CHAPTER ONE
1 Lower, Colony to Nation, 541.
2 Holmes, The Better Part of Valour, 21.
3 King, public statement, “Liberalism and Reconstruction,” August 1919, MG26–J5, LAC.
4 Pickersgill, “Mackenzie King’s Political Attitudes and Public Policies,” 18.
5 King, public statement, “Liberalism and Reconstruction.”
6 British High Commissioner, Ottawa, to London, 16 January 1936, in Hillmer, O.D. Skelton, 43n158.
7 English, Shadow of Heaven, 189.
8 Pearson to Massey, 16 July 1939, in Massey, What’s Past Is Prologue, 295.
9 Pearson, Mike, 1: 109.
10 Feiling, The Life of Neville Chamberlain, 320.
11 Dumitt, Unbuttoned, 216.
12 King diary, 2 January 1899.
13 Ibid., 4 September 1900.
14 Ibid., 2 September 1901.
15 Armstrong and Stagg, “William Lyon Mackenzie,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography, 9: 508.
16 Pickersgill, “Mackenzie King’s Political Attitudes and Public Policies,” 16.
17 King to Amery, 2 April 1907, MG26–J1, LAC.
CHAPTER TWO
1 Offer, The First World War, 173.
2 Ibid., 191.
3 Larmour, Canada’s Opportunity, 28.
4 Macpherson to Laurier, 20 August 1907, MG26–G, LAC.
5 Laurier to the Liberal MP for Vancouver City, Robert Macpherson, 27 August 1907, MG26–G, LAC.
6 Greenwood to the Empire Club, Toronto, 13 September 1907, Empire Club of Canada Speeches, 1907–1908, 15.
7 Borden, The Question of Oriental Immigration, 9.
8 Toronto Globe, 14 September 1907.
9 Order-in-Council, 12 October 1907, LAC.
10 Dawson, William Lyon Mackenzie King, 148.
11 King diary, 31 January 1908.
12 Ibid., 25 January 1908.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid., 24 February 1908.
15 Ibid., 25 February 1908.
16 Grey to Elgin, 17 February 1908, in Dawson, William Lyon Mackenzie King, 157.
17 Offer, The First World War, 193
18 Ibid., drawing on King diary of 28 January 1908.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid., 160.
21 King diary, 9 March 1908.
22 Ibid., 27 February 1908.
23 Ibid., 8 April 1908.
24 Ibid., 20 March 1908.
25 Ibid., 4 March 1909.
26 Ibid., 17 March 1908.
27 Ibid., 28 March 1908.
28 Ward, White Canada Forever, 91.
29 Borden to Perley, 17 July 1914, DCER, 1: 649.
30 Isabel King to King, 6 November 1905, in Dawson, William Lyon Mackenzie King, 181.
31 King diary, 6 March 1909.
32 Ibid., 24 May 1909.
33 King diary, 6 March 1909.
34 King diary, 31 October 1911.
1 King to Lewis, 25 August 1919, MG25–J1, LAC.
2 Sir Frederick Borden to 1907 Imperial Defence Committee, in Stacey, “Laurier, King and External Affairs,” 86.
3 Borden to Christie, 16 April 1926, in Eayrs, In Defence of Canada, 1: 24.
4 Bliss, Right Honourable Men, 145.
5 Great Britain, Parliament, House of Lords, Debates, 22 July 1870.
6 Ibid., 2 August 1904.
7 Ibid., 12 August, 1911.
8 Dugdale, in Arthur James Balfour, 2: 378.
9 Asquith, Minutes of Imperial Conference, 25 May 1911, 71, and 23 May, 22.
10 Speech by Sir George Perley to the National Liberal Club (London), 6 April 1916, Canadian Annual Review, 1916, 449.
11 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 2 September 1919.
12 Kerr to Grigg, 15 April 1920, in Butler, Lord Lothian, 79.
13 King diary, 19 November 1941.
14 Ibid., 20 May 1943.
15 Neatby, “Mackenzie King and the Historians,” 8.
16 Hillmer, “Anglo-Canadian Neurosis,” 67.
17 Massey, What’s Past Is Prologue, 135.
18 Glazebrook to Dove, 24 August 1923, Bodleian Library, Oxford, mss, English History, c. 819, folio 177.
19 Robertson to his mother, 22 October 1923, in Granatstein, A Man of Influence, 10.
20 King diary, 25 August 1900.
21 Pickersgill, “Mackenzie King’s Political Attitudes and Pubic Policies,” 19.
22 King diary, 5 December 1922.
CHAPTER FOUR
1 Riddell, The Riddell Diaries, 385.
2 Ronaldshay, The Life of Lord Curzon, 3: 300.
3 Middlemas and Barnes, Baldwin, 110.
4 Colonial Secretary to Governor General, 15 September 1922, DCER, 3: 74.
5 Walder, The Chanak Affair, 216; Beaverbrook, The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George, 160.
6 Campbell, F.E. Smith, 605.
7 Curzon to King, 8 October 1923, DCER, 3: 247.
8 King diary, 17 and 18 September 1922.
9 Beaverbrook, The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George, 160; Colonial Secretary to Governor General, 18 September 1922, DCER, 3: 76.
