1 Beauvoir, Simone de (1949), The Second Sex, Parshley, H.M. trans. (1953), London
1 http://science.sciencemag.org/content/164/3883/1045.1
2 Slocum, Sally (1975), ‘Woman the gatherer: male bias in anthropology’, in Reiter, Rayna R. ed. (1975), Toward an Anthropology of Women. Monthly Review Press
3 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/human-evolution-violence-instinct-to-kill-murder-each-other-a7335491.html
4 https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v538/n7624/full/nature19758.html
5 https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016–06/uog-mdb061716.php
6 http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/news-and-views/social/no-women-arentas-likely-to-commit-violence-as-men-20141118-3km9x.html
7 https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/compendium/focusonviolentcrimeandsexualoffences/yearendingmarch2015/chapter2homicide#focus-on-domestic-homicides
8 https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/htus8008.pdf
9 http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf
10 https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131008-women-handprints-oldest-neolithic-cave-art/
11 https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/sep/15/how-the-female-viking-warrior-was-written-out-of-history
12 https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/09/viking-warrior-woman-archaeology-spd/
13 https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/09/viking-warrior-woman-archaeology-spd/
14 https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/world/europe/sweden-viking-women-warriors-dna.html
15 https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/world/europe/sweden-viking-women-warriors-dna.html
16 Walker, Phillip (1995), ‘Problems of Preservation and Sexism in Sexing: Some Lessons from Historical Collections for Palaeodemographers’, in Saunders, S. R. and Herring A. (eds.), Grave Reflections, Portraying the Past through Cemetery Studies (Canadian Scholars’ Press, Toronto); https://namuhyou.wordpress.com/2016/06/18/sexism-when-sexing-your-skull-cultural-bias-when-sexing-the-skull/
17 https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/world/europe/sweden-viking-women-warriors-dna.html
18 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/18/battle-prejudice-warrior-women-ancient-amazons
19 https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2015–05-06/warrior-women
20 Hegarty, Peter and Buechel, Carmen (2006), ‘Androcentric Reporting of Gender Differences’, APA Journals: 1965–2004 Review of General Psychology, 10:4, 377–89; Vainapel, Sigal, Shamir, Opher Y., Tenenbaum, Yulie and Gilam, Gadi (2015), ‘The Dark Side of Gendered Language: The Masculine-Generic Form as a Cause for Self-Report Bias’, Psychological Assessment Issue, 27:4, 1513–19; Sczesny, Sabine, Formanowicz, Magda, and Moser, Franziska (2016), ‘Can Gender-Fair Language Reduce Gender Stereotyping and Discrimination?’, Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1–11; Horvath, Lisa Kristina and Sczesny, Sabine (2016), ‘Reducing women’s lack of fit with leadership positions? Effects of the wording of job advertisements’, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25:2, 316–28; Stout, Jane G. and Dasgupta, Nilanjana (2011), ‘When He Doesn’t Mean You: Gender-Exclusive Language as Ostracism’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36:6, 757–69; Vervecken, Dries, Hannover, Bettina and Wolter, Ilka (2013), ‘Changing (S) expectations: How gender fair job descriptions impact children’s perceptions and interest regarding traditionally male occupations’, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82:3, 208–20; Prewitt-Freilino, J. L., Caswell, T. A. and Laakso, E. K. (2012), ‘The Gendering of Language: A Comparison of Gender Equality in Countries with Gendered, Natural Gender, and Genderless Languages’, Sex Roles, 66: 3–4, 268–81; Gygax, Pascal, Gabriel, Ute, Sarrasin, Oriane, Oakhill, Jane and Garnham, Alan (2008), ‘Generically intended, but specifically interpreted: When beau-ticians, musicians, and mechanics are all men’, Language and Cognitive Processes, 23:3, 464–85; Stahlberg, D., Sczesny, S. and Braun, F. (2001), ‘Name your favorite musician: effects of masculine generics and of their alternatives in German’, Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 20, 464–69
21 Stahlberg, Sczesny and Braun (2001)
22 Sczesny, Formanowicz and Moser (2016); Vervecken, Hannover and Wolter (2013)
23 Stahlberg, D. and Sczesny, S. (2001), ‘Effekte des generischen Maskulinums und alternativer Sprachformen auf den gedanklichen Einbezug von Frauen’ [The impact of masculine generics on the cognitive inclusion of women], Psychol. Rundsch., 52, 131–40; Horvath and Sczesny (2016); Sczesny, Formanowicz and Moser (2016)
24 Stout and Dasgupta (2011); Sczesny, Formanowicz and Moser (2016)
25 Gygax, Gabriel, Sarrasin, Oakhill and Garnham (2008)
26 Vainapel, Shamir, Tenenbaum and Gilam (2015)
27 Ignacio Bosque, ‘Sexismo lingüístico y visibilidad de la mujer’, http://www.rae.es/sites/default/files/Sexismo_linguistico_y_visibilidad_de_la_mujer_0.pdf
28 Vainapel, Shamir, Tenenbaum and Gilam (2015)
29 https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/feb/01/dany-cotton-london-fire-chief-sexist-abuse-over-firefighter-sam-campaign
30 Horvath and Sczesny (2016)
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid.
