1. Brigham Young’s tenth wife, Eliza Roxcy Snow, expressed adoration for him in The Personal Writings of Eliza Roxcy Snow. Young’s nineteenth wife, Ann Eliza Young, viewed his polygamous sexuality as base, as she expressed in Wife No. 19, or The True Story of a Life in Bondage, Being a Complete Exposé of Mormonism.
2. Hedda Hopper, “Yvette Mimieux to Do ‘Summer Affair’—Changes in Motion Picture Code Decried by Rock Hudson,” syndicated column in the Los Angeles Times, February 23, 1962, C16. The change was this revision, as stated by Eric Johnston, then president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America: “It is permissible under the Code for the Production Code Administration to consider approving reference in motion pictures to the subject of sex aberrations, provided any references are treated with care, discretion, and restraint.” See also “Hollywood Changes Film Code Subject of Sex Deviation Okayed by Movie Group,” Corpus Christi (TX) Caller-Times, October 4, 1961, 6B.
3. “Media Influences Are Powerful and Real,” New York Times, May 16, 1991, A22.
4. Ray Richmond, “Monitor: Most Children’s Programming Is on Cable, Survey Indicates,” syndicated column in Orange County (CA) Register, October 9, 1991, F3.
5. Richard Christiansen, “Curb TV Violence, but Don’t Censor It,” Chicago Tribune, November 7, 1993, C2.
6. Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184 (1984).
7. “Grandmother’s Sex Book Held Obscene,” Washington Post, April 24, 1929, 9.
8. Kendrick, Observations Civil and Canonical, unnumbered “Advertisement” page.
9. “Posies from Wedding Rings,” Littell’s Living Age, February 23, 1856, 484. Punishment of wives in the nineteenth century is more fully explored in Noble, The Masochistic Pleasures of Sentimental Literature.
10. “Santorum Knows Best,” Beaver County (PA) Times, April 24, 2003, http://www.timesonline.com/santorum-knows-best/article_cb9de194-e883-5c6c-ad50-5b3013fe4eca.html.
11. “Violence and Video Games,” Video Game Addiction, http://www.video-game-addiction.org/violence.html (accessed February 8, 2014).
1. 1606 Charter of Virginia, in MacDonald, Documentary Source Book, 2.
2. Raleigh had been a favorite of James I’s predecessor, Queen Elizabeth, who had not much cared for James’s mother, Mary, Queen of Scots. Back then, one whom a monarch disliked or distrusted ran the risk of ending up in prison—which, albeit in grand style, is where Elizabeth hosted her cousin queen, Mary, for nearly nineteen years before ordering her beheading. After Elizabeth died childless, Raleigh did his best to smile as Mary’s son, James, ascended to England’s throne. But James I never fully trusted Raleigh’s loyalty. James had him executed in 1618.
3. Philaretes [pseud.], Work for Chimney-sweepers: or A Warning for Tobacconists (1602), cited in Arbor, “On the Introduction and Early Use of Tobacco,” 94.
4. Charlton, “Tobacco or Health 1602,” 101–11.
5. James I, A Counter-Blaste to Tobacco, 30, 26, 12, 9; Best, “Economic Interests,” 173.
6. Best, “Economic Interests,” 171–82; Faroqhi, Subjects of the Sultan, 217.
7. The Book of the General Lauues and Libertyes, 38, 75; The General Laws and Liberties of New Plimoth Colony, 10.
8. Webb, Office and Authority of a Justice of the Peace, 349.
9. Example of itinerants as seducers of women in “To the Venerable Father Janus,” New England Courant (Boston), January 22, 1726, 1. Example of itinerants as con artists in “Letter from Capt. Summers to Capt. Smith,” Boston Evening Post, February 11, 1765, 2.
10. Glanvil, Saddicismus Triumphatus, 13–14.
11. Ford, “Mather-Calef Paper on Witchcraft,” 47:255.
12. Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, 2:400. See also Bragdon, “Crime and Punishment,” 23–32.
13. Philips, “African Smoking and Pipes,” 303–19; Bofman, A New and Accurate Description, 306.
14. “Narrative of the Sufferings and Surpizing [sic] Deliverance of William and Elizabeth Fleming,” New York Mercury, March 8, 1756, 2.
15. Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, 2:400; “To the Venerable Father Janus,” New England Courant (Boston), February 19–26, 1726, 1.
16. “New York,” Providence (RI) Gazette, November 8, 1766, 3.
17. May, “Explanations of Native American Drinking,” 223–32; Holmes and Antell, “The Social Construction of American Drinking,” 151–73; James and Jameson, Journal of Jasper Danckaerts, 179–80, cited in Trenk, “Religious Uses of Alcohol,” 73–86.
18. Records of the Court of Assistants; Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, 2:665.
19. Greenberg, Crime and Law Enforcement, 38–39.
20. “God Save the King—the Following Is Inserted by Order of the Magistrates of This City,” New York Gazette, October 23, 1769, 2.
21. One of the literally dirtiest secrets of prison life, punishing prisoners by forcing them to drink some form of oil to induce diarrhea—typically combined with confinement in a small space, and typically a punishment reserved for African American prisoners—continued in this nation until the mid-1930s, when Alabama and Florida finally ended its use. See Kinshasa, The Man from Scottsboro, 80; “Prisoners Never Had It So Bad after ’32,” Florida Times-Union (Jacksonville), July 12, 1998, B1.
22. Hauptman and Knapp, “Dutch-Aboriginal Interaction,” 170; Dailey, “The Role of Alcohol,” 46; Falk, “Forts, Rum, Slaves,” 228.
23. Hunter, “The Delaware Nativist Revival,” 39–49.
24. The Book of the General Lauues and Libertyes, 33.
25. Assembly of New York, Laws of New York, 355; Burns, The History of the Poor Laws, 17.
26. Acts of the Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania, 144.
27. Assembly of Virginia, Acts of the Assembly Passed in the Colony of Virginia, 1:181; attributed to Allestreet, The Whole Duty of Man, 19, 76, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 94.
28. A widely reported American boxing match took place in 1760 when William Rodwell and Jonas Dawson disagreed, in the words of one news report, “about their skill in dancing a jig.” Rodwell suggested they resolve the issue by boxing. The match ended when Dawson conceded Rodwell’s superior skill, though whether he meant boxing or dancing a jig was unspecified. They shook hands and sat down to drinks, and minutes later Dawson keeled over and died. The degree of injury that often resulted was largely due to the fact that boxing in this era was bare-knuckled. The rules did not require padded gloves, because boxing did not yet have rules. For the victor, however, the jig was up. Rodwell turned himself in to face charges of manslaughter. See “Annapolis, in Maryland,” New Hampshire Gazette (Portsmouth), October 3, 1760, 1.
29. Conant, Alexander Hamilton, 139. See also Freeman, “Dueling as Politics,” 289–318.
30. Not all states had laws specifically prohibiting duels, since laws against manslaughter or assault—neither of which is affected by the element of consent—could be invoked. South Carolina is often cited as the last state to prohibit duels. While it may have been the last state that fully enforced its prohibition, dueling was prohibited in South Carolina in 1812. See Nott and M’Cord, Cases Determined, 2:181–83.
31. Morton, New English Canaan, 153–54; Johansen, The Encyclopedia of Native American Legal Tradition, 55.
32. In what is today southern Ethiopia and part of South Sudan, boys in the Surma tribe played at combat by dueling with sticks. The Congolese depicted duels with spears in certain of their theatrical traditions. The closest thing to a duel as we tend to think of it were verbal duels that often emanated from disputes. The weapons were insults, and the winner was the man or woman adjudged by onlookers as the wittiest. It was this form of duel that Africans brought with them to America when enslaved. Such verbal duels came to be known as “The Dozens.” See Graham-White, “Ritual and Drama in Africa,” 339–49; Abbink, “Violence, Ritual, and Reproduction,” 227–42; Lefever, “‘Playing the Dozens,’” 73–85.
33. Cotton, Abstract of the Lawes of New England, 12–14.
34. Raynor quoted in Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, 2:316; Hutchinson, History of the Colony, 441.
35. Records indicate that at least one man and woman were executed in Massachusetts for adultery in 1644, and in non-Puritan Virginia, records show a man was executed for sodomy and another for rape. See Flaherty, “Laws and the Enforcement of Morals,” 214; Scott, Criminal Law in Colonial Virginia, 154–60, 314–18; 1731 punishment in “Boston,” New England Weekly Journal (Boston), March 8, 1731, 2; letter A punishment in “Boston,” New York Gazette, October 16, 1752, 2. Tougher still, though still not death, was Connecticut’s penalty imposed on philanderers Nathanael Richards and Sarah Leffingwell, who likewise got the cart, the rope, the sit, the whip, and the A—but theirs were branded on their foreheads. See “New London,” Boston Gazette, June 28, 1743, 3.
36. Flaherty, “Laws and the Enforcement of Morals,” 243.
37. Cunningham, A New and Complete Law-Dictionary, 2:142 (pages are unnumbered); Noble, Records of the Court of Assistants, 2:89, 93.
38. Assembly of Virginia, Acts of the Assembly Passed in the Colony of Virginia, 308–9.
39. The Charter Granted by their Majesties, 151–52.
40. I. Mather, An Arrow against Profane and Promiscuous Dancing.
41. Howe, The Puritan Republic of Massachusetts Bay, 98, 99; Goodman, “Blue Laws,” 663–73; Felt, “Collections Relating to Fashions,” 5:124.
42. Gouge, Of Domesticall Duties, 82. The divorce rulings may have emanated from the belief expressed by numerous seventeenth-century medical experts that both male and female orgasm were necessary in order for conception to take place. See Foster, “Deficient Husbands,” 727.
43. “Boston,” Boston Gazette, May 8, 1753, 3.
44. Mather, Diary of Cotton Mather, 8:229.
45. “Records of the Suffolk County Court, 1671–1680”; “Records of the Company of the Massachusetts Bay,” 3:232; McManus, Law and Liberty in Early New England, 166, 169.
46. Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, 2:48.
47. The new name for the settlement entailed more than one pun, when one discovers that Bradford got the name wrong. Morton actually renamed it Ma-re Mount, additionally suggestive of sodomy with a horse and of honoring—or dishonoring—the mother of Jesus. See Major, “William Bradford versus Thomas Morton,” 1–13; Heath, “Thomas Morton,” 135–68.
48. Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, 2:49; Morton, New English Canaan, 279–80.
49. Morton, New English Canaan, 320.
50. Morton, New English Canaan, 311.
51. Morton, New English Canaan, 145, 161, 167, 137, 138. Bradford claimed that Morton’s success was due to his illegally trading in guns to the Native Americans, a claim one historian disputes. See Major, “William Bradford versus Thomas Morton,” 2.
52. “The American Whig,” New York Gazette, April 4, 1768, 1.
53. Flaherty, “Laws and the Enforcement of Morals,” 5:222.
54. Gillingham, “Lotteries in Philadelphia,” 77–100; Ezell, “The Lottery in Colonial America,” 185–200; Watson, “The Lottery in Early North Carolina,” 365–87.
55. Ezell, “When Massachusetts Played the Lottery,” 316–35.
56. “Some indeed plead as an excuse that persons may . . . gain as much advantage from a play as from hearing a sermon,” a letter to the editor of Rhode Island’s Providence Gazette declared on April 23, 1774.
57. Advertisement, Boston News-Letter, December 14, 1775, 2.
58. Play advertisement, “For the Benefit of the Orphans and Widows of Soldiers,” New York Gazette, March 10, 1777, 3; play advertisement, “For the Benefit of the Widows and Orphans of the Army,” Pennsylvania Ledger (Philadelphia), January 17, 1778, 3; play advertisement, “Theatre Royal,” Royal Gazette (New York City), February 6, 1779, 2; play advertisement, “By Permission,” Royal Georgia Gazette (Savannah), September 20, 1781, 2.
1. Randolph, Memoirs, Correspondence, and Private Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 1:123, 127–28.
2. Alexander Hamilton, “Message to House of Representatives, March 6, 1792,” in Hamilton, The Works of Alexander Hamilton, 3:316.
3. The carriage tax led to a Supreme Court decision, Hylton v. United States, 3 U.S. 171 (1796), upholding the right of the federal government to impose an excise tax. The larger significance of this decision was its establishing the right of the Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of legislation, thereby staking out its realm of power in the new republic. Seven years after Hylton, the Supreme Court issued the more widely known ruling Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803), in which it asserted its authority to overturn legislation it deemed unconstitutional.
4. “New York—from a Correspondent,” City Gazette and Advertiser (Charleston SC), March 17, 1796, 3.
5. [No headline], Boston Gazette, February 4, 1793, 3.
6. “Review of Jefferson’s Administration,” Columbian Centennial (Boston), July 11, 1804, 1.
7. “New Orleans,” Alexandria Gazette article reprinted in Poulson’s American Daily (Philadelphia), October 10, 1812, 3.
8. Millward, “‘The Relics of Slavery,’” 22–30; Lachance, “The Formation of a Three-Caste Society,” 211–42.
9. Turner, “Mardi Gras Indians,” 124–56.
10. “Idolatry and Quackery,” National Intelligencer (Washington DC), September 13, 1820, 1.
11. [No headline], Boston Gazette, February 4, 1793, 3.
12. Along with the First Amendment prohibition of Congress establishing an official religion, benefit of clergy had been expunged from the nation’s laws on the basis of being unconstitutional. See Sawyer, “‘Benefit of Clergy,’” 65.
13. “Eli Hamilton,” Vermont Centinel (Burlington), February 10, 1808, 1.
14. “The Methodist Church in New Orleans,” 1:161–62; “Triumph of Infidelity!!!,” Norwich (CT) Courier, April 6, 1814, 1.
15. “Philadelphia—Proceedings of the First Session of the Tenth General Assembly,” Carlisle (PA) Gazette, December 21, 1785, 1.
16. “For the Connecticut Courant,” Connecticut Courant (Hartford), March 9, 1795, 1.
17. “From a Correspondent,” National Gazette (Philadelphia), March 6, 1793, 147.
18. “For the New York Packet,” New York Packet, January 19, 1786, 2.
19. Play advertisement, “A Lecture on Heads,” Pennsylvania Packet (Philadelphia), March 30, 1784, 1; play advertisement, “Darby and Patrick” and “Harlequin’s Frolics,” Pennsylvania Packet (Philadelphia), January 30, 1787, 3; play advertisement, “Feats of Activities . . . Harlequin Doctor,” Columbian Centinel (Boston), August 25, 1792, 191.
20. “Theatrical Defeat,” Weekly Recorder (Chillicothe OH), November 27, 1816, 142; “Thespian Corps,” Weekly Recorder (Chillicothe OH), November 27, 1816, 142; “Cincinnati Theatre,” Weekly Recorder (Chillicothe OH), April 23, 1819, 294; “Lexington Theatre,” Baltimore (MD) Patriot, April 29, 1819, 4; “Six Newspapers,” Independent Chronicle (Boston), December 7, 1825, 1.
21. [No headline, editorial], Weekly Recorder (Chillicothe OH), January 5, 1815, 210.
22. “Addison County Society for the Suppression of Vice and the Promotion of Good Morals,” Columbian Patriot (Middlebury VT), March 8, 1815, 3; “Society for the Suppression of Vice and Immorality,” Weekly Recorder (Chillicothe OH), January 26, 1815, 237; “State of Religion in Connecticut,” Boston Recorder, July 10, 1816, 110; “Extracts from a Late Interesting Report of the Society in Portland for the Suppression of Vice and Immorality,” Farmer’s Cabinet, July 20, 1816, 1; “Revivals of Religion,” Christian Messenger (Middlebury VT), January 15, 1817, 130; “At a Meeting of the Moral Society,” Northern Post (Salem NY), July 24, 1817, 2; “Moral Society,” Christian Messenger, July 29, 1818, 3; “Suppression of Vice,” Essex (MA) Patriot, December 26, 1818, 3; “Observance of the Sabbath,” New Hampshire Gazette (Portsmouth), September 16, 1828, 1; “Rev. John Leland,” New Hampshire Gazette, May 11, 1830, 1. See also Bernard, “Between Religion and Reform,” 1–38.
23. “To the Editors,” 301.
24. “Suppression of Vice,” Essex Patriot (Haverhill MA), December 26, 1818, 3.
25. Venus School Mistress, or, Birchen Sports, by R. Birch [pseud.], “translator” of “Manon’s Memoirs” (London, 1808–10), 35–36, cited in Sigel, “Name Your Pleasure,” 395–419.
26. Chester, Knowledge and Holiness, 21–22.
27. “Observations on Prostitution,” Massachusetts Gazette, June 13, 1788, 1.
28. De Cunzo, “Reform, Respite, Ritual,” 1–168.
29. “For the Herald of Freedom—an extract from a Manuscript Volume not yet published,” Herald of Freedom (Boston), July 7, 1789, 129.
30. “Portland,” Rhode Island American, July 1, 1823, 2.
31. The Public Statute Laws of the State of Connecticut, 483.
32. Gould, A Digest of the Statutes of Arkansas, 335.
33. “Charge of Libel,” Rhode Island Republican, January 16, 1839, 3. Regarding awareness of Adeline Miller’s brothel, see Gilfoyle, “Strumpets and Misogynists,” 44–65.
34. “Destruction of the National Theatre,” Hudson River Chronicle (Ossining NY), June 1, 1841, 3.
35. Regarding awareness of Julia Brown as the operator of a brothel, see Gilfoyle, “Strumpets and Misogynists,” 60.
36. “Mentioned in Mobile Advertiser,” Times-Picayune (New Orleans), April 13, 1837, 2.
37. “Riot in Portland,” Newport (RI) Mercury, November 19, 1825, 3.
38. “Law,” Essex Gazette (Haverhill MA), September 27, 1827, 1.
39. “From Our Buffalo Correspondent,” Frederick Douglass Paper (Rochester NY), February 1, 1856, 3.
40. Laws of the State of New York, 1:123–24.
41. John C. Calhoun, letter to the House of Representatives dated January 15, 1820, in American State Papers, 200–201.
42. The Statutes at Large and Treaties of the United States of America, 9:203.
43. Ishii, “Alcohol and Politics in the Cherokee Nation before Removal,” 671–95.
44. Evarts, Essays on the Present Crisis, 29.
45. Tuttle, Letters and Conversations on the Cherokee Mission, 115, 171.
46. Considerable scholarly research and debate have been devoted to what Western white culture calls “homosexuality,” which most closely corresponds to what is called “berdache” in Native American culture. Among the notable studies are Lurie, “Winnebago Berdache,” 708–12; Forgey, “The Institution of Berdache,” 1–15; Thayer, “The Berdache of the Northern Plains,” 287–93; Callender et al., “The North American Berdache,” 443–70; Hauser, “The Berdache and the Illinois Indian Tribe,” 45–65; Schnarch, “Neither Man nor Woman,” 105–21; Woodsum, “Gender and Sexuality in Native American Societies,” 527–54; Trexler, “Making the American Berdache,” 613–36.
47. Tanner, A Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of John Tanner, 105.
48. “The Senator from Texas,” Farmer’s Cabinet (Amherst NH), March 1, 1855, 2. “A Western Locofoco paper, in speaking of the next President, says that ‘Sam Houston may yet be the next President of the United States,’” [no headline], Hudson River Chronicle (Ossining NY), August 12, 1845, 1; Williams, Sam Houston, 282, 288–301.
49. Williams, Sam Houston and the War of Independence in Texas, 19–20, 28–29, 35, 44–45, 50, 393; Broyles, “Behind the Lines,” 5.
50. Burnap, Lectures to Young Men, 110.
51. Burnap, Lectures to Young Men, 110, 113, 111.
52. Cary, Letters on Female Character, 97, 101.
53. Cary, Letters on Female Character, 112, 193.
54. Cary, Letters on Female Character, 102.
55. Smith, “‘Some Perilous Stuff,’” 135–43.
56. Fowler and Fowler, Phrenology, 60.
57. “The Author of ‘Mary Lyndon,’” Sandusky (OH) Register, August 14, 1855, 3; “Mary Lyndon,” Milwaukee (WI) Sentinel, October 2, 1855, 2; “New York Times—Mary Lyndon,” Newport (RI) Mercury, October 6, 1855, 2.
58. Spurlock, “The Free Love Network,” 765–79.
59. Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 151–52; Fordyce, Sermons to Young Women.
60. “The Marriage Institution,” Lily, July 15, 1855, 82.