10 Globe, 19 September 1922.
11 Beaverbrook, The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George, 187.
12 King diary, 20 October 1923.
13 Gilbert, Portrait of a Diplomat, 275.
14 Campbell, F.E. Smith, 605.
15 Greenwood to King, King diary, 19 May 1944.
16 Ibid., 26 January 1923.
17 Ronaldshay, The Life of Lord Curzon, 3: 302.
18 Mosley, Curzon, 233.
19 Ronaldshay, The Life of Lord Curzon, 3: 302.
20 Sir Frederick Borden to the 1907 Imperial Defence Committee, in Stacey, “Laurier, King and External Affairs,” 88.
21 Minister of Marine and Fisheries (Lapointe) to Prime Minister, 20 September 1922, DCER, 3: 79.
22 Meighen speech, 22 September 1922, to the Toronto Liberal-Conservative Business Men’s Club, Mail and Empire, 23 September 1922, in Graham, Arthur Meighen, 2: 210.
23 King diary, 19 October 1922.
24 King to the 1923 Imperial Conference, 8 October 1923, DCER, 3: 246.
25 Cook, “J.W. Dafoe at the Imperial Conference,” 31.
26 King to the 1923 Imperial Conference, 8 October 1923, DCER, 3: 245.
27 Ibid., 3: 248.
28 Wigley, Canada and the Transition to Commonwealth, 144.
29 King to the 1923 Imperial Conference, 8 October 1923, DCER, 3: 244.
30 MacLaren, Commissions High, 252.
31 Ibid.
32 Stacey, Canada and the Age of Conflict, 2: 67.
33 King diary, 2 April 1924.
34 MacLaren, Commissions High, 251.
35 King diary, 18 November 1923.
36 Curzon to his wife, 8 November 1923, in Marchioness Curzon, Reminiscences, 181.
37 Curzon to his wife, 18 November 1923, ibid., 192.
38 King speech, Quebec City, October 1926; Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 13 December 1926.
39 King to 1926 Imperial Conference, 4 November 1926, DCER, 4: 136.
40 Ibid., 110.
41 Balfour Declaration of 1926, Documents on Canadian Foreign Policy, ed. Riddell, 130; Statute of Westminster, in Historical Documents of Canada, ed. Stacey, 485.
42 King diary, 3 February 1927.
43 Ibid., 29 December 1926.
44 Betcherman, Ernest Lapointe, 129.
45 MacRae to Dafoe, 21 November 1926, in “A Canadian Account,” ed. Cook, 61.
46 Betcherman, Ernest Lapointe, 124.
47 King diary, 11 September 1929.
CHAPTER FIVE
1 Rowell to the first League of Nations Assembly 1920, in Prang, N. W. Rowell, 361.
2 King diary, 9 April 1923.
3 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, Government Resolution, 21 June 1926.
4 Dawson, William Lyon Mackenzie King, vol.1.
5 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 12 February 1929.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid., 18 October 1932.
CHAPTER SIX
1 Hughes, “The Early Diplomacy of Italian Fascism in 1922–1932,” 1: 230.
2 Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich, 22.
3 Brendon, The Dark Valley, 25.
4 Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War, 85.
5 King diary, 26 September 1928.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid., 26–27 September 1928.
8 Ibid., 24 September 1928.
9 Massey diary, 6 April 1931, University of Toronto Archives.
10 Gilbert, Winston Churchill, 5: 226; Edwards, “The Foreign Office and Fascism,” 157.
11 Toronto Star Weekly, 21 January 1928.
12 Waite, “French-Canadian Isolationism and English Canada,” 134.
13 Eayrs, “A Low Dishonest Decade,” 69.
CHAPTER SEVEN
1 King diary, 3 July 1927.
2 Vansittart memorandum, 6 May 1933, in “Robert Gilbert Vansittart,” Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 20.
3 King diary, 16 July 1933.
4 Halton, Toronto Daily Star, 16 September 1933, in David Halton, Dispatches from the Front, 79.
5 Toronto Star, 16 October 1933.
6 Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 30 August 1939, 1: 415.