33 Prewitt-Freilino, Caswell and Laakso (2012)
34 https://www.emogi.com/insights/view/report/1145/2016-emoji-report
35 http://www.adweek.com/digital/report-92-of-online-consumers-use-emojiinfographic/
36 https://unicode.org/L2/L2016/16160-emoji-professions.pdf
37 http://www.adweek.com/digital/report-92-of-online-consumers-use-emojiinfographic/
38 http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16181-gender-zwj-sequences.pdf
39 Bradley, Adam, MacArthur, Cayley, Carpendale, Sheelagh and Hancock, Mark, ‘Gendered or Neutral? Considering the Language of HCI’, Graphics Interface Conference 2015, 3–5 June, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, http://graphicsinterface.org/wp-content/uploads/gi2015-21.pdf
40 https://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/institutions/bias.html
41 Naureen Durrani (2008), ‘Schooling the ‘other’: the representation of gender and national identities in Pakistani curriculum texts’, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 38:5, 595–610
42 Lambdin, Jennifer R., Greer, Kristen M., Jibotian, Kari Selby, Wood, Kelly Rice and Hamilton, Mykol C. (2003), ‘The Animal = Male Hypothesis: Children’s and Adults’ Beliefs About the Sex of Non-Sex-Specific Stuffed Animals’, Sex Roles, 48:11–12, 471–482
43 http://www.br-online.de/jugend/izi/deutsch/forschung/gender/IZI_Guidelines_WEB.pdf
44 http://seejane.org/wp-content/uploads/key-findings-gender-roles-2013.pdf
45 http://wmc.3cdn.net/dcdb0bcb4b0283f501_mlbres23x.pdf
46 http://www.news.com.au/finance/money/australia-a-world-leader-in-female-representation-on-banknotes/news-story/3cf7c3b5ed3838075d571a64c7fcdff6
47 http://cdn.agilitycms.com/who-makes-the-news/Imported/reports_2015/highlights/highlights_en.pdf
48 Silvina Bongiovanni (2014), “No se preocupe la señora marquesa’: A study of gender bias in example sentences in the RAE grammar textbook’, IULC Working Papers, 14:1 https://www.indiana.edu/~iulcwp/wp/article/viewFile/14–05/146
49 Clark, Roger, Allard, Jeffrey and Mahoney, Timothy (2004) ‘How Much of the Sky? Women in American High School History Textbooks from the 1960s, 1980s and 1990s’, Social Education, 68:1, 57–62
50 Amy L. Atchison (2017), ‘Where Are the Women? An Analysis of Gender Mainstreaming in Introductory Political Science Textbooks’, Journal of Political Science Education, 13:2, 185–199
51 Iveta Silova (2016), ‘Gender Analysis of Armenian School Curriculum and Textbooks Policy Brief’, PhD (June 2016), Arizona State University, https://openknowledge.world-bank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/24948/Gender0analysi0ooks000policy0brief.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y; Chiponda, Annie F and Wassermann, Johann (2016), ‘The depiction of women in the verbal text of a junior secondary Malawian history textbook – an analysis’, Yesterday & Today, 16, 40–59; https://ei-ie.org/en/woe_home-page/woe_detail/15405/curriculum-textbooks-and-gender-stereotypes-the-case-of-pakistan; Durrani (2008); Ullah, Hazir and Skelton, Christine (2013), ‘Gender representation in the public sector schools textbooks of Pakistan’, Educational Studies 39:2; 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2010 studies cit. Chiponda, Annie F and Wasser-mann, Johann (2016)