61. “The ‘Free Love’ Iniquity—from the Sandusky Register,” New York Times, July 27, 1858, 2.
62. “Herding in Cities,” Weekly Eagle (Brattleboro VT), June 24, 1852, 4.
63. Lofaro, “The Many Lives of Daniel Boone,” 488–511.
64. Nathaniel Hawthorne, “Sketches from Memory,” in The Dolliver Romance, and Other Pieces, reprinted in Hawthorne, The Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, 11:68–69.
65. Nathaniel Hawthorne, Passages from the American Notebooks of Nathaniel Hawthorne, reprinted in Hawthorne, The Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, 9:53–54. Eviction of the Irish in this community in Singer, “Hawthorne and the ‘Wild Irish,’” 425–32.
66. Hawthorne, Passages from the American Notebooks, 62.
67. Hawthorne, Passages from the American Notebooks, 61–62.
68. “Miscellany,” Salem (MA) Gazette, May 20, 1831, 1.
69. “Religious-Temptations to Which Young Men Are Exposed,” Farmer’s Cabinet (Amherst NH), July 12, 1833, 1.
70. Cary, Letters on Female Character, 24, 128.
71. Brownson, “The Laboring Classes,” 358–95.
72. “The Temperance Cause,” Hudson River Chronicle (Ossining NY), January 11, 1842, 3.
73. Jeffrey, “Reform, Renewal, and Vindication,” 407–31.
74. “Interesting Incident,” Portsmouth Journal, July 18, 1840, 4.
75. Malcolm, “The Catholic Church,” 1–16. In the realm of “what a small world,” Bishop Daniel O’Connell was one of the bishops with whom Orestes Brownson clashed—over an entirely different issue—after his conversion to Catholicism.
76. Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 10.
77. Hentz, The Planter’s Northern Bride, 1:27–28.
1. Hoffman, Race Traits and Tendencies, 94.
2. Advertisement, American Economic Association Publications 4, no. 2 (May 1904): 18.
3. Hammond, “The Cotton Industry,” 3–382.
4. Du Bois, “Review of Race Traits and Tendencies,” 127–33.
5. Du Bois, Souls of Black Folk, 117, 100.
6. Bennett, “Hygiene in the Higher Education of Women,” 522–23, 526.
7. Acts and Laws of the State of Connecticut, 288.
8. Eskridge, Gaylaw, 338–39.
9. “From the Cincinnati Times, the Turkish Dress,” Pittsfield (MA) Sun, July 10, 1851, 2.
10. Workingmen’s Party, Chinatown Declared a Nuisance!, 12.
11. Typical medical views of leprosy in the United States were White, “Leprosy in America,” 196–200; Jeffries, “Leprosy of the Bible,” 246–49.
12. Testimony of Benjamin S. Brooks, Report of the Special Joint Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration, 44th Cong., 2nd sess., Senate Report 689 (Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1877), 58–60.
13. “The Opium Dens—Action of the Board of Supervisors,” San Francisco Chronicle, November 16, 1875, 3; Statutes of California, 33rd Session of the Legislature, 1899, 4–5.
14. “Latest Telegrams,” Los Angeles Herald, December 7, 1875, 1.
15. “The Opium Disease,” Farmer’s Cabinet (Amherst NH), March 12, 1878, 1.
16. Capp, The Church and Chinese Immigration, 14.
17. Shoemaker, “The Abuse of Drugs,” 1405–8.
18. “Samuel Taylor Coleridge,” Salem (MA) Gazette, October 17, 1834; “Peculiarities of Noted People,” Elevator (San Francisco), August 20, 1869; Platizky, “‘Like Dull Narcotics Numbing Pain,’” 209–15.
19. Collins, The Moonstone, 191.
20. Booth, The Doctor and the Detective, 150.
21. “Use of Cocaine among Negroes,” Atlanta Constitution, October 28, 1902, 4.
22. Williams, The Question of Alcohol, 14.
23. Williams, The Question of Alcohol, 15–16.
24. Examples include “The Use of Narcotic Drugs in the South,” 127–28; Viereck, “An Object Lesson in Prohibition,” 77; “Negro Cocaine ‘Fiends’ New Southern Menace,” New York Times, February 8, 1914, SM12.
25. Kolb and Du Mez, “The Prevalence and Trend of Drug Addiction,” 161–73; Courtwright, “The Hidden Epidemic,” 57–72.
26. W. Whalley, “Confessions of a Laudanum Drinker,” Lancet, July 14, 1866, reprinted in “Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology,” New York Medical Journal 4, no. 11 (November 1867): 140.
27. Crothers, Morphinism and Narcomanias from Other Drugs, 87–88.
28. Hoard v. Peck, 56 Barb. 202; Holleman v. Harvard, 119 N.C. 150, 34 L.R.A. 803, both cited in Browne, “The Lawyer’s Easy Chair,” 281.
29. J. J. McCarthy, “How the Drug Habit Grips the Unwary,” Pearson’s Magazine, August 1910, 176.
30. Harrison Narcotics Act, 1914, in U.S. Government, Internal Revenue Regulations No. 35, 3.
31. Wiedman, “Upholding Indigenous Freedoms and Medicine,” 215–46.
32. “Law Says the Medicine Man Must Go,” Chicago Tribune, April 2, 1899, D3.
33. Known at the time was that the ritual’s messianic vision was adapted from Christianity and also included faith in nonviolence. See Mooney, “The Ghost Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890,” reprinted in Mooney, The Ghost Dance, 139–53.
34. DeMontravel, “General Nelson A. Miles,” 23–44; Lookingbill, “The Killing Fields of Wounded Knee,” 379–86.
35. “Those Indian Dances,” Washington Post, December 28, 1890, 16.
36. “Those Indian Dances,” 16.
37. “Indian Snake Dance Is Fake,” Bicknell (IN) Daily News, October 29, 1923, 7.
38. Clemmer, “‘A Carnival of Promiscuous Carnal Indulgence,’” 60.
39. “Indian Snake Dance Is Fake,” 7.
40. “Report of the Secretary of the Interior,” 651.
41. The fact that polygamy has come to be viewed as a punishable vice throughout more and more of the world itself reveals a shift in the powers-that-be throughout the world. This tectonic shift, both comparably slow and significant, is the increasing power of women. Regarding polygamy as vice has altered the primary power entailed in marriage: the power of consent—a power now explicitly represented in Western culture by the demand for the public statement “I do.” Because this shift occurred among Europeans long before they discovered the “New World,” viewing polygamy as a punishable vice was part of America’s moral inheritance.
42. Remarks of the Hon. Stephen A. Douglas, 13.
43. The Compiled Laws of Nevada in Force from 1861 to 1900, 962. Some municipalities in Nevada enacted ordinances prohibiting prostitution.
44. Bullard, “Abraham Lincoln and the Statehood of Nevada,” 210–13, 236; Elliot and Rowley, History of Nevada, 69–89.
1. “An Act Relating to the Postal Laws, 13 Stat. 504, March 3, 1865,” in Statutes at Large, 38th Cong., 2nd sess., chap. 89; Bates, Weeder in the Garden of the Lord, 9, 52–60.
2. Horowitz, “Victoria Woodhull,” 403–34.
3. Victoria Woodhull, “The Beecher-Tilton Case,” Woodhull & Claflin’s Weekly, November 2, 1872, reprinted in Woodhull, Complete and Detailed Version, 12.
4. Woodhull, Complete and Detailed Version, 13.
5. “Woodhull Matters,” Chicago Tribune, November 25, 1872, 8.
6. “Woodhull Matters,” 8.
7. Report of the Postmaster General, 43rd Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1874), 282; Report of the Postmaster General, 44th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1875), 233; Long, Wages and Earning in the United States, 1860–1890, 42; “An Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use, 17 Stat. 598, May 3, 1873,” in Statutes at Large, 42nd Cong., 3rd sess., chap. 258.
8. “Act of Incorporation, Passed May 16, 1873,” reprinted in The New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, 23; “Social Self-Protection,” New York Times, April 21, 1875, 6.
9. “Prevention of Vice—Important Arrest by Mr. Anthony Comstock,” New York Times, November 26, 1876, 2; “Lottery Agents Arrested—Anthony Comstock’s Raid,” New York Times, November 11, 1879, 8; “Pool Sellers Arrested—the Hunter’s Point Dens Raided by Anthony Comstock,” New York Times, October 10, 1882, 2; “Raid by Anthony Comstock—Improper Songs Given in Phonographs,” New York Times, October 14, 1897, 3; “Comstock’s Western Raid,” New York Times, November 17, 1876, 8; “Anthony Comstock on Art—He Establishes a Branch Association in Baltimore,” New York Times, December 20, 1887, 1.
10. “Comstock at It Again—Warns Arnold Daly against Playing ‘Mrs. Warren’s Profession,’” New York Times, October 25, 1905, 1; “Shaw’s Play Unfit; the Critics Unanimous—Police Called to Handle Crush at ‘Mrs. Warren’s Profession,’” New York Times, October 31, 1905, 9.
11. Joyce, Ulysses, 641, 642, 643, 644.
12. Manifesto included in full in “War on Censorship Opens on Big Scale,” New York Times, August 13, 1922, 14.
13. Munson, “Our Post-War Novel,” 141; Alec Waugh, “The Post-War Novel,” Independent, September 27, 1924, 194; H. C. Harwood, “The Post-War Novel in England,” Living Age, July 1, 1927, 67; William Soskin, “A Bird’s-Eye View of What the War Has Done to Contemporary European Literature,” New York Evening Post, March 28, 1929, 10; DeBruyne and Leland, “American War and Military Operations Casualties,” 2.
14. Manifesto, 14.
15. “Topics of the Times,” New York Times, February 23, 1921, 12.
16. “Some of the Literature on Sale at the Rand School of Social Science,” Brooklyn Eagle, October 12, 1919, 2; “Mr. Sumner Is Shocked Again,” New York Tribune, February 16, 1921, 8.
17. “Morality on the Rampage and Those Who Censor Our Literature,” reprinted from the Freeman in the Call Magazine (Saturday supplement to the Evening Call, New York City), September 27, 1922, 9.