7 Lockhart, The Diaries of Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart, 1: 299.
8 Phipps to Simon, 8 August 1934, Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939, Second Series, 12: 4
9 Rowell to his daughter, 14 April 1933, in Prang, N.W. Rowell, 475.
10 Eksteins, The Rites of Spring, 303.
11 Lockhart, The Diaries of Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart, 263.
12 Diamond, The Nazi Movement in the United States, 127.
13 Wagner, “The Deutscher Bund Canada,” 176.
14 Ibid., 140.
15 Wagner, “The Deutscher Bund Canada,” 179.
16 Le Patriote, 12 January 1934, in Nadeau, The Canadian Führer, 101.
17 Ludecke, I Knew Hitler, 541.
18 Betcherman, Ernest Lapointe, 273.
19 Nadeau, The Canadian Führer, 94.
20 Fine, “Anti-Semitism in Manitoba in the 1930s and 40s,” 41.
21 Whitaker, Kealey, and Parnaby, Secret Service, 144; Wagner, “The Deutscher Bund Canada,” 176.
CHAPTER EIGHT
1 Gray, Mrs. King, 363.
2 King diary, 9 November 1934.
3 Veatch, Canada and the League of Nations, 134.
4 King to Garson, 11 January 1935, MG25–J1, LAC.
5 King diary, 9 January 1935.
6 Ibid., 27 January 1934.
7 Ibid., 1 January 1935.
8 Ibid., 17 December 1934.
9 Riddell, World Security by Conference, 88.
10 Macleod, Neville Chamberlain, 185.
11 Baldwin, in Barnett, The Collapse of British Power, 375.
12 Riddell diary, 16 January 1935, York University Archives.
13 Rowell to Pearson, 19 August 1935, in Prang, N.W. Rowell, 479.
14 CAB 24/255, CP 98 (35), 13 May 1935, UKNA.
15 Riddell diary, 16 April 1935, York University Archives.
16 Veatch, Canada and the League of Nations, 136.
17 Ibid., 132.
18 Bennett to Ferguson, 26 July 1935, DCER, 5: 377; Carter, “Canada and Sanctions.”
19 British High Commissioner, Ottawa, to London, 9 August 1935, DO 6109/A/159, UKNA.
20 Ibid., 23 August 1935.
21 King diary, 22 August 1935.
22 Lapointe speech, 9 September 1935, in Stacey, Canada and the Age of Conflict, 2: 180.
23 Riddell diary, 9 May 1935, York University Archives.
24 Skelton to Herridge, 23 August 1935, DCER, 5: 379.
25 Skelton to Rowell, 2 October 1935, in Prang, N.W. Rowell, 480.
26 Amery, The Empire at Bay, 13 August 1935, 2: 396.
27 Ottawa Morning Citizen, 9 September 1935.
28 In Stacey, Canada and the Age of Conflict, 2: 180.
29 Eayrs, In Defence of Canada, 2: 6.
30 Herridge to Finlayson, 3 August 1935, in Stacey, Canada and the Age of Conflict, 2: 190.
31 Bennett to Dominions Secretary, 3 September 1935, DCER, 5: 381; British High Commissioner, Ottawa, to London, 4 September 1935, DO 6109 A 270, UKNA.
32 Pearson, Mike, 1: 93.
33 Ferguson to League of Nations Assembly, 14 September 1935, in Documents on Canadian Foreign Policy, ed. Riddell, 535.
34 King diary, 11 October 1935.
35 CAB 24/256, CP 167(35), 20 August 1935, UKNA.
36 Foreign Office to British High Commissioner, Ottawa, 5 September 1935, DO 114/67, 6109, A 270, UKNA.
37 Cannadine, George V, 93.
38 Amery, My Political Life, 2: 175.
39 Chamberlain to Cabinet, 2 July 1935, in Macleod, Neville Chamberlain, 185.
40 Riddell diary, 26 July 1935, York University Archives.
41 Hoare speech to the League of Nations, 9 September 1935, in Riddell, World Security by Conference, 101.
42 Laval speech to the League of Nations, ibid.
43 Ferguson to the League Committee of Eighteen, 11 October 1935, in Pearson, Mike, 1: 96.
44 Note of a meeting at Geneva on 26 September 1935 of British Commonwealth Representatives, DO 114/68, 6109 A 403 S, UKNA.
45 Chamberlain to his sister, 19 October 1935, Diary Letters, 4: 157.
46 Amery, The Empire at Bay, 2 October 1935, 2: 237.
47 Eden to Hoare, 7 October 1935, Documents on British Foreign Policy, Second Series, vol. 15, no. 40.
48 Gilbert, Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years, 139.
49 King diary, 6 October 1935.
50 Ibid.
51 Ibid.
52 Ibid.
53 British High Commissioner, Ottawa, to London, 19 October 1935, DO 114/67, 6109 A 3/2, UKNA.
54 Secretary of State for External Affairs to Advisory Officer, Geneva, 15 October 1935, DCER, 5: 393.
55 Advisory Officer, Geneva, to Undersecretary of State for External Affairs, ibid.
56 King diary, 17 October 1935.
CHAPTER NINE
1 Buckner, Canada and the End of Empire, 100; Bothwell, Your Country, My Country, passim.
2 Bothwell and English, “Dirty Work,” 285n83.
3 Rowell to Skelton, 12 October, 1935, in Prang, N.W. Rowell, 481.
4 Riddell to Rowell, 22 October 1935, York University Archives.
5 Middlemas and Barnes, Baldwin, 877; James, Memoirs of a Conservative, 409.
6 Riddell, World Security by Conference, 131.
7 Chamberlain to his sister, 22 September 1935, Diary Letters, 4: 153.
8 King diary, 19 October 1935.
9 Ibid., 25 October 1935.
10 Ibid., 26 October 1935.
11 King press statement 29 October 1935, DCER, 5: 403; British High Commissioner, Ottawa, to London, 30 October 1935, DO 114/67, UKNA.
12 King diary, 29 October 1935.
13 Enclosure to Hoare and Eden Memorandum on Embargo of Oil Supplies for Italy, 27 November 1935, Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939, Second Series, vol. 15, doc. 270.
14 Schmidt, Hitler’s Interpreter, 60.
15 King to Riddell, 4 November 1935, DCER, 5: 406.
16 Riddell to King, 5 November 1935, ibid., 407.
17 Chamberlain diary, 29 November 1935, in Macleod, Neville Chamberlain, 187–8.
18 Montreal Gazette, 2 March 1936.
19 Mackenzie King, Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 2 March 1936.
20 Petrucci to Rome, 6 November 1935, Documents on Canadian Foreign Policy, ed. Riddell, 522.
21 Italian aide-mémoire, Ottawa, 11 November 1935, Documents on Canadian Foreign Policy, ed. Riddell, 552n3.
22 Riddell, World Security by Conference, 129.
23 Skelton to Beaudry, 26 November 1935, DCER, 5: 410.
24 Ibid.
25 Beaudry to Skelton, 28 November 1935, DCER, 5: 411.
26 Skelton to Beaudry, ibid., 413.
27 Ibid.
28 Undersecretary of State for External Affairs to Secretary of State for External Affairs, ibid., 414.
29 Reply to the Italian aide-mémoire, 27 November 1935, Documents on Canadian Foreign Policy, ed. Riddell, 552.
30 Chamberlain diary, 29 November 1935, in Macleod, Neville Chamberlain, 188.
31 Vansittart minute, Documents on British Foreign Policy, Second Series, vol. 15, doc. 294, p. 371.
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid.