52 http://www.siliconera.com/2016/12/02/metroid-developers-discuss-decided-make-samus-aran-woman-new-interview/
53 http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/12/15/gaming-and-gamers/
54 http://wmc.3cdn.net/dcdb0bcb4b0283f501_mlbres23x.pdf
55 https://feministfrequency.com/2015/06/22/gender-breakdown-of-games-showcased-at-e3-2015/
56 http://www.kotaku.co.uk/2015/07/15/fifas-struggle-to-include-women-reveals-a-lot-about-gamings-problems-with-diversity
57 https://feministfrequency.com/2016/06/17/gender-breakdown-of-games-showcased-at-e3-2016/
58 http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/03/nyregion/campus-life-georgetown-white-male-writers-is-the-title-of-english-112.html
59 https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/sep/05/suffragette-review-historical-drama-tub-thumps-hard-despite-having-your-vote
60 https://ai2-s2-pdfs.s3.amazonaws.com/05e1/0638aab94ca0d46ddde8083ff69859a0401e.pdf
61 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/womens-blog/2016/aug/17/normal-society-means-male-andy-murray-venus-serena-williams?CMP=fb_gu
62 https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2016/08/05/19/54/160805-wnt-a-history-of-the-usa-at-the-olympic-games
63 http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/thor-as-woman-marvel-reveals-new-incarnation-of-superhero-in-comic-series-9608661.html
64 https://www.wired.com/2015/10/hugo-awards-controversy/
65 http://www.mamamia.com.au/star-wars-movie-features-a-female-lead.,; http://screencrush.com/rogue-one-female-lead-angry-fans/
66 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/21/former-doctor-peter-davison-says-female-choice-role-means-loss/
67 http://uk.businessinsider.com/doctor-who-first-woman-jodie-whittaker-sexist-reactions-2017–7
68 https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/25/readers-prefer-authors-own-sex-goodreads-survey
69 https://kotaku.com/ubisoft-cut-plans-for-female-assassins-in-unity-1589278349
70 http://www.kotaku.co.uk/2014/06/16/whole-assassins-creed-thing
71 For more, see Anna Beer (2016): Sounds and Sweet Airs: The Forgotten Women of Classical Music, London
72 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-39191514
73 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/18/battle-prejudice-warrior-women-ancient-amazons
74 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/01/caroline-louisa-daly-art-men-attribution
75 https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130519-women-scientists-overlooked-dna-history-science/
76 http://www.newn.cam.ac.uk/about/history/biographies/
77 Beer (2016).
78 Despite being lauded as a child prodigy, Fanny Hensel was informed by her father that ‘Music will perhaps become his [her brother, Felix Mendelssohn] career, whilst for you it can and must only be an ornament.’
