Notes

Notes to Preface

1. From the Majjhima Nikaya, trans. Nyanatiloka, The Word of the Buddha (Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 1971).

2. See Stephen Batchelor, Living with the Devil, New York: Riverhead, 2004, p. 173.

3. Adam Phillips, Terrors and Experts, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995, pp. 1-17.

4. D.W. Winnicott, Playing and Reality, London & New York: Routledge, 171/1986, p. 38.

5. Stephen Batchelor, “The freedom to be no one: Buddhism, mind and experience,” presented at Sharpham College, Devon, U.K., March 1998, p. 12.

6. W.R. Bion, Cogitations (London: Kamac Books, 1992), p. 91.

INTRODUCTION: KNOCKING ON BUDDHA’S DOOR

1. Rick Fields, How the Swans Came to the Lake: A Narrative History of Buddhism in America (Boulder, Colo.: Shambhala, 1981), p. 135.

2. See the letter of January 19, 1930, from Freud to Romain Rolland in Letters of Sigmund Freud, ed. Ernst Freud (New York: Basic Books, 1960), pp. 392–93.

3. Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, vol. 21 of Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1961), p. 72.

4. Sigmund Freud, “Analysis Terminable and Interminable,” Standard Edition, 23:235. As I discuss at the beginning of part III, Freud came to the conclusion that only a “healthy” ego could fully benefit from psychoanalysis.

CHAPTER 1. THE WHEEL OF LIFE: A BUDDHIST MODEL OF THE NEUROTIC MIND

1. Sigmund Freud, “Remembering, Repeating and Working–Through,” in vol. 12 of Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1958), p. 152.

2. Freud, “The Dynamics of Transference,” Standard Edition, 12:108.

3. D. W. Winnicott, Playing and Reality (London and New York: Routledge, 1971).

4. Freud, “On the Universal Tendency to Debasement in the Sphere of Love,” Standard Edition, 11:188–89.

5. Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, Standard Edition, 21:76.

6. Michael Eigen, “The Area of Faith in Winnicott, Lacan and

7. Bion,” International Journal of Psycho–Analysis 62 (1981): 422.

8. D. W. Winnicott, “Communicating and Not Communicating Leading to a Study of Certain Opposites,” in The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment (New York: International Universities Press, 1965), p. 187.

9. 8. Ibid., p. 186.

10. 9. See Lewis Aron, “Working through the Past—Working toward the Future,” Contemporary Psychoanalysis 21 (1991): 87–88.

11. 10. See Peter Matthiessen, Nine–Headed Dragon River: Zen Journal 1969–1982 (Boston: Shambhala, 1987), p. 192.

12. 11. W. R. Bion, Attention and Interpretation (New York: Basic Books, 1970), p. 105.

CHAPTER 2. HUMILIATION: THE BUDDHA’S FIRST TRUTH

1. Narada Maha Thera, The Buddha and His Teachings (Colombo, Sri Lanka: Vajirarama, 1973), p. 62.

2. Compiled from ibid., pp. 89–90; and Nyanatiloka, The Word of the Buddha, 14th ed. (Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 1968).

3. Lucien Stryck, World of the Buddha (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1968), pp. 52–53.

4. Sigmund Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, vol. 18 of Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1955), pp. 20–21.

5. Janine Chasseguet–Smirgel and Bela Grunberger, Freud or Reich? Psychoanalysis and Illusion (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986), p. 130.

6. Wilhelm Reich, Character Analysis, 3d ed. (New York: Orgone Institute Press, 1949), p. 213.

7. Otto Rank, “The Genesis of the Object Relation,” in The Psychoanalytic Vocation: Rank, Winnicott, and the Legacy of Freud, ed. Peter Rudnytsky (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1991), p. 173.

8. Otto Rank, Will Therapy, trans. J. Taft. (1929-1931; reprint, New York: Norton, 1978), p. 124.

9. Adam Phillips, Winnicott (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988), p. 81.

10. Ibid., p. 134.

11. D. W. Winnicott, “Ego Distortion in Terms of True and False Self,” in The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment (New York: International Universities Press, 1965), p. 145.

12. Freud, “On Narcissism: An Introduction,” Standard Edition, 14:116.

13. Richard De Martino, “The Human Situation and Zen Buddhism,” in Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis, ed. Erich Fromm, D. T. Suzuki, and Richard De Martino (New York: Harper & Row, 1960), p. 146.

14. Stephen Batchelor, The Faith to Doubt: Glimpses of Buddhist Uncertainty (Berkeley, Calif.: Parallax Press, 1990), p. 83.

CHAPTER 3. THIRST: THE BUDDHA’S SECOND TRUTH

1. Sigmund Freud, “Formulations on the Two Principles of Mental Functioning,” in vol 12. of Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1958), p. 219.

2. See T. R. V. Murti, The Central Philosophy of Buddhism: A Study of the Madhyamika System (London: Unwin Hyman, 1955), p. 3.

3. From Sutta 63 of the Majjhima-nikaya. Cited in Lucien Stryck, World of the Buddha (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1968), p. 147.

4. Ananda K. Coomaraswamy and I. B. Horner, The Living Thoughts of Gotama the Buddha (London: Cassell, 1948), p. 149.

5. Alice Miller, The Drama of the Gifted Child: The Search for the True Self, trans. Ruth Ward (New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 39.

6. Adam Phillips, On Kissing, Tickling, and Being Bored (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993), p. 76.

7. Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, trans., The Lankavatara Sutra: A Mahayana Text (Boulder, Colo.: Prajna Press, 1978), p. 159.

8. D. W. Winnicott, “Ego Distortion in Terms of True and False Self,” in The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment (New York: International Universities Press, 1965), p. 148.

9. Christopher Bollas, Forces of Destiny: Psychoanalysis and Human Idiom (London: Free Association Books, 1989), p. 21.

10. Hans Waldenfels, Absolute Nothingness: Foundations for a Buddhist-Christian Dialogue, trans. J. W. Heisig (New York: Paulist Press, 1976), p. 68.

CHAPTER 4. RELEASE: THE BUDDHA’S THIRD TRUTH

1. Joseph Goldstein and Jack Kornfield, Seeking the Heart of Wisdom: The Path of Insight Meditation (Boston: Shambhala, 1987), p. 83.

2. Nyanatiloka, trans., The Word of the Buddha (Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 1971), p. 38.

3. Sigmund Freud, “Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis,” in vol. 11 of Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1957), pp. 53-54.

4. Freud, Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of His Childhood, Standard Edition, 11:74-75.

5. This vignette has also been recorded in Stephen Levine, Who Dies? (New York: Doubleday/Anchor Books, 1982), pp. 98-99.

6. Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, Standard Edition, 21:68.

7. Hans Loewald, Sublimation: Inquiries into Theoretical Psychoanalysis (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988), p. 13.

8. Lucien Stryk, World of the Buddha (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1968), p. 271.

9. See, for example, Roy Schafer, A New Language for Psychoanalysis (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1976), pp. 155-78.

10. Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel, The Ego Ideal: A Psychoanalytic Essay on the Malady of the Ideal, trans. Paul Barrows (New York: Norton, 1985), p. 56.

11. Richard B. Clarke, trans., Verses on the Faith Mind (Fredonia, N.Y.: White Pine Press, 1984), p. 155.

12. Philip Yampolsky, trans., The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), p. 193.

CHAPTER 5. NOWHERE STANDING: THE BUDDHA’S FOURTH TRUTH

1. Thomas Merton, Mystics and Zen Masters (New York: Dell, 1961), pp. 18-19.

2. Walpola Rahula, What the Buddha Taught (New York: Grove Press, 1974), p. 45.

3. Annie Reich, “Narcissistic Object Choice in Women,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 1 (1953): 22-44.

4. His Holiness Tenzin Gyatso, Kindness, Clarity, and Insight, trans. and ed. Jeffrey Hopkins (Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion, 1984), p. 40.

5. Robert A. F. Thurman, Tsong Khapa’s Speech of Gold in the Essence of True Eloquence: Reason and Enlightenment in the Central Philosophy of Tibet (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984), p. 68.

6. Herbert V. Guenther, Philosophy and Psychology in the Abhidharma (Berkeley, Calif.: Shambhala, 1974), p. 207.

7. Kalu Rinpoche, The Dharma That Illuminates All Beings Impartially Like the Light of the Sun and the Moon (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986), p. 111.

8. Richard B. Clarke, trans., Verses on the Faith Mind (Fredonia, N.Y.: White Pine Press, 1984), pp. 148-51.

PART II. MEDITATION

1. Ananda K. Coomaraswamy and I. B. Horner, The Living Thoughts of the Gotama Buddha (London: Cassell, 1948), pp. 184-85.

2. Nyanaponika Thera, The Vision of Dhamma: Buddhist Writings of Nyanaponika Thera, ed. Bhikkhu Bodhi (York Beach, Maine: Samuel Weiser, 1986), p. 33.

3. Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, vol. 21 of Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1966), pp. 72-73.

CHAPTER 6. BARE ATTENTION

1. Nyanaponika Thera, The Heart of Buddhist Meditation (New York: Samuel Weiser, 1962), p. 30.

2. Joseph Goldstein, The Experience of Insight: A Natural Unfolding (Santa Cruz, Calif.: Unity Press, 1976), p. 20.

3. See, for example, my articles on the subject: “On the Neglect of Evenly Suspended Attention,” Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 16 (1984): 193-205 and “Attention in Analysis,” Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought 11 (1988): 171-89. See also Sigmund Freud, “Recommendations to Physicians Practicing Psycho-Analysis,” in vol. 12 of Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1958), pp. 111-12; and Freud, “Two Encyclopedia Articles,” Standard Edition, 18:235-62.

4. Sigmund Freud, “Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy,” Standard Edition, 10:23.

5. Freud, “Recommendations to Physicians Practicing Psycho-Analysis,” Standard Edition, 12:111-12.

6. D. W. Winnicott, “The Capacity to Be Alone,” in The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment (New York: International Universities Press, 1965), pp. 29-37.

7. Wes Nisker, “John Cage and the Music of Sound,” Inquiring Mind 3, no. 2 (1986): 4.

8. D.W. Winnicott, “Birth Memories, Birth Trauma, and Anxiety,” in Collected Papers: Through Paediatrics to Psycho-Analysis (New York: Basic Books, 1958), pp. 183-84.

9. Michael Eigen, “Stones in a Stream,” Psychoanalytic Review (in press).

10. D.W. Winnicott, “Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena,” in Playing and Reality (London: Routledge, 1971), p. 14.

11. Shunryu Suzuki, Zen Mind, Beginner’s Mind (New York: Weatherhill, 1970), pp. 36-37.

CHAPTER 7. THE PSYCHODYNAMICS OF MEDITATION

1. Bhadantacariya Buddhaghosa, Visuddhimagga (Path of purification), trans. Bhikkhu Nyanamoli, vol. 1 (Berkeley, Calif.: Shamb-hala, 1976), pp. 149-50.

2. Bhadantacariya Buddhaghosa, Visuddhimagga (Path of purification), trans. Bhikkhu Nyanamoli, vol. 2 (Berkeley, Calif.: Shambhala, 1976), p. 753.

3. Daniel Brown and Jack Engler, “The States of Mindfulness Meditation: A Validation Study,” in Transformations of Consciousness: Conventional and Contemplative Perspectives on Development, ed. Ken Wilber, Jack Engler, and Daniel Brown (Boston: New Science Library, 1986), p. 189.

4. Stephen A. Mitchell, Hope and Dread in Psychoanalysis (New York: Basic Books, 1993), p. 101.

5. Daniel Goleman, The Meditative Mind: The Varieties of Meditative Experience (Los Angeles: Tarcher, 1988).

6. Jack Kornfield, A Path with Heart: A Guide through the Perils and Promises of Spiritual Life (New York: Bantam, 1993), pp. 108-10.

7. Nyanaponika Thera, The Heart of Buddhist Meditation (New York: Samuel Weiser, 1962), pp. 144-45.

8. Mitchell, Hope and Dread, p. 149.

9. Marion Milner, The Suppressed Madness of Sane Men: Forty-four Years of Exploring Psychoanalysis (London: Tavistock, 1987), pp. 260-61.

10. Michael Eigen, “Breathing and Identity,” in The Electrified Tightrope, ed. Adam Phillips (Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 1993), p. 46.

11. Joseph Goldstein, personal communication to the author, February 1994.

12. See Emmanuel Ghent, "Masochism, Submission, Surrender: Masochism as a Perversion of Surrender,” Contemporary Psycho-analysis 26 (1990): 108-36.

13. Jessica Benjamin, The Bonds of Love (New York: Pantheon, 1988), p. 129.

14. Mitchell, Hope and Dread, p. 31.

15. Harry Stack Sullivan, “The Data of Psychiatry,” in Clinical Studies in Psychiatry, ed. Helen Swick Perry, Mary Ladd Gawel, and Martha Gibbon (New York: Norton, 1956), p. 33.

16. Jacques Lacan, Ecrits: A Selection, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Norton, 1966), p. 2.

17. See Roy Schafer, A New Language for Psychoanalysis (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1976).

18. Robert A. E Thurman, Tsong Khapa’s Speech of Gold in the Essence of True Eloquence: Reason and Enlightenment in the Central Philosophy of Tibet (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984), p. 131.

19. John Blofeld, The Zen Teaching of Huang Po: On the Transmission of Mind (New York: Grove Press, 1958), p. 86.

20. Sigmund Freud, “Analysis Terminable and Interminable,” in vol. 23 of Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1964), p. 235.

PART III. THERAPY

1. Joseph Goldstein and Jack Kornfield, Seeking the Heart of Wisdom: The Path of Insight Meditation (Boston: Shambhala, 1987), p. 95.

2. D.W. Winnicott, “The Location of Cultural Experience,” in Playing and Reality (London: Routledge, 1971), p. 100.

3. Sigmund Freud, “Analysis Terminable and Interminable,” in vol. 23 of Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1964), p. 235.

4. Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud, “Studies on Hysteria,” Standard Edition, 2:305.

CHAPTER 8. REMEMBERING

1. Sigmund Freud, “Remembering, Repeating and Working-Through,” in vol. 12 of Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1958), p. 147.

2. D. W. Winnicott, “Fear of Breakdown,” International Review of Psycho-Analysis 1 (1974): 106.

3. Freud, “Remembering, Repeating and Working-Through,” Standard Edition, 12:149.

4. Bhadantacariya Buddhaghosa, Visuddhimagga (Path of purification), trans. Bhikkhu Nyanamoli, vol. 2 (Berkeley, Calif.: Shamb-hala, 1976), p. 524.

5. Freud, “Remembering, Repeating and Working-Through,” Standard Edition, 12:147.

6. Michael Balint, The Basic Fault: Therapeutic Aspects of Regression (London: Tavistock, 1968), p. 21.

7. Isadore From, personal communication to the author, 1990.

8. Carl Jung, “Yoga and the West,” in Psychology and Religion: West and East, vol. 11 of The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, trans. R. E C. Hull, Bollingen Series, no. 20 (New York: Pantheon, 1958), p. 537.

9. Buddhaghosa, Visuddhimagga, p. 1.

CHAPTER 9. REPEATING

1. Sigmund Freud, “Remembering, Repeating and Working-Through,” in vol. 12 of Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans, James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1958), p. 150.

2. sGam.po.pa, The Jewel Ornament of Liberation, trans. Herbert V. Guenther (Berkeley, Calif.: Shambhala, 1971), pp. 216-17.

3. W. R. Bion, Attention and Interpretation (New York: Basic Books, 1970), p. 42.

4. Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel, “The Femininity of the Analyst in Professional Practice,” International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 65 (1984): 171.

5. Sandor Ferenczi, “The Elasticity of Psycho-Analytic Technique,” in Final Contributions to the Problems and Methods of Psycho-Analysis (New York: Basic Books, 1955), p. 98.

6. Otto Fenichel, Problems of Psychoanalytic Technique (New York: Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 1941), p. 5.

7. Charlotte Joko Beck, Everyday Zen: Love and Work, ed. Steve Smith (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1989), p. 71. Emphasis added.

8. Marsha M. Linehan, observation made in the course of panel discussion. “The Buddha Meets the West: Integrating Eastern Psychology and Western Psychotherapy” (panel discussion at the annual conference of the Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration, Cambridge, Mass., April 1988).

9. Hans Loewald, “On the Therapeutic Action of Psychoanalysis,” International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 58 (1960): 29.

10. Michael Balint, The Basic Fault: Therapeutic Aspects of Regression (London: Tavistock, 1968), p. 183.

11. Freud, “Remembering, Repeating,” p. 154.

CHAPTER 10. WORKING THROUGH

1. 1. Sigmund Freud, “Remembering, Repeating and Working-Through,” in vol. 12 of Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1958), p. 155.

2. Ibid., p. 151.

3. Freud, “Beyond the Pleasure Principle,” Standard Edition, 18:20-21.

4. Adam Phillips, Winnicott (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988), p. 80.

5. Lewis Aron, “Working through the Past—Working toward the Future,” Contemporary Psychoanalysis 27 (1991): 81-109.

6. Robert Thurman, “What Does Being a Buddhist Mean to You? Re: When You Speak of Letting Go of the Ego, What Is the ‘Ego’ That You Are Talking About Letting Go Of?” Tricycle: The Buddhist Review 3, no. 1 (1993): 28.

7. Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (New York: Norton, 1945), p. 92.

8. Sigmund Freud, New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, Standard Edition, 22:95.

9. See Aron, “Working through the Past.”

10. Erich Fromm, “Psychoanalysis and Zen Buddhism,” in Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis, ed. Erich Fromm, D. T. Suzuki, and Richard De Martino (New York: Harper & Row, 1960), p. 86.