34 Beaudry to Lapointe, 29 November 1935, DCER, 5: 414.
35 Lapointe to Riddell, 1 December 1935, DCER, 5:415.
36 King to Riddell, 6 December 1935, DCER, 5: 417.
37 Documents on British Foreign Policy, Second Series, vol. 15, 294, p. 370.
38 British High Commissioner, Ottawa, to London, I December 1935, DO 114/67, 6109/A/3/22, UKNA.
39 Lapointe to Riddell, 1 December 1935, DCER, 5: 415.
40 Beaudry to Riddell, ibid.
41 Lapointe to Skelton, 29 November 1935, ibid, 5: 413.
42 King diary, 29 November 1935.
43 Ibid., 6 February 1936.
44 Power, A Party Politician, 121.
45 Quebec Chronicle Telegraph, 9 September 1935.
46 Binchy, Church and State, 643; Baer, The Coming of the Italo-Ethiopian War, 258.
47 Baer, The Coming of the Italo-Ethiopian War, 139.
48 Montgomery to Hoare, October 9, 1935, British Documents, Second Series, vol. 15, 52, p. 62.
49 Kent, Between Rome and London, 262.
50 Kertzer, The Pope and Mussolini, 460.
51 King to Cousandier, 13 April 1935, Beaverbrook Papers, Parliamentary Archives, London, BBK/A/243.
52 Cousandier to King, 15 December, 1935, ibid.
53 British High Commissioner, Ottawa, to London, 13 December 1935, DO 114/67, UKNA.
54 Eayrs, In Defence of Canada, 2: 25
55 Drummond to Hoare, 3 December 1935, Documents on British Foreign Policy, Second Series, vol. 15, doc. 299, p. 375.
56 Eden, Facing the Dictators, 287.
57 Riddell to Skelton, 7 December 1935, DCER, 5: 423.
58 Avenol to Riddell, 7 December 1935, Riddell diary, York University Archives.
59 Baer, Test Case, 139.
60 Rowell to Riddell, 3 December 1935, in Prang, N.W. Rowell, 482.
61 Betcherman, Ernest Lapointe, 207.
62 King diary, 24 February 1938.
63 Ibid., 6 December 1935.
64 Note of a Meeting at the Foreign Office, 5 December 1935, DO 114/66, UKNA.
65 Massey to MacDonald, 12 December 1935, ibid.
66 Note of a Meeting at the Foreign Office, 29 February 1936, Documents on British Foreign Policy, Second Series, vol. 15, doc. 710.
67 Schmidt, Hitler’s Interpreter, 60.
68 Thompson, The Anti-Appeasers, 38.
69 Secretary of State for External Affairs, to Acting Advisory Officer, Geneva, 11 December 1935, DCER, 5: 425.
70 King diary, 19 December 1935.
71 Barnett, The Collapse of British Power, 375.
72 Nicolson diary, 10 December 1935, Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 1: 230.
73 Chamberlain to his sister, 15 December 1935, Chamberlain, Diary Letters, 4: 166.
74 Note of a Meeting of High Commissioners, 20 December 1935, DO 114/66, 6109, A/22/3, UKNA.
75 Riddell, World Security by Conference, 140.
1 Speer, Inside the Third Reich, 72.
2 King diary, 5 January 1936.
3 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 13 March 1936.
4 Great Britain, House of Commons, 26 March 1936.
5 Massey diary, 11 May 1936, in Massey, What’s Past Is Prologue, 239.
6 King diary, 23 March 1936.
7 Riddell, World Security by Conference, 145.
8 Churchill, The Gathering Storm, 177.
9 Cadogan minute, 1 March 1939, The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 153.
10 New York Herald, 22 May 1936.
11 Maisky diary, 29 January 1936, The Maisky Diaries, 64.
12 Cannadine, George V, 98.
13 Zeigler, King Edward VIII, 269.
14 King to Cousandier, 16 April 1935, Beaverbrook Papers, Parliamentary Archives, London.
15 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 2 March 1936.
16 Ibid., 10 February 1936.
17 King press statement, Ottawa, 29 October 1935.
18 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 11 February 1936.
19 Ibid.
20 Vancouver Daily Province, Vancouver Sun, 16 March 1936.
21 Borden, 5 May 1936, Letters to Limbo, 269.
22 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 28 May 1936.
23 Ibid., 18 June 1936.
24 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 7 June 1936.
25 Winnipeg Free Press, 18 June 1936.
26 Bennett, Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 18 June 1936.
27 Massey to the League of Nations Assembly, 1 July 1936, in Documents on Canadian Foreign Policy, ed. Riddell, 587.
28 Toronto Star, 25 August 1936.
29 English and McLaughlin, Kitchener, 165.
30 Winnipeg Free Press, 7 August 1936.
31 Wilgress, Memoirs, 105.
32 King diary, 26 May 1936; Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 23 June 1936.
33 Owen, Tempestuous Journey, 736; Gilbert, The Roots of Appeasement, appendix 2.
34 Letter from Lloyd George to Conwell-Evans 27 December 1937, in Owen, Tempestuous Journey, 737; Williamson and Baldwin, Baldwin Papers, 125.