79 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/9790633/Will-Goves-posh-white-blokes-history-curriculum-ignore-women.html
80 www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationopinion/9973999/Sorry-NUTGoves-history-reforms-are-no-pub-quiz.html
81 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/5077505/History-has-been-feminised-says-David-Starkey-as-he-launches-Henry-VIII-series.html
82 https://teachingwomenshistory.com/teaching-resources/medieval-women/
83 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/opinion/sunday/the-end-of-identity-liberalism.html?_r=0
84 http://www.wbur.org/politicker/2016/11/21/bernie-sanders-berklee
85 http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/307014-sanders-dems-must-move-beyond-identity-politics
86 http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/columnists/paul-kelly/donald-trumps-election-a-rejection-of-identity-politics/news-story/147b11c08b64702d3f9be1821416cb72
87 https://twitter.com/RichardBurgon/status/822417591713075201
88 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/dec/01/blame-trump-brexit-identity-liberalism
89 https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/naics4_212100.htm#00–0000
90 https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372012.htm
91 Bourdieu, Pierre (1972) Outline of a Theory of Practice, Nice, Richard trans. (1977), Cambridge
92 http://theconversation.com/donald-trump-and-the-rise-of-white-identity-in-politics-67037
93 http://www.vox.com/2016/11/1/13480416/trump-supporters-sexism
1 https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/28542/120500.pdf?sequence=6
2 http://planphilly.com/articles/2015/01/26/septa-has-largest-percentage-of-female-riders-64-among-large-transit-agencies?utm_content=buffer97258&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer
3 Ceccato, Vania (2017), ‘Women’s victimisation and safety in transit environments’, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 19:3–4, 163–7
4 http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_422a_en.pdf; World Bank (2007), Gender and Urban Transport: Fashionable and Affordable Module 7a Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities
5 http://www.wnyc.org/story/283137-census-data-show-public-transit-gender-gap/
6 Ceccato (2017)
7 http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities.pdf 2015
8 http://content.tfl.gov.uk/gender-equality-scheme-2007–2010.pdf
9 Sánchez de Madariaga, Inés, ‘Mobility of Care: Introducing New Concepts in Urban Transport’, in Roberts, Marion and Sánchez de Madariaga, Inés (eds.) (2013), Fair Shared Cities: The Impact of Gender Planning in Europe, Farnham
10 http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/leru-paper-gendered-research-and-innovation.pdf
11 http://ssmon.chb.kth.se/volumes/vol16/5_Rolfsman_Bylund.pdf 2012
12 https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/files/6151586/2295991.pdf
13 http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/leru-paper-gendered-research-andinnovation.pdf
14 www.chicksontheright.com/feminist-snow-plowing-disrupts-traffic-and-normal-life-for-people-in-sweden/; https://heatst.com/world/feminist-snow-plowing-system-brings-stockholm-to-a-standstill/
15 https://heatst.com/world/feminist-snow-plowing-system-brings-stockholm-to-a-standstill/
16 http://www.dn.se/arkiv/stockholm/jamstalld-snorojning-blev-ett-fiasko-iovadret/
17 http://thecityfix.com/blog/brasilia-brazil-women-bus-stop-night-safety-sexual-assault-luisa-zottis/
18 http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/61244
19 Sánchez de Madariaga (2013)
20 https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/07/unless-living-standards-improve-theresa-mays-cameron-tribute-act-will-continue
21 https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2014/06/On-line-Catalogue224222.pdf
22 https://www.itdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/7aGenderUTSept300.pdf; World Bank (2007)
23 Review of World Bank infrastructure projects 1995–2009 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362–1265299949041/6766328–1270752196897/Gender_Infrastructure2.pdf
24 Sánchez de Madariaga (2013); Tran, Hoai Anh and Schlyter, Ann (2010), ‘Gender and class in urban transport: the cases of Xian and Hanoi’, Environment and Urbanization, 22:1, 139–55
25 http://wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/Final_Report_24082015_0.pdf; http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities.pdf
26 http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities.pdf
27 http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/urban.html
28 https://tfl.gov.uk/campaign/hopper-fare
29 http://humantransit.org/2010/02/the-power-and-pleasure-of-grids.html
30 http://humantransit.org/2014/08/charging-for-connections-is-insane.html
31 https://las.depaul.edu/centers-and-institutes/chaddick-institute-for-metropolitan-development/research-and-publications/Documents/Have%20App%20Will%20Travel%20Uber%20-%20CTA.pdf