18. Collins, “Sex in Literature.”
19. “The Book Column,” Capital (WI) Times, November 21, 1923, 14; “Bedside Criticism of Current Novels and Short Stories,” New York Times, May 27, 1923, BR10. Other articles devoted to the book were “Neurologist Not Only Analyzes Books but Also Peers into Writers’ Souls,” Ogden (UT) Standard-Examiner, June 17, 1923, 3; “Purity and Pornography,” 49; Collins, “Sex in Literature,” 129–33.
20. “Printing of ‘Ulysses’ Here Causes Protest—160 Literary Men Abroad Call Publication of Joyce Book Invasion of Rights,” New York Times, February 18, 1927, 21; “U.S. Mail Charge Jails Samuel Roth,” New York Evening Post, January 4, 1928, 1.
21. “Ban on ‘Ulysses’ to Be Fought Again,” New York Times, June 24, 1933, 14.
22. Lader, The Margaret Sanger Story, 5.
23. “‘Woman Rebel’ Editor Indicted,” Philadelphia Inquirer, August 26, 1914, 16; “Birth Control in the Sanger Trial—Author Accused of Sending Obscene Matter through Mails,” Saratogian (Saratoga NY), January 17, 1916, 8; “Clash over Birth Control,” Washington Post, July 2, 1916, ES8; “Spread Birth Control,” Washington Post, October 22, 1916, 9; “Congress against ‘Birth Control,’” Washington Post, January 28, 1917, 3.
24. See “Arrest Margaret Sanger,” Washington Post, November 14, 1921, 3; “Margaret Sanger Held,” Creston (IA) Daily Advertiser, November 21, 1921, 1; “Control of Birth Activities Scored,” Daily Herald (Biloxi MS), November 23, 1921, 8.
25. Tobin-Schlesinger, “The Changing American City,” 67–85; Washington Post, December 16, 1935, 6.
26. Sanger, “National Security and Birth Control,” 139. For a fuller exploration of Sanger’s views, see Borell, “Biologists and the Promotion of Birth Control Research,” 51–87.
27. The first state constitutions of New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia limited public office to Protestants.
28. United States v. Dennett, 39 F.2nd, 564 (1939). For more on Mary Ware Dennett’s career and trial, see Craig, “‘The Sex Side of Life,’” 145–66; United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries, 86 F.2nd 737 (2nd Cir. 1936).
29. “Wrecks in the Name of Law,” Chicago Tribune, December 28, 1900, 1.
30. “The Prohibitory Amendment,” Emporia (KS) News, December 31, 1880, 1; Lockington, “Prohibition in the State of Maine,” 286–94; “Prohibition in Maine,” Independent, September 21, 1911, 658; “What Is Confiscation?,” Dodge City (KS) Times, December 22, 1887, 1. For examples of efforts to outlaw the sale of drug paraphernalia, see “Carter Seeks Drug Paraphernalia Ban,” Washington Post, October 5, 1979, A4; “Florida Bans Sale of Drug Paraphernalia,” Los Angeles Times, May 22, 1980, B4; Taylor, Kansas Criminal Law and Practice, 1:280.
31. Straub, Straub’s Manual of Mixed Drinks, 5–7.
32. “For Your Medicine Chest,” ad for the Falstaff Saloon, Hayti (MO) Herald, June 28, 1917, 9.
33. Advertisement, Goodwin’s Weekly (Salt Lake City UT), June 12, 1915, 14.
34. Sanger, “The Woman Spirit and the Better Day,” 17–18; Baumgarten, “Margaret Sanger,” 612.
35. Tyrrell, “Temperance, Feminism, and the WCTU,” 27–36.
36. McKay, “Alcoholic Drink and the Immigrant,” 205–6; Wilson, “Alcohol the Barrier to Patriotism,” 211; Stoddard, “The Drink Curve and the Immigration Curve,” 214–15.
37. Pickett, The Cyclopedia of Temperance, 216.
38. Dow and Lewis, “Prohibition and Persuasion,” 185.
39. Dow and Lewis, “Prohibition and Persuasion,” 187–88.
40. “Negro Dive Raided—Thirteen Black Men Dressed as Women Surprised at Dinner and Arrested,” Washington Post, April 13, 1888, 3.
41. Jelliffe, “Homosexuality and the Law,” 95–96. Attorney Alfred W. Herzog amplified this view in “Homosexuality and the Law,” 11–12; “Curing Crime with Conversation,” Ironwood (MI) Times, June 11, 1926, 1.
42. “M’Donald Sentenced to Ten Years in Pen,” Bismarck Weekly Tribune, September 15, 1911, 8; The Consolidated Laws of New York, 29:246.
43. Million, “Enforceability of Prize Fight Statutes,” 152–68; “Another Disgraceful Prize Fight—McCool the Victor,” Baltimore Sun, September 2, 1867, 1.
44. Burns, The Smoke of the God, 129; Oxford English Dictionary.
45. “Women and the Cigarette,” Harper’s Bazaar, March 26, 1887, 214.
46. “Women and the Cigarette,” 214.
47. “Boldness in Young Girls,” Youth’s Companion, January 8, 1885, 12.
48. “The Use of Tobacco by Boys,” Christian Union, June 1, 1881, 514; Goodman, “Blue Laws,” 663–73; Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, State-Federal Overlapping in Cigarette Taxes, 12. Among the numerous studies providing empirical evidence regarding brain development in youth are Keverne, “Understanding Well-Being,” 1349–58; Lenroot and Giedd, “Brain Development in Children and Adolescents,” 718–29; Kuhn, “Do Cognitive Changes Accompany Developments in the Adolescent Brain?,” 59–67.
49. LaHood, “Huck Finn’s Search for Identity,” 11–24; Laird, “Consuming Smoke,” 96–104.
1. “Convicted of Profanity—Maine Court Finds Man Guilty Who Blasphemed,” Press and Banner (Abbeville SC), October 5, 1921, 7; State v. Mockus, 120 Me. 84, 113 A. 39 (1921).
2. Weber, “Silk Stockings,” 81.
3. Weber, “Silk Stockings,” 81.
4. William C. Allen, “Our Debt to Darkest Africa,” Herald of Gospel Liberty, November 17, 1927, 1072.
5. “Plans to Get Better Music,” Baltimore Sun, February 1, 1921, 9.
6. Allen, “Our Debt to Darkest Africa,” 1072; “The Charleston,” Independent, April 17, 1926, 437.
7. Du Bois, “The Superior Race,” 55–60.
8. Letter from Harold Ickes in Conferring Jurisdiction on United States District Courts over Osage Indian Drug and Liquor Addicts, House of Representatives, 74th Cong., 1st sess., Report 740 (April 19, 1935), 2.
9. “Dipsomania,” Littell’s Living Age, May 15, 1858, 557–58.
10. See Hays, The Trend of the Races, 38–39; Gaudet, Harris, and St. John, “Individual Differences in Sentencing Tendencies of Judges,” 811–18; Hobbs, “Criminality in Philadelphia,” 198–202.
11. Bureau of the Census, Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents, 87–91.
12. Trice, “Alcoholics Anonymous,” 108–16.
13. Among these laws were the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, and the National Origins Acts of 1924 and 1929.
14. “Arrests Bare Sale of Dope to Gary Students,” Chicago Tribune, December 19, 1927, 15.
15. See “Fighting Weed Vendor Gets Stiff Jolt,” Weekly Journal-Miner (Prescott AZ), April 16, 1919, 2; “Some Mexican Slayings That Were Hushed Up,” Chicago Tribune, September 17, 1919, 10; “‘Diez-Y-Seis’ Is Observed,” San Antonio News, September 17, 1919, 7; “Oh, You Topers if You Knew,” Oxnard (CA) Daily Courier, November 24, 1920, 1.
16. Ad for cannabis, Pittsfield (MA) Sun, December 31, 1857, 3.
17. Along with young Mexican American men, white musicians also quickly picked it up. For example, the members of acclaimed drummer Gene Krupa’s dance band wore zoot suits. Krupa was of Polish and Pennsylvanian descent. See “Zoot Suit Riots Held Anarchy; Probe Widened—Musicians Mistakenly Beaten,” Chicago Tribune, June 11, 1943, 2.
18. “Zoot Suit Riots Held Anarchy—Probe Widened,” Chicago Tribune, June 11, 1943, 2.
19. “Ban on Freak Suits Studied by Councilmen,” Los Angeles Times, June 10, 1943, A; “Magistrate ‘Unfrocks’ Pair of Zoot Suiters,” Los Angeles Times, March 7, 1943, A1; “Flowing Locks Given Up to Obtain Liberty,” Los Angeles Times, June 11, 1943, A; Westbrook Pegler, “Fair Enough,” Los Angeles Times, June 14, 1943, A.
20. Foote, Plain Home Talk, 114. In addition to being an advocate for medical science, Dr. Foote spoke out on behalf of voting rights for women, birth control, free speech, and free love. See Wood, “Prescription for a Periodical,” 26–44; Wood, The Struggle for Free Speech.
21. “The Emancipation of Woman,” 70.
22. Foote, Plain Home Talk, 115.
23. “Arrested for Wearing Bloomers,” Jamestown (NY) Journal, June 29, 1866, 2.
24. See “Indecent Apparel,” Bolivar (TN) Bulletin, August 30, 1895, 1; “Against Bloomers,” Daily Astorian (Astoria OR), December 24, 1895, 2; “Ruled Out the Bloomers,” Baxter Springs (TX) News, March 14, 1896, 3.
25. “Items of General News,” Maine Farmer, August 20, 1891, 3.
26. “Bathing Suits for Water,” Los Angeles Times, July 22, 1908, I1.
27. “Women May Swim in Bloomer Suits,” Chicago Tribune, July 29, 1913, 1.
28. “Lincoln Beaches Ban Newest in Paris Scanties,” Chicago Tribune, July 19, 1931, C3; “Study Race Relations in Contacts,” Chicago Defender, October 28, 1922, 14.
29. “It’s a Dark Day for Sunbathing; Mayor Says ‘No,’” Chicago Tribune, March 22, 1932, 4.
30. “Police Raid Home of Sun Bathers,” Chicago Tribune, June 27, 1911, 9. Among the many news accounts of nudist colonies springing up in these years are “Cult of Nudity Stirs Honolulu,” Chicago Tribune, January 15, 1933, 6; “Nudist Apostle Tells of Camp near Chicago,” Chicago Tribune, September 15, 1933, 3; “Nudists Frolic in Indiana Camp,” Chicago Tribune, September 18, 1933, 11; “10 New York Nudists Freed,” Washington Post, December 15, 1931, 2; “Just a Bare Fact: Maryland Picked for Nudist Camp,” Washington Post, April 5, 1934, 3; “Nudists Call on America to Take Off Its Clothes,” Chicago Tribune, August 26, 1936, 3.