35 Lentin, Lloyd George, 94; Gilbert, The Roots of Appeasement, appendix 2.
36 Churchill, The Gathering Storm, 250.
37 Rowell to King, 9 July 1936, in Prang, N.W. Rowell, 484.
38 Middlemas and Barnes, Baldwin, 957.
39 Record by Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs of interview with Mackenzie King in Geneva, 20 September 1936, Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939, Second Series, vol. 17, 212; Hillmer, “The Pursuit of Peace,” 149.
40 King diary, 26 September 1936.
41 Ibid., 27 September 1936.
42 Pearson, Mike, 70–1.
43 King diary, 29 September 1936.
44 Ibid., 30 September 1936.
45 Ibid., 25 September 1936.
46 Eden, Facing the Dictators, 133.
47 King to Massey, 8 June 1936, DCER, 5: 960.
48 Brennan, Reporting the Nation’s Business, 72.
49 King diary, 14 March 1938.
50 Martin statement, 2 May 1970, quoted in Bothwell and English, “Dirty Work at the Crossroads,” 284n81.
51 Diefenbaker, One Canada, 1: 232.
52 Colvin, Vansittart in Office, 19.
53 James, Memoirs of a Conservative, 405.
54 Middlemas and Barnes, Baldwin, 923.
55 King diary, 27 October 1936.
56 Ibid., 23 October 1936.
57 Baldwin, 24 July 1936, quoted in Gilbert, Churchill, 5: 777.
58 Cowling, The Impact of Hitler, 147.
59 Chamberlain to his sister, 13 December 1936, Chamberlain, Diary Letters, 4: 228.
60 Nadeau, The Canadian Führer, 88.
61 “S,” “Embryo Fascism in Quebec,” Foreign Affairs, April 1938.
62 Life, 18 July 1938, 9.
63 Bouchard, Memoires, 95 and 110.
64 Maisky, The Maisky Diaries, 35n6.
65 Power, Party Politician, 121.
66 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 15 February 1937.
67 Neatby, Mackenzie King, 193.
68 King diary, 10 February 1937.
69 Ibid., 19 February 1937.
70 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 15 February 1937.
71 Ibid.
72 King diary, 6 March 1938.
73 British Ambassador, Washington, to London, 8 March 1937, Documents of British Foreign Policy, vol. 18.
CHAPTER ELEVEN
1 Copies of these telegrams are in RG25–D1, vol. 817, LAC.
2 Elliott, Scarlet to Green, 63.
3 MacDonald to King, 22 May 1936, DO 114/68, 6109/A/3/54 UKNA.
4 Massey diary, 17 June 1937, in Massey, What’s Past Is Prologue, 242.
5 Hillmer, “The Pursuit of Peace,” 156.
6 Garner, The Commonwealth Office, 87.
7 Middlemas, Diplomacy of Illusion, 10 and 17.
8 Hall, Commonwealth, 509.
9 Keenleyside, introduction to The Growth of Canadian Policies in External Affairs, 12.
10 Ibid.
11 King diary, 7 June 1937.
12 Eden to the 1937 Imperial Conference, 19 May 1937, Documents on British Foreign Policy, Second Series, vol. 18.
13 King to the 1937 Imperial Conference, DCER, 6: 162.
14 King to the 1937 Imperial Conference, 21 May, DCER, 6: 915.
15 Ibid., 914.
16 Chamberlain to the Principal Delegates at the Imperial Conference, 22 May 1937, in Tamchina, “In Search of Common Causes,” 83.
17 King to MacDonald, 18 August 1938, DCER, 6: 935.
18 Ibid., 92.
19 Mackenzie to Imperial Conference, 24 May 1937, DCER, 6, 202.
20 Ibid., 201.
21 Dafoe, Great Britain and the Dominions, 51.
22 Tamchina, “In Search of Common Causes,” 82.
23 King to the Imperial Conference, 21 May 1937, DCER, 6: 164.
24 Hillmer, “The Pursuit of Peace,” 163.
25 Alice Massey to her sister, October 1938, in Massey, What’s Past Is Prologue, 266.
26 Annan, Our Age, 266.
27 Swinton, Sixty Years of Power, 110.
28 Chamberlain to his sister, 24 September 1922, Chamberlain, Diary Letters, 2:125.
29 Buchan Papers, Queen’s University.
30 King diary, 10 May 1937.
31 Chamberlain to his sister, 13 March 1938, Chamberlain, Diary Letters, 4: 304.
32 Phipps diary, 21 October 1936, in Our Man in Berlin, 182.
33 King diary, 26 May 1937.
34 Jones, A Life in Reuters, 394.
35 Ribbentrop to Hitler, 18 May 1937, Documents on German Foreign Policy, Series C, 370, 757.)
36 After King was defeated in the election of 1911, he retained a residence in Ottawa although working for the Rockefeller Foundation in the United States; Ribbentrop arrived in Ottawa in late 1913.
37 King diary, 26 May 1937.
38 Ibid., 10 May 1937.
39 Ibid., 14 September 1938.
40 Ibid., 2 and 4 June 1937.
41 Ibid., 11 June 1937.
42 King to Ribbentrop, 14 June 1937, MG26–J3, LAC.
43 King diary, 15 June 1937.
44 Eden to King, 18 June 1937, MG26–J1, LAC.
45 Chamberlain to his sister, 20 June 1937, Chamberlain, Diary Letters, 4: 255.
46 MacDonald to the cabinet, 16 June 1937, Cab 23/88, 610, 92, UKNA; Hillmer, “The Anglo-Canadian Neurosis,” in Britain and Canada, appendix D.
47 McNaught, “Canadian Foreign Policy,” 54.
48 Markham to King, 15 June 1937, MG26–J1, LAC.
49 Dickson, A Thoroughly Canadian General, 107.
50 Ibid., 104.
51 Ibid.
52 King diary, 23 June 1937.
CHAPTER TWELVE
1 Gilbert, “Two British Ambassadors,” 2: 551.
2 Henderson, Failure of a Mission, 7.
3 Barnett, The Collapse of British Power, 460.
4 Gilbert, Portrait of a Diplomat, 383.
5 British Documents, 4 and 431.
6 Phipps, Our Man in Berlin, 14.
7 Vansittart entry in Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 20; Andrew, Defence of the Realm, 195.
8 Henderson, Failure of a Mission, 13.
9 Ibid., 7.
10 Ibid., 12.
11 Eden, Facing the Dictators, 511.
12 Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 1: 334.
13 King diary, 27 June 1937.
14 Ibid.
15 King diary, 29 June 1937.
16 Neatby, Mackenzie King, 223.
17 King diary, 29 June 1937.
18 Ibid.
19 King Memorandum to Chamberlain and Eden, 6 July 1937, FO 954/4A, UKNA.
20 Ibid.
21 King diary, 21 July 1939.
22 King Memorandum to Chamberlain and Eden, 6 July 1937, FO 954/4A, UKNA.
23 Ibid.
24 King diary, 30 June 1937.
25 Ibid.
26 Christie Papers, I/5, Churchill College, Cambridge.
27 Dilks, Britain and Canada, 17.
28 King to Hitler, 1 July 1937, MG26–J 1, LAC.
29 King diary, 1 July 1937.
30 Documents on Canadian Foreign Policy, ed. Riddell, 158.
31 Henderson to King, 4 July 1937, MG26–J1, LAC.
32 Greenwood to King, 2 July 1937, ibid.
33 Documents on British Foreign Policy, FO 954/4A, UKNA.
34 Chamberlain to King and Eden to King, 28 July 1937, MG26–J1, LAC.
35 King CBC broadcast, 19 July 1937.
36 After rereading his interviews with von Ribbentrop and Hitler, King recorded in his diary, “it is clear to me beyond all doubt that in this way I am being made fully aware of the forces that are working behind the scenes to have good will prevail over ill will in international relations. The interview seemed to be more significant than ever in the light of the developments of the last few days” (22 February 1938).
37 King to Göring, 28 July 1937, MG26–J1, LAC.
38 King to Ribbentrop, 18 August 1937, ibid.
39 Huttchison, The Far Side of the Street, 110; The Incredible Canadian, 226.
40 Amery, The Empire at Bay, 5 November 1937, 450
41 United States chargé d’affaires, Ottawa, to Washington, 23 July 1938, quoted in Abella and Toper, None Is Too Many, 36.
42 Ibid., 14 September 1937.
43 King diary, 1 September 1937.
44 Cannadine, George V, 97.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
1 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 14 February 1938.
2 Ibid., 27 March 1938.
3 Ibid., 17 May 1938.
4 Ibid., 24 June 1938.
5 Chamberlain to his sister, 12 March 1938, Chamberlain, Diary Letters, 4: 305.
6 Churchill, The Gathering Storm, 255.
7 Great Britain, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 22 February 1938.
8 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 24 May 1938.
9 Pearson, “Reflections,” 39.
10 Thompson and Seager, Canada 1922–1939, 317.
11 Le Devoir, 14 July 1938.
12 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 15 February 1938.
13 King diary, 6 February 1938.
14 Ibid., 13 February 1938.
15 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 14 February 1938.
16 Ibid., 2 March 1938.
17 King diary, 20 February 1938.
18 Ibid.
19 Cooper diary, 3 April 1938, Duff Cooper Diaries, 245.
20 Annan, Our Age, 267.
21 King diary, 27 March 1938.
22 Ibid.
23 Chamberlain to his sister, 13 March 1938, Chamberlain, Diary Letters, 4: 305.
24 Ibid., 20 March 1938, 4: 307.
25 King diary, 14 March 1938.
26 Abella and Troper, None Is Too Many, 16.
27 King diary, 29 March 1938.
28 Gilbert, The Appeasers, 33.
29 Director of Immigration, Department of Mines and Resources, Ottawa, to Commissioner of European Immigration, London, 6 June 1938, DCER, 6: 796.
30 King diary, 11 June 1938.
31 La Ligue d’action nationale to Sir George Perley, 5 June 1933, in Stacey, Historical Documents, 195
32 Abella and Troper, None Is Too Many, 13.
33 Ibid., 7.
34 King diary, 11 June 1938.
35 Ibid., 20 February 1938.
36 Dexter to Dafoe, 17 December 1935, quoted in Eayrs, “A Low, Dishonest Decade,” 68.
37 Chamberlain, Diary Letters, 19 March 1939, 393n51.
38 King diary, 29 March 1938.
39 Ibid., 11 March 1938.
40 Pearson, Words and Occasions, 29.
41 King diary, 11 March 1938.
42 Tweedsmuir to Eden, 23 March 1936, in Lownie, John Buchan, 253.
43 Tweedsmuir to his sister, 14 March 1938, in Smith, John Buchan, 443.
44 King diary, 27 March 1938.
45 King to MacDonald, 2 April 1938, Documents on Canadian Foreign Policy, ed. Riddell, 159.
46 King diary, 23 May 1938.
47 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 14 May 1938.