32 Ibid.
33 http://webfoundation.org/docs/2015/10/womens-rights-online_Report.pdf
34 http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR16/WEF_Global_Gender_Gap_Report_2016.pdf
35 http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.co.uk/2015/10/unpaid-care-work-women-and-gdp.html
36 World Bank (2007)
37 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/576095/tsgb-2016-report-summaries.pdf
38 http://wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/Final_Report_24082015_0.pdf 2015 Bhopal
39 http://civitas.eu/sites/default/files/civ_pol-an2_m_web.pdf
40 https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/TSAR_2016r.pdf
41 Sánchez de Madariaga (2013)
42 http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/chapter4.pdf
43 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2013/sdn1310.pdf (duffle 2012)
44 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRREGTOPGENDER/Resources/gender_econ_growth_ug.pdf
45 https://www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/what-we-do/where-we-work/latin-america-and-caribbean/brazil
46 http://abeiradourbanismo.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/habitacao-empregoe-mobilidade.html
47 https://lsecities.net/media/objects/articles/relocating-homes-and-lives-in-rios-olympic-city/en-gb/
48 https://www.boell.de/en/2014/06/11/we-were-not-invited-party-women-and-world-cup
49 http://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=6527
50 https://www.lincolninst.edu/sites/default/files/pubfiles/koch_wp13jk1.pdf
51 https://www.boell.de/en/2014/06/11/we-were-not-invited-party-women-and-world-cup
52 https://lsecities.net/media/objects/articles/relocating-homes-and-lives-in-rios-olympic-city/en-gb/
53 http://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=6527
54 http://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=25015
55 https://www.boell.de/en/2014/06/11/we-were-not-invited-party-women-and-world-cup
56 http://www.citylab.com/commute/2013/09/how-design-city-women/6739/
57 Ibid.
58 http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR16/WEF_Global_Gender_Gap_Report_2016.pdf
59 Alexis Grenell (2015), ‘Sex & the Stadt: Reimagining Gender in the Built Environment’, http://www.academia.edu/10324825/Sex_and_the_Stadt_Reimagining_Gender_in_the_Built_Environment
60 Architekturzentrum Wien (2008), Housing in Vienna: Innovative, Social, Ecological, Vienna
61 http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007–12-25-Designingwomen_N.htm
1 https://twitter.com/SamiraAhmedUK/status/849338626202886144
2 https://www.barbican.org.uk/about-barbican/people
3 Banks, Taunya Lovell (1991), ‘Toilets as a Feminist Issue: A True Story’, Berkeley Women’s Law Journal, 6:2 263–289
4 Greed, Clara (2014), ‘Global gendered toilet provision’, in ‘More Public than Private: Toilet Adoption and Menstrual Hygiene Management II’, AAG Annual Conference, Tampa, Florida, USA, 8–12 April 2014
5 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3749018/
6 Greed (2014)
7 http://www.unric.org/en/latest-un-buzz/29530-one-out-of-three-women-without-a-toilet
8 http://womendeliver.org/2016/yale-study-examines-link-sexual-violence-access-sanitation/
9 http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-has-60-4-per-cent-people-without-access-to-toilet-study/
10 Greed (2014)
11 Ibid.
12 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rose-george/open-defecation-india_b_7898834.html https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/aug/28/toilets-india-health-rural-women-safety
13 https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/wrdsanitation0417_web_0.pdf 2017
14 Sommer, Marni, Chandraratna, Sahani, Cavill, Sue, Mahon, Therese, and Phillips-Howard, Penelope (2016), ‘Managing menstruation in the workplace: an overlooked issue in low- and middle-income countries’, Int. J. Equity Health, 15:86
15 https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/wrdsanitation0417_web_0.pdf 2017
16 http://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/bombay-high-court-makes-right-to-clean-toilets-a-fundamental-right-for-women-in-india/
17 https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-11-25/women-india-agitate-their-right-pee