31. “Allegan Nudist Trial Open to Capacity House,” Chicago Tribune, October 24, 1933, 3; “Nudist Camp Leaders Move to Fight Case,” Chicago Tribune, September 10, 1933, 3; “Michigan Jury Trying Nudist,” Los Angeles Times, October 24, 1933, 11.
32. Literally interpreted, this wording, adopted in other states as well, rather gallantly let women off the hook by referring only to a person who exposes his private parts. Possibly “his” was meant to include all humanity, but it is also possible that those who enacted the law viewed women’s participation in nudist gatherings as being of questionable consent—much as laws against brothels were aimed at their proprietors, not the women who worked there. Nevertheless, there remained laws against indecent exposure, and some female nudists were arrested under them.
33. People v. Ring, 267 Mich. 657, 255 N.W. 373, 93 A.L.R. 993 (1934); Nevitt, “Legal Aspects of Nudism,” 57–61; “Kentucky House Votes Nudist Colony Curb,” Washington Post, March 11, 1934, 8; “Fairfax Board Bans Proposed Nudist Colony,” Washington Post, October 5, 1933, 12; “Nudists Given Cold Shoulder in New Laws,” Washington Post, April, 1934, 9; “Life Term for Nudists Asked in Oklahoma,” Washington Post, January 22, 1935, 3.
34. “Nudity and News,” Washington Post, April 11, 1934, 8.
35. “And Unashamed,” Washington Post, April 12, 1935, 8.
1. “Women Extend Fight against Risqué Show,” Chicago Tribune, September 9, 1916, 3; “The Campaign to Curb the Moving Picture Evil in New York,” New York Times, July 2, 1911, SM15; “Women’s Work, Women’s Clubs,” Los Angeles Times, March 8, 1911, I7; “Moving Picture Shows Censored by Committee,” Atlanta Constitution, November 13, 1910, B1.
2. “Say Picture Shows Corrupt Children,” New York Times, December 24, 1908, 4; “Ministers in Censor Clash,” Los Angeles Times, September 27, 1921, II1; “Presbyterians Ask for ‘Clean Movies,’” New York Times, May 24, 1922, 18; “‘Story of the Nun’ Denounced by Priest,” Atlanta Constitution, July 10, 1911, 2; Erens, The Jew in American Cinema, 39; Nelson, “Propaganda for God,” 231.
3. “Movies for Catholic Churches,” New York Times, August 29, 1914, 9.
4. “Committee to Censor Cheap Amusements,” New York Times, February 24, 1909, 6; “Law to Purify Stage,” Washington Post, May 5, 1909, 3; “Moving Picture Shows Censored by Committee,” Atlanta Constitution, November 13, 1910, B1.
5. Whitlock, “The White Slave,” 193–216.
6. “Police Ban on Shakespeare,” Chicago Tribune, June 2 1908, 1.
7. “That Miserable Photo-Play,” Cleveland Gazette, April 10, 1915, 2; “Race Film Bill Passes House on Negro’s Plea,” Chicago Tribune, May 19, 1915, 7. The law, ultimately enacted in 1917, prohibited other offensive depictions as well. It was never enforced in regard to depictions of African Americans, Native Americans, or Chinese. For bans on the film, see “Birth of Nation Kicked Out of Ohio,” Chicago Defender, October 2, 1915, 1; “Kansas Rejects the ‘Birth of Nation,’” Chicago Defender, January 29, 1916, 1; “Thompson Bars Griffith Film,” Chicago Tribune, May 15, 1915, 17; “Denver’s City Council Prohibits Prejudice Breeding Pictures,” Chicago Defender, October 23, 1915, 1; “Oakland Puts Ban on Birth of a Nation,” Chicago Defender, August 14, 1915, 1.
8. Sylvester Russell, “Annual Review of American Colored Actors,” Freeman (Indianapolis), December 23, 1911, 12.
9. Chief Red Fox, The Memoirs of Chief Red Fox, 156–57, cited in Rosenthal, “Representing Indians,” 328–52.
10. Hodges, Anna May Wong, 62, 181; “MGM Plans Russian Tie-Up . . . Anna May Wong Goes to Europe for Ufa,” Los Angeles Times, May 17, 1928, A9.
11. Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio, 236 U.S. 230 (1915), no. 456.
12. “Censoring the Movie,” New York Times, December 28, 1919, XX11; Harris, “Movie Censorship,” 122–38.
13. “To Police Their Own Plays,” New York Times, January 20, 1917, 9.
14. Hollywood too, amidst the dust-up over the kinds of films it continued to produce, was rocked by a scandal. One of its leading comedians, Fatty Arbuckle, was accused of rape in 1921. Despite the fact that Arbuckle, after two trials ending in deadlocked juries, was found not guilty in his third trial, Hollywood knew it had been found guilty by the jury of public opinion.
15. “Film Censorship Bill Revived by Randall,” Los Angeles Times, February 24, 1919, I3. Among the many arrests for sending obscene material through the mail during Will Hays’s watch as postmaster general were indictments reported in “Car Which Killed Child Had Been Here,” Saratogian (Saratoga NY), April 27, 1921, 5; “Charge Murphy Sent Obscene Cards by Mail,” Buffalo (NY) Courier, June 8, 1921, 6; “Negro Fractures Leg Attempting to Escape,” Atlanta Constitution, September 22, 1921, 8; “Pina Confesses He Mailed Bad Letter,” Weekly Journal-Miner (Prescott AZ), October 12, 1921, 5; “Man under Charges Thought to Be Unsound,” Mt. Sterling (KY) Advocate, October 18, 1921, 6.
16. “Crafts Rages, Rants, Howls at Films Again,” Los Angeles Times, January 19, 1922, I1. With Crafts’s income and overhead covered by a number of Protestant churches and wealthy contributors, he worked full-time on behalf of Sunday blue laws, the return of Bible study in public schools, enactment of Prohibition, tougher drug laws, restrictions on divorce, and censorship of films. See Foster, “Conservative Social Christianity,” 799–819.
17. “Hays Flouts Idea of Public Censors,” Washington Post, July 25, 1922, 3.
18. “Picking on the Movies,” Los Angeles Times, February 24, 1924, A4; “Education Department, Censor Bills Rejected,” Washington Post, May 5, 1926, 1; “Federal Censorship of Pictures Urged,” Washington Post, April 15, 1926, 2.
19. Black, “Hollywood Censored,” 167–89; Rausch, Turning Points in Film History, 65.
20. Though repeatedly revised in the years to come, the Motion Picture Code remains in place to this day. In its current form we know it as the ratings system used to label films: G (“general audiences”), PG (“parental guidance suggested”), PG-13 (“parents strongly cautioned”), R (“restricted”), and NC-17 (“no one 17 and under admitted”). Unchanged, however, is that these ratings are the same vice device, in that the power to assign them is in the hands of the film industry itself, not outside censors.
21. “A Code to Govern the Making of Talking, Synchronized and Silent Motion Pictures,” reprinted in Belton, Movies and Mass Culture, 138–49.
22. Black, “Hollywood Censored,” 174.
23. Balio, Grand Design, 405.
24. “List of ‘Don’t’ and ‘Be Carefuls,’” in Motion Picture Production Code (Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association, 1930); later incorporated into the 1933 updated code, reprinted in Gardner, The Censorship Papers, 214.
25. Gardner, The Censorship Papers, 163.
26. “Theater News and Views,” Brooklyn Eagle, April 2, 1911, theater section, 8.
27. “The Nude Drama,” Dubuque (IA) Herald, July 1, 1869, 2.
28. The basis for the Hollywood film was a 1960 book by the same name—but subtitled A Fanciful Expedition to the Lost Atlantis of Show Business. Fanciful because the source material for the book came from Morton Minsky, and author Rowland Barber wanted readers to know that claims made by any of the four Minsky brothers should be regarded in the same way as claims made by any show biz flack.
29. “Fifi, 85, Says She Didn’t Bump Minsky’s Off Map,” Los Angeles Times, December 29, 1975, 1.
30. Friedman, “‘The Habits of Sex-Crazed Perverts,’” 203–38; “Court Bars Artists at Carroll’s Trial,” New York Times, October 17, 1924, 23.
31. Koch, “The Body’s Shadow Realm,” 3–29.
32. “Hires Nude Women to Dance,” Evening Gazette (Burlington IA), December 22, 1896, 1; “Sons of Presidents,” Brooklyn Eagle, January 13, 1897, 7; “Raided a Dance a la Seeley,” Brooklyn Eagle, February 4, 1897, 14.
33. “The Sherry Raid,” Brooklyn Eagle, January 9, 1897, 6.
34. “First Nights of Variety,” New York Times, August 21, 1894, 5.
35. Karsten, Encyclopedia of War and American Society, 554; “‘Follies of 1917’ Is a Fine Spectacle,” New York Times, June 13, 1917, 11; “Ziegfeld Follies Opened Last Night,” Brooklyn Eagle, June 13, 1917, 7.
36. Baker spent virtually her entire career in Paris and on tour in Europe. Through her African- and Latin American–themed dances, often performed topless, she became an international sensation and every bit as wealthy as Sally Rand and her colleagues. “Josephine Baker,” Chicago Defender, July 31, 1926, 7; “Josephine Baker Signs $10,000 Dance Contract,” Chicago Defender, February 18, 1928, 10.
37. Paul Harrison, “In New York,” syndicated column in Bluefield (WV) Daily Telegraph, July 21, 1935, 6.
38. James E. Alsbrook, “Extenuation,” in column Line’s O’ Type, Plaindealer (Kansas City KS), September 13, 1935, 5.
39. Dandridge, “Zalka Peetruza,” 112.
40. McKay, “The Harlem Dancer,” 169.
41. Sandburg, “Vaudeville Dancer,” 223.
42. Views of consent are more than skin deep. One of that era’s most widely lauded African American poets, Langston Hughes, did posit blame on black strippers in his closing lines of his poem from the 1920s “Nude Young Dancer”: “What jungle tree have you slept under, / Night-dark girl of the swaying hips? / What star-white moon has been your mother? / To what clean boy have you offered your lips?” (Hughes, The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, 1:29).
