About the Contributors

Bashir Al-Samarrai, past research associate at the Center of Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Chicago, lectures frequently on the Middle East and is a member of the Iraqi Democratic Opposition.

Drew Christiansen, S J., is director of the Office of International Justice and Peace of the U.S. Catholic Conference. He is coeditor of Morals and Might: Ethics and the Use of Force in Modern International Affairs (1995).

David Cortright is a visiting faculty fellow at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame and is president of the Fourth Freedom Forum, Goshen, Ind.

Jennifer Davis, a native South African, is director of the American Committee on Africa and The Africa Fund.

Ronald V. Dellums has served in the U.S. Congress since 1971, represents California's 9th Congressional District, and has been the chair of the House Armed Services Committee.

Lloyd (Jeff) Dumas is professor of economics and political economy at the University of Texas, Dallas, and has written extensively on issues of national and international security.

Ivan Eland, the principal author of the Government Accounting Office report Economic Sanctions: Effectiveness as Tools of Foreign Policy (1992) is a former staff member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee. He is currently on the staff of the Congressional Budget Office.

Kimberly Ann Elliott is a research associate at the Institute for International Economics in Washington, DC, and the coauthor of Economic Sanctions Reconsidered (1990).

Dmitry G. Evstafiev is a research fellow at the Center for International Security of the U.S.A. and Canada Institute in Moscow. He has written a number of papers and articles on the issues of regional security economic sanctions, military-political developments in the Middle East, and ethnic and subethnic conflicts in post-Soviet Eurasia.

Christopher C. Joyner is professor of government at Georgetown University and has published extensively on the legal implications of using force in foreign policy. Currently he is director of the American Society of International Law's project on the United Nations and the International Legal Order.

William H. Kaempfer is associate chair of the Department of Economics at the University of Colorado, Boulder, and a fellow at the Center for Economic Policy Studies at the Claremont Graduate School. He is coauthor of International Economic Sanctions: A Public Choice Perspective (1992)

Alexander Konovalov is the director of the Center for Military Policy and System Analyses at the U.S.A. and Canada Institute in Moscow, and is the chairman of the advisory board of the Center for National Security Problems and International Relations, an independent consulting organization.

Sonja Licht is cochair of the Helsinki Citizens' Assembly, the director of the Soros Yugoslavia Foundation in Belgrade, and is a grantee of the Research and Writing Program of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.

George Α. Lopez is faculty fellow and professor of government and international studies at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame. He is coeditor of Morals and Might: Ethics and the Use of Force in Modern International Affairs (1995).

Anton D. Lowenberg is professor of economics at California State University, Northridge and coauthor oí International Economic Sanctions: A Public Choice Perspective (1992). He has published extensively in the areas of sanctions, apartheid, economic regulations, and constitutional economics.

James C. Ngobi is secretary or the United Nations Sanctions Committees and has been with the United Nations in various capacities since 1965.

Sergey Oznobistchev is director of the Center for International Security of the U.S.A. and Canada Institute in Moscow, and is deputy director of the Center for National Security and International Relations of the Parliament of the Russian Federation. He is the author of several works on defense and disarmament.

Jack T. Patterson is director of the Conflict Resolution Program of the New York Metropolitan Regional Office of the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) and was a member of the AFSC working group on international economic sanctions.

Gerard F. Powers is foreign policy advisor for the U.S. Catholic Conference and has published articles on the use of force in Central America and Iraq, the right to self-determination, and the role of religion in the conflicts in Northern Ireland and former Yugoslavia.

David E. Reuther is a career foreign service officer with 24 years of experience in East Asian and Middle East issues. The coordinator of U.S. policy toward Iraq and Iran from 1991-93, he is currently a country director in the office of the Secretary of Defense in the Pentagon.

Claudette Antoine Werleigh is the former minister of social affairs of the Haitian government and was advisor to the Prime Minister of the interim Haitian government in 1991. She is the former director of theWashington Office on Haiti and is currently the minister of foreign affairs for the Haitian government.

Susan L. Woodward is a visiting fellow at the Brookings Institution and a former national fellow at the Hoover Institution. She is currently working on a book on the Yugoslav civil war as a paradigm for future conflicts.