18 Ibid.
19 http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/women-in-slums-forced-to-defecate-in-open-say-community-toilets-are-unsafe-at-night/
20 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/aug/28/toilets-india-health-rural-women-safety; https://womennewsnetwork.net/2012/12/19/india-women-new-delhi-slum-toilets/
21 https://www.newsdeeply.com/womenandgirls/articles/2017/02/03/without-access-clean-safe-toilets-women-face-assault-illness
22 Jadhav, A., Weitzman, A. and Smith-Greenaway, E. (2016), ‘Household sanitation facilities and women’s risk of non-partner sexual violence in India’, BMC Public Health, 16:1139
23 https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/06/02/318259419/double-rape-lynching-in-india-exposes-caste-fault-lines
24 http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-right-to-pee-bombay-high-court-gives-municipal-corporations-deadline-in-pil-on-toilets-for-women-2045476
25 https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/the-women-in-india-fighting-for-the-right-to-pee
26 http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/civic/BMCs-promise-forwomens-toilets-goes-down-the-drain/articleshow/50801316.cms
27 http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0122244
28 https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-11-25/women-india-agitate-their-right-pee
29 https://www.newsdeeply.com/womenandgirls/articles/2017/02/03/without-access-clean-safe-toilets-women-face-assault-illness
30 Greed (2014)
31 http://www.phlush.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/americanrestroomcalltoactionpaper.pdf
32 https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/ucloo-festival-2013/2013/09/17/toilets-gender-and-urbanism/
33 http://transweb.sjsu.edu/sites/default/files/2611-women-transportation.pdf 2009
34 http://transweb.sjsu.edu/sites/default/files/2611-women-transportation.pdf
35 Gardner, Natalie, Cui, Jianqiang and Coiacetto, Eddo (2017), ‘Harassment on public transport and its impacts on women’s travel behaviour’, Australian Planner, 54:1, 8–15
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid.
38 http://transweb.sjsu.edu/sites/default/files/2611-women-transportation.pdf
39 Gardner, Cui and Coiacetto (2017)
40 Ceccato, Vania and Paz, Yuri (2017), ‘Crime in São Paulo’s metro system: sexual crimes against women’, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 19:3–4, 211–26
41 http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Women-safety-indelhi.pdf
42 http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/need-to-make-public-transport-in-delhi-women-friendly-study/story-Eq8h997zRiq8XTdIr7dQ0H.html
43 Ceccato and Paz (2017)
44 Gardner, Cui and Coiacetto (2017)
45 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-44740362
46 Ceccato and Paz (2017)
47 Gardner, Cui and Coiacetto (2017)
48 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/soraya-chemaly/for-women-rape-isnt-amom_b_9997350.html
49 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-29818435
50 https://www.itdp.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/8.-Beyond-the-Women-Only-Train-Car-Gender-and-Sustainable-Transport.pdf
51 Ceccato and Paz (2017)
52 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/25/world/americas/rapes-in-brazil-spur-class-and-gender-debate.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0; http://thecityfix.com/blog/women-public-safety-demands-yasmin-khan/
53 http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2016/11/improving-womens-safety-in-mexico-city
54 http://thecityfix.com/blog/women-public-safety-demands-yasmin-khan/
55 https://www.thelocal.fr/20160615/half-of-french-woman-alter-clothes-to-avoid-harassment
56 https://www.thelocal.fr/20160615/half-of-french-woman-alter-clothes-to-avoid-harassment
57 http://www.thehoya.com/metro-surveys-sexual-harassment-cases/
58 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/soraya-chemaly/for-women-rape-isnt-amom_b_9997350.html
59 http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/Man-Accused-of-Metro-Assault-Was-Indecent-Exposure-Suspect-380782091.html
60 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2017/10/20/why-the-metoo-movement-is-a-public-transportation-issue/?utm_term=.09b8335a38b6
61 Ceccato, Vania (2017), ‘Women’s transit safety: making connections and defining future directions in research and practice’, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 19:3–4 (September 2017), 276–87
62 Gardner, Cui and Coiacetto (2017)
63 http://wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/Final_Report_24082015_0.pdf
64 Ceccato (2017)
65 https://twitter.com/awlilnatty/status/860142443550957568
66 http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/why-delhi-s-public-transport-is-still-a-war-zone-for-women/story-0bzla56HO3BIgI9LQqSSJI.html
67 Ceccato and Paz (2017)