43. “Chicago Night Life Unfolded,” Savannah (GA) Tribune, January 26, 1922, 4; “News Summary-Local,” Chicago Tribune, January 29, 1922, 1. For white ownership of the Entertainers’ Café, see Kennedy, Chicago Jazz, 149; “Chorus Must Wear More,” New York Times, March 1, 1924, 13.
44. “Police Take Actors in Raid on Theatre,” New York Times, March 12, 1926, 21; “Act, Then Pay Fines—Burlesque Troupe Convinces Judges Performance Was Indecent,” New York Times, May 11, 1926, 12; “Police Put Censors on Broadway Plays,” New York Times, September 26, 1924, 22; “Carroll Refuses Bond and Is Jailed,” New York Times, October 31, 1924, 1; “Earl Carroll Freed,” New York Times, November 11, 1924, 6.
45. “Church Federation Formed,” New York Times, December 10, 1920, 31; “Cardinal Condemns Indecency on Stage,” New York Times, March 16, 1925, 21; “To Boycott Profane Plays,” New York Times, March 16, 1925, 21.
46. “Cardinal Condemns Indecency on Stage,” New York Times, March 16, 1925, 21; “To Boycott Profane Plays,” New York Times, March 16, 1925, 21; “Priest Opens Fire on Modern Writers,” New York Times, April 19, 1926, 22; “McKee Closes Two Burlesques in 42d St.,” New York Times, September 20, 1932, 1; “Burlesque,” New York Times, September 21, 1932, 20.
1. “Bathing Suits Causes Crisis in Milwaukee,” Post (Ellicottville NY), July 28, 1950, 3.
2. “Timidly Worn Bikini Catches County’s Eye,” Los Angeles Times, June 16, 1960, D1.
3. “The Inquiring Photographer,” Long Island Star-Journal, August 1, 1952, 4.
4. “Italian Archbishop Raps New Swim Suits,” Journal-Standard (Freeport IL), July 26, 1949, 18; “Writer Discusses How Women Should Be Dressed in Public,” Alamogordo (NM) Daily News, May 2, 1957, 4.
5. “Inquiring Camera Girl,” Chicago Tribune, May 21, 1959, D11; “Decent or Indecent?,” East Hampton Star, August 19, 1954, 2; “Bathing Suit Semantics,” Citizen Advertiser (Auburn NY), August 28, 1954, 4. Bikinis were prohibited during these years in Spain, Portugal, Australia, and elsewhere. See “Bikini Ruled Unlawful by Spain’s Police,” Chicago Tribune, August 9, 1959, 22; “A Beach for Every Tourist Taste in Portugal,” New York Times, February 24, 1957, 137; Alac, Bikini Story, 52.
6. “Uticans Have Mixed Reaction to Topless Suits,” Daily Press (Utica NY), June 18, 1964, 11; “What to Do about the Topless Problem,” Los Angeles Times, February 14, 1965, G1; “Red View of Topless Bathing Suit,” Herald Statesman (Yonkers NY), August 28, 1964, 12; “No Ruling to Cover Situation—Courts Look Other Way at Topless Swimsuits,” Los Angeles Times, July 27, 1972, SF1; Hoffmann and Bailey, Sports & Recreation Fads, 364; “Thong War Breaks Out on Round Lake,” Chicago Tribune, June 27, 1991, 3; “County Board Rules Out Thong Bikinis at Beach,” Cedar Rapids (IA) Gazette, July 23, 1994, 2B; “Woman Arrested over Thong at Myrtle Beach,” New Bern (NC) Sun Journal, May 26, 2013, 18.
7. “Describes Lili’s Strip Act to Jury” and “Mom Defends Lilli,” Independent (Long Beach CA), December 6, 1951, 16A; “Jury Rules Stripping’s Art, Frees Lili St. Cyr,” Los Angeles Times, December 12, 1951, 5.
8. “Convict Two after Vice Squad Raid,” Evening Capital (Annapolis MD), February 17, 1951, 1; “270 Face Trial in Big Raid on Club,” Oshkosh (WI) Northwestern, February 8, 1954, 5; “Judge: Exposure Is Not Always Indecent,” Beatrice (NE) Sun, November 14, 1954, 13.
9. “Pastor Condemns Times Square ‘Nudity,’” New York Times, February 1, 1954, 25; “Book Censorship Licenses Urged,” New York Times, February 14, 1934, 21.
10. United States v. O’Brien, 391 U.S. 367 (1968).
11. “Appeals Court Says Nude Dancing Can Be Legal,” Kokomo (IN) Tribune, May 27, 1990, 12; Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc., 501 U.S. 560 (1991).
12. Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc., 575, 595.
13. City of Erie v. Pap’s A.M., 529 U.S. 277 (2000).
14. St. Louis Municipal Ordinance 62,940 (enacted July 9, 1993), https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/city-laws/ordinances/ordinance.cfm?ord =62940 (accessed August 2016).
15. “L.A. Council Retreating on Lap-Dance Ban,” Los Angeles Times, November 19, 2003, A1.
16. “Strip Club’s BYOB Policy under Fire from Official,” Chicago Daily Herald, January 9, 2008, 4.
17. “Making the On-Line Community Safe for Decency—and Democracy,” Washington Post, May 29, 1995, 17; “Judge Blocks On-Line Smut Law Enforcement; Order Sparks Confusion over Definition,” Washington Post, February 16, 1996, B1; Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844 (1997).
18. Lutz and Collins, Reading “National Geographic”; Steet, Veils and Daggers. The first photos of unclothed white people in National Geographic was in 1989, though their sexual organs were occluded by the local flora.
19. “Magazine Challenges Post Office Authority,” Associated Press report in Corpus Christi Times, November 18, 1955, 12; HMH Publishing Company v. Summerfield, Civ. Action No. 2745-58, USDC, Washington DC, November 7, 1958; “U.S. Court Upsets Ban on ‘Playboy,’” New York Times, October 31, 1958, 22; “Proceedings in Playboy Case Dropped,” Chicago Tribune, November 6, 1958, C2.
20. “Meese Says Playboy, Penthouse Pass His Obscenity Inspection,” Chicago Tribune, January 30, 1987, 16.
21. “U.S. Tries to Settle Suit with Playboy,” Chicago Tribune, November 8, 1986, 4.
22. “Exposure Charge Called Foolish,” Chicago Tribune, May 30, 1969, 3; “Playboy Foes Who Stripped Are Fined $200,” Chicago Tribune, June 21, 1969, N5.
23. “Sailors Must Ask for Playboy,” Wisconsin State Journal (Madison), October 18, 1971, section 2, 5; “Drugstores Drop Playboy,” New York Times, July 27, 1969, 67.
24. Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973).
25. Olson, “The G.I. Bill and Higher Education,” 596–610.
26. An expurgated version of Lady Chatterley’s Lover had been published in the United States in 1934, despite an unexpurgated, albeit pirated, edition that had appeared here three years earlier, published under the imprint of William Faro, a.k.a. (take a guess) Samuel Roth. See Roberts and Poplawski, A Bibliography of D. H. Lawrence, 151, 753. For a more detailed account of the mercurial Samuel Roth, see Gertzman, Bookleggers and Smuthounds.
27. “‘Chatterley’ Film Banned by State,” New York Times, September 29, 1956, 12. The film was The Miracle, which had been banned on the basis of having been deemed blasphemous. See “Rossellini Film Is Halted by City; ‘The Miracle’ Held ‘Blasphemous,’” New York Times, December 24, 1950, 1; Burstyn v. Wilson, 353 U.S. 495 (1952).
28. Mae Tinee, “Why the Big Fuss about ‘Chatterley’ Film?,” Chicago Tribune, August 21, 1959, B14; Bosley Crowther, “‘Controversial’ Movie Has Premiere Here,” New York Times, July 11, 1959, 11.
29. Daniel A. Poling, “It’s Time for a New Crusade,” cited and quoted in “Dr. Poling Supports Post Office in Its Ban on ‘Lady Chatterley,’” New York Times, July 26, 1959, 47.
30. Grove Press, Inc. v. Christenberry, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, 175 F. Supp. 488 (S.D.N.Y. 1959), July 21, 1959. The judge’s phrase, “this major English novel,” and its influence on his decision revealed another group acquiring greater power in that era. That group consisted of those who determined what is or is not a major English novel: the intellectuals who educated the rising group of Middle Americans. For a while at least, they rode on the coattails (or, better metaphor, shirt tails) of the blue-collar veterans who were now their students.
31. “State Authority to Censor Backed,” New York Times, July 3, 1959, 6.
32. “Touchiest of All CR Issues Faces Court,” Kingsport (TN) Times, November 10, 1964, 16.
33. Not all religious authorities shared the judge’s view. Roman Catholic cardinal Lawrence Sheehan was among numerous Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, and other clergy in the United States who at the time expressed opposition to laws prohibiting interracial marriage. See “Clergymen Attack Miscegenation Laws,” Lubbock (TX) Avalanche-Journal, February 17, 1967, 6B.
34. “Virginia Case Broke Marital Color Barrier,” Daily News Record (Harrisonburg VA), June 11, 2007, A1, A3; “Miscegenation Law Upheld by Virginia Court,” Port Arthur (TX) News, March 7, 1966, 11.
35. “White Man Marries Negro Woman, Both Held in Alabama,” Daily Herald (Biloxi MS), April 22, 1937, 2; “Rules Inter-racial Marriage Invalid,” El Paso (TX) Herald-Post, December 23, 1939, 1; “Marriage Ban Battle Won in Virginia Case,” Southwest Times (Pulaski VA), February 26, 1968, 2.
36. Dean, Imperial Brotherhood, 225.
37. “Who’s Going to Bell the Homosexual Cats?,” Raleigh Register (Beckley WV), October 19, 1964, 4; “‘Y’ Closes Its Public Rest Room,” Washington Post, October 18, 1964, A8.
38. Charles, “From Subversion to Obscenity,” 262–87; Powers, Secrecy and Power, 171–73, 185, 315, 321.
39. “Neighbors Offer Services, Gifts to Assist Walter Jenkins Family,” Washington Post, October 25, 1964, A8.
