalism in Index of Subjects by Category or Area of Renown

Journal of Comparative Neurology, 825

Journal of Daniel Coker (Coker), 177

Journal of Negro Education, The, 528

Journal of Negro History, The (journal), 103, 254, 679

Benjamin Quarles on the editorial board of, 693

Benjamin Quarles published in, 692

founded by Carter G. Woodson, 912

illustrated by Lois Mailou Jones, 475

John Hope Franklin published in, 314

John Roy Lynch published in, 548

Mary Church Terrell’s writings in, 805

Monroe Nathan Work published in, 914

Zora Neale Hurston published in, 426

Journal of the National Medical Association, 177

Journal of the Optical Society of America, 883

Journal of the Rev. John Marrant, A (Marrant), 557

Journey of Reconciliation, 582, 741

Journey to Accompong (Dunham), 257

Journey to Beloved (Winfrey), 905

Joyner, Al, 356

Joyner-Kersee, Jackie, 356, 899

Joy of Living (television program), 712

Jubilee (Walker), 367

Judaism

and black nationalism, 567

black religious leaders and, 302

Sammy Davis, Jr.’s, conversion to, 218

Judge (periodical), 398

Judge Priest (film; Ford), 294, 577

Judson, Andrew T., 667

Juice (film), 761

Juilliard School of Music (New York)

Davis at, 213

Leontyne Price at, 685

Wynton Marsalis at, 558

Julian, Hubert, 724

Julian, Percy Lavon, 79, 489–490, 490

Julien, Max, 653

Julius Rosenwald Fund, 509–510

Charles S. Johnson trustee for, 452

Horace Mann Bond and, 88

Jumpin’ Jack Flash (film; Goldberg), 345

Juneteenth (Ellison), 277

Jungle Fever (film; Lee), 526

Halle Berry in, 73

Ruby Dee in, 221

Stevie Wonder’s soundtrack, 908

Junior Chamber of Commerce, 797

Juniper, Johnny, 717

Juno and the Paycock (O’Casey), 65

Just, Ernest Everett, 490–492, 491

dismissing Samuel M. Nabrit, 623

George Dows Cannon’s studies with, 138

William Montague Cobb and, 176

Just Above My Head (Baldwin), 44

Just a Little Simple (Childress), 164

“Just As I Am,” 436

Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ’fore I Diiie (Angelou), 27

Justice (Glasworthy), 574

Justice, David, 74

“Justice of Woman Suffrage, The” (Terrell), 805

“Justifications and Needs for Diversity in Orthopedics” (White), 878

Kahlo, Frida, 152

Kallen, Horace M., 538, 539

Kane, Big Daddy, 479

Kane, Harry, 51

Kansas

black exodus to

Blanche K. Bruce opposed to, 120

promoted by Benjamin Singleton, 770

University of, Wilt Chamberlain at, 155

Kansas City (film), 66

Kansas City Hall (newspaper), 884

Kansas City Man Blues (album; Bechet), 63

Kappa Alpha Psi, 93

Kareem (Abdul-Jabbar), 5–6

Karenga, Maulana, 760

mentor of Amiri Baraka, 49

Kasamance (Dunham), 258

Kashmir Chemical Company, 49, 50

Katherine Cornell as Juliet (sculpture; Barthé), 51

Katherine Dunham Dance Company, 257

Katie Hines (ship), 395

Katz, William Loren, 547

Kawaida, practiced by Amiri Baraka, 49

Kazan, Elia, 638–639

Kean, Charles, 13

Kean, Edmund, 13

Keane, Johnny, 298–299

Kearny, Denis, 70

Kearsley, John A., Jr., 259

Keckly, Elizabeth Hobbs, 325, 493, 493–494

Keeler, Ralph, 511

Keeper (sculpture; Puryear), 691

Keep Shufflin’ (musical), 847

Keith, Conyers, Anderson, Brown & Willis, 494

Keith, Damon Jerome, 494–495

Kellogg, Paul U., 539

Kellor, Frances, 570

Kelly, Arthur, 893

Kelly, Sharon Pratt, 495–497

Kelly, Tim, 653

Kelly, Wynton, 341

Kelsey, George, 501

Kennedy, Edward, 100, 117

Kennedy, John F., 186, 391, 501, 535, 552, 554, 561, 611, 615, 620, 683, 872, 885, 925, 926

appointments

A. Leon Higginbotham to the Federal Trade Commission, 399

Carl Rowan as assistant secretary of state for public affairs, 732

Harry Belafonte as cultural adviser to the Peace Corps, 66

Barbara Jordan volunteer for presidential campaign of, 483

creation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 687

and desegregation of the University of Mississippi, 586

effect of Medgars Evers’s death on, 283

inauguration

Mahalia Jackson performance at, 437

national anthem sung by Marian Anderson, 25

performance of Basie orchestra, 54

Martin Luther King and, 503

and Peace Corps, 723

requesting a new civil rights law, 283–284, 503

Robert Clifton Weaver and, 863

Kennedy, Robert F.

discussion with Lorraine Hansberry about racial crises, 373–374

Earl Graves administrative assistant to, 349

fact-finding trip to Mississippi, 265–266

funeral, Mahalia Jackson singing at, 437

Marian Edelman and, 265–266

working with Lena Home on civil rights, 414

Kenner, Duncan, 714

Kentucky Journalism Hall of Fame, 774

Kenya independence celebration photographed by Moneta Sleet, 774

Kenyatta, Jomo, 331, 715

Keppard, Freddie, 28, 62

Kerouac, Jack, 543

Kerr, Joan, 444

Kersee, Bob, 355, 356

Keyes, Lawrence, 649

Keyser, Frances Reynolds, 379

Khan, Chaka, 157, 479

Kierkegaard, Soren, 867, 868

Killens, John Oliver, 342

Killer Diller (film), 552

Kilson, Martin, 863, 867

Kimball, Elizabeth, 200

Kind of Blue (album), 188, 214

King: A Critical Biography (Lewis), 528

King, Albert, 393

King, Alonzo, 445

King, B. B., 497–498

Blind Lemon Jefferson’s influence on, 446

influence on Jimi Hendrix, 393

King, Boston, 498–499

King, Coretta Scott, 499–501, 500

Malcolm X meeting with, 554

King, Don, 763

King, Lonnie, 923

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 500–504, 532

antiwar stance criticized by Whitney Young, 926

on Benjamin E. Mays, 572

Benjamin Jefferson Davis and, 209

C. L. Franklin and, 313

Coretta Scott’s meeting of, 499

counseled on nonviolent direct action by Bayard Rustin, 742

Edgar D. Nixon’s antagonism toward, 629

Ella Baker’s difficulty working with, 39

funeral

Aretha Franklin singing at, 312

Mahalia Jackson singing at, 437

Howard Thurman’s influence on, 814

interviewed by Kenneth Clark, 171

John Alfred Williams’s criticism of, 891

Mahalia Jackson and, 436

Malcolm X and, 554

mentor of Marian Edelman, 265

Moneta Sleet’s photographs of, 774

president of Montgomery Improvement Association, 657

Ralph Abernathy at assassination of, 8

Ralph Abernathy’s first meeting with, 8

speech recordings marketed by Berry Gordy, 347

on Stokely Carmichael’s use of term “Black Power,” 141, 142

support of Harry Belafonte, 66

King, Robert, 278

King, Rodney, 94

King, William “Billy,” 23

King Cole and His Swingsters, 180

King God Didn’t Save, The (Williams), 892

King Hedley II (play; Wilson), 901

King Kolax band, 649

“King Leopold’s Soliloquy” (Twain), 767

King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band, 28, 29, 637, 637

King Philip (Emathla), 131

“King Porter Stomp” (Morton), 609

King Solomon’s Mines (film), 715

Kinte Foundation (Washington, D. C.), 367

Kinzie, John, 261

Kinzie, Juliette, 260

Kismet, Timbukto (Holder), 506

Kiss Me Kate, 600

Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 543

Kitt, Eartha Mae, 505, 505–506

Kittel, Frederick August. See Wilson, August

Kittredge, George Lyman, 118

Klingaman, Mike, 508

Knepper, Jimmy, 598

Knight, Curtis, 393

Knight, Gwendolyn, 519

Knight, Suge, 761

Knight, Willis, 197

Knoll (sculpture; Puryear), 692

Knots Landing (television show), 73

Knox, John P., 86

Knoxville; Summer 1915 (Ailey), 9

KOA radio station (Denver), 576

Koch, Edward, 232

Koenigswater, Pannonica de, 602, 650

Kohlsaat, Herman H., 889

“Ko-Ko” (Ellington), 273

KONCH (online magazine), 705

Kool Jazz Festival. See Newport Jazz Festival

Kootz, Samuel, 60

Korbel, Joseph, 713

Korean War, 114

Benjamin O. Davis Sr. in, 211

Charles Rangel in, 701

Douglas Wilder in, 881

Hazel Johnson-Brown in, 468

James Daniel in, 443

opposed by W. E. B. Du Bois, 250

Korret, Steve, 48

Kraft, Julius, 718

Krake, Holcha, 466, 467

Kramer, Eddie, 393

Krazy Kat (cartoon; Herriman), 398, 399

Krenov, James, 690

Kress Foundation, 680

Krokodil (magazine), 377

Kroll, Leon, 376

Kuhn, Bowie, 574

Ku Klux Klan, 56, 58, 75, 120, 197, 216, 220, 249, 264, 274, 380, 418, 442, 578, 591, 611, 659, 827

Malcolm X’s secret meeting with, 553

Marcus Garvey and, 330

Kunhardt, Phil, 655

L.A. Times (newspaper), 561

labor activists. See Activism in Index of Subjects by Category or Area of Renown

Labor Defender (newspaper), 659

labor reform, Archibald Grimké and, 361

Labor Relations Law in the Public Sector (Edwards), 267

labor unions. See also Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

A. Philip Randolph and, 699

AFL-CIO, 700

Angelo Herndon and, 397

Associate Actors and Artists of America, 639

Benjamin Jefferson Davis and, 208

CIO

African Americans joining industrial unions, 509

Operation Dixie, 137

Coleman Young and, 924

at The Defender, 3

Ernest Calloway working for, 137

Hubert Henry Harrison and, 380

James Farmer and, 288

Kelly Miller skeptical of, 595

Marcus Garvey and, 329

musicians, 609

ban on recording by American Federation of Musicians, 53, 273, 650

Clef Club of New York, 281

of sharecroppers, 80

Sheet Metal Workers union, 146

St. Clair Drake and, 244

LaBostrie, Dorothy, 536

LaBrew, Arthur, 352, 353

Lacombe, Ada Baroness, 476

Lacour, Claudia Brodsky, 605

Lacy, Rubin, 446

Lacy, Sam, 507–508

Ladder for Booker T. Washington (sculpture; Puryear), 692

Ladies Professional Golfers Association (LPGA), 337, 910

Ladnier, Tommy, 63

“Lady Be Good” (Fitzgerald), 297

Lady from Philadelphia, The (album), 25

Lady of the Lake (Scott), 255

Lady Sings the Blues (film), 347, 689, 731

La Forge, Frank, 23

L’Ag’Ya (Dunham), 257

Lake Erie crib disaster (1916), 603

La Lime, Jean, 261

Lambert, Constant, 597

Lament for a Bullfighter (Bearden), 61

La Motta, Jake, 727

Lampkin, Daisy Elizabeth Adams, 508–510

Lander, Louisa, 530

Land of the Lotus Eaters (painting; Duncanson), 255

Lane, Ann. See Petry, Ann

Lane, William Henry, 510–511

Laney, Lucy Craft, 511–512

Langella, Frank, 345

Langford, Sam, 591

Langley Alley Cats, 230

Langston, Charles Henry, 513

Langston, John Mercer, 512–514

defending Edmonia Lewis, 529

“Langston Hughes” (Roumain), 421

Langston Hughes Reader, The, 422

Lanker, Brian, 784

La Porta, John, 598

Laporte, Pierre, 13

Lapsley, Samuel, 766

Larsen, Nella, 293, 514–515, 515

Jean Toomer and, 818

marriage to Elmer Samuel Imes, 431–432

Larson, Arthur, 606

Lash, Henry E., 175

Lashay, Prince, 184

Last Dance for Sybil, A (Davis), 216

Last Days of Louisiana Red, The (Reed), 705

Last of the Scottsboro Boys, The (Norris), 758

Last Ride of Wild Bill and Eleven Narrative Poems, The (Brown), 119

Last Supper at Uncle Tom’s Cabin/The Promised Land, 471

Last Waltz, The (film; Scorsese), 862

Latimer, Lewis Howard, 515–516

Latourette, James, 820

Lauderdale, Jack, 156

Laughing to Keep from Crying (Hughes), 422

Laurens, Jean-Paul, 800

Laveaux, Marie, 517–518

Mary Ellen Pleasant compared to, 675

Lavigerie, Charles-Martial, cardinal, 733

Lawd Today! (Wright), 917

Law International Inc. (later GoodWorks International), 923

Lawrence, David, 45

Lawrence, Ida Mae, 80

Lawrence, Jacob Armstead, 518–520

Augusta Savage’s influence on, 747

self-portrait, 518

Lawrence, Margaret Morgan, 520–521

Lawrence, Trevor, 332

Lawrence, Vera Brodsky, 481

Lawrence, William, 203

Lawyer as a Negotiator, The (Edwards), 267

lawyers. See Law in Index of Subjects by Category or Area of Renown

Lay Bare the Heart (Farmer), 288

lay preachers. See Religion in Index of Subjects by Category or Area of Renown

Lazard Frères, 696–697

Lead Belly, 521, 521–522

and Blind Lemon Jefferson, 445

Bayard Rustin performing with, 741

Leadbelly (film; Parks), 655

League for Industrial Democracy, 288

League for Nonviolent Civil Disobedience against Military Segregation, 700

League of American Wheelmen, 802

Learning Tree, The (film; Parks), 652

score, 655

Leavenworth, Henry, 729–730

Lebowitz, Fran, 906

“Lector, The Minister of the Word: An Historical and Liturgical Study of the Office of the Lector in the Western Church” (Gregory), 354

Ledbetter, Huddie. See Lead Belly

Lee, Bill, 525, 526

Lee, Bruce, 5

Lee, Canada, 164

Lee, Cinqué, 526

Lee, David, 526

Lee, Don L., 102

Lee, George E., 649

Lee, Herbert, 611

Lee, Jarena, 522–524, 523

Lee, Joie, 526

Lee, Raphael Carl, 524–525

Lee, Shelton Jackson. See Lee, Spike

Lee, Spike, 525–526

influence of the Schomburg Collection, 429

Jungle Fever, 73

Malcolm X, 555

Mo’ Better Blues, 853

Ossie Davis and, 216

Lee, Ulysses, 118

“Legacy of the Ancestral Arts, The (Locke), 319

legal cases

Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher v. Oklahoma State Board of Regents (1948), 258, 416

Aderand Constructors v. Pena (1995), 809

Amistad case, 667

Andres v. Ballard (1980), 578

Association of Flight Attendants v. U.S. Air, 267

Bates v. Little Rock (1960), 58

Bob Jones University v. United States (1983), 186

Boiling v. Sharpe (1954), 416

Brom and Bett v. J. Ashley Esq., 317

Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 65, 87, 170, 186, 209, 416, 440, 564, 676, 707, 723, 732, 733, 757, 881

attacked by Zora Neale Hurston, 427

Clark’s racial identity studies used in, 171

Constance Motley’s work on, 613

effect on school desegregation in Arkansas, 58

John Hope Franklin and historical documentation for, 314

Thurgood Marshall and, 563

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1951), 145

Bush v. Gore (2000), 809

Cooper v. Aaron (1958), 58, 564

Dandridge v. Williams (1970), 565

Davis v. Brownell, 209

Davis v. School District of City of Pontiac (1970), 495

Dennis v. United States, 209

Detroit Free Press v. John Ashcroft (2002), 495

District of Columbia v. John Thompson (1950), 806

Dred Scott v. Irene Emerson (1846), 751

Dred Scott v. John F. A. Sanford (1857), 227, 624, 751, 752

Flemming v. South Carolina Electric and Gas Company (Virginia, 1955), 656

Gregg v. Georgia (1976), 565

Gwinn v. United States, 258

Hale v. Kentucky (1938), 417

Hocutt case (1933 North Carolina), 381, 765

Hollins v. Oklahoma (1935), 417

Holmes v. Danner, 488

Hudson v. McMillan (1992), 809

Hurd v. Hodge (1948), 417

McLaughlin v. Florida (1964), 186

McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950), 145, 416

Microsoft, United States v., 268

Mills case (Maryland, 1939), 381

Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938), 563

argued by Charles Hamilton Houston, 416

Moore v. Dempsey (1923), 480

Morgan v. Virginia (1946), 381

NAACP v. Alabama (1958), 145–146

New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co (1938), 381

Norris v. Alabama (1935), 757

Payne v. Tennessee (1991), 566

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 563, 675

Charles Hamilton Houston’s strategy for overturning, 416

Powell v. Alabama (1932), 756

Powell v. McCormack (1969), 682

Prey v. New York City Ballet (1998), 146

Rabidue v. Osceola Refining Company (1970), 495

Richmond School Board v. Virginia Board of Education (1973), 186

Roe v. Wade (1973), 447

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973), 565

Sarah Althea Hill v. William Sharon, 675

Sharkey and Issaquena County

Consolidated Line v. Blackwell, 80

Shaw v. Reno (1993), 809

Shelley v. Kraemer (1948), 417, 577

Robert Weaver’s research used by Thurgood Marshall, 862

Sinclair, United States v. (1971), 495

Smith v. Allwright (1944), 381

Steele v. Louisville and Nashville Railroad (1944), 417

Sweatt v. Painter (1950), 563

Constance Motley’s work on, 612

legal precedent to Brown, 416

Robert L. Carter and, 145

Tunstall v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Engineers, 417

Webster v. Reproductive Services (1989), 882

legal teaching, Harry T. Edwards and, 267–268

legislators. See Politics and Government in Index of Subjects by Category or Area of Renown

Leguizamo, John, 526

Leibowitz, Samuel, 757

Leland, Frank, 896

Lemon, Meadowlark, 155

Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music (show), 414

Lena Horne at the Waldorf Astoria (album), 414

Lenox Avenue (Still), 792

Lenox School of Jazz, 185

Leonard, Buck, 338

Leonard, Sheldon, 194

Leonard, Zenas, 729, 730

Leon H. Sullivan Foundation, 798

Leopold II (Belgium), 890

Leroy, “Baby Face,” 861

lesbianism. See bisexuality; homosexuality

Leslie, Lew, 596

Leslie, Lisa, 594

Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly, 671

“Lessons of the Hour” (Douglass), 240

Lester, Peter, 334

Let Me Live (Herndon), 397

reprints of, 398

Let’s Get It On (album), 332

Letters from a Man of Colour (Forten), 305

“Letter to Michael” (Jordan), 484

Leucothea Rescuing Ulysses (Bannister), 47

Leutze, Emmanuel, 874, 875

Levels of the Game (McPhee), 32

Lever Series (Puryear), 691

Levine, James, 630

Levison, Stanley, 39

Levy, Levi Ben, 569

Lew, Elizabeth Van, 844

Lew, Leslie, 81

Lewinsky, Monica, 489

Lewis, Abraham Lincoln, 178

Lewis, Carl, 526–528, 527

Lewis, Carol, 526

Lewis, Cudjo, 426

Lewis, David Levering, 528–529

at Fisk, 452

on Maya Angelou, 27

Lewis, Ed, 53

Lewis, Edmonia, 47, 529–531

defended by John Mercer Langston, 513

sculpture by, 529

Lewis, Israel, 787

Lewis, John, 531, 531–532

on Hank Aaron, 2

on James Forman, 304

and Julian Bond, 90

supporter of Coleman, 185

in U.S. Congress, 588

Lewis, Maria, 888

Lewis, Myra, 367

Lewis, Norman, 747

Lewis, Oliver, 532–533

Lewis, Rufus A., 629

Lewis, Theophilus, 814

Lewis, Walker, 494

Lewis and Clark expedition, 921, 922

“Liar, The” (Baraka), 48

Liberation of Aunt Jemima, The (mixed media; Saar), 744

Liberator, The (journal)

Charles Lenox Remond agent for, 707

Charlotte Forten Grimké published in, 362

Claude McKay editor of, 581

edited by Lucy Parsons, 659

read by Frederick Douglass, 238

Sarah Douglass published in, 241

seed money from James Forten, 305

on William and Ellen Craft, 197

William Nell working at, 624

Liberia

Alexander Crummell in, 198

Benjamin Brawley’s educational survey in, 98

Clifton Reginald Wharton in, 871

description by Amanda Smith, 778

Edward Blyden in, 86

encouraging African American to immigrate to, 87

Henry H. Garnet diplomat in, 325

Henry McNeal Turner in, 827

Hildrus Poindexter in, 677

John Brown Russwurm in, 740

Lott Cary in, 148

Marcus Garvey and, 330

Martin R. Delany in, 227

Solomon Bayley’s emigration to, 60

St. Clair Drake in, 244

Thomas Morris Chester in, 163

Liberia Herald, 740

Liberian Exodus Joint Stock Steam Ship Company, 227

“Liberty and Peace” (Wheatley), 873

“Liberty Further Extended” (Haynes), 384

Liberty League, 379, 542

Liberty Party

Henry H. Garnet and, 324

James McCune Smith affiliated with, 780

Jermain Wesley Loguen promoting the, 542

Liberty Party Paper (newspaper), 239

Liberty Street Presbyterian Church (Troy, NY), 324

Library of Congress, Robert Hayden consultant in poetry, 382

Lie, Jonas, 475

Liele, George, 534

baptizing Andrew Bryan, 122

David George’s conversion after hearing, 333

Life (magazine)

on Beauford Delaney, 223

Dorothy Dandridge on cover of, 206

George Herriman’s cartoons for, 398

Gordon Parks Sr. with, 654

Jesse Leroy Brown on cover of, 114

on Leon H. Sullivan, 798

on Louis Tompkins Wright, 915

profile of Paul Revere Williams, 893

Tommie Smith on possible boycott of 1968 Olympics, 782

Life, This (Poitier), 678

Life and Adventures of Nat Love, Better Known in the Cattle Country as “Deadwood Dick,” by Himself, The (Love), 546

Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany (Delany and Rollin), 227

Life and Religious Experiences of Jarena Lee, The (Lee), 523

Life and Times of James P. Beckwourth, The (Beckwourth)

on Edward Rose, 729, 730

“Life Is Fine” (Hughes), 422

Life of Albert R. Parsons, with Brief History of the Labor Movement in American, The (Parsons), 659

Life of Frederick Douglass, The (Lawrence), 518–519

Life of Harriet Tubman, The (Lawrence), 519

Life of James Mars, a Slave Born and Sold in Connecticut. Written by Himself (Mars), 557

Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself (Henson), 395

Life of Toussaint L’Ouverture, The (Lawrence), 518

Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave (Grimes), 358

“Lift Every Voice and Sing” (song; Johnson), 456, 457, 458

inspiration to Augusta Savage, 747

Lightfoot, Sara Lawrence, 521

Like One of the Family: Conversations from a Domestic’s Life (Childress), 165

Lilies of the Field (film; Nelson), 678

Lillie, Frank Rattray, 491, 825

Lillie, Vernell, 767

“Lincoln” (Bell), 69

Lincoln, Abraham, 69, 85, 163, 493–494, 530, 558, 658, 801, 826. See also Emancipation Proclamation

birthday commemorated in “Lift Every Voice and Sing,” 456, 458

Frederick Douglass and, 239

images by Horace Pippin, 674

paraphrased by Robert Russa Moton, 614

portrait by Richmond Barthé, 51

Sojourner Truth’s meeting with, 821

Lincoln, Elizabeth Todd, 493, 494

Lincoln, Robert Todd, 351

Lincoln Center (New York), 437, 559

Lincoln Memorial

Marian Anderson’s Easter Sunday 1939

concert, 25

Walter White and, 881

Robert Moton’s speech at unveiling of, 614

Lincoln Motion Pictures Company, 591

Lincoln Portrait (Copland), 25

Lind, Jenny, 352

Lindsay, Vachel, 420

Lion and the Archer, The (Hayden), 382

Lion King, The (film), 345

Lion Licking His Paw (painting; Tanner), 800

Liotta, Ray, 345

Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine, 252

Lisa, Manuel, 729

Listen (album), 157

Listen Up: The Lives of Quincy Jones, 479

Liston, Sonny, 535, 535–536

Muhammad Ali’s fight against, 16, 16

literacy

Ambrose Caliver and adult illiteracy, 134

Hallie Quinn Brown teaching, 108

of John Thompson, 812

relationship to freedom, 365

literary critic, Philips Alexander Bell as, 71

Little, Cleavon, 689

Little, Malcolm. See Malcolm X

Little Carib Theatre Workshop (later Trinidad Theatre Workshop), 839

Little Ham (Hughes), 421

Little Richard, 536–538, 537

Jimi Hendrix’s tour with, 393

Little Rock, Arkansas

E. Frederic Morrow during Little Rock crisis, 607

Mifflin Gibbs in, 335

Little Rock Nine, 57

Little Walter. See Jacobs, “Little Walter”

Liturgical Arts Society, 52

Liuzzo, Viola, murder of, 504

Live at the Apollo (album; James Brown), 112

Live Gary (comic strip, Harrington), 377

Live in Japan (album; Vaughan), 835

Live on the Sunset Strip (concert film; Pryor), 689–690

Living Dolls (television), 73

“Living in America” (James Brown), 112

Living Is Easy, The (West), 871

Living on the Edge of Chaos (Goldberg), 345

Living Way (newspaper), 864

Living with Michael Jackson (TV documentary), 439

Llewellyn, Sydney, 336

Lloyd, John Henry, 461

Lobos, Los, 409

Locke, Alain Leroy, 38–540

on Charles S. Johnson, 451

on Cullen’s Color, 202

encouraging Langston Hughes, 420

at Howard, 79

influence on Lois Mailou Jones, 475

member of the American Negro Academy, 191

mentor to William H. Johnson, 467

Meta Fuller predating black aesthetic, 319

Ossie Davis and, 215

portrait by Winold Reiss, 538

teaching at Howard, 170

on The Weary Blues (Hughes), 420

Zora Neale Hurston’s studies with, 426

Lockwood, Robert, Jr., 464

Loew, Arthur, Jr., 505

Logan, Rayford Whittingham, 417, 540–541

at the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, 912

at Howard, 79

John Hope Franklin and, 314

Loguen, Gerrit Smith, 542

Loguen, Jarm. See Loguen, Jermain Wesley

Loguen, Jermain Wesley, 541–542

Lomax, Alan, 256, 522

and Big Bill Broonzy, 104

on Jelly Roll Morton’s sessions with the Red Hot Peppers, 609

and Lead Belly, 522

Muddy Waters and, 860

Lomax, John, 522

London

Amy Ashwood Garvey in, 327

Duke Ellington’s band in, 273

Emancipation Committee, 709

Emancipation Society, 197

Freedman’s Aid Association, 709

Ira Aldridge at Theatre Royal Covent Garden, 13

Ladies Emancipation Society, 709

Olaudah Equiano in, 278

Paul Robeson in, 715

Sarah Parker Remond in, 709

Walker and Williams in, 886

William and Ellen Craft at World’s Fair (1851), 197

Zilpha Elaw in, 269

London, Jack, 454

London Suite (Waller), 847

Lonely Crusade (Himes), 404

Long, Ray, 870

Long, Worth, 531

Longo, Paula, 593

Long Road to Freedom, The: An Anthology of Black Music, 66

Long Walk Home, The (film), 345

Long Way from Home, A (McKay), 581

Look Away (play), 27

Look Who’s Here (revue), 551

Lorde, Audre, 542–544

Los Angeles

Amer-I-Can’s role in securing truce between rival gangs, 116

Church of God, 853

International Airport, designed by Paul Revere Williams, 895

James Turcotte Gallery, Kerry J. Marshall at, 561

Koplin Gallery, Kerry J. Marshall at, 561

New Negro Theatre, 421

Paul Revere Williams on Planning Commission, 895

Police Department

Thomas Bradley critical of excesses, 94

Thomas Bradley in, 93–94

Pueblo Del Rio housing project, 895

race relations, 93

Thomas Bradley, 94

Los Angeles Herald, 398

Los Angeles Herald Examiner, 206

Losing Isaiah (film), 74

Lost Boys, The (Marshall), 561

Lost Zoo, The (Cullen), 203

Lott, Trent, 585

Louis, Joe, 544, 544–545

on Freedom’s People, 134

playing himself in The Fight Never Ends, 221

Louisiana

constitutional convention, P. B. S. Pinchback in, 672

State Senate, P. B. S. Pinchback elected to, 672

Thomas Morris Chester admitted to bar, 164

“Louisiana Lize” (Boles and Johnson Brothers), 458

Louisianian (newspaper), 672

Love (Morrison), 604

Love, Nat, 545–547, 546

Love and Trouble (Walker), 840

Lovejoy, Elijah P., 119

Lovell, Robert, 839

Love of Landry, The (Dunbar), 252

Love Supreme, A (album; Coltrane), 188

“Love Will Find a Way” (Sissle and Blake), 772

Low, Seth, 106

Lowe, Jim, 510

Lowndes County Freedom Organization, 141, 760

Lowrie, Walter, 86

Lucky Coon, A, 887

Lucky Millinder’s orchestra, 83, 340

Lucy Stone League, 508

Luminous Darkness, The (Thurman), 813

Lumumba, Patrice, 390

Lunceford, Jimmie, 205

LuPine records, 730

“Lute Continua, A” (column, Harris), 378

Lyceum movement, 108

Lyle, Marcenia. See Stone, Toni

Lyles, Aubrey, 81, 98, 772

Lynch, James, 710

Lynch, John Roy, 547–548

lynching

of World War I veterans, 212

“Lynching: Capitalism Its Cause; Socialism Its Cure” (Randolph), 699

“Lynching, The” (McKay), 581

“Lynching of Jube Benson, The” (Dunbar), 253

lynchings. See also anti-lynching movement

George White on, 879

of Mary Turner in 1918 in Valdosta, Georgia, 880

Monroe Nathan Work’s concern with, 914

Walter White’s undercover investigations of, 880

Lynch John R., 120

Lynk, Miles Vandahurst, 548–549

Lyons, Maritcha Remond, 569

Lyons, William “Billy,” 784

Lyrics of Lowly Life (Dunbar), 252

Lyrics of the Hearthside (Dunbar), 252

Lysistrata, 678

Mabley, Moms, 344, 551, 551–552

influence on Sammy Davis Jr., 217

Macaulay, Zachary, 334

Macci, Rick, 898

Macero, Teo, 215

Mack, Cecil, 189

Mack, Connie, 462, 897

MacMillan, Donald, 396

MacNeice, Louis, 839

MacPhail, Larry, 508

Macumba (ballet; Ailey), 10

Madagascar

Clifton Reginald Wharton in, 872

Mifflin Gibbs consul to, 335

“Madam” (Hughes), 422

Madame C. J. Walker Hair Culturists Union of America, 844

Madden, Martin B., 229

Madden, Owney, 135

Maddox, Alton, 763

Madhubuti, Haki, 49

Mad TV, 479

Magasin, Das (magazine), 377

“Maggie” (Patton), 661

Magnolia Mutual Insurance Company, 283

Mahalia Jackson Scholarship Foundation, 437

Mahalia’s Beauty Salon, 435

Mahogany (film), 347, 731

Mahoney, Will, 717

Maine

Antislavery Society, 375

James Healy second bishop of Portland, 386

“Main Stem” (Ellington), 273

Mainstream label, 835

Maistre, Claude Paschal, 133

Major Bowes Amateur Hour, 309

Majors and Minors (Dunbar), 251

Makeba, Miriam, 66, 142

Make the Connection: Ten Steps to a Better Body and a Better Life (Winfrey), 906

“Making of a Writer, The: From the Poets in the Kitchen” (Marshall), 562

Making of Black Revolutionaries, The (Forman), 304

Making the Music (NPR), 559

Malach (Messenger; newsletter), 568

Malcolm X, 552–555, 553

admired by Bobby Seale, 759

assassination of, 616

effect on Amiri Baraka, 48

Denzel Washington as, 852, 853

eulogy by Ossie Davis, 217

influence on the Black Panthers, 626

interviewed by Kenneth Clark, 171

joining the Nation of Islam, 616

Maya Angelou and, 27

Muhammad Ali and, 16

overseeing Louis Farrakhan’s conversion and training, 289

supported by Eldridge Cleaver, 174

Malcolm X (film; Spike Lee), 526, 555

Malcolm X: Make It Plan (film; Bagwell and Richardson), 555

Malcolm X Speaks, 555

Malcolm X Speaks for Us (artwork; Catlett), 153

Malle, Louis, 214

Malone, Annie Turnbo, 555–556, 843

and foundation of St. Louis Aldridge Players, 638

Malone, John, 465

Malone, Vivian, 613

Mamba’s Daughters (Heyward), 859

Mambo (film), 257

Mammoth Pictorial Tour of the United States Comprising Views of the African Slave Trade (Duncanson and Ball), 255

Mammy: An Appeal to the Heart of the South (Brown), 106

Man, The (Sargent), 474

Management and Budget, Office of, 683, 696, 697

Man behind the Sound Bite, The (Sharpton), 763

Mance, Junior, 83

Manchester Union Leader, 751

Mandela, Nelson, 911

Man Farthest Down, The (Washington), 850

Mangione, Chuck, 83

Mangum, Willie P., 158

Manhattan Project, J. Ernest Wilkins and, 882

Manly, Charles, 158

Mann, Kenneth Eugene, 230

Mann, Thomas, 618

Manning, Henry Edward, Cardinal, 733

Manning, Sam, 327

Mannion, Elizabeth, 630

Mansfield, Mike, 872

Mantilla, Felix, 1

Mantle, Mickey, 2

Man Who Cried I Am, The (Williams), 892

“Many Thousand Gone” (Baldwin), 43

Mao Tse Tung influence on the Black Panthers, 626

“Maple Leaf Rag” (Joplin), 481

Mara (Grimké), 360

Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom (play; Wilson), 900

Marble, Alice, 336

March against Fear (1966)

Fannie Lou Townsend Hamer at, 369

Floyd McKissick in, 582

started by James Meredith, 586

Stokely Carmichael in, 141

March from Selma to Montgomery (1965)

Barbara Harris in, 378

John Hope Franklin in, 315

John Lewis and, 531

Martin Luther King and, 503

Ralph Bunche part of, 126

Marching Black: An Interpretive History of the Rise of the Black Common Man (Powell), 681

Marching toward Justice (traveling exhibit), 495

March on Washington (1941)

Anna Arnold Hedgeman’s help with, 390

Leon H. Sullivan and, 797

organized by A. Philip Randolph, 390, 700

Rayford W. Logan and, 541

March on Washington (1963)

A. Philip Randolph first speaker at, 700

Daisy Bates speaker at, 58

John Lewis’s speech at, 532

Josephine Baker’s speech at, 41

Mahalia Jackson singing at, 436

Martin Luther King’s speech, 503

Ossie Davis in, 221

Ruby Dee, 221

Bayard Rustin’s organization of, 742

Whitney Young and, 926

Marciano, Rocky, 545

Marcuse, Herbert, 207

Margerie, Emmanuel de, 44

Margold, Nathan, 416

Margolin, Bob, 861

Margouleff, Robert, 908

Marian Anderson (television documentary), 26

Marian Anderson Award, 24

“Marie of the Cabin Club” (Petry), 669

Marin, John, 223

Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole, MA), Ernest Everett Just at, 491–492

Maris, Humphrey, 566

Maris, Roger, 299

Maritime Underground Railroad, 728, 812

Marlowe, B. D., 369

Maroon (sculpture; Puryear), 691

Maroon Biotech, Inc, 524

Marquard, Rube, 897

Marquis, Donald M., 87

Marrant, John, 556–557

marriage, Zilpha Elaw on, 269

Marrow of Tradition, The (Chesnutt), 161

Mars, James, 557–558

Marsalis, Branford, 83, 558

Marsalis, Ellis, 185

Marsalis, Wynton, 558–560, 559

Albert Murray’s influence on, 618

part of Jazz Messengers, 83

Marsh, Charles, 203

Marsh, Robert C., 630

Marshall, Abraham, 122

Marshall, Andrew, 122

Marshall, Arthur, 481

Marshall, Harriet Gibbs, 335

Marshall, James F. B., 848

Marshall, Kerry James, 560–562

Watts 1963, 560

Marshall, Louis, 456

Marshall, Margaret, 81

Marshall, Minnie, 444

Marshall, Paule, 562–563

in Harlem Writers Guild, 27

Marshall, Thurgood, 563–566, 564

influence on Gabrielle Kirk McDonald, 578

and integration of University of North Carolina, 582

John Hope Franklin and, 314

mentor of Constance Motley, 612

Robert L. Carter assistant counsel to, 145

Roscoe Dunjee and, 258

student of Charles Hamilton Houston, 416

student of William Henry Hastie, 381

teaching at Howard University Law School, 494

work with the NAACP, 881

“Martha” (Lorde), 543

Martin (ballet; Parks), 655

Martin, Barbara, 731

Martin, Jake, 661

Martin, Joe, 15

Martin, Sallie, 235

Martin, Sara, 63, 846

Martin and Selig’s Minstrels, 886

Martineau, Harriet, 197

Martin L. King Jr. Memorial Center for Nonviolent Social Change, 501

Martin Luther King holiday

Coretta King and, 501

Douglas Wilder and, 882

Martin L. King Jr. Federal Holiday Commission, 501

Stevie Wonder and, 908

Martins, Peter, 559

Marvelettes, 731

Marvelous Arithmetics of Distance, The (Lorde), 543

Marvin, Ross, 396

Marvin Gaye: Live on Stage, 331

Marvin Gaye Live at the London Palladium, 333

Marx, Groucho, 218

Mary (Tanner), 800

Maryfield, Curtis, 312

Maryland. See also Baltimore

Home for Friendless Colored Children established by George Freeman Bragg, 95

State Colonization Society, 740

Maryland Historical Magazine, 693

Maryland Home (monthly), 95

Maryland in Liberia, 740

Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial Statue (Lincoln Park, Washington, DC), 76

Mary Turner (A Silent Protest Against Mob Violence) (sculpture; Fuller), 319

Masaai (sculpture; Barthé), 51

Masekela, Hugh, 66

Maslow, Sophie, 599

Mason, C. Vernon, 763

Mason, Charlotte Louise, 421, 426

Massachusetts. See also Boston

Anti-Slavery Society, 708

Citizens for Life, 447, 448

Edward Brooke elected attorney general, 100

General Colored Association, David Walker and creation of, 842

School Suffrage Association, 735

State Federation of Women’s Clubs, 736

state legislature

Edward Brooke running for, 100

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 440, 744

Masses edited by Hubert Henry Harrison, 379

Massey, Walter Eugene, 566–567

Master Juba. See Lane, William Henry

Masterpieces of Negro Eloquence (Dunbar-Nelson), 253

Masters, Tiger Woods winning the, 911

Masters of the Dew (Roumain), 422

Mastin, Will, 218

“Match Box Blues” (B.L. Jefferson), 446

“Mathematical Description of Metabolizing Systems, A” (Branson), 96

mathematicians. See Science in Index of Subjects by Category or Area of Renown

Mather, Cotton, 640

Matthew, Wentworth Arthur, 302, 567–569

Matthews, James Newton, 251

Matthews, Robert, 821

Matthews, Roger, 772

Matthews, Victoria Earle, 569–570

support of T. Thomas Fortune, 307

Matzeliger, Jan Earnst, 570–571

Maud Martha (Brooks), 101–102, 562

Maurice Evans as Richard II (sculpture; Barthé), 51

Maxim, Hiram Stevens, 516

Maxim, Joey, 727

Maxim lamp, 516

Maxwell, Elsa, 99

May, Billy, 181

May, Brother Joe, 784

May, Samuel, 542

“Maybellene” (song; Berry), 72

Mayfair Mansions, 590

Mayfield, Curtis, 653

Mayfield, Percy, 157

Maynor, Dorothy, 600

mayors. See Politics and Government in Index of Subjects by Category or Area of Renown

Mays, Benjamin E., 287, 571–572

Dorothy Height’s work with, 391

Howard Thurman’s friendship with, 813

influence on

Martin Luther King, 501–502

Walter Massey, 566

mentor of Marian Edelman, 265

Mays, Sadie, 391

Mays, Willie, 572–574, 573

Hank Aaron compared to, 2

influence on O. J. Simpson, 768

Mazia, Violet de, 674

McCall, Carl, 702

McCarthy, Joseph, and McCarthyism, 422, 751

Ruby Dee’s resistance to, 221

McCartney, Paul, 438, 908

McCarver, Tim, 299

McClendon, Rose, 574–575. See also Rose McClendon Players

photograph by Carl Van Vechten, 574

McClinton, Marion, 901

McCollum, Robert. See Nighthawk, Robert

McComb movement, 611

McCormack, Mack, 464

McCoy, Bill. See Railroad Bill

McCoy, Elijah, 575, 575–576

McCullers, Carson, 860

McCullough, Walter, 349

McDaniel, Ellas. See Diddley, Bo

McDaniel, Hattie, 576–578, 577

McDonald, Gabrielle Kirk, 578–579

McDonald, Mark, 578

McFaro, George, 784

McFeely, William S., 692

McGee, Pam, 593

McGee, Paula, 593

McGee, Vonetta, 653

McGhee, Reginald, 833

McGill University Medical School, 245

McGlown, Betty, 730

McGraw, John, 897

McGuigan, Cathleen, 55

McGuire, George Alexander, 579–580

and UNIA, 302

McHenry, James, 45

McHenry, William “Jerry,” rescue of, 542

McKay, Claude, 580–582, 581

on Harlem, 596

James Weldon Johnson mentor to, 456

in Paris, 747

on Shuffle Along, 596

St. Clair Drake’s appreciation of, 244

McKay, Nellie Y., 412

McKayle, Donald, 10, 444, 599

McKendrick, Gilbert “Little Mile,” 63

McKenzie, Edna Chappell, 509

McKenzie, Fayette A., 133

McKenzie, Reynolds, 183

McKenzie, Vashti, 523

McKinley, William, 850

McKissick, Floyd Bixler, 582–583

McLaurin, George, 259

McLean, Jackie, 83

McLean, John, 752

McLendon, Johnny, 583–584

McLeod, Alice, 188

McNally, Dave, 300

McNeal, Theodore, 137

McNeely, Big Jay, 184

McNiven, Jeannette B., 92

McNiven, Thomas, 92

McPartland, Jimmy, 31

McPhee, John, 32

McQueen, Butterfly, 552

McRae, Carmen, 834

McShann, Jay, 649, 650

McSon trio, 156

Mead, Lawrence, 904

Me against the World (album; Shakur), 761

Measure of a Man, The: A Spiritual Autobiography (Poitier), 679

Medas, Eldon Stuart, 215

Medea and Some Poems, The (Cullen), 203

Medgar Evers Institute, 285

Medical and Surgical Observer, 549

medicine. See also Medicine in Index of Subjects by Category or Area of Renown

black physicians’ difficulties, 548–549

David Ruggles and hydropathy, 737

Durham’s practice of, 259–260

smallpox inoculation, 641

W. W. Brown’s interest in, 120

Meditations by Mrs. Maria W. Stewart (Stewart), 790

Meet Me in Las Vegas (film), 414

Meharry Medical College (Nashville, Tennessee), 890

Meier, August, 315, 528, 693

Meinong, Alexius, 538

Meli, Richard, 854

Melody Hounds, 576

Melody Maker, 406

Melrose, Lester, 104

Melrose Brothers, 30, 609

Member of the Wedding, The (McCullers), 860

Member of the Wedding, The (television film), 38

Memoirs of Mrs. Rebecca Steward (Steward), 788

Memoirs of the Life, Religious Experience, Ministerial Travels, and Labours of Mrs. Elaw, An American Female of Colour (Elaw), 268–269

Memorandum Correlative of Africa, the West Indies and the Americas (Amy Jacques Garvey), 329

“Memphis Blues, The” (Handy), 372

Mencken, H. L., 916–917

Mendez, José, 897

Mendoza, Antonio de, 280

“Men of Color, to Arms” (Douglass), 239

Men of Mark (Simmons), 800

Men of Maryland (Bragg), 95

Mental Health Team in the School, The (M. M. Lawrence), 521

Mercer, Johnny, 203

Mercer, Mabel, 99

Mercury Records, 478, 552, 835

Meredith, James Howard, 584–586, 585

case argued by Constance Motley, 613

Medgar Evers and, 283, 284

Meridian (Walker), 840

Merrick, John, 586–587

Merrill, Alexander, 632

Merrill Lynch, 640

Merrit, Maurice, 497

Merritt, Jymie, 83

Merritt College, 759

Mersey, Robert, 311

Merv Griffin Show, 552

Mesches, Arnold, 561

Message from the People, A, 157

Message to the Black Man (Muhammad), 616

Messenger, The (journal), 355

benchmark publication of the New Negro movement, 699

Dorothy West published in, 870

George Schuyler and, 750

Wallace Thurman managing editor of, 814

Messersmith, Andy, 300

Metcalfe, Ralph, 854

Methodist Episcopal Church. See also African Methodist Episcopal Church

and camp meetings, 269

formation of, 469

organization of at Christmas Conference in 1794, 21

racism in, 833

Solomon Bayley joining, 59

Zilpha Elaw’s joining of the, 268

Methodists, 469

black churches created by, 833

and slaves, 812

Metropolitan Opera (New York), 25, 257, 630, 686

Mexico

Cool Papa Bell playing in, 68

Elizabeth Catlett in, 152

Satchel Paige playing in, 648

Mexico Laws, Statues, etc. (Flipper), 298

Meyer, June. See Jordan, June

Meyers, Ann, 594

Meyers, Chief, 897

Mezzrow, Mezz, 596

M fume, Kweisi, 587, 587–589

Michael, George, 312

Michaux, Lightfoot Solomon, 589, 589–590

Micheaux, Oscar, 590–592

Michener, James, 388

Michigan

Coleman Young on Constitutional Convention, 924

Coleman Young on state senate, 924

Henry Bibb lecturer for Liberty Party, 77

University of, Law School, 267

Michigan Law Review, 266, 267

Middle Passage

described by Olaudah Equiano, 278, 279

evoked in Clorindy, 189

Phillis Wheatley and, 872

Midnight Love (album), 333

Midnight Special, 409

Mighty Quinn, The (film), 853

Migration of the Negro, The (Lawrence), 519

Mike Douglas Show, The (television), 910

Milam, J. W. “Big”, 815

Miler, Booker, 661

Miles, Buddy, 394

Miles Ahead (album), 214

Milestones (album), 187–188

Miley, James “Bubber”, 272

Militant South, 1800–1860, The (Franklin), 315

Military Intelligence Corps Hall of Fame, 92

Miller, Aleck, 860

Miller, Ann, 124

Miller, Cheryl, 592–594, 593

testimony on Title IX, 430

Miller, Flournoy, 81, 98, 772

Miller, John, 333

Miller, Kelly, 594–596

member of the American Negro Academy, 191

published in the Messenger, 699

Miller, Marcus, 312

Miller, Marvin, 299

Miller, May, 428

Miller, Orin, 42

Miller, Patrick, 857

Miller, Theodore, 717

Miller, William, 821

Miller, Zack T., 671

Millinder, Lucky, 83, 340

Million Man March (1995), 27, 290, 868

Millrose Game, 735

Mills, Florence, 596–597

photograph by James VanDerZee, 596

in Shuffle Along, 81, 772

Mills, Irving, 272

Mills Sisters, 596

Milner, Ron, 853

Milwood (ship), 812

Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory (Dunbar-Nelson), 253–254

Mingus (Mingus and Joni Mitchell), 598

Mingus, Charles, Jr., 597–599

and recordings of Langston Hughes’s poetry, 420

Mingus Dances, The (Ailey), 598

Mingus Fingers (Mingus), 597

Minneapolis Spokesman, 654

Minneapolis Tribune (newspaper), 732

Minnie, Memphis, 104

Minnie’s Sacrifice (Harper), 375

Minnie the Moocher (Betty Boop cartoon short), 136

“Minnie the Moocher” (Calloway), 136

Minor, Dan, 53

Minority Medical Faculty Development Program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 22

minstrel shows. See also vaudeville

Harry Burleigh on minstrel songs, 129

Ma Rainey in, 697

Moms Mabley in, 551

Minton’s Playhouse, 601

Minute Book (Matthew), 568

Minutemen, Lemuel B. Haynes signed up as, 383

Miracle in Harlem (film), 295

Miracles, 331, 907

Mirror of Liberty (magazine), 737

Mirror of the Times (newspaper), 334

missionaries. See Religion in Index of Subjects by Category or Area of Renown

Mississippi

Blanche K. Bruce elected senator of, 121

Child Development Group, 265

first black woman admitted to bar, 266

“George” scheme, John Roy Lynch’s protest of, 548

Greenville Air Base taken over by Mississippi Freedom Labor Union, 80

House of Representatives, John Roy Lynch elected to, 547

integration of University of, 585

Roy Wilkins’s investigation of working conditions at the Army Corps of Engineers, 885

Unita Blackwell elected mayor of Mayersville, 80

voter registration in, 611

Mississippi Action for Community Education Ine, (MACE), 80

Mississippi Delta Blues and Heritage Festival, 80

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), 885

at 1964 Democratic National Convention, 369

Eleanor Norton and, 633

influence on the Democratic Party, 39

Robert P. Moses and, 611

Unita Blackwell founding member of, 80

Mississippi Freedom Labor Union, 80

Mississippi Masala (film), 853

Mississippi Summer Project (1964)

Barbara Harris registering black voters in Mississippi, 377

and creation of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 39

H. Rap Brown and, 107

James Forman and, 304

Marian Wright Edelman and, 265

Robert P. Moses and, 611

Miss Muriel and Other Stories (Petry), 669

“Miss Otis Regrets” (Porter), 99

Missouri legislature, 137

“Misty” (Vaughan), 835

Mitchell, Abbie, 189, 190, 574

Mitchell, Arthur, 599, 599–600

Katherine Dunham’s influence on, 257

Mitchell, Arthur W., 230

Mitchell, Frank, 535

Mitchell, John M., 386

Mitchell, Joni, 598

Mitchell, Loften, 597

Mitchell, Mitch, 393

Mitchell, Parren, 588

Mitchell, Red, 185

mixed race as option on the 2000 census form, 911

Mo’ Better Blues (film; Lee), 525–526, 853

Mobley, Hank, 83

Mob Victim (Jones), 475

Model Cities Act, 863

“Modern Moses, or ‘My Policy’ Man” (Bell), 69

Modern Negro Art (Porter), 679

Modern Records, 409, 497

Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music (album), 157

Moffatt, Windsor, 874, 875

Moffett, Charles, 184

Mojotech (Saar), 744

Mokone, Mangena, 827

Molyneaux, Tom, 600–601

Moms (Goldberg), 344

Moms Mabley, the Funniest Woman in the World (album), 552

Monet, Claude, 223

Monk, Thelonious, 601–602

Art Blakey recording with, 83

and Dizzy Gillespie, 340

John Coltrane playing with, 187

Monroe, William C., 77

Monster’s Ball (film), 74

Montage of a Dream Deferred (Hughes), 422

Montague, Eddie, 572

Montes, Pedro, 168

Montgomery, Alabama

bus boycott, 8, 288, 657

Edgar D. Nixon suggestion of, 629

started by Jo Ann Robinson, 656, 723

Dexter Baptist Church, 502

Kings and Abernathys in, 8

Mahalia Jackson singing at ceremony honoring Rosa Parks, 436

Montgomery Improvement Association, 502, 629, 657, 723

Ralph Abernathy program chair of, 8

Women’s Political Council, 629

and bus boycott, 8, 657

Jo Ann Robinson active in, 723

Montgomery, James, 824

Montgomery, Olen. See Scottsboro Boys

Montgomery Advertiser (newspaper), 695

Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It, The (Robinson), 724

“Mood Indigo” (Ellington), 272

Moody, Helen Wills, 857

Moody, James, 83

Moon (magazine), 248

Moon, Haney Lee, 376

Moonglows, 331

Moon over Harlem (Johnson), 467

Moore, Aaron McDuffie, 587

Moore, Amzie, 80, 610

Moore, Charlie, 655

Moore, Frederick R., 664

Moore, George, 72

Moore, Henry, 152

Moore, Kenny, 33

Moore, Oscar, 180, 181

Moore, Ruth Alice. See Dunbar-Nelson, Alice

Moore, Will, 408–409

Moore, Willie, 661

“Moorish American” to replace “Negro,” 19

Moorish Holy Temple of Science, 20

Moorish Science Temple, 18, 20

Moorish Science Temple of America (MSTA), 19, 20

Moorish Zionist Congregation, 568

Moorish Zionist Temple, 302

Moorland, Jesse E., 595

Moorland Foundation, 595

Mora, Francisco, 152

“Moral Training in Elementary Schools” (Locke), 538

Moran, Benjamin, 709

Mordecai, Ben, 900

Mordecai, Herman, 567

Morehouse College. See also Atlanta Baptist College

Benjamin E. Mays at, 571

Morehouse School of Medicine, 745–746

“More Than a Hamburger” (Baker), 39

Morgan, Connie, 796

Morgan, Garrett Augustus, 602–603

Morgan, Joe, 298

Morgan, Lee, 83, 341

Morganfield, McKinley. See Waters, Muddy

Morgan State University, 588, 693

Morris, John B., 734

Morris, Robert (antislavery activist), 197

Morris, Robert (artist), 690

Morris, Samuel, 290

Morrison, George, 576

Morrison, Harold, 604

Morrison, John, 728

Morrison, Slade, 605

Morrison, Toni, 603–606, 604

collaboration with Bill T. Jones, 471

at James Baldwin’s funeral, 44

John Alfred Williams’s influence on, 893

on June Jordan, 485

play on Emmett Louis Till, 816

teaching at Princeton, 768

and woman.life.song (Wier), 630

Morrison, William, 766–767

Morrow, E. Frederic, 606–607

Morrow, Edward, 376

Mortimer, Angela, 336

Morton, Benny, 53

Morton, Ferdinand Quintin, 607–608

Morton, Jelly Roll, 608–610

Mo’s Better Blues (film; Spike Lee), 525–526

Moscheles, Ignaz, 85

Moseley-Braun, Carol, 809

Moses, Franklin, Jr., 275

Moses, Man of the Mountain (Hurston), 427

Moses, Robert P., 610, 610–612, 885

Ella Baker mentor to, 39

Marian Edelman and, 265

Mosley, Walter, 404

Moss, Thomas, lynching of, 804

Mossell, Sadie Tanner. See Alexander, Sadie Tanner Mossell

Moten, Bennie, 52

Moten, Etta, 50

“Mother, The” (Brooks), 101

Mother and Child (sculpture; Catlett), 152

“Mother to Son” (Hughes), 420

Motley, Constance Baker, 612, 612–613

on James Meredith, 585

Moton, Jennie, 856

Moton, Robert Russa, 613–615

chosen to succeed Booker T. Washington, 753

Motortown Revue (1962), 331

Motown, 331, 346, 437, 730–731. See also Gordy, Berry, Jr.

Mott, Lucretia, 824

Mouet de Langlade, Charles-Michel, 261

mountain men. See Exploration in Index of Subjects by Category or Area of Renown

“Move On Up a Little Higher,” 436

Moving Mountains: The Principles and Purposes of Leon Sullivan (Sullivan), 798

Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 618, 696

Mr. Lode of Koal, 887

Mr. Wonderful (musical), 218

Mrs. Patterson (Broadway), 505

“Mrs. Stewart’s Farewell Address to Her Friends in the City of Boston” (Stewart), 790

Ms. (magazine), 357

M Street High School (Washington, DC). See also Paul Laurence Dunbar High School

Angelina Weld Grimké at, 359

Anna Julia Haywood Cooper principal of, 190, 191

Benjamin Oliver Davis Sr. at, 211

described by Jean Toomer, 818

Francis Louis Cardozo at, 141

James Reese Europe at, 281

Kelly Miller teaching at, 594

“M Street High School Controversy,” 191

Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander at, 14

Muddy Waters. See Waters, Muddy

Muddy Water Sings Big Bill (album), 861

mugwumps, Archibald Grimké and, 361

Muhammad, Elijah, 615, 615–617

Louis Farrakhan’s first impression of, 289

Malcolm X follower of, 553

Malcolm X’s disillusionment with, 554

Noble Drew Ali’s influence on, 20

successor, 289

Muhammad, Khallid Abdul, 289

Muhammad, Wallace (Warith), 289

Muhammad, Wallace Deen, 18, 617

“Muhammad Ali” (Wilson), 900

Muhammad Speaks (newspaper), 289, 616

Mühlen, Raimond von zur, 23

Mulatto (play; Hughes), 421, 575

Mule Bone (Hughes and Hurston), 421, 427

Mules and Men (Hurston), 427

Muller, Gilbert, 893

Mulvihill, Michael J., 418

Mumbo Jumbo (Reed), 704–705

Munger, Louis D., 801

Münsterberg, Hugo, 538

Muppet Show, The, 341

murals

by Aaron Douglas, 236, 237

Black Americans in Flight (St. Louis International Airport)

Bessie Coleman included in, 184

Eugène Bullard depicted in, 125

by Charles Alston at Harlem Hospital, 223

Gwendolyn Brooks depicted in, 102

by Jacob Lawrence, 519

by Jean-Michel Basquiat, 55

by Kerry James Marshall, 561

by Romare Bearden, 61

Murder Inc. (film), 835

murder victims. See Till, Emmett Louis

Murdoch, Francis Butter, 751

Murphy, Charles F., 608

Murphy, David, 785

Murphy, Eddie, 690

Murphy, George W., 480

Murphy, Isaac, 533, 617, 617–618

Murray, Albert, 618–619

mentioning Cab Calloway, 136

Ralph Waldo Ellison and, 277

Murray, Charles, 904

Murray, Donald, 562

Murray, Jim, 5

Murray, Margaret James. See Washington, Margaret Murray

Murray, Pauli, 619–621, 620

James E. Shepard refusal to support, 765

published in Challenge Magazine, 870

Murray, Peter Marshall, 621–622

Murrow, Edward R., 25, 436

Musard, Philippe, 453

Museum (Dove), 242

musicals. See also musicals under titles of Amy Ashwood Garvey, 327

Madame Sissieretta Jones in, 477

Moms Mabley in black theatrical revues, 551

written by the Johnson Brothers, 458

musicians. See Music in Index of Subjects by Category or Area of Renown

Music Inn (Berkshires), Mahalia Jackson at, 436

Music of My Mind (album; Wonder), 907

Musicquarium (album; Wonder), 908

Music School Settlement for Colored People (New York City), 459

Muslim Girls Training, 616

Muslim Mosque Inc., 554

Muste, A. J., 137, 502, 741

“Muttsy” (Hurston), 870

My American Journey (Powell), 683, 685

My Bondage and My Freedom (Douglass), 780

Mydans, Carl, 655

“My Ding-A-Ling” (song; Berry), 73

My Favourite Things (album; Coltrane), 188

My Good Nerve (Dee), 221

My Green Hills of Jamaica (McKay), 581

My House (Giovanni), 343

My Larger Education (Washington), 850

My Life in New Orleans (Armstrong), 29

My Life of Absurdity (Himes), 404

My Lives and How I Lost Them (Cullen), 203

“My Mother’s Blue Bowl” (Walker), 841

My One Good Nerve (Dee), 221

Myrdal, Gunnar, 118, 706

American Dilemma, An: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, 118, 125, 706

on Joe Louis as inspiration, 545

My Soul’s High Song, My (Early), 202

My Southern Home; or, The South and Its People (W. W. Brown), 120

Mystery (newspaper), 226

Mystery Developed (Haynes), 384

“Myth of Negro Literature, The” (essay; Baraka), 49

NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Nabrit, James Madison, Jr., 416, 623

Benjamin E. Mays and, 571

Nabrit, Samuel Milton, 623

NACW. See National Association of Colored Women

NAG (Nonviolent Action Group), 106

Nail, John E., 664

Naismith, James, 583

Naison, Mark, 509

Naked Ear (periodical), 48

Naked Genius (Horton), 415

Nanton, Joe “Tricky Sam,” 272

Narcotics Abuse, Select Committee on, 702

Narrative, A (Bayley), 59

Narrative, of the Uncommon Sufferings, and Surprising Deliverance of Briton Hammon, a Negro Man, A (Hammon), 370–371

Narrative of Sojourner Truth, 821

Narrative of the Adventurers and Escape of Moses Roper from American Slavery, The (Roper), 728

Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, An American Slave, 77

Narrative of the Life and Travels of Mrs. Nancy Prince, A (Prince), 687, 688

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Written by Himself (Douglass), 239

Narrative of the Life of Henry Box Brown Written by Himself, 111

Narrative of the Lord’s Wonderful Dealings with John Marrant, a Black (Now Going to Preach the Gospel in Nova Scotia), A, 556

Narrative of the Most Remarkable Particulars in the Life of James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, an African Prince, as Related by Himself, A (Gronniosaw), 364, 365

Narrative of William Wells Brown, a Fugitive Slave, Written by Himself, 120

Narrows, The (Petry), 669

Narváez, Pánfilo de, 279

NASCAR, Wendell Scott and, 754, 755

Nash, Joe, 444

Nash, Norman, 127

Nat Coles and His Royal Dukes, 180

Nathan, Syd, 112

Nation, The (magazine)

Claude McKay published in, 581

George Schuyler published in, 750

on Halle Berry, 74

Walter White published in, 880

National Academy of Engineering, 884

National Academy of Popular Music Songwriter’s Hall of Fame, 73

National Academy of Sciences, 79, 450, 490

National Advisory Committee of the Education of Negroes, 134

National Advisory Council for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (CBIB), 441

National Afro-American Council/League, 307

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), 805

National Anti-Slavery Standard (newspaper), 360

Austin Steward agent for, 787

on William and Ellen Craft, 197

National Association for Equal Opportunity in Higher Education, 97

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 248

agenda secretly supported by Booker T. Washington, 850

Alain Locke’s lecture series, 538

at Antioch College, Eleanor Norton and, 633

Archibald Grimké involved with, 361

Atlanta branch

Louis Tompkins Wright and, 915

Walter White founding member of, 880

Bond working as historian for in preparation of Brown, 89

Boston branch

Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin and, 736

Melnea Cass in, 151

Charles Hamilton Houston special counsel to, 416

in Charleston, Mordecai Johnson and, 463

Charles W. Chesnutt active in, 162

and Clark’s racial identity studies, 171

Constance Motley working at, 612

criticism from within, 885–886

Daisy Lampkin and, 509

E. Frederic Morrow field secretary of, 606

first legal victory, 258

first Oklahoma chapter, 258

Gabrielle McDonald staff attorney for, 578

George Dows Cannon’s affiliation with, 139

George Schuyler business manager of, 751

influence of the National Afro-American League, 307

and integration of University of North Carolina, 582

Jackie Robinson fund-raiser for, 721

James E. Shepard disassociating himself from, 765

James Farmer program director for, 288

James Weldon Johnson working for, 456

Kweisi Mfume president and CEO of, 589

Legal Defense and Educational Fund William T. Coleman working at, 186

legal team, James Nabrit in, 623

Louis Tompkins Wright chairman of the national board of directors, 915

Madame C. J. Walker’s contributions to, 844

Maggie Lena Walker on executive committee, 845

Medgar Evers and, 283, 284

Montgomery chapter

Edgar D. Nixon and, 629

Rosa Parks in, 656

Myrlie Evers-Williams and, 285

Oliver W. Harrington hired as director of public relations, 377

production of Rachel, 359

Richard Greener and, 352

Richmond branch cofounded by Maggie Lena Walker, 845

Robert Weaver chairman of the board of directors, 863

and Scottsboro Boys, 756

St. Louis branch, Ernest Calloway president of, 137

Thurgood Marshall and, 562

Vernon Jordan field director for Georgia, 488

W. E. B. Du Bois and, 249

Walter White’s work with, 880–881

Whitney Young and, 926

William Henry Hastie’s work with, 381

William Montague Cobb president of, 177

William Pickens and, 670–671

National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws, 167

National Association Notes (magazine), 856

National Association of Amateur Base Ball Players, 34

National Association of College Women, 775

National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses, 786

National Association of Colored Women

Maggie Lena Walker and, 845

National Association of Colored Women (NACW), 569, 865

beginning of, 109

efforts to develop coalition with white women’s organizations, 856

Fanny Coppin vice president of, 193

foundation

Charlotte F. Grimké and, 363

Mary Church Terrell and, 804–805

meeting, 103

Madame C. J. Walker member of, 844

Margaret Murray Washington membership coordinator, 856

Mary McLeod Bethune president of, 76

Nannie Burroughs chair of, 130

Woman’s Era Club origin of, 736

National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs, 150

National Association of Deans of Women and Advisors of Girls in Negro Schools, 775

National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics Tournament, 584

National Association of Negro Musicians, 24

National Association of Wage Earners, 130, 845

National Athletic Steering Committee, 583

National Ballet of Brazil, 600

National Ballet of Senegal, 257

National Baptist Convention, U.S.A., 103, 235, 313, 335

National Baptist Conventions

separate Woman’s Convention, 130

Willie May Ford Smith singing at, 783

National Bar Association, 15

National Black Athletic Hall of Fame, 755

national black convention (Syracuse, 1968), 139

National Black Economic Development Conference (1969), 304

National Black Political Convention (Gary, Indiana, 1972), 49

National Cable and Telecommunication Association, 465

National Child Protection Act, Oprah Winfrey’s support for, 906

National CIO News, 137

National Colored Republican Conference, 509

National Commission on Mathematics and Science Teaching for the 21st Century, 567

National Commission on Product Safety, 401

National Committee against Discrimination, 862

National Committee against Mob Violence, 881

National Conference of Colored Men of the United States (Nashville, 1879), 918

National Conference of Negro Artists (1971), 152

National Conference of Social Work, 472

National Conference on the Problems of the Negro and Negro Youth (1937), 76

National Convention of Colored Citizens (1843)

Charles Lenox Remond at, 707

Henry Highland Garnet at, 325

William Nell at, 624

National Convention of Gospel Choirs and Choruses, 235

Willie May Ford Smith and organization of, 783

National Council of Churches. See also Federal Council of Churches

Andrew Young

president of, 923

and Youth Work in New York City, 922

Anna Arnold Hedgeman assistant

director of Committee on Race

Relations, 390

National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)

Daisy Lampkin and organization of, 509

Dorothy Height and, 391

Eunice Carter member of executive board of, 144

foundation

Lucy Diggs Slowe and, 775

Mary McLeod Bethune and, 76

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper vice president of, 375

national headquarters, 391–392

Unita Blackwell as

community-development specialist, 80

National Defense Advisory Commission, 862

National Emigration Convention (Cleveland, 1854)

James T. Holly delegate to, 408

Martin R. Delany and, 227

National Enquirer and Constitutional Advocate of Universal Liberty, 241

National Equal Rights League

founded by William Monroe Trotter, 819

John Mercer Langston president of, 513

National Feature Service, 50

National Federation of Afro-American Women (NFAAW)

creation of, 109, 856

Margaret Murray Washington and formation of, 856

Matthews editor of journal of, 569

merged with the Washington Colored League, 856

renamed National Association of Colored Women (NACW), 109

National Foundation for the Arts and Humanities, 639

National Freedom Day Association, 919

National Geographic (magazine), 396

National Institute of Arts and Letters. See American Academy and National Institute of Arts and Letters

National Institute of Health, 22

National Institute of Science, 623

National Interracial Conference (Washington, 1928), 706

National Inventors Hall of Fame, 490

National Jockey’s Hall of Fame, 618

National Labor Party, 70

National League of Nursing Education, 786

National League of Republican Colored Women, 130

National League on Urban Conditions among Negroes, 614

National Low-Income Housing Coalition, 101

National Mayors’ Conference, 80

National Medical Association

formal meetings with the AMA, 75

foundation

at the Cotton States and International Exposition (1895), 549

Daniel Hale Williams and, 890

Leonidas Berry president of, 75

Peter M. Murray as leader of, 622

Raphael Carl Lee president of, 525

William Montague Cobb president of, 177

National Medical Fellowships organization, 877

National Museum of African American History and Culture, 350

National Museum of Racing Hall of Fame, 618

National Negro Bar Association, 417

National Negro Business League

foundation, 849

Emmett Jay Scott and, 753

Mifflin Gibbs member of, 335

Philip Payton manager of, 664

Robert Moton president of, 614

National Negro Congress

Benjamin Jefferson Davis and, 208

Coleman Young and, 924

creation in 1935, 700

National Negro Conventions

chaired by Richard Allen in 1830, 21

eulogy of André Cailloux in 1864, 133

James W. C. Pennington vice president of, 667

Richard Allen at first meeting of, 21

National Negro Health Week, 849

encouraged by Monroe Nathan Work, 914

Mabel K. Staupers and, 787

National Negro Labor Council, 924

National News (newspaper), Oliver W. Harrington’s cartoons in, 376

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Anna Arnold Hedgeman and, 390

and Clarence Thomas, 809

Pauli Murray founding member of, 620

National Playwrights Conference of the Eugene O’Neill Center (Waterford, CT), 900

National Political Congress of Black Women, 168

National Polychemicals Inc., 401

National Right to Life Committee

Mildred Fay Jefferson on board of, 447, 448

Pro-Life Legal Action Project, 448

National Safety Device Company, 603

National Safety Hood, 603

National Science Board, 623

National Science Foundation (NSF), 566

National Sculpture Society, 52

national security advisors. See Powell, Colin; Rice, Condoleezza

National Security Council, 713

National Society of Black Physicists, 441

National States Rights party, 633

National Track and Field Hall of Fame

Alice Coachman, 176

Tommie Smith, 782

National Training School for Women and Girls (Washington, DC), 103, 129

National United Committee to Free Angela Davis and All Political Prisoners, 39

National Urban League

Arthur Fletcher and, 926

Benjamin Quarles secretary of New Orleans, 693

Benjamin Quarles vice president of, 693

Charles S. Johnson director of research and investigations, 451

Daisy Lampkin on staff in Pittsburgh, 509

Eugene Kinckle Jones first field secretary of, 472

Frederick Douglass O’Neal in St. Louis, 638

Ira De Augustine Reid director of research, 706

Ira De Augustine Reid industrial secretary of New York, 705

Maggie Leana on board of Richmond, 845

Mary McLeod Bethune vice president of, 76

Ron Brown at head of Washington Bureau, 117

Ron Brown working for, 117

Vernon Jordan at head of, 117, 489, 926

Whitney Young and, 926

Willie Mays working for, 572

National Watchman (newspaper), 325

National Woman’s Rights Convention (1858), 709

National Women’s Hall of Fame

Constance Motley, 613

Mae Jemison, 450

National Youth Administration

Constance Motley’s job with, 612

Mary McLeod Bethune director of Negro Affairs for, 76

Nation of Islam (NOI)

and assassination of Malcolm X, 554

economic independence as priority, 616

Eldridge Cleaver joining, 174

Louis Farrakhan’s introduction to, 289

Malcolm X breaking with, 554

Mu’ammar Gadhafi’s loan to, 289

Muhammad Ali joining, 17

racial mythology of, 615–616

resurrection by Louis Farrakhan, 289

security arm of, 616

size of, 616

Native American ancestry

Alice Dunbar-Nelson, 254

Berry Gordy, Jr., 346

Bessie and Sadie Delany, 224

Bessie Coleman, 182

Cesar, 153

Charley Patton, 661

claimed by Noble Drew Ali, 18

Cool Papa Bell, 67

Crispus Attucks, 35, 36

Daniel Alexander Payne, 663

Edmonia Lewis, 529

Eugène Jacques Bullard, 124

Garrett Augustus Morgan, 602

George Henry White, 878

John Mercer Langston, 512

Katherine Dunham, 256

Lightfoot Solomon Michaux, 589

Moses Roper, 728

Nancy Prince, 687

Paul Cuffe, 200, 201

Pauli Murray, 620

Sam Lacy, 507

Tiger Woods, 911

Native Americans. See also African Seminole Indians; Crow Indians

Betsey Stockton’s school for, 794

Blanche Kelso Bruce in favor of more humane Indian policy, 121

Briton Hammon prisoner of, 370

Coltrane absorption of elements of Indian music, 188

converted by Marrant, 556

David George hiding among the Creek Indians, 333

Edward Rose and, 729, 730

Equiano missionary to the Mosquito Indians, 279

Esteban and, 280

featured in Edmonia Lewis’s work, 530

Jean Baptiste Point du Sable and, 260, 261

Jim Beckwourth and, 63, 64, 65

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar work on Apache reservation, 6

literature collections edited by Ishmael Reed, 705

Nat Love and, 546

Patrick Francis Healy head of the Catholic Commission on Indian Affairs, 389

Potawatomie Indians, 260

York and, 921, 922

“Native Carrying Some Guns, Bibles, Amorites on Safari” (Basquiat), 54

Native Son (film), 918

Native Son (play; Wright and Green), 917

Native Son (Wright), 917

Ann Petry’s The Street compared to, 669

supported by Alain Locke, 539

Nat King Cole Show, The, 181

Nat King Cole Story, The, 181

Natural Born Gambler, A (film), 887

Natural Man (Browne), 638

Navy Department, 548

Naylor, Gloria, 905

“Need for a New Organon in Education, The” (Locke), 539

Negritude

Claude McKay and, 581

influence on Romare Bearden, 61

Negro Actors’ Guild

foundation

Bill “Bojangles” Robinson and, 718

Noble Sissle and, 773

Frederick Douglass O’Neal president of, 639

Negro American Labor Council (NACL), 700

Negro Americans, What Now? (Johnson), 457

“Negro and Socialism, The” (series, Harrison), 379

Negro and the Post-War World, The (Logan), 541

Negro and the Promise of American Life, The (television series), 171

“Negro-Art Hokum, The” (Schuyler), 750

“Negro Artists and the Racial Mountain, The” (Hughes), 422

Negro Baptist Convention, 463

Negro Baptist Pulpit, 103

Negro Caravan, The: Writings by American Negroes (eds. Brown, Lee, and Davis), 118

Negro Christianized, The (Mather), 640

Negro Churchman, 580

Negro Community of Baltimore, The—Its Social and Economic Conditions (Urban League), 706

Negro Convention Movement, 219

Negro Convert, The: A Poem; Being the Substance of the Experience of Mr. John Marrant, A Negro, 556

Negro Curse, The, 13

Negro Dance Group, 256

Negro Digest (journal)

August Wilson published in, 900

beginning of, 458

Era Bell Thompson editor at, 811

on Isaac Murphy, 618

Nikki Giovanni published in, 342

“Negro Digs Up His Past, The” (Schomburg), 749

Negro Education in Alabama: A Study in Cotton and Steel (Bond), 89

Negroes and Anglo-Africans as Freed Men and Soldiers, The (Sarah Remond), 709

Negroes in America, The (McKay), 581

Negroes of Farmville, Virginia, The: A Social Study (Du Bois), 248

Negroes with Guns (Williams), 759

Negro Factories Corporation, 330

Negro Family in Chicago, The (Frazier), 316

Negro Family in the United States, The (Frazier), 316

“Negro Folk Expression: Spirituals, Seculars, Ballads and Work Songs” (S. Brown), 118

Negro Folk Songs as Sung by Lead Belly (Lomax and Lomax), 522

Negro for a New Century, A (Washington and Fortune), 307

Negro Genius, The (Brawley), 98

Negro Ghetto, The (Weaver), 862

“Negro Hero” (Brooks), 101

Negro History Bulletin, 912

on Oscar S. De Priest, 230

Samuel M. Nabrit’s articles in, 623

Negro History Week launched by Carter G. Woodson, 912

Negro Immigrant, The: His Background, Characteristics and Social Adjustment, 1899–1937 (Reid), 706

Negro in American Civilization: A Study of Negro Life and Race Relations in the Light of Social Research, 706

Negro in American Fiction, The (Brown), 118

Negro in American Life and Thought, The: The Nadir, 1877–1901 (Logan), 541

Negro in Business, The (Washington), 850

ghostwritten by T. Thomas Fortune, 307

Negro in Chicago, The: A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot, 451

Negro Industrial League (NIL), 862

“Negro in Literature (1925–1944), The” (S. Brown), 118

Negro in New York, The: An Informal Social History (Ottley and Weatherby), 429

Negro in Our History, The (Woodson), 913

Negro in Politics, The (Fortune), 307

“Negro in Scientific Research, The” (Branson), 96

“Negro in the American Economic System, The” (Reid), 706

Negro in the American Rebellion, The (Brown), 120

Negro in the American Revolution, The (Quarles), 693

Negro in the Civil War, The (Quarles), 693

“Negro in the Kentucky Coal Fields, The” (Calloway), 137

Negro in the Making of American, The (Quarles), 693

Negro in Virginia, The (S. Brown), 118

Negro Labor: A Problem of Today (Weaver), 862

Negro Labor in the United States, 1850–1925: A Study in American Economic History (Wesley), 866

Negro Liberator (journal), 208

Negro Market Newsletter, 892

Negro Membership in America Labor Unions (Urban League), 706

Negro Migration during the War (Scott), 753

“Negro National Anthem, The.” See “Lift Every Voice and Sing” (Johnson)

Negro National News, 38

Negro Nuances (musical: Cook and Mitchell), 63

Negro Organization Society of Virginia

founded by Robert Moton, 614

Maggie Lena Walker member of, 845

Negro Outlook, The (periodical), 550

Negro Poetry and Drama (S. Brown), 118

Negro Population of Albany, The (Reid), 706

Negro Press Association, 864

Negro Professional Man and the Community, The (Woodson), 913

Negro Protest, The (Clark), 171

Negro Quarterly: A Review of Negro Life and Culture (magazine)

Angelo Herndon assistance to Ellison, 398

Ralph Waldo Ellison managing editor of, 276

“Negro Question without Propaganda, The” (Schuyler), 751

Negro’s Church, The (Mays and Nicholson), 572

“Negro Scientists, The” (Branson), 96

Negro’s God as Reflected in His Literature (Mays), 572

Negro Society for Historical Research, 748

Negro Soldier, The (film; Capra), 212

Joe Louis in, 545

“Negro Speaks of Rivers, The” (Hughes), 419, 420

Negro spirituals, 456

Harry Burleigh on, 129

influence on

B. B. King, 497

Berry Gordy, 346

John Lee Hooker, 408

Paul Robeson’s concert of, 715

“Negro Votes Bought” (Hurston), 427

Negro Wage Earner, The (Woodson), 913

Negro Woman, The series (Catlett), 152

Negro Women Inc., 668

Negro Women’s Equal Franchise Federation, 509

Negro World (newspaper), 326

Amy Jacques Garvey associated editor, 328

circulation of, 330

Dorothy Height proofreader for, 391

Hubert Henry Harrison principal editor of, 380

T. Thomas Fortune editor of, 307

Negro Yearbook, 914

Neimark, Paul, 645

Neimore, John, 56

Neiroff, Robert, 373

Nell, Henry, 663

Nell, William Cooper, 624–625, 875

and Harriet Jacobs, 442

and William and Ellen Craft, 197

Nellegarde, Dantes, 540

Nelson, “Big Eye” Louis, 62

Nelson, Eddie, 772

Nelson, Robert J., 253

Nelson, Ruth, 430

Nelson, Willie, 157

Never No More (play), 575

New American Caravan, The, 819

New Amsterdam Musical Association, 301

Newark Advance, 704

New Bedford-Union Society, 803

New Bill Cosby Show, The (television), 194

New Cab Calloway’s Hepsters Dictionary, The: Language of Jive, 136

New Challenge (magazine), 276

New Citizen (newspaper), 137

Newcomb, Simon, 594

New Dance Group, 599

New Day (newspaper), 291

New England

Amateur Athletic Union, 795

Colored Citizens Convention, 46

Female Medical College, 199

Women’s Press Association, 735

New England Magazine, 362

New Era (magazine), 412

New Faces of 1952 (musical), 505

Newhall, Beaumont, 833

New Haven Negro Youth Council, 612

New Homes for Today (Williams), 894

New Jersey

Althea Gibson as State Athletic Commissioner, 337

Hazel R. O’Leary assistant attorney general, 635

Whitesboro as all-black community, 879

New Leader (journal)

Albert Murray published in, 618

Claude McKay published in, 581

New Light Congregationalists, 383

Newman, Joe, 53

New Masses, The, 917

New National Era (newspaper), 240

New National Era and Citizen (publication), 350

New Negro, The (Pickens), 670

New Negro, The: An Interpretation of Negro Life (Locke), 420, 539

Aaron Douglas’s artwork in, 237

Arthur Schomburg included in, 749

edited by Hubert Henry Harrison, 380

writings of Toomer included in, 817

New Negro Alliance, 381

New Negro Movement

Hubert Henry Harrison and, 379

Walter White and, 880

New Negro Poets: USA (Hughes), 422

New Orleans

Benjamin Quarles on Council of Social Services, 693

disfranchisement in, 609

Ma Rainey performing in, 698

segregation in, 609

Wynton Marsalis first trumpet with Civic Orchestra, 558

New Orleans (film), 406

New Orleans Bootblacks, 28

New Orleans Democrat (newspaper), 517

New Orleans Feetwarmers, 63

New Orleans Wanderers, 28

Newport Folk Festival

John Lee Hooker at, 409

Muddy Waters at, 861

Newport Jazz Festival

Duke Ellington at, 273

Eubie Blake at, 82

John Bubbles at, 123

Mahalia Jackson at, 437

Ray Charles at, 157

Willie May Ford Smith at, 784

Wynton Marsalis at, 558, 559

Newport Mercury, 872

New Republic, The (magazine)

on Ishmael Reed, 705

Walter White published in, 880

Newsday (newspaper), 763–764

Newspaper Boy (Bannister), 46, 47

newspaper editors. See Journalism in Index of Subjects by Category or Area of Renown

newspaper publishers. See Journalism in Index of Subjects by Category or Area of Renown

New Statesman, The, 142

New Survey of English Literature, A (Brawley), 98

Newsweek (magazine)

Bill Cosby on cover of, 689

Mark Whitaker and, 876

Tommie Smith as cover story of, 782

Toni Morrison on cover of, 605

New Thought philosophy

Father Divine and, 290

influence on Reverend Ike, 711

Newton, Huey P., 625, 625–627, 760

Bobby Seale meeting of, 759

Eldridge Cleaver meeting, 174

Newton, Joseph Fort, 450

Newton, Thandie, 605

New York Academy of Sciences, 166

New York Age (newspaper)

Archibald Grimké’s columns in, 361

Booker T. Washington secret support of, 850

on “colored show business,” 887

Ida Bell Wells-Barnett’s antilynching editorials, 864

James Weldon Johnson’s column, 456

on Madame Sissieretta Jones, 476

obituary of Scott Joplin, 482

T. Thomas Fortune at, 307

Victoria Matthews news correspondent for, 569

New York City. See also Harlem

African Bible Society, 834

African Society for Mutual Relief

James Varick work for, 834

Peter Williams Jr. member of, 895

African Wilberforce Benevolent Society of New York, 834

Baruch College, 863

Cinqué Gallery cofounded by Romare Bearden, 61

Citizens’ Coordinating Committee, 390

Colored Citizens of New York, 69

Commission on Integration for the New York City Board of Education, 38

Constance Motley president of the borough of Manhattan, 613

Cooper Union, Augusta Savage at, 746

Copacabana, Moms Mabley at, 552

Council

Adam Clayton Powell elected to, 681

Benjamin Jefferson Davis on, 208

Dizzy Gillespie at Onyx Club, 341

Dorothy Dandridge first black headliner at Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, 206

Downtown Gallery exhibition The Migration of the Negro, 519

Economic Development Commission, 660

Eight Street Playhouse, 223

Elizabeth Greenfield singing in, 353

Emergency Relief Bureau, 390

Eunice Carter prosecutor for criminal courts, 144

finances at time of David Dinkins election, 232

In Friendship, 742

Gaslight Café, Bill Cosby at, 194

Greater New York Coordinating Committee for Employment, 681

Home Relief Bureau of the New York City Welfare Administration, 391

hospitals, difficulties of black physicians to obtain privileges at, 138

Human Rights Commission, Eleanor Norton head of, 633

Improv, Richard Pryor at, 689

Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children, 181

Jack Shainman Gallery, Kerry J. Marshall at, 561

James Earl Jones in Shakespeare Festival, 473

James McCune Smith and Abolition Society, 780

John Bubbles playing at Radio City Music Hall, 123

Kentucky Club, Duke Ellington at, 272

Kootz Gallery, 60, 61

Manhattan Central Medical Society, 138

Municipal Civil Service Commission, 608

Museum of Modern Art purchase of half the series of The Migration of the Negro, 519

National Conservatory of Music, Will Marion Cook at, 189

National Youth Movement (Brooklyn), 763

New York College of Music, 28

New York Tuberculosis and Health Association, 786

Non-Partisan Citizens’ Committee, 138

127th Street Ensemble Theater, 761

Otabenga in care of Museum of Natural History, 642

Phoenix Society

David Ruggles speaking for, 736

Peter Williams and, 896

Samuel Cornish founder of, 193

Plantation Cafe, 637

Plantation Club, 40

racial incidents under David Dinkins, 233

Roko Gallery, 224

School for the Performing Arts, 599

Shiloh Presbyterian Church, 667

Upper Manhattan Zone, 661

Village Vanguard, sessions recorded live at, 188

Warren Roberton’s Theater Workshop, 527

Washington Square Outdoor Exhibit, 223

Washington Temple Church of God in Christ, 762

White Rose Home and Industrial

Association for Working Girls, 253, 570

Hubert Henry Harrison teaching at, 379

White Rose Mission, 569

New York City Ballet, 599, 600

New York Clay Club, 52

New York Committee of Vigilance founded by David Ruggles, 737

New York Convention of Colored Men, 787

New York Daily News (newspaper), 870–871

New Yorker (magazine)

on Arthur Ashe, 32

on Bill T. Jones, 471

interview of William Julius Wilson, 903

on James Earl Jones, 473

on Josephine Baker in Paris, 40

New York Evening Journal, 398

New York Evening Post (newspaper), 574

New York Freeman (newspaper)

on George White, 879

T. Thomas Fortune at, 307

New York Globe (newspaper)

T. Thomas Fortune and, 307

W. E. B. Du Bois published in, 247

New York Herald (newspaper), 477

New York Herald-Tribune (newspaper), 880

New York Intelligence Office, 70

NewYork/New Wave at P.S.I, 55

New York Philomathean Society, 703

New York Public Library. See also Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture

Aaron Douglas’s mural for Countée Cullen Library, 237

Division of Negro Literature, History, and Prints

Hubert Henry Harrison’s role in developing, 380

Jean Blackwell Hutson at, 428

New York Society for the Promotion of Education among Colored Children, 703

New York State

Advisory Council on Employment and Unemployment Insurance, 613

African Free School, 193, 324

Assembly

Charles Rangel elected to, 701

Shirley Chisholm in, 167

Christian Youth Council, 391

Elizabeth Greenfield singing in Buffalo, 352

Fugitive Aid Society, Jermain Wesley Loguen and, 542

Senate, Constance Motley elected to, 613

Tammany Hall, Ferdinand Morton and, 608

Underground Railroad in, 542

Vigilance Committee, 193

“New York Subway, The” (Hopkins), 412

New York Sun (newspaper), 387–388

New York Syncopated Orchestra, 189

New York Times (newspaper)

on Bamboozled, 526

on Bill Cosby’s early engagement, 194

on Bill T. Jones and Arnie Zane, 471

on David Dinkins, 233

E. Frederic Morrow interview with, 607

on Eartha Mae Kitt, 505

on Elizabeth Catlett, 153

on Ethel Waters, 859

Flo Hyman interview with, 430

Hazel R. O’Leary interview in, 636

on Isaac Murphy, 618

on Jean-Michel Basquiat, 55

on Otabenga, 642

on Pearl Bailey, 37, 38

on Scott Joplin, 482

and Scottsboro Boys, 756

on Venus Williams, 898

Victoria Matthews news correspondent for, 569

on Wilson’s The Truly Disadvantaged, 904

on The Women of Brewster Place, 905

New York Times Magazine, 584

New York Tribune (newspaper), 454, 878

New York Weekly, 569

New York World, 596

New York World’s Fair (1939), 747

NFL Hall of Fame

Jim Brown, 116

O. J. Simpson, 769

Walter Payton, 666

Niagara Movement, 248, 411

Archibald Grimké joining, 361

influence of the National Afro-American League, 307

joined by George Freeman Bragg, 95

Monroe Nathan Work and, 913

Richard Greener at second convention, 352

supported by William Pickens, 670

William Monroe Trotter in, 819

Nicholas, Fayard, 124

Nicholas, Harold, 205

Nicholas Brothers, 847

Nicholls, F. T., 672

Nichols, John F., 924

Nichols, Mike, 344

Nicholson, Joseph, 572

Nicklaus, Jack, 911

Nicodemus Visiting Jesus (Tanner), 800

Nieboer, Roger, 796

Niebuhr, Reinhold, 502

Nielsen, Kurt, 337

Nigeria

independence celebration photographed by Moneta Sleet, 774

Jacob Lawrence in, 519

Martin R. Delany in, 227

Randall Robinson and, 726

Nigger Add, 627–629

Nigger Heaven (Van Vechten), 420, 421

Night-Blooming Cereus, The (Hayden), 382

Night Comes Softly (Giovanni), 342

Nighthawk, Robert, 234

influence on Muddy Waters, 860

Robert Johnson’s influence on, 464

“Night in Tunisia, A” (Gillespie), 340

Night Song (Williams), 892

“Nikki Rosa” (Giovanni), 342

Nile Queen hair-care products, 49

Nine Decades of Scholarship, 429

Nipson, Herbert, 811

Nixon, Edgar Daniel, 629, 656, 723

Nixon, Richard M., 5, 57, 97, 112, 139, 146, 186, 218, 281, 483, 495, 565, 606, 696, 701, 702, 721, 860, 884, 926

E. Frederic Morrow and campaign, 607

Edward Brooke critical of, 101

Niza, Marcos de, 280

Nkrumah, Kwame

Amy Jacques Garvey and, 329

Anna Arnold Hedgeman and, 390

influence on James Forman, 303

inspired by Marcus Garvey, 331

Jean Blackwell Hutson and, 429

Malcolm X meeting, 554

Paul Robeson and, 715

St. Clair Drake adviser to, 244

W. E. B. Du Bois invited by, 250

Nobel laureates. See Bunche, Ralph; King, Martin Luther, Jr.; Morrison, Toni; Walcott, Derek

Noble Savage (magazine), 277

“Nobody” (Williams), 887

Nobody Knows My Name: More Notes of a Native Son (Baldwin), 43

“Nobody Knows You When You’re Down and Out” (Smith), 779

Noël Coward’s Sweet Potato, 600

Noguchi, Isamu, 691

Nolan, John J., 477

No Maps on My Taps (musical), 123

No Name in the Street (Baldwin), 44

nonviolence

Bayard Taylor Rustin and, 741, 742

Charlotte Hawkins Brown and, 106

Coretta King and, 500

Daisy Bates and, 58

Ella Baker on, 39

Floyd McKissick teaching to sit-in participants, 582

James Farmer introduced to by Howard Thurman, 287

James Forman and, 304

James Meredith on, 585

John Lewis and, 532

Leon Howard Sullivan and, 797

Malcolm X critical of, 554

Martin Luther King and, 502, 504

Pauli Murray and, 620

Ralph Abernathy and, 8

William Monroe Trotter and, 820

Norfolk (MA) County Gazette, 359

Norfolk Herald, 828

Norman, Jessye, 629–631, 630

tribute to Marian Anderson, 25

Norman . . . Is That You? (film), 37

Norris, Clarence. See Scottsboro Boys

Norris, Green, Harris, and Higginbotham, 399

Norris, James Flack, 401

North American Convention of Colored Freemen (Toronto, 1851), 226

North American League, 78

Northampton Association of Education and Industry, 33

David Ruggles and, 737

Sojourner Truth settled with, 821

North Atlantic Research Corporation, 401

North Carolina. See also Durham College for Negroes, 765

1900 constitutional amendment disenfranchising most black voters, 879

Duke University commission for Julian Abele, 7

Efland Home for Wayward Girls (Orange County), 106

Floyd McKissick’s appointment to Ninth Judicial District, 583

George Moses Horton in Literary Hall of Fame, 415

George White elected to state house, 879

George White elected to state senate, 879

Intercollegiate Council on Human Rights, 433

Soul City, 583

State Federation of Negro Women’s Clubs, 106

University of, Floyd McKissick’s integration of, 582

North Carolina Mutual Insurance Company, 587

North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company

James E. Shepard among first investors, 764

Sadie Alexander working at, 14

North Cove Pylons (Puryear), 692

North Dakota Historical Society Quarterly, 730

Northern Negro Grass Roots Leadership Conference, 554

Northern Students’ Movement, 265

North Star (journal), 239, 325, 624

North up, Solomon, 631–632

Parks’s film on, 655

Norton, Eleanor Holmes, 632–634

and Operation Crossroads Africa, 722

Norton, Ken, 17

Norway, Clifton Reginald Wharton ambassador to, 872

Norwood, Dorothy, 784

Nosei, Annina, 55

“No Sex in Brains and Ability” (Amy Jacques Garvey), 328

Notes of a Native Son (Baldwin), 42, 43

Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 842

No Time for Prejudice: The Story of the Integration of Negroes in Nursing in the United States (Staupers), 787

Notorious BIG, The (Biggie Smalls, or Christopher Wallace), 761

Not without Laughter (Hughes), 421

Nova Scotia

Boston King in, 499

David George in, 333–334

John Marrant in, 556

novelists. See Brooks, Gwendolyn; Larsen, Nella; Williams, John Alfred

No Way Out (film), 216

Sidney Poitier in, 678

Noyes Academy, 198

Nozick, Robert, 867

Nuit est une sorcière, La (Bechet), 63

“Numb Fumblin’” (Waller), 847

nuns. See Healy, Eliza

Nurmi, Paavo, 527

nursing

Daniel Hale Williams creation of school for black women, 889

included in ROTC program, 468

nursing school in Boston black community, 150

school at Freedmen’s Hospital (Washington, DC), 889

O, Sing a New Song, 773

Oak and Ivy (Dunbar), 251

Oberlin College, 512

Anna Julia Cooper at, 190

Oberlin Conservatory of Music, 189

O’Brian, Robert E., 810

Occom, Samson, 873

Ocean Eleven (film), 218

Oerter, Al, 527

Oertle, Ernie, 464

O’Fallon, Benjamin, 730

Office of Civilian Defense (OCD), 292

Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring Party (Delany), 227

Off the Wall (album; Michael Jackson), 438

produced by Quincy Jones, 479

Of One Blood; Or, the Hidden Self (Hopkins), 412

Ohio

Central State University, 195, 867

Chester Himes in Writer’s Project, 403

George Washington Williams elected to House of Representative, 890

John Mercer Langston at head of State Anti-Slavery Society, 513

Ohio State Tribune, 733

Oh Lord, Don’t Drop that Atomic Bomb on Me (Mingus), 598

O’Keeffe, Georgia, 223

Okeh records, 63, 104, 637, 846

Okker, Tom, 32

Oklahoma City, jazz in, 276

Okoye, Felix, 244

Old Add. See Nigger Add

Old Catholic Church of America, 580

Old Mole (Puryear), 691, 691

O’Leary, Hazel R., 635, 635–636

at Fisk, 452

O’Leary, John F., 636

Oliver, Joseph. See Oliver, King

Oliver, King, 636–638, 637. See also King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band

and Duke Ellington, 272

influence on Louis Armstrong, 29, 638

Lil Armstrong playing with, 28

Ma Rainey performing with, 698

Oliver, Perry, 84

Oliver Galop, 85

Olsen, Tillie, 165

Olson, Carl “Bobo,” 726, 727

Olson, Charles, 48

Olympia (film; Riefenstahl), 644

Olympians against the Wind: The Black American Female Difference (Emerson), 794

Olympic and Amateur Athletic Union, 644

Olympic Games

Alice Coachman at, in 1947, 175

Atlanta games in 1996

Andrew Jackson Young on organizing committee, 923

Carl Lewis at, 527

Barcelona games in 1992

Carl Lewis, 527, 527

Michael Jordan, 487

Berlin Games in 1936, Jesse Owens at, 643–644

Los Angeles games in 1984, 222

Carl Lewis, 527

Cheryl Miller, 593

Flora Hyman, 430

Michael Jordan, 486

Thomas Bradley, 94

Louise Stokes at Los Angeles games in 1932, 794

Melbourne games in 1956

Bill Russell, 738

Jesse Owens as goodwill ambassador, 644

Wilma Rudolph on U.S. team, 734–735

Mexico games in 1968

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar’s boycott of, 5

Tommie Smith’s and John Carlos’s black power salute, 5, 644, 782

Montreal Games, Anita DeFrantz at, 222

Rome games in 1960

Muhammad Ali at, 16

Wilma Rudolph in, 735

Seoul games in 1988, Carl Lewis at, 527

Sydney games in 2000, Venus Williams at, 898

Olympic Project for Human Rights, 782

O’Malley, Martin, 508

O’Melveny & Myers, 186

Omni-Americans, The (Murray), 618

Omnibus Education Act (1972), 592–593

Onassis, Jacqueline Kennedy, 871

On Broadway Tonight (television), 689

“once free always free” doctrine, 752

Onderdonk, Benjamin T., 896

O’Neal, Frederick Douglass, 638–639

in Anna Lucasta, 164

cofounder of American Negro Theater, 220

and Sidney Poitier, 677

O’Neal, Stanley, 639–640, 661

O’Neal Twins, 784

101 Ranch Wild West Show, 671

One Hundred Conventions tour, 238

100 Rifles (film), 116

Oneida Institute

Alexander Crummell at, 198

Jermain Wesley Loguen at, 542

O’Neil, Buck, 796

“One O’clock Jump” (Basie), 53

One Scene from the Drama of Early Days (Hopkins), 411

Onesimus, 640–641

One-Way Ticket (Hughes), 422

One Way to Heaven (Cullen), 203

One Woman’s Army (Earley), 264

“On Liberty and Slavery” (Horton), 415

online magazines founded by Ishmael Reed, 705

Only Dark Spot in the Sky, The (Dove), 242

“On Saturday the Siren Sounds at Noon” (Petry), 669

On Striver’s Row (Hill)

Ann Petry acting in, 668

first production of the American Negro Theater, 638

Ruby Dee, in, 220

Sidney Poitier in, 678

“On the Fourteenth Query of Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on Virginia” (J. M. Smith), 780

“On the Pulse of the Morning” (Angelou), 27

On These I Stand (Cullen), 203

On with the Show (film), 859

Open-Letter Club, 162

Open Letter to His Serene Majesty, Leopold II, King of the Belgians, An (G. W. Williams), 890

opera influence on Sidney Bechet, 62

opera singers. See Music in Index of Subjects by Category or Area of Renown

Operation Breadbasket, 797

Al Sharpton youth director for the Brooklyn office, 763

Jesse Jackson appointed director of, 433, 434

Operation Crossroads Africa, 722–723

Operation Dixie, 137

Operation PUSH (People United to Save Humanity), 289, 434

Opportunities Industrialization Centers, 797

Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life (magazine)

Aaron Douglas and, 237

Alain Locke’s book reviews in, 539

Countée Cullen assistant editor, 203

on Cullen’s Color, 202

Dorothy West published in, 870

E. Frederic Morrow business manager of, 606

edited by Charles S. Johnson, 451

Ernest Calloway published in, 137

Eugene Kinckle Jones and launching of, 472

Gamin by Augusta Savage on cover, 747

Langston Hughes in contest, 419

Pauli Murray field representative for, 620

review of Walter White’s Flight, 880

S. Brown’s column for, 118

Sterling Brown published in, 118

Zora Neale Hurston published in, 426

Opportunity Fellowships Program of John Hay Whitney Foundation, 862

Oprah Winfrey Show, The, 605, 905, 911

Oration on the Abolition of the Slave Trade, An: Delivered in the African Church, in the City of New York (Williams), 895

orchestra leaders. See Music in Index of Subjects by Category or Area of Renown

orchestrators. See Music in Index of Subjects by Category or Area of Renown

Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU), 554

Organization of American Historians, 315

Organizer, The (Hughes), 421

Orgena (Farrakhan), 289

Oriental America, 458

Original Kings of Comedy, The (documentary; Spike Lee), 526

Original Poems (Brooks), 103

“Origin and Objects of Ancient Freemasonry” (Delany), 227

“Ornithology” (Parker), 651

Orthodox Apostolic Church of Haiti, 408

orthopedic surgeons. See White, Augustus Aaron, III

Ory, Edward “Kid”

King Oliver playing with, 637

Louis Armstrong playing with, 29

in “Hot Five,” 30

in Red Hot Peppers, 609

Osborn, Michael, 793

Osborne, Estelle Massey Riddle, 786

Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee Story Hour, 216

Otabenga, 641–643, 642

Othello

James Earl Jones in, 473, 474

Paul Robeson playing, 715–716

Otis, Johnny, 311

Otis Art Institute, 560

Ottley, Roi, 429

on Crystal Bird Fauset, 292

on Josephine Baker, 41

and Oliver W. Harrington, 376

Our Continent, Henry Ossawa Tanner’s illustrations in, 800

“Our Humanitarian Orthopaedic Opportunity” (White), 878

Our National Progress (newspaper), 219

Our Nig (Wilson), 901

Our Urban Poor: Promises to Keep and Miles to Go (Drake), 244

Our Women: Past, Present and Future (Brown), 109

“Our Women and What They Think” (column; A.J. Garvey), 328

Our World (magazine), 774

Outlet (magazine), 814

Outline for the Study of the Poetry of American Negroes (Brown), 118

Overton, Aida Reed, 886

Overton, Sadie, 212

Ovington, Mary White, 570

Owen, Chandler, 699

Owens, James Cleveland. See Owens, Jesse

Owens, Jesse, 643–645, 644

Carl Lewis’s victories matching, 527

Owens-West & Associates, 644

Oxford Companion to American Theatre, 575

Oxford English Dictionary, 136

Oxygen Media Inc., 906

P. E. Hopkins and Co., 412

Pace, Harry, 457

Pace Phonograph Company, 354

Pacific Appeal (newspaper), 70

Pacific Fur Company, 729

Packwood, Theodore, 714

Padmore, George, 329

“Pagan Survivals in Christianity” (Mays”), 571–572

Page, Oran “Hot Lips,” 276

Page, Ruth, 256

Page, Walter, 53

Count Basie playing with Blue Devils, 52

Page, Walter Hines, 161

Pagones, Steven A., 763

Paige, Satchel, 338, 647, 647–648

on Cool Papa Bell, 67

painters. See Art in Index of Subjects by Category or Area of Renown

Painter’s Mind, The: A Study of Structure and Space in Painting (Bearden and Holty), 61

Palladium of Liberty (newspaper), 325

Palmer, Alice Freeman, 105

Palmer, Earl, 536, 537

Palmer, George H., 538

Palmer, Henry, 889

Palmer, Roy, 28

Palmer, Wait, 333

Palmer Memorial Institute, 105–106, 475

Palms, 202, 420

Pan-African Congresses

Amy Ashwood Garvey at fifth, 327

London, 1900, 191

Paris, 1919

Charlotta Bass at, 56

John Hope at, 411

Rayford W. Logan leading member of, 540

Pan-Africanism, 540. See also Back-to-Africa movement

of Amy Ashwood Garvey, 327

influence on Meta Fuller, 319

of Paul Cuffe, 201

of Stokely Carmichael, 142

of UNIA, 326

of W. E. B. Du Bois, 201, 248–249

Pan-Africanist Council on African Affairs, 715

Pan African Liberation Committee, 725

Panama, Colin Powell and U.S. intervention in, 684

Panama Hattie (film), 413

Panama Trio, 596

Pan American Games, 593

Panjabi, Manohar M., 877

Panther and the Lash, The (Hughes), 422

Papanicolaou, George, 166

Papp, Joseph, 165

Paradise (Morrison), 605, 658

Paradise in Gazankulu (album), 66

Paradise Manor, 590

Paramount Records, 157, 446, 637, 662, 698

Pardon My Sarong (film), 257

Parham, Ernest, 444

Paris

Aaron Douglas in, 237

Augusta Savage in, 747

Beauford Delaney, 224

Bricktop in, 99

Chester Himes in, 404

Eartha Mae Kitt in, 505

Eugène Bullard, 124

owner of L’Escadrille, 125

Gordon Parks Jr. in, 652

Gordon Parks Sr. at Life (magazine) bureau, 654

Harold Amos’s work at Pasteur Institute, 22

Henry Ossawa Tanner in, 318, 800

James Baldwin in, 43

Josephine Baker in, 40

Le Grand Due

Bricktop at, 98

Eugène Bullard manager of, 124

Lil Armstrong in, 28

Loïs Mailou Jones in, 475

Meta Fuller at Salon d’Automne, 318, 319

Oliver W. Harrington in, 377

preferred destination for African American artists, 318

Quincy Jones in, 478

Rayford W. Logan in, 540

Richard Wright in, 917–918

Romare Bearden in, 61

William H. Johnson in, 466

Paris, Nancy, 302

“Paris Blues” (Ellington), 273

Park, Robert E., 451, 903

Parker, Charlie, 649, 649–651

Art Blakey’s association with, 83

and bebop, 340–341

Davis and, 213, 340–341

in Earl “Fatha” Hines’s band, 834

Thelonious Monk compared to, 602

Parker, Henry C., 665

Parker, Jay, 808

Parker, John J., 765

defeat of nomination to Supreme Court, 880

Parker, Maceo, 113

Parker, Maynard, 877

Parker, Melvin, 113

Parker, Theodore, 197

Parker, William, 93, 651–652

Thomas Bradley opposed to, 94

Parkman, Francis, 425

Parks, Gordon, Jr., 652–653

Parks, Gordon, Sr., 653–655

photograph of Duke Ellington, 271

photograph of Ella Watson, 653

Parks, Rosa, 172, 500, 655–657, 656, 723

Edgar D. Nixon friend of, 629

Moneta Sleet’s photographs of, 774

protégé of Ella Baker, 38

Parks, Suzan-Lori, 657–658

Girl 6 (film), 526

Parmar, Pratibha, 841

Parsons, Albert, 659

Parsons, Lucy, 659–660

Parsons, Richard Dean, 660–661

Partisan Review, 43, 48

Parton, Eddie, 552

Paschal, Denise, 782

Paschen, Friedrich, 431

Passing (Larsen), 515

passing for white, 34, 410

Belafonte family, 65

as film subject, 591, 639, 859

as literary subject, 161, 412, 515, 880

Luther Benjamin Askin, 34

Michael Healy, 387

Patrick Francis Healy, 388

Passion of Christ series (Bearden), 60

passports, denial of

Ida Bell Wells-Barnett, 865

Ira De Augustine Reid, 707

Paul Robeson, 716

W. E. B. and Shirley Du Bois, 250

William Monroe Trotter, 820

Pastor’s Voice, The (Brooks), 103

Paterno, Joe, on Eddie Robinson, 719

Paterson, Frederick D., 615

Pathfinder Absalom Jones, The (Bragg), 95

“Pathology of Race Prejudice, The” (Frazier), 316

Patten, William, 491

Patterson, Audrey, 175

Patterson, Belknap, Webb, and Tyler, 660

Patterson, Floyd, 17, 535, 535, 727

Patterson, Haywood. See Scottsboro Boys

Patterson, Inez, 857

Patterson, John (Senator), 275

Patterson, John M. (Governor of Alabama), 724

Patterson, Mary Saunders, 23

Patterson, William, 208

Patti, Adelina, 477

Patton, Bertha Lee, 662

Patton, Charley, 661, 661–662

influence on

John Lee Hooker, 409

Muddy Waters, 860

Robert Johnson, 464

W. C. Handy, 372

Patton Boggs and Blow, 117

Paul, Benjamin, 787

Paul, Clarence, 907

Paul, Emma Lee Davis, 367

Paul, Nathaniel, 662–663

and Wilberforce, Canada, 787

Paul, Thomas, 662

Paul, Weiss, 186

Paul Butterfield Blues Band, 393

Paule Marshall and the New Generation Reading Series, 563

Pauli Murray: The Autobiography of a Black Activist, Feminist, Lawyer, Priest, and Poet (Murray), 622

Pauling, Linus, 97

Paul Laurence Dunbar: Poet of His People (Brawley), 98

Paul Laurence Dunbar High School (Washington, DC). See also M Street High School

Charles Richard Drew at, 245

Edward Brooke at, 99

Eleanor Holmes Norton in last

segregated class at, 633

Elizabeth Catlett at, 151

faculty, 190, 540

Herman Russell Branson at, 96

Robert Clifton Weaver at, 862

Sterling Allen Brown at, 118

William Henry Hastie at, 381

William Montague Cobb at, 176

Paul Robeson (show), 474

Paul Robeson as Othello (sculpture; Barthé), 51

Pawnbroker (film; Lumet), 478

Payne, Daniel Alexander, 663–664, 826

accompanied by Theophilus Gould Steward, 788

Payne, John, 198

Payne, Sonny, 53

Payton, Lew, 773

Payton, Philip A., Jr., 664–665

Payton, Walter, 116, 665, 665–666

Peace and Freedom Party, 174

Peace Caravans of the Society of Friends, 244

Peace Corps

based on Operation Crossroads Africa, 723

Mae Jemison in, 449

Martin Puryear in, 690

training by Hildrus Poindexter, 677

Peace Halting the Ruthlessness of War (sculpture; Fuller), 319

Peace Information Center, 250

“Peace in the Valley,” 436

Peace Missions, 291

Peacock, Eulace, 643

Peale, Charles, 459

“Pearl Bailey Show, The,” 38

Pearl’s Kitchen (Bailey), 38

Pearson, Pauletta, 852

Peary, Josephine, 395

Peary, Robert, 395

Peck, David J., 182

Peculiar Sam: or, The Underground Railroad (Hopkins), 411

Pennell, Joseph, 800

Penney, Rob, 900

Penniman, Richard. See Little Richard

Pennington, James William Charles, 667–668

Pennsylvania. See also Philadelphia Abolition Society, 305