AUTHOR’S NOTE ABOUT NOMENCLATURE

I use the word “Indian” to refer to the indigenous people of the Northwest, in keeping with the preference of staff at the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). Because of the great variation in the spellings of the names of individual Indians as recorded by Euro-Americans in the nineteenth century, I also generally defer to the CTUIR for the preferred spellings.