48 Pickersgill, “Mackenzie King’s Political Attitudes and Public Policies,” 25.
49 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 24 May 1938.
50 Chamberlain to his sister, 9 April 1938, Chamberlain, Diary Letters, 4: 312.
51 King diary, 19 April 1938.
52 Ibid., 10 April 1938.
53 Ibid., 21 May 1938.
54 King to Tweedsmuir, 23 July 1938, MG25–J1, LAC.
55 King diary, 22 May 1938.
56 Ibid.
57 Tweedsmuir to King, 15 July 1938, MG25–J1, LAC.
58 Templewood, Nine Troubled Years, 323.
59 Chamberlain to his sister, 28 May 1938, Chamberlain, Diary Letters, 4: 325.
60 Macleod, Neville Chamberlain, 208.
61 Roosevelt speech at Queen’s University, 8 August 1938.
62 King diary 31 August 1938.
63 Ibid., 1 September 1938.
64 Ibid., 6 September 1938.
65 Ibid., 8 September 1938.
66 Rock, British Appeasement in the 1930s, 8.
67 King diary, 12 September 1938.
68 Ibid.
69 Ibid.
70 Massey diary, 12 September 1938, in Massey, What’s Past Is Prologue, 257.
71 Roy to King, 9 September 1938, DCER, 6: 1089.
72 King diary, 14 September 1938.
73 King to Dunning, MG26–J1 LAC.
74 Ibid., 13 September 1938.
75 Cooper diary, 13 September 1938, in Cooper, Old Men Forget, 226.
76 Cooper, Old Men Forget, 226.
77 Chamberlain to Hitler, 13 September 1938, Chamberlain, Diary Letters, 4: 345.
78 Secretary of State for External Affairs to Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, 14 September 1938, MG26–J1, LAC.
79 King diary, 14–16 September 1938.
80 King to Henderson, 16 September 1938, ibid.
81 King to Chamberlain, ibid.
82 Chamberlain to his sister, 12 September 1938, Chamberlain, Diary Letters, 4: 129.
83 Parkinson, Peace for Our Time, 29.
84 Amery, The Empire at Bay, editors’ note 2, 470.
85 Cooper diary, 27 September 1938, in Cooper, Old Men Forget, 239.
86 King diary, 15 September 1938.
87 Ibid., 14 September 1938.
88 King to Tweedsmuir, 20 September 1938, MG26–J1, LAC.
89 Churchill, The Gathering Storm, 303.
90 King diary, 17 September 1938.
91 Nicolson diary, 30 August 1939, Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 14–15.
92 Chamberlain to his sister, 19 September 1938, Chamberlain, Diary Letters, 4: 348.
93 Daily Telegraph, 24 September 1938.
94 Manchester Guardian, 25 February 1939.
95 King diary, 23 September 1938.
96 King to Tweedsmuir, 20 September 1938, Buchan Papers, Queen’s University Archives.
97 King diary, 23 September 1938.
98 Ibid.
99 Lapointe to King, 24 September 1938, Lapointe Papers, LAC; Neatby, Mackenzie King, 3: 291.
100 King diary, 23 September 1938.
101 King press statement, 27 September 1938, DCER, 6: 1097.
102 Massey to King, 26 September 1938, DCER, 6: 1096.
103 Chamberlain BBC broadcast, 27 September 1938.
104 King diary, 24 September 1938.
105 Ibid., 28 September 1938.
106 Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War, 228.
107 Taylor, English History, 1914–1945, 441.
108 Cooper, The Light of Common Day, 246.
109 Cooper, Old Men Forget, 299.
110 King diary, 29 September 1938.
111 British High Commissioner, Ottawa, to London, 7 October 1938.
112 King diary, 30 September 1938.
113 Churchill, The Gathering Storm, 339.
114 King to Chamberlain, 29 September 1938, DCER, 6: 1099.
115 Churchill, Great Britain, House of Commons, 5 October 1938.
116 Great Britain, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 4 October 1938.
117 King diary, 30 September 1938.
118 Ibid.
119 Winnipeg Free Press, 30 September 1938.
120 Kershaw, Hitler, 2: 157.
121 Amery, The Empire at Bay, 19 October 1938, 531.
122 Hastings, The Secret War, 15
123 Hinsley, British Intelligence, 1: 58.
124 Elliot, Scarlet to Green, 64.
125 MacDonald to British Cabinet, 1938.
126 Dawson to Chamberlain, quoted in Macleod, Neville Chamberlain, 269.
127 Self, preface, Chamberlain, Diary Letters, 4: 15–16.
128 Bickersteff to his parents, 27 January 1939, Bickersteff Papers, University of Toronto Archives.
129 Times, 4 October 1938.
130 Charmley, Chamberlain and the Lost Peace, 144.
131 Pearson to Skelton, October 1938, Pearson, Mike, 1: 130.
132 King diary, 24 October 1938.
133 Ibid.
134 Stacey, Mackenzie King and the Atlantic Triangle, 65.
135 Thompson, The Anti-Appeasers, 27.
136 McDonough, Neville Chamberlain, 4.
137 King diary, 31 August 1938.
138 Ibid., 28 September 1938.
139 Ibid., 27 January 1939.
140 King statement in Washington, 17 November 1938, Documents on Canadian Foreign Policy, ed. Riddell, 638.
141 King to Markham, 3 January 1939, MG26–J1, LAC.
142 Chamberlain to his sister, 13 November 1938, Chamberlain, Diary Letters, 4: 363.
143 King diary, 13 November 1938.
144 Ibid., 21 November 1938 (Rinfret was secretary of state).
145 Ibid.
146 Massey to King, 15 November 1938, in Massey, What’s Past Is Prologue, 271.
147 King to Massey, 3 December, ibid.
148 Tree, When the Moon Was High, 83.
149 Wrong to King, 2 December 1938, DCER, 6: 1104.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
1 Feiling, The Life of Neville Chamberlain, 407.
2 RCMP Security Bulletins, 391.
3 Betcherman, Ernest Lapointe, 256.
4 L’Action catholique, 17 February 1938.
5 Maclean’s Magazine, 15 April 1938.
6 Wallace, The American Axis, 218.
7 Mussolini, in Kertzer, The Pope and Mussolini, 111.
8 Adamthwaites, The Making of the Second World War, 241.
9 Jones 29 September 1938, Jones, A Diary with Letters, 411.
10 MacDonald, “King: The View from London,” 48.
11 Lindbergh to US Military Attaché in Berlin, 9 May 1938, quoted in Baldwin, Henry Ford and the Jews, 213.
12 Eleanor Roosevelt, in Wallace, The American Axis, 193.
13 Neatby, Mackenzie King, 3: 296.
14 Pearson diary, 13 October 1938, quoted in English, Shadow of Heaven, 214.
15 King diary, 2 December 1938.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid., 27 January 1939.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid.
20 King to Hitler, 1 February 1939, DCER, 6: 1122.
21 Halifax to Chamberlain, in McDonough, Neville Chamberlain, 76.
22 Macleod, Neville Chamberlain, 274.
23 Churchill, The Gathering Storm, 362.
24 Ritchie, The Siren Years, 31.
25 Churchill, The Gathering Storm, 362.
26 Massey to King, 31 March 1939, quoted in Massey, What’s Past Is Prologue, 276.
27 British High Commissioner, Ottawa, to London, 24 March 1939.
28 King diary, 3 April 1939.
29 RCMP Security Bulletins, 390.
30 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 30 March 1939.
31 Ibid., 31 March 1939.
32 King diary, 31 March 1939.
33 Stacey, Arms, Men and Governments, 4.
34 Eayrs, In Defence of Canada, 1: 81.
35 Ibid., 1: 131.
36 Stacey, Arms, Men and Governments, 6.
37 King diary, 13 November 1938.
38 Stevenson to Dawson, 28 April 1939, Times Archives, London.
39 Dafoe to Ferguson, 19 March 1939, in Brennan, Reporting the Nation’s Business.
40 King diary, 25 April 1939.
41 Ibid., 20 May 1939.
42 King to Tweedsmuir, 26 August 1939, quoted in Stacey, Arms, Men and Governments, 7.
43 Pearson to Skelton, 9 June 1939, in English, Shadow of Heaven, 370.
44 Levine, King, 291.
45 Markham to Tweedsmuir, 17 January 1939, quoted in Lownie, John Buchan, 272.
46 Ibid., 28 April 1939.
47 Hillmer, O.D. Skelton, 41.
48 Chamberlain to his sister, 19 March 1939, Chamberlain, Diary Letters, 4: 393n51.
49 MacDonald, “King: The View from London,” 41.
50 King diary, 10 June 1939.
51 King diary, 21, 22, and 23 June 1939.
52 Wegenast, “Germany in Nazi Times,” in Bendazzi, Animation: A World History, 1: 148.
53 Ritchie diary, 10 July 1939, Ritchie, The Siren Years, 36.
54 King diary, 21 July 1939.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid.
57 Taylor, Englishmen and Others, 157.
58 King diary, 24 August 1939.
59 Mackenzie King, in Reardon, Winston Church and Mackenzie King, 92.
60 Chamberlain to his sister, 27 August 1939, Chamberlain, Diary Letters, 4: 442.
61 King diary, 26 August 1939.
62 Ibid., 28 August 1939.
63 Ibid., 26 August 1939.
64 Ibid., 27 August 1939.
65 King speech in Toronto, August 1939, quoted in Soward, Canada in World Affairs, 148.
66 King diary, 30 August 1939.
67 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons Debates, 30 May 1939.
68 King diary, 2 September 1939.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
1 Hillmer, Britain and Canada, 6.
2 Pickersgill, “Mackenzie King’s Political Attitudes and Public Policies,” 15.
3 Pearson, “Reflections,” 40.
4 Markham to Tweedsmuir, 20 August 1939, Buchan Papers, Queen’s University Archives.
5 Veatch, Canada and the League of Nations, 33.
6 McNaught, “Canadian Foreign Policy,” 54.
7 Munro, Preface, DCER, 6: xiii.
8 Pearson, “Reflections,” 40.
9 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons, Debates, 8 September 1939.
10 LePan, “The Spare Deputy,” 4.