68 http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2016/08/what_happens_when_sexual_assault_happens_on_a_long_haul_flight.html
69 http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/woman-masturbating-passenger-cabin-crew-american-airlines-paris-a7839186.html?cmpid=facebook-post
70 Ceccato (2017)
71 http://transweb.sjsu.edu/sites/default/files/2611-women-transportation.pdf
72 Gardner, Cui and Coiacetto (2017)
73 https://matadornetwork.com/life/make-public-transportation-safer-women/
74 https://matadornetwork.com/life/make-public-transportation-safer-women/
75 http://wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/Final_Report_24082015_0.pdf T
76 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/sj.2014.9; http://wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/Final_Report_24082015_0.pdf
77 http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities.pdf
78 https://matadornetwork.com/life/make-public-transportation-safer-women/
79 http://news.trust.org//spotlight/most-dangerous-transport-systems-for-women/
80 http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-victims-friend-relives-the-horrifying-84-minutes-of-december-16-night/1/309573.html
81 https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/05/world/asia/death-sentence-delhi-gang-rape.html
82 http://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-rape-attack-idUSBRE8BU02E20121231
83 Goodney, Suzanne, D’Silva, Lea Elsa and Asok, Abhijith (2017), ‘Women’s strategies addressing sexual harassment and assault on public buses: an analysis of crowdsourced data’, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 19: 3–4, 227–39
84 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/oct/13/why-arent-we-designing-cities-that-work-for-women-not-just-men
85 https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/dec/05/if-women-built-cities-what-would-our-urban-landscape-look-like
86 http://www.dailytitan.com/2013/11/workout-culture-subconsciously-reinforces-sexist-norms/ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11587175/Womens-fitness-What-men-really-think-about-women-in-the-gym.html
87 Irschik, Elisabeth and Kail, Eva, ‘Vienna: Progress Towards a Fair Shared City’, in Roberts, Marion and Sánchez de Madariaga, Inés (eds.) (2013)
88 http://www.wpsprague.com/research-1/2017/1/6/more-girls-to-parks-case-study-of-einsiedler-park-viennamilota-sidorova
89 http://civitas.eu/sites/default/files/civ_pol-an2_m_web.pdf
90 https://malmo.se/download/18.1388f79a149845ce3b9ff3/1491301765672/F%C3%B6rstudie+j%C3%A4mstalld+stadsplanering+Add+Gender+2013.pdf
91 https://malmo.se/download/18.1388f79a149845ce3b9102b/1491300931437/Presentation+20120913.pdf
92 http://webbutik.skl.se/bilder/artiklar/pdf/7164–987-4.pdf?issuusl=ignore
1 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/18/gender.uk
2 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-34602822
3 https://eng.fjarmalaraduneyti.is/media/Gender_Equality_in_Iceland_012012.pdf
4 http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/health-and-wellbeing/wellbeing/what-is-life-really-like-for-women-in-iceland-the-worlds-most-womanfriendly-country-20161031-gsez8j.html
5 http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2017.pdf
6 https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2016/03/daily-chart-0
7 McKinsey Global Institute (2015), The Power of Parity: how advancing women’s equality can add $12 trillion to global growth
8 https://ourworldindata.org/women-in-the-labor-force-determinants
9 Veerle, Miranda (2011), ‘Cooking, Caring and Volunteering: Unpaid Work Around the World’, OECD Social, employment and migration working papers no.116, OECD
10 http://www.pwc.com.au/australia-in-transition/publications/understanding-the-unpaid-economy-mar17.pdf
11 Chopra, D. and Zambelli, E. (2017), ‘No Time to Rest: Women’s Lived Experiences of Balancing Paid Work and Unpaid Care Work’, Institute of Development Studies
12 Veerle (2011)
13 Dinh, Huong, Strazdins, Lyndall and Welsh, Jennifer (2017), ‘Hour-glass ceilings: Work-hour thresholds, gendered health inequities’, Social Science & Medicine 176, 42–51
14 http://www.oecd.org/dev/development-gender/Unpaid_care_work.pdf
15 https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Women-and-Dementia-A-Marginalised-Majority1.pdf
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2015/time-spent-in-leisure-activities-in-2014-by-gender-age-and-educational-attainment.htm
20 https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/articles/menenjoyfivehoursmoreleisuretimeperweekthanwomen/2018–01-09
21 Dinh, Strazdins and Welsh (2017)
22 http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR16/WEF_Global_Gender_Gap_Report_2016.pdf
23 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362–1265299949041/6766328–1270752196897/Gender_Infra-structure2.pdf
24 L. Schiebinger and S. K. Gilmartin (2010), ