Index

Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering,4

Action Plan for a Safer Internet, 280

AdWords, 42-43

Algeria

Internet access in, 524

Internet cafés in, 528

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 528

AnchorFree, 38

Antivirus systems, 46, 49

Armenia, 137-147

background on, 137-138

child pornography regulation in, 143

Code of Criminal Procedure of, 143

de-registration in, 25

first-generation controls in, 23

international connectivity in, 140

Internet access in, 19, 122, 138-141

Internet cafés in, 139

Internet filtering in, 22, 137, 144

Internet restriction in, 123

Internet surveillance in, 143-144

ISPs in, 140-141

key indicators for, 138

legal and regulatory framework in, 141-142

mobile communication services in, 141

nonprofit networks in, 140

ONI testing results for, 137, 144

results at a glance for, 137

satellite services in, 140

second-generation controls in, 23

telecommunications industry of, 138, 139-140

third-generation controls in, 23

VoIP services in, 141

ArmenTel, 139-140 Asia, 409-430. See also specific countries

Internet access in, 410-413

Internet filtering in, 418-421

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 413-418

Audiovisual Media Services Directive, 280

Australia, 5, 391-406

copyright law in, 396-398

defamation liability in, 398-399

hate speech regulation in, 395-396

Internet filtering in, 391, 393-394

Internet surveillance in, 400

offensive content regulation in, 392-395

Racial Discrimination Act of, 395-396

Authoritarianism, 15, 16, 28-29

Autonomous systems, 39-40

Azerbaijan, 16, 149-160

background on, 149-151

cyberwar in, 151, 157

defamation liability in, 155

denial-of-access in, 26

domain name registration in, 153

first-generation controls in, 23

Internet access in, 19, 122, 124, 151-154

Internet cafés in, 151, 156, 157

Internet filtering in, 22, 150, 156-157

Internet surveillance in, 128, 155-156

ISPs in, 154

key indicators for, 150

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 154-155

mobile communication services in, 153-154

ONI testing results for, 150, 156-157

results at a glance for, 150

second-generation controls in, 23, 156

self-censorship in, 130

telecommunications in, 152-153, 154

third-generation controls in, 23

YouTube in, 151, 155

AzEuroTel, 152-153, 156

Bahrain, 526-527

Internet access in, 524

Internet filtering in, 529, 530

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 528

Baidu, 19 Bangladesh

Internet access in, 410

Internet filtering in, 420

BCentral, 77

Belarus, 16, 161-171

background on, 161-162

cyber crime in, 165

denial of access in, 26, 129

denial of service attack in, 26, 120

2006 elections in, 21, 26, 129

event-based filtering in, 129

first-generation controls in, 23

Internet access in, 19, 122, 162-164

Internet cafés in, 168

Internet filtering in, 22, 161

Internet surveillance in, 128, 166-167

ISPs in, 164, 167

key indicators for, 162

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 164-166

mobile communication services in, 163-164

ONI testing results on, 161, 167-168

results at a glance for, 161

retail regulation in, 166

second-generation controls in, 23, 167-168

self-censorship in, 168

slander law in, 25

SORM in, 166-167

telecommunications in, 162-163

third-generation controls in, 23

VoIP in, 164

Belgium, copyright in, 282

Beltelecom, 162-164, 165

Bits of Freedom, 79

BlueHost, 74-76, 78

Botnets, 46, 48

British Telecom, 38, 62-63

Bulgaria, copyright in, 282

Burma, 431-448

background on, 431-433

blogs in, 439, 441

Cyclone Nargis in, 432, 437

distributed denial of service attacks in, 80, 82, 439

human rights in, 432-433

Internet access in, 411, 412, 433-436

Internet cafés in, 434-435, 437-438

Internet filtering in, 431, 440-441

Internet registration in, 437

Internet shutdown (2007) in, 439-440

Internet slowdowns in, 435-436

Internet surveillance in, 438-439

ISPs in, 433-434

IT development in, 434

key indicators on, 432

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 436-438

ONI testing results on, 431, 439-442

online government engagement in, 413

results at a glance for, 431 Burrell, Brenda, 74-76

Canada, 369-387

child pornography law of, 374-375

computer security in, 379-380

copyright law in, 370, 377, 378-379

defamation liability in, 370, 377

Internet access in, 370

Internet filtering in, 370, 374-375, 380

Internet surveillance in, 381

ISP Telus of, 374

obscene and explicit content regulation in, 374-375

online gambling in, 376

Project Cleanfeed of, 375

Censorship. SeeIntermediary censorship; Self-censorship

Child pornography regulation, 8-9, 55-70

Armenia, 143

Australia, 392-394

Canada, 374-375

Denmark, 284, 329

Europe, 279-281

Finland, 329

Germany, 310, 313

INHOPE on, 59-60, 63-65, 328-329

international perspectives on, 57-60, 63-65

Internet filtering for, 56, 60-63

Italy, 320

National Action Plan on, 63

New Zealand, 394-395

Norway, 329-330

Pennsylvania, 61-62, 372-373

South Korea, 507

Spain, 284

Stockholm Declaration on, 58-59

Ukraine, 256-257

United Kingdom, 62-63, 283-284, 359-361, 362

United Nations’ actions on, 57-58

United States, 61-62, 370-373

Vienna Commitment on, 59-60

Yokohama Global Commitment on, 60-61

Chilling Effects Web site, 79, 80

China, 449-487

background on, 449-452

Baidu in, 461-462

blogs in, 73, 74, 456-457, 460, 461, 462

Bullog blog in, 456-457

Charter 08 in, 455

content restrictions in, 456-460

cyber attacks in, 467

data retention obligations in, 465-466

defamation liability in, 415, 462-463

e-mail service regulation in, 464

ethnic minority site filtering in, 471

Fifty Cent Party in, 30-31, 413, 455

GhostNet in, 467

Golden Shield project in, 463-464

G+oogle in, 461, 471-472

Green Dam software in, 472-473

host-based censorship in, 73-74

human flesh search engines in, 454-455, 463

human rights site filtering in, 470-471

Internet access in, 410, 453-455

Internet cafés in, 465

Internet filtering in, 419, 420-421, 449, 460-461, 467-473

Internet surveillance in, 463-464

keyboard logging devices in, 47

key indicators on, 450

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 456-463

Microsoft in, 461

mobile communication services in, 466

Olympics-related filtering in, 451, 468-473

ONI testing results on, 449, 467-473

online government engagement in, 412-413

online news media in, 457-458, 470-471

online vigilantism in, 412, 455, 460

pornography regulation, 456-457

preinstalled filtering software in, 472-473

real-name registration in, 464-465

results at a glance for, 449

self-censorship in, 461-462

Sichuan province earthquake in, 450-451

tainted milk scandal in, 451-452

Taiwanese site filtering in, 471

telecommunications in, 453-454, 469-470

TOM-Skype in, 72, 465-466

video-sharing sites in, 459-461

Weng’an riot in, 460-461

Wikipedia in, 469, 470

Yahoo in, 72-73, 461-462

YouTube in, 420, 455, 460, 471-472

Chinese-style filtering. SeeFirst-generation controls

Citizen Media Law Project, 81

Cleanfeed, 62-63, 283, 360-361, 375

Client surveillance, 45-49

Colocation America, 80

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 6, 7, 15, 119-135. See also specific countries

authoritarianism in, 15, 16, 28-29

coordination among, 121

defamatory provisions in, 126

domain name deregistration in, 130

ethnocultural diversity of, 121

event-based filtering in, 128-129

first-generation controls in, 17, 22-24, 29, 120-121

historical heritage of, 121

Internet access in, 122-123, 125

Internet content restriction in, 124-125

Internet filtering in, 22, 120-121

Internet registration requirements in, 125-126

Internet service agreements in, 125-126

Internet surveillance in, 23, 27, 127-128

ISPs in, 125, 131-132

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 124-128

national cyberzones in, 23, 27-28

national security concerns in, 126-127

ONI testing in, 120-121

post-USSR decline in, 18

second-generation controls in, 23, 24-27, 29, 121, 128-130, 131-132

self-censorship in, 130-131

state-sponsored information campaigns in, 23,28

technology in, 120, 123-124

telecommunications in, 131-132

third-generation controls in, 23, 27-28, 29, 121, 128-130, 131-132

upstream filtering in, 132

Computer network attacks, 7-8. See also

Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks ComScore, 47, 48

Conficker botnet, 46

Contextual signatures, 39

Cookies, 42, 43

Copyright

Australia, 396-398

Canada, 378-379

Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 78-80, 377-378

Europe, 281-283

Netherlands, 79

New Zealand, 398

Nordic countries, 327-328

South Korea, 509

Ukraine, 257

United States, 78-80, 377-378

Country profiles, 111-115. See also specific countries

governance, 113

index of democracy, 15, 16, 113

Internet accessibility, 113

key indicators, 112, 114

level of filtering, 111-112

magnitude of filtering, 112

Credit card numbers, 43

Cyberspace, 11-12

Defamation liability

Australia, 398-399

Azerbaijan, 155

Canada, 370, 377

China, 415, 462-463

Commonwealth of Independent States, 25, 126

Europe, 286-288

Germany, 287

India, 417

Italy, 286-287

New Zealand, 399

Pakistan, 417, 493-494

Poland, 287

Russia, 216-218

South Korea, 414-415, 508-509

Tajikistan, 231

Turkey, 351-352

Turkmenistan, 243

Ukraine, 255-256

United Arab Emirates, 592

United Kingdom, 287

United States, 376-377

Delta Telecom, 153, 156

Democracy, 15, 16, 28, 29

Denmark, 325-340

child pornography law in, 284, 329

copyright in, 282, 327-328

Internet access in, 325

Internet filtering in, 328-330

Internet surveillance in, 330-332

IT security in, 333

keyboard logging devices in, 47

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 326

Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 78-80, 377-378

Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, 8

in Burma, 80, 82, 439

in Georgia, 129-130, 179

in Kyrgyzstan, 120, 128-129

in Russia, 26-27

Doctrine of Information Security, 20-21

Dubai, 525, 590

ECPAT, 63

Egypt, 537-544

background on, 537-538

blogs in, 525, 538, 540

Internet access in, 524, 538-539

Internet cafés in, 529, 539, 541

Internet filtering in, 529, 537, 542

Internet surveillance in, 541-542

ISPs in, 542

key indicators on, 538

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 525-526, 527, 539-540

licensing laws in, 540

mobile communication services in, 540

ONI testing results on, 537, 542

results at a glance for, 537

social networking sties in, 541

telecommunications in, 538-539

Electronic Commerce Directive, 280

Encryption, 39

End Child Prostitution in Asian Tourism, 58

Estonia, denial of service attack in, 26, 119

Europe, 279-296. See also specific countries

copyright in, 281-283

defamation liability in, 286-288

hate speech regulation in, 285-286

Internet surveillance in, 288-290

nationalistic filtering in, 284-285

regional regulation in, 279-281

social filtering in, 283-284

Web site registration in, 287

European Data Retention Directive, 35-53, 288

client surveillance and, 45-49

Google use of, 44-45

network surveillance and, 36-41

server surveillance and, 41-45

Facebook, 41-42, 72

Fifty Cent Party, 30-31, 413, 455

Finland, 325-340

child pornography law in, 329

Internet access in, 325

Internet filtering in, 283, 328-330

Internet surveillance in, 289

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 326

First Amendment, 79-80

violations of, 61-62

First-generation controls, 4, 6, 10, 30

in child pornography, 60-63

in CIS countries, 17, 22-24, 29, 120-121

Flawed democracy, 15, 16, 28, 29

Forsvarets Radioanstalt (FRA), 37

France, 297-305

background on, 297-299

biometric passports in, 301

closed-circuit television in, 301

copyright in, 282

HADOPI law in, 282-283, 301-302, 332-333

Internet access in, 299

Internet surveillance in, 289, 300-302

ISPs in, 299

key indicators for, 298

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 198-199, 300

ONI testing results in, 297, 302

results at a glance for, 297

secularism of, 298

Yahoo case in, 285, 300

Gambling, 284, 320, 348, 375-376

Gaza, Internet filtering in, 530

Georgia, 173-181

background on, 173-174

denial of service attacks in, 120, 129-130, 179

first-generation controls in, 23

Internet access in, 19, 122, 175-176

Internet filtering in, 22, 173, 178-180

Internet infrastructure in, 174-176

Internet surveillance in, 179

ISPs in, 175, 176, 178-180

key indicators on, 174

legal and regulatory framework in, 176-178

mobile communication services in, 175

National Communications Commission of, 176-178

ONI testing results on, 173, 179-180

results at a glance for, 173

Rose Revolution of, 123, 173-174

second-generation controls in, 23

telecommunications in, 175

third-generation controls in, 23

upstream filtering in, 180

Germany, 307-316

background on, 307-308

Basic Law of, 308

child pornography regulation in, 310, 313

data retention law in, 311-312

defamation liability in, 287

Google in, 311

hate speech regulation in, 285-286, 309-310

Internet access in, 308-309

Internet surveillance in, 289, 311-312

ISPs in, 308

key indicators for, 308

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 309-311

ONI testing results in, 307, 312-313

pornography regulation in, 310-311

results at a glance for, 307

Web site blacklist in, 310

YouTube in, 310

GhostNet, 46, 48

Global Network Initiative, 87-108

accountability in, 96-97, 98-100

development of, 92-93

efficacy of, 102-103

foundational elements of, 94

freedom of expression and, 89-90

governance for, 96-97

government vs. business and, 89-91

implementation guidelines for, 95-96

learning-related activity of, 101

legitimacy of, 103

need for, 91-92

neutrality of, 103

participants in, 93-94, 97-98

principles of, 94-95

public access to, 100-101

scalability of, 103

scope of, 101-102

Sullivan Principles and, 91

sustainability of, 103

Global Online Freedom Act, 90-91

Glossary, 599-602

Google, 282

AdWords of, 42-43

in China, 461

in Dubai, 525

EU data retention directive and, 44-45

in Germany, 311

in Italy, 320

minimum censorship approach of, 78

search engine of, 41-42, 44

in South Korea, 78

Hate speech regulation

Australia, 395-396

Europe, 285-286

Germany, 285-286, 309-310

New Zealand, 396

Holocaust denial law, 286

Hostmonster, 77

Hotmail, 43, 79

HotSpot Shield, 38, 39

Hybrid democracy, 15, 16, 28, 29

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS), 39

Iceland, 325-340

Internet access in, 325

Internet filtering in, 328-330

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 326

Index of democracy, 15, 16, 113

India

Internet access in, 410

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 417

Information Warfare Monitor, 46

INHOPE, 59-60, 63-65, 328-329

Intermediary censorship, 71-85

in China, 73-74

control points in, 72-73

economics of, 78-80

host-based, 73-74

imbalanced incentives and, 81-82

OSP-based, 71, 72-73, 74-76, 80, 81-82

research implications of, 80-81

in Syria, 77

trends in, 77-78

in United States, 74-76

International Conference on Combating Child Pornography, 59-60

International Watch Foundation, 62, 64-65

Internet Brigades, 27

Internet cafés

Algeria, 528

Armenia, 139

Azerbaijan, 151, 156, 157

Belarus, 168

Burma, 434-435, 437-438

China, 465

Egypt, 529, 539, 541

Jordan, 528

Kuwait, 528

Lebanon, 529

Moldova, 206

Oman, 529

Pakistan, 491

Saudi Arabia, 528

self-censorship in, 130-131

Syria, 529, 573, 574

Tajikistan, 229, 230

Tunisia, 584

Turkmenistan, 240-241

United Arab Emirates, 593

Uzbekistan, 24

Yemen, 529

Internet exchange point, 39-40

Internet service provider, 10

Iran, 545-559

background on, 545-546

blogs in, 546, 547, 550, 554

broadband Internet in, 547-548

content restrictions in, 550-551

Cybercrimes Bill of, 551

ethnic minority site blocking in, 554

independent news media filtering in, 553-554

Internet access in, 547-548

Internet filtering in, 529, 530, 545, 548-551, 552-555

Internet surveillance in, 551-552

ISPs in, 548, 552

key indicators on, 546

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 548-551

ONI testing results on, 545, 552-555

Penal Code of, 550

political filtering in, 553

pornography filtering in, 555

Press Law of, 549-550

results at a glance for, 545

sexuality site filtering in, 555

SmartFilter in, 548-549

social networking site blocking in, 554-555

Irrawaddy, 80

Italy, 317-324

background on, 317-318

blogs in, 320

child pornography regulation in, 320

corruption in, 317-318

data retention in, 321

defamation liability in, 286-287

Google in, 320

Internet access in, 318-319

Internet surveillance in, 289, 321

ISPs in, 319, 320

key indicators for, 318

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 319-321

Levi-Prodi law of, 319

ONI testing results in, 317, 321

online gambling in, 284, 320

results at a glance for, 317

telecommunications in, 318-319

Jordan, 523

Internet access in, 524

Internet cafés in, 528

Internet filtering in, 529, 531

Kazakhstan, 183-190

background on, 183-184

denial-of-access in, 26

de-registration in, 25

first-generation controls in, 23

Internet access in, 19, 184-186

Internet filtering in, 22, 183, 188

Internet surveillance in, 128, 187-188

ISPs in, 185, 188

key indicators on, 184

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 125, 186-187

mobile communication services in, 185-186

national cyberzone in, 27

ONI testing results on, 183, 188

results at a glance for, 183

second-generation controls in, 23

telecommunications in, 185

third-generation controls in, 23

KazakhTelecom, 185-186, 187-188

Kentucky, online gambling law of, 376

Keyboard logging devices, 45, 47

Kompromat.ru, 26

Kubatana, 74-76

Kuwait

Internet access in, 524

Internet cafés in, 528

press law of, 526

Kyrgyzstan, 191-199

background on, 191-192

distributed denial-of-service attacks in, 120, 128-129

2005 elections in, 8, 21, 26, 128-129

first-generation controls in, 23

Internet access in, 19, 122, 192-194

Internet filtering in, 22, 191, 197

Internet surveillance in, 196-197

ISPs in, 193-194, 197

key indicators on, 192

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 195-196

mobile communication services in, 194

ONI testing results on, 191, 197

results at a glance for, 191

second-generation controls in, 23

telecommunications in, 193-194

third-generation controls in, 23

upstream filtering in, 197

VoIP services in, 194

KyrgyzTelecom, 193-194

Lebanon, Internet cafés in, 529

Libya, Internet filtering in, 529

LinkedIn.com, user blocking by, 77, 82

Live-Journal, 72

Malaysia blogs in, 411

Internet access in, 410

Internet filtering in, 421

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 416

online government engagement in, 413

Malicious code, WebSense on, 44

Malware, 45-46, 48

detection of, 48-49

Mauritania, Internet filtering in, 529

McLaughlin, Andrew, 78

Metadata, 39

Microsoft, 43

in China, 73, 461

Live Messenger turn-offs by, 81

Middle East, 523-535. See also specific countries

cyber attacks in, 531

Internet access in, 530-531

Internet regulation in, 525-526

Internet surveillance in, 528-529

ISP conditions in, 527-528

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 526-527

media environment in, 524-525

technical filtering in, 529-530

telecommunications law in, 528

Military action, 5-6, 12, 31

Minnesota, online gambling law of, 376

Moldova, 201-208

background on, 201-202

first-generation controls in, 23

Internet access in, 19, 122, 124, 202-203

Internet cafés in, 206

Internet filtering in, 22, 201

Internet surveillance in, 205-206

ISPs in, 202, 203

key indicators on, 202

legal and regulatory frameworks of, 203-205

mobile communication services in, 203, 204

ONI testing results on, 201, 206

registruof, 206

results at a glance for, 201

second-generation controls in, 23

state surveillance in, 27

telecommunications in, 203

third-generation controls in, 23

Twitter Revolution of, 123

Moldtelecom, 202, 203-204

Morocco

antiterrorism bill of, 527

Internet access in, 524

Internet filtering in, 529

Myanmar. SeeBurma

Nas, Sjoera, 79

National Security Agency, surveillance by, 37

Nepal, Internet access in, 410

Netflix, 43

Netherlands, copyright in, 79

Network Solutions, 77

Network surveillance, 36-41

data types in, 38-39

New Zealand, 391-406

copyright law in, 398

defamation liability in, 399

hate speech regulation in, 396

Internet filtering in, 392

Internet surveillance in, 400

offensive content regulation in, 394-395

NHK, 19

Nongovernmental organizations, for child protection, 58

Nordic countries. See specific countries

North Africa, 523-535.See also specific countries

Internet access in, 530-531

Internet regulation in, 525-526

Internet surveillance in, 528-529

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 526-527

media environment in, 524-525

technical filtering in, 529-530

telecommunications law in, 528

Norway, 325-340

child pornography law in, 329-330

copyright in, 328

file sharing in, 328

Internet access in, 325

Internet filtering in, 328-330

Internet surveillance in, 330-332

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 326

online gambling regulation in, 284

Oman

Internet cafés in, 529

Internet regulation in, 527-528

press law of, 526

One and One, 77

Online service providers, 10

censorship by, 71, 72-73, 80, 81-82

OpenNet Initiative (ONI), ix, xiii-xiv, 4, 5. See also specific countries OpinionSquare, 47

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 4-5, 6

Organized criminal networks, distributed denial-of-service attacks by, 8

Pakistan, 489-502

background on, 489-490

Balochi-related site blocking in, 496

blasphemous content filtering in, 493, 495-496

blogs in, 491-492, 497

Code of Conduct of, 494

collateral filtering in, 495-496

cybercrimes law in, 492

data retention in, 494

defamation liability in, 493-494

Internet access in, 411, 491-492

Internet cafés in, 491

Internet filtering in, 419-420, 489, 492-493, 495-497

Internet surveillance in, 38, 494

ISPs in, 491, 495, 497

journalists’ deaths in, 490

key indicators on, 490

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 417, 492-494

licensing requirements in, 493

ONI testing results on, 489, 495-497

results at a glance for, 489

Sindhi-related site blocking in, 496-497

YouTube in, 495-496

Pennsylvania, child pornography law in, 61-62, 372-373

Permission Research, 47

Personal information, state-sponsored dissemination of, 28

Phillippines, Internet access in, 410

Phishing, 65

Phrom (121media), 38, 40

Pirate Bay case, 327-328

Poland

defamation liability in, 287

Internet surveillance in, 289-290

Pornography regulation. See also Child pornography regulation

China, 456-457

Germany, 310-311

Turkey, 347-348

Ukraine, 256

Uzbekistan, 270

Proxy tools, 37, 39, 40, 41

Putin, Vladimir, 17

Qatar, Internet filtering in, 529

Regime change, 16

Relakks, 37, 39, 40

Romania, Internet filtering in, 283

Rostelecom, 212

Routing information, 38-39

Russia (RUNET), 15-34, 209-226

background on, 209-211

blogs in, 19-20, 213-214

censorship in, 217-218

commercial controls in, 20

Criminal Code in, 217

defamation liability in, 216-218

denial of access in, 21-24, 25-26

de-registration in, 25

distributed denial-of-service attack in, 26-27

Doctrine of Information Security in, 20-21

extremist activity in, 217

first-generation controls in, 17, 22, 24

growth in, 18-19

Internet access in, 18-19, 122, 211-214

Internet filtering in, 22, 24, 209, 220

Internet surveillance in, 23, 27, 127, 218-219

ISPs in, 19, 212-213, 216

key indicators on, 210

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 20-21, 23, 24-28, 126-127, 214-218

Medvedev administration of, 211

mobile communication services in, 213

Nashi youth movement in, 130

national cyberzone in, 27-28

ONI testing results on, 21-22, 209, 220

politics in, 19-20

Putin administration of, 209-211

registration in, 24

results at a glance for, 209

search engines in, 19

second-generation controls in, 23, 24-27

slander law in, 25

SORM-II in, 20, 27, 127, 218-219

state-sponsored information campaigns in, 23, 27, 28

telecommunications in, 25-26, 131-132, 212

third-generation controls in, 23, 27-28

Web site registration in, 215-216

Safer Internet Program, 279-280

Saudi Arabia, 561-569

background on, 561-562

blogs in, 562, 566

female journalists in, 565

global media Web sites in, 567

human rights sites in, 564-565, 566

Internet access in, 524, 562-563

Internet cafés in, 528

Internet filtering in, 529, 561, 564, 565-567

Internet suveillance in, 565

ISPs in, 563, 565

key indicators on, 562

legal and regulatory framework in, 527, 563-565

licensing in, 531

minority group Web sites in, 566

ONI testing results on, 565-567

religious police in, 565

results at a glance for, 561

SmartFilter in, 566

telecommunications in, 562-563

television and radio stations in, 562

Save the Children, 64

Second-generation controls, 6, 7

in CIS countries, 17, 23, 24-27, 156, 167-168

Self-censorship

in Belarus, 168

in China, 461-462

in Commonwealth of Independent States, 130-131

in Turkmenistan, 240

in Uzbekistan, 266, 269, 271

Server surveillance, 41-45

Singapore

Internet access in, 410

Internet filtering in, 418-419

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 416 Skype

in China, 72, 465-466

surveillance on, 47

SmartFilter, 548-549, 566, 584, 595

South Korea, 503-520

background on, 503-504

celebrity suicide in, 505-506

child pornography law in, 507

copyright in, 509

Cyber Censorship Team of, 510-511

data retention requirements in, 512

defamation liability in, 414-415, 508-509

Election Law in, 510

Google in, 78

Information Act of, 507, 512

Internet access in, 504-506

Internet filtering in, 410, 503, 513

Internet surveillance in, 511-513

ISPs in, 505, 513

key indicators on, 504

Korean Communications Standards Commission in, 507-508

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 414-415, 417-418, 506-511

North Korea relations with, 504

ONI testing results on, 503, 513

online government engagement in, 413

online vigilantism in, 412

real-name registration in, 512

results at a glance for, 503

social media sites in, 509

Telecommunications Business Act of, 506-507

U.S. beef ban in, 505

user-generated content in, 505

Soviet Union, 3

Spain, child pornography regulation in, 284

SpectorSoft, 45

Storm botnet, 46

Sudan, Internet filtering in, 530, 531

Surveillance, 9, 31-32. See also specific countries

in CIS countries, 23, 27, 127-128 (see also specific countries)

client, 45-49

network, 36-41

routinization of, 11

server, 41-45

SvyazInvest, 212

Sweden, 325-340

copyright in, 327-328

file sharing in, 326, 327-328

FRA-law of, 331-332, 333, 334

Internet access in, 325

Internet filtering in, 328-330

Internet surveillance in, 288-289, 330-332

IT security in, 333, 334

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 326

Piratpartiet of, 333 Switzerland

Internet filtering in, 284-285

online gambling regulation in, 284

Symantec, 46

Syria, 571-579

background on, 571-572

blogs in, 575-576

e-mail sites in, 576

human rights Web sites in, 576

Internet access in, 572-573

Internet cafés in, 529, 573, 574

Internet filtering in, 529, 530-531, 571, 575-577

Internet surveillance in, 574-575 ISPs in, 575

Israeli Web sites in, 576

journalist arrests in, 571-572

key indicators on, 572

Kurdish Web sites in, 575

Lebanese Web sites in, 575

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 527, 573-574

LinkedIn censorship in, 77, 82

mobile communication services in, 575

news Web sites in, 576

ONI testing results on, 571, 575-576

political filtering in, 573-574, 575

Press Law of, 526

results at a glance for, 571

social networking sites in, 574

telecommunications in, 572-573

Tajikistan, 227-235

background on, 227-228

defamation liability in, 231

domain registration in, 230

first-generation controls in, 23

Internet access in, 19, 228-230

Internet cafés in, 229, 230

Internet filtering in, 22, 227, 232-233

Internet surveillance in, 232

ISPs in, 229-230, 232-233

key indicators on, 228

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 231-232

national cyberzone in, 27

ONI testing results on, 227, 232-233

results at a glance for, 227

second-generation controls in, 23, 232

telecommunications in, 228-229

third-generation controls in, 23

Tajiktelecom, 228-229

Technical terms, 599-602

Thailand

Internet access in, 410

Internet filtering in, 420-421

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 413-414, 417

Third-generation controls, 6, 7

in CIS countries, 17, 23, 27-28, 29, 121, 128-130, 131-132

TOM Skype, 72, 465-466

Trust, 40, 44

in antivirus systems, 46

Tunisia, 581-587

background on, 581-582

blogs in, 583

cyber attacks in, 583

e-mail in, 584

Internet access in, 524, 582-583

Internet filtering in, 529, 530, 581, 584-585

Internet surveillance in, 584

ISPs in, 584

key indicators on, 582

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 526, 528, 583-584

ONI testing results on, 584-585

press code in, 583

results at a glance for, 581

SmartFilter in, 584

social networking sites in, 583

telecommunications in, 582-583

video-sharing sites in, 585

Turkey, 341-356

Atatürk insults in, 348

Attorneys Law of, 350

background on, 341-342

content blocking in, 347-351

defamation liability in, 351-352

exchange point of, 344

freedom of expression laws in, 346-351

Internet access in, 342-344

Internet laws in, 347-351

Internet surveillance in, 352-353

ISPs in, 343

key indicators for, 342

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 344-351

mass media laws in, 346-347

mobile communication services in, 344

ONI testing results on, 341, 353

online gambling in, 348

pornography regulation in, 347-348

Press Law of, 346

results at a glance for, 341

RTUK Law of, 346, 347

telecommunications in, 343, 344-346

VoIP services in, 344

YouTube in, 285, 351, 353

Turkmenistan, 237-248

background on, 237-239

defamation liability in, 243

dissent in, 244

first-generation controls in, 22, 23, 120

Internet access in, 19, 122, 123-124, 239-242

Internet cafés in, 240-241

Internet filtering in, 22, 237, 244, 245

Internet surveillance in, 244

key indicators on, 238

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 242-244

mobile communication services in, 241-242

ONI testing results on, 120, 237, 245

results at a glance for, 237

second-generation controls in, 23

self-censorship in, 240

telecommunications in, 239-240

third-generation controls in, 23

TurkmenTelecom, 125, 239-240, 241, 242-243

Turk Telecom, 132, 343, 344, 345-346

Ukraine, 249-263

background on, 249-250

blogs in, 253

censorship in, 255

child pornography law in, 256-257

copyright in, 257

defamation liability in, 255-256

first-generation controls in, 23

intellectual property rights in, 257

Internet access in, 19, 122, 251-253

Internet filtering in, 22, 249, 259

Internet surveillance in, 128, 257-258

ISPs in, 251, 252, 259

key indicators on, 250

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 253-257

mobile communication services in, 252, 253

ONI testing results on, 249, 259

Orange Revolution of, 123, 250

public morals law in, 255-256

results at a glance for, 249

satellite communication services in, 252-253

search engines in, 253

second-generation controls in, 23

telecommunications in, 251

third-generation controls in, 23

VoIP providers in, 255

Ukrtelecom, 251

United Arab Emirates, 589-598

background on, 589-590

blogs in, 594, 595

cybercrime in, 592

defamation liability in, 592

Internet access in, 523, 590-591

Internet cafés in, 593

Internet filtering in, 529, 589, 593-596

Internet surveillance in, 593

ISPs in, 593-594

key indicators on, 590

legal and regulatory framework in, 527, 591-593

media law in, 590, 591-592

ONI testing results on, 593-596

religion-related filtering in, 594-595

results at a glance for, 589

sex-related filtering in, 595-596

SmartFilter in, 595

telecommunications in, 591, 592-593

YouTube in, 592-593, 595

United Georgian Telecom, 175

United Kingdom, 357-366

background on, 357-358

child pornography regulation in, 62-63, 283-284, 359-360, 362

copyright in, 281

data retention in, 361

defamation liability in, 287

freedom of expression in, 358

Internet access in, 358-359

Internet filtering in, 257, 283, 360-361, 362

Internet surveillance in, 290, 361-362

ISPs in, 359, 362

key indicators for, 358

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 359-361

ONI testing results in, 357, 362

Project Cleanfeed of, 283, 360-361

results at a glance for, 357

United Nations’ Declaration on the Rights of the Child, 57-58

Optional Protocol of, 60 United States, 369-387

Child Online Protection Act of, 371-372

child pornography law in, 61-62, 370-373

Children’s Internet Protection Act of, 372

Communications Decency Act of, 370-372

computer security in, 379-380

copyright law in, 79-80, 377-379

defamation liability in, 376-377

Internet access in, 370

Internet filtering in, 370, 372-373, 380

Internet Safety Technical Task Force of, 373

Internet surveillance in, 380-381

Megan Meier Cyberbullying Prevention Act of, 373

network neutrality in, 380

obscene and explicit content regulation in, 370-375

online gambling regulation in, 375-376

OSP-based censorship in, 74-76, 81

wiretap law in, 381

United States Communicationis Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, 37, 127

United States Drug Enforcement Agency, 47

United States Privacy Act, 47

United States Treasury Department, Office of Foreign Assets Control of, 75-76

Upstream filtering

in Commonwealth of Independent States, 132

in Georgia, 180

in Kyrgyzstan, 197

in Uzbekistan, 132

Uzbekistan, 265-275

background on, 265-267

first-generation controls in, 22, 23, 120

Internet access in, 19, 122, 267-268

Internet cafés in, 24

Internet filtering in, 22, 265, 269, 271-272

Internet surveillance in, 128, 270-271

ISPs in, 267, 269, 271-272

key indicators on, 266

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 126, 268-270

licensing in, 270

mobile communication service in, 268

ONI testing results on, 120, 265, 271-272

results at a glance for, 265

second-generation controls in, 23

self-censorship in, 266, 269, 271

slander law in, 25

telecommunications in, 267-268

third-generation controls in, 23

upstream filtering in, 132

UzPAK, 269-270

Vienna Commitment, 59-60

Vietnam

Internet access in, 410

legal and regulatory frameworks in, 415-416

WebSense, on malicious code, 44

Wikipedia, 41-42

Wiretap requests, 37

World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, 58-59, 60-61

Yahoo, 41-42

in China, 72-73, 461-462

French access to, 285, 300

Yandex, 17, 19

Yemen, 526

Internet cafés in, 529

Internet filtering in, 530

Internet regulation in, 528

Yokohama Global Commitment, 60-61

YouTube, 132, 285

Australia, 393-394

Azerbaijan, 151, 155

campaign videos on, 79-80

China, 420, 455, 460, 471-472

Germany, 310

Pakistan, 38, 419-420, 495-496

South Korea, 78

Thailand, 420

Turkey, 351, 353

United Arab Emirates, 592-593, 595

Zimbabwe, Internet operations in, 74-7