40. “Kinsey Report Sex Charges Based on Incomplete Sample,” Austin Daily Texan, February 22, 1948, 5; Laidlaw, “Marriage Counseling,” 39–46.
41. George Crane, “The Worry Clinic,” syndicated column cited from Post-Register (Idaho Falls IA), January 11, 1949, 4; “George W. Crane Dies at 94; Advised with ‘Horse Sense,’” New York Times, July 19, 1995, D20.
42. “Solons Debate ‘Sex’ Ordinance,” Van Nuys (CA) News, March 10, 1949, part 2, 1.
43. Maude Robinson, “Books,” Salt Lake Tribune, June 26, 1949, 4M.
44. “Homosexuality Discussion Set,” Daily Review (Walnut Creek CA), December 25, 1958, 23.
45. George Sokolsky, “Twentieth Century Morals,” syndicated column cited from Sandusky (OH) Register, August 3, 1962, 4.
46. “4 Policemen Hurt in ‘Village’ Raid,” New York Times, June 29, 1969, 33; “Police Again Rout ‘Village’ Youths,” New York Times, June 30, 1969, 22; “Hostile Crowd Dispersed near Sheridan Square,” New York Times, July 3, 1969, 19; “4 Homosexuals Sue to Curb D.C. Police,” Washington Post, September 10, 1971, C2.
47. “Homosexual Rights Laws Show Progress in Some Cities but Drive Arouses Considerable Opposition,” New York Times, May 13, 1974, 17.
48. “Homosexuals March for Equal Rights,” New York Times, June 18, 1977, 55.
49. Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986); Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003).
50. Previously, the only congressmen known or suspected to be gay were ones who had been arrested for it and another who died of AIDS. See “‘Compulsions’ Admitted by Rep. Bauman,” Washington Post, October 9, 1980, A1; “McKinney Dies of Illness Tied to AIDS,” New York Times, May 8, 1987, B1.
51. In another decision of critical importance to the nation, the Supreme Court also interpreted the Constitution differently from previous justices in order to endorse the views of the prevailing powers-that-be. That decision was Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Plessy upheld the constitutionality of segregation, including segregated public schools. No legislation had been enacted in the intervening years to provide a legal basis for a different interpretation of the constitutionality of such laws. What had intervened was six decades in which African Americans had struggled to organize themselves into a political force. Among the 3,697 words in the 1954 ruling, here are the 20 words that account for the justices overturning the ostensibly constitutional view of 1896: “Many Negroes have achieved outstanding success in the arts and sciences, as well as in the business and professional world.” Those words acknowledged just the socially accepted tip of the iceberg of African Americans’ efforts for equal rights, but enough was underneath that tip to alter the way the justices interpreted the Constitution.
52. “Crusade against Teen Pregnancy Creating Tempest,” Huntingdon (PA) Daily News, July 15, 1996, 2.
53. McDowell, Magdalen Facts.
54. “Children Who Are Their Brothers’ Keepers,” 716–21; “The Unwed Father,” 741–42.
55. Males, “Schools, Society, and ‘Teen’ Pregnancy,” 566–68.
56. “Methods of Sex Education Hit at Family Conference,” Washington Post, March 15, 1950, 13.
57. “Protestants Dispute Stand on Sex Education,” Lowell (MA) Sun, November 20, 1950, 21.
58. “Foes Fail to End Sex Education Spread,” Washington Post, June 3, 1969, C1; “Sex Education Foes Show Film on Hill,” Washington Post, September 17, 1969, C2; Todes, “Pavlov and the Bolsheviks,” 379–418.
59. Hyles, Sex Education in Our Public Schools. Sermon reprinted in booklet at http://www.jesus-is-savior.com/Books,%20Tracts%20&%20Preaching/Printed%20Sermons/Dr%20Jack%20Hyles/sex_education_in_public_schools.htm (accessed August 2016).
60. Hyles, Sex Education in Our Public Schools.
61. “Interview with Our Unofficial ‘Censor,’” New York Times, October 20, 1946, SM13.
62. Trenholm et al., Impacts.
63. Cockburn and St. Clair, Whiteout, 73.
64. Alexander, “The War on Drugs,” 75–77.
65. Meierhoefer, The General Effect, 4; Meier, “The Politics of Drug Abuse,” 41–69.
66. “Stamping Out the Drug Habit,” Los Angeles Times, November 21, 1926, B5; “Doctor Shows How Dope Evil Step by Step Wrecks Victims,” Atlanta Constitution, January 22, 1923, 2.
67. “Senators Given Sordid Story by Dope Users,” Associated Press report cited from the Los Angeles Times, June 27, 1951, 19.
68. “Reagan Vows War on Dope Trade,” Washington Post, October 3, 1982, A3; “Big War on Drugs Is Vowed,” Chicago Tribune, September 19, 1972, A13; “President Opens War on Drugs,” New York Times, November 28, 1954, 1; “Veterans Group to War on Drugs,” Washington Post, March 4, 1935, 3; “Chats with Visitors—Nations Cooperate in War on Drugs,” Washington Post, October 17, 1921, 6.
69. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, 1181.
70. “Crack: It’s No Longer Just for the Rich,” AP report cited from the Daily Intelligencer / Montgomery County (PA) Record, July 16, 1986, 6; “‘Crack’ Puts New Pop in Cocaine Market,” Chicago Tribune, May 21, 1986, 1.
71. Malcolm, “The Case for the Smarter Sentencing Act,” 298–301; Meierhoefer, The General Effect, 3–6; Danielle Kurtzleben, “Data Show Racial Disparity in Crack Sentencing,” US News and World Report, August 3, 2010, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/08/03/data-show-racial-disparity-in-crack-sentencing; Beaver, “Getting a Fix,” 2531–75.
72. Letter from judges in “1997 Statement on Powder and Crack Cocaine,” 194–95; Malcolm Gladwell, “N.Y. Crack Epidemic Appears to Wane,” Washington Post, May 31, 1993, A1; Hamid, “The Development Cycle of a Drug Epidemic,” 337–48; Bowling, “The Rise and Fall of New York Murder,” 531–54.
73. “Touting Tough Sentencing Laws,” News Herald (Panama City FL), May 19, 2004, 11A; “Jeb Bush Op-Ed: A Father’s View of Drug Addiction,” Chicago Tribune, January 6, 2016, 19.
74. Conor Friedersdorf, “A Heartbreaking Drug Sentence of Staggering Idiocy,” Atlantic, April 3, 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/04/a-heartbreaking-drug-sentence-of-staggering-idiocy/274607/.
75. “GOP Tack on Heroin Crisis Underlines Racial Divide,” Washington Post, November 29, 2015, A1. Evidence of the spike in heroin use among whites in Cicero et al., “The Changing Face of Heroin Use,” 821–26.
76. Reihan Salam, “Gov. Chris Christie: No Life Is Disposable,” National Review, January 19, 2012, www.nationalreview.com/agenda/288600/gov-chris-christie-no-life-disposable-reihan-salam.
77. “The Bill Clinton Scandal Machine Revs Back Up and Takes Aim at His Wife,” Washington Post, January 6, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/the-bill-clinton-scandal-machine-revs-up-and-takes-aim-at-his-wife/2016/01/06/a08cf550-b4be-11e5-a76a-0b5145e8679a_story.html.
78. “After President Testifies, First Lady Decompresses,” Washington Post, January 20, 1998, A4; “Disputing Lewinsky’s Taped Claims,” Washington Post, January 31, 1998, A1; “Hillary Clinton Admits Error in Bringing Up Bush Rumor,” Associated Press report in Cedar Rapids (IA) Gazette, April 5, 1992, 3A.
79. “The Walters-Clinton Interview,” Washington Post, June 9, 2003, C1.
80. Colbert King, “Danger Comes Right Over the Counter,” Washington Post, May 5, 2012, A15.
81. “A White Flag in the War on Drugs,” Washington Post, April 13, 2012, A17.
82. A similar synthesized drug has more recently surfaced known as “bath salts.” Not to be confused with traditional bath salts (though some naive users have, resulting in a profound laxative effect but no high), the drug that has co-opted that name is a crystalized form of substances that are derived from the khat plant or are synthesized to mimic them. Until 2012 those substances also eluded the law by not yet having been specifically banned. The 2012 law also banned analogous substances, but computer-generated molecular models have enabled drug traffickers to synthesize substances that sidestep “analogous.” In all likelihood, its use too will decline—albeit after causing considerable damage and heartbreak—for reasons other than such laws, since, as with crack and meth, its effects have proven so dangerous and, due to rapid changes in what constitutes its active ingredient(s), so unpredictable. See “Synthetic Drugs Known as ‘Bath Salts’ Strike Families and Communities with Alarming Speed and Savagery,” Elyria (OH) Chronicle, October 2, 2011, F1. For youths who tried to get high on traditional bath salts, see “Lima Considers Bath Salt Ban,” Lima (OH) News, June 14, 2011, A1, A7.
83. “Methamphetamine,” National Institute of Drug Abuse & Addiction, www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/methamphetamine (accessed August 14, 2015); “Violent Crime in U.S. Continues to Surge; Homicide Increase Largest in Big Cities,” Washington Post, December 19, 2006, A1; “Homicides Up 20% in District This Year,” Washington Post, June 26, 2015, B1; “Police Say Synthetic Marijuana Leading to Increase in Overdoses, Crime,” Las Vegas Review-Journal, August 16, 2015, http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/nation-and-world/police-say-synthetic-marijuana-leading-increase-overdoses-crime; Weisheit and White, Methamphetamine, 84–94.
1. Dick Armey, “Void the Blank Check for Offensive Art,” Journal Tribune (Biddeford ME), August 1, 1989, 8.
2. Moyers and Beckett, Sister Wendy in Conversation with Bill Moyers.
3. “It Happens Again: 15 Die in Rampage,” Walla Walla Union-Bulletin, April 21, 1999, 1; Tom Maurstad, “Violent Streak,” Dallas Morning News, reprinted in Syracuse Herald-Journal, April 22, 1999, A12.
4. “Decapitate Your Enemy for 50 Cents,” Wisconsin State Journal (Madison), January 3, 1993, 1A, 7A.
5. Anderson, “Unintended Negative Consequence,” 3–13; Carnagey and Anderson, “The Effects of Reward,” 882–89; Anderson and Ford, “Affect of the Game Player,” 390–402.
6. Anderson et al., “Early Childhood Television Viewing,” i–viii, 1–154; “Judges Lay Crime to Improper Films,” New York Times, January 18, 1925, 3.
7. “Potpourri,” 224; “Text Book Fairy Tales Condemned,” Trenton Evening Times, August 6, 1908, 7; Brooke Peters Church, “Talks to Parents,” syndicated column cited from Abilene (TX) Morning News, July 6, 1935, 6.
8. Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association, 564 U.S. 08-1448, June 27, 2011.
9. Krista Goerte, “Fact Is, There’s Nothing Wrong with Video Games,” Paris (TX) News, February 8, 2013, A4.
10. Wertham, Seduction of the Innocent, 90–91.
11. Calvin A. Byers, “Farmer’s Diary—the Comic Book Menace,” syndicated column cited from the Mansfield (OH) News-Journal, June 15, 1948, 4; “Spencer School Pupils Wage War on Comic Books,” Charleston (WV) Daily Mail, October 27, 1948, 2.
12. “Comic Book Curb Urged by PTA,” Binghamton (NY) Press, November 17, 1948, 12; “Students to Dramatize Boycott with Bonfire of Comic Books,” Binghamton Press, December 2, 1948, 5; Twomey, “The Citizens’ Committee,” 621–29.
13. Hoskins, “Delinquency,” 512–37.
14. Katzev v. County of Los Angeles, 341 P.2d 310 (Cal. 1959).
15. Bettelheim, “Review of Seduction of the Innocent,” 129–30.
16. Long before violent video games, Americans were periodically shocked by killing sprees of random victims. Using as a debut point for such video games the 1992 release of Mortal Kombat (in which the victor tears off the head of his—or her—vanquished foe and pulls out the opponent’s heart), the most widely reported random killing sprees pre–Mortal Kombat were John Patrick Purdy opening fire in a Stockton, California, elementary school in 1989; Laurie Dann doing likewise in a Winnetka, Illinois, elementary school the year before; and Charles Whitman firing on students in a 1966 massacre at the University of Texas. On the other hand, whether or not violent video games contributed, such random killing sprees began to occur more frequently after 1992. On May 21, 1998, Kip Kinkel opened fire on students at Thurston High School in Springfield, Oregon. Three days later, Mitchell Scott Johnson and Andrew Douglas Golden gunned down students at Westside Middle School. The massacre at Columbine occurred the following year, and to date, the list has continued unabated.
17. Tilley, “Seducing the Innocent,” 383–413.
18. “The Use of Narcotic Drugs in the South,” 127–28; Bowers, “Why Not Government Hospitals,” 60–61; Lewitus, “Marihuana,” 677–78; “Lung Cancer Rise Laid to Cigarettes,” New York Times, October 26, 1940, 17; J. K. Finnegan et al., “The Role of Nicotine in the Cigarette Habit,” Science, July 27, 1945, 94–96; Cutler, “A Review of the Statistical Evidence,” 267–82; “Legality of Marijuana Laws Tested in Mass. Court Battle,” Washington Post, September 26, 1967, A3; The Cigarette Controversy, [pamphlet]; Dell and Snyder, “Marijuana,” 630–35; Koop, The Health Consequences of Smoking, i–iii.
19. In 2011 Anderson and two associates did publish “The General Aggression Model: Theoretical Extensions to Violence,” the key word being “theoretical.” The article contained no data. See DeWall, Anderson, and Bushman, “The General Aggression Model.”
20. Barry, Hiilamo, and Glantz, “Waiting for the Opportune Moment,” 207–42.
21. Hanchi et al., “Impairment of Antimicrobial Activity,” 700–704; Bluhm, Daniels, Pollock, and Olshan, “Maternal Use of Recreational Drugs,” 663–69.
22. “National Health Interview Survey,” Centers for Disease Control, www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm.
23. Smoking and Health: Surgeon General, A-9; Smoking and Health: Advisory Committee, 25.
24. Shew, Tobacco Diseases, 2–3.
25. Faye Marley, “Tobacco—Health Issue,” Science News-Letter, December 14, 1963, 373; United States Census of Manufactures, 2:21A-5.
26. While the tobacco industry could not snuff out the views of those scientists they were unable to employ, it could flick most of their publishing butts out of the country. Bearing in mind that correlation does not prove causation, it remains startling that, among the 322 English-language research articles that included both the words “tobacco” and “cancer” and appeared in scholarly journals in the years 1950 through 1963, all but 47 were published in British or Canadian publications. While not exactly the proverbial place where the sun don’t shine, the industry nevertheless couldn’t reach the place where tobacco don’t grow.
27. “S.C. Leaf Men See Little Effect,” Florence (SC) Morning News, January 12, 1964, 1.
28. Gilpin and Pierce, “Trends in Adolescent Smoking,” 122–27; Pollay and Lavack, “The Targeting of Youth,” 266–71; “News of the Week,” Freeman (Indianapolis IN), January 25, 1890, 2.
29. Teel, Teel, and Bearden, “Lessons Learned,” 45–50.
30. The prohibition contingent also succeeded in getting Congress to pass a law in 2009 banning the sale of candy-flavored cigarettes, another effort by the tobacco industry to lure kids in. This success, however, reflected failure. To whatever extent that the ban succeeded in preventing kids from smoking, it revealed the extent to which laws banning the sale of cigarettes to kids were ineffective.
31. See “Victim of Cancer Sues Tobacco Co.,” Washington Post, October 31, 1954, M3; “Cancer Tied to Tobacco in Lawsuit,” Washington Post, March 23, 1958, B7; Teel, Teel, and Bearden, “Lessons Learned,” 46; Banzhaf et al. v. Federal Communications Commission et al., 405 F.2d 1082, United States Court of Appeals District of Columbia Circuit (1968).
32. Dank et al., Estimating the Size and Structure, 219.
33. See “Morals Court Called Vicious by War Board,” Chicago Tribune, January 6, 1919, 7; “Police Padlock 27 Saloons,” New York Times, January 9, 1924, 4; “Referee Assails Vice Case Lawyers,” New York Times, July 22, 1931, 17.
34. See McMurdy, “The Use of the Injunction,” 513–17; Hass, “Sin in Wisconsin,” 138–51; Repression of Prostitution in the District of Columbia—Hearings before the Committee on the District of Columbia, United States Senate, 77th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1921).
35. “Propose Science to Suppress Vice,” Chicago Tribune, June 5, 1914, 3; Treadway, “Psychiatric Studies of Delinquents,” 1575–92.
36. Davis, “The Sociology of Prostitution,” 746, 749.
37. Davis, “The Sociology of Prostitution,” 747.
38. Jenness, “From Sex as Sin to Sex as Work,” 403; Kalishman, “Prostitution,” 4; Weitzer, “Prostitutes’ Rights in the United States,” 23–41; “Judge Calls Prostitution Law Invalid,” Washington Post, November 4, 1972, B5; “D.C. Reduced Punishment for Pot—Could Prostitution Come Next?,” Washington Post, August 12, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/first-pot-now-prostitution-a-new-decriminalization-front-opens-in-dc/2015/08/12/58d861de-4134-11e5-846d-02792f854297_story.html.
39. See Lewis, The Biology of Desire.
40. Maule, She Strives to Conquer, 159; Sangree, “Title VII Prohibitions,” 461–561; “Finding Meager Help in a Sex-Complaint System,” New York Times, November 27, 1992, D18.
41. Pearl Lemon, “Wife Slavery,” Maine Farmer, July 2, 1885, 1.
42. Lawson, Rights, Remedies, and Practice, 2:1311n5. Among the films with spanking of women were The Naughty Flirt (1931); Flying Down to Rio (1933); The Meanest Gal in Town (1934); Taming the Wild (1936); Bunker Bean (1936); The Footloose Heiress (1937); Love, Honor and Behave (1938); Stronger than Desire (1939); Our Wife (1941); The Thin Man Goes Home (1944); Frontier Gal (1945); She Wrote the Book (1946); Beauty and the Bandit (1946); June Bride (1948); Rustlers (1949); Stagecoach Kid (1949); Look for the Silver Lining (1949); On Moonlight Bay (1951); Kiss Me Kate (1953); Captain Lightfoot (1955); Holiday for Lovers (1959); Blue Hawaii (1961); The Steel Claw (1961); Mclintock (1963); Donovan’s Reef (1963); “Ricky Loses His Temper,” I Love Lucy, season 3, episode 19 (Desilu Productions, CBS), broadcast February 22, 1954.
43. “Wife Beating: Major Social Ill?,” Beckley (WV) Post-Herald, July 21, 1975, 5.
44. “Protection from Abuse Act” described in “Lobbyists Face State Guidelines,” New Castle (DE) News, October 8, 1976, 1; “It Hurts at Home,” Sandusky (OH) Register, May 30, 1981, A1, A3. For shortcomings of assault laws, see Fields, “Does This Vow Include Wife Beating?,” 40–45, 55–56.
45. Joan Arehart-Treichel, “America’s Teen Pregnancy Epidemic,” Science News, May 6, 1978. For data indicating there was no “epidemic,” see Males, “Adult Liaison,” 525–45.
46. Bickel, Weaver, Williams, and Lange, “Opportunity, Community, and Teen Pregnancy,” 75–181.
47. Vincent and Dod, “Community and School,” 191–97.
48. Barbara Goldberg, principal consultant, Barbara Goldberg & Associates, interview with the author, April 6, 2015.
49. Goldberg et al., “Successful Community Engagement,” 65–86. See also Best Practices for Community Engagement; and Clay et al., “Building Relationships,” 274–302.
50. Stephen L. Pevar, Dana L. Hanna, and Robert Doody, attorneys for plaintiffs, Oglala Sioux Tribe and Rosebud Sioux Tribe v. Luann Van Hunnik, Mark Vargo, Hon. Jeff Davis, and Kim Malsam-Rysdon, United States District Court for the District of South Dakota, Class Action Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief, Case 5:13-cv-05020-JLV, Document 69, filed January 28, 2014.
51. Laura Sullivan and Amy Walters, “Incentives and Cultural Bias Fuel Foster System,” National Public Radio, air date October 25, 2011, http://www.npr.org/2011/10/25/141662357/incentives-and-cultural-bias-fuel-foster -system (accessed April 1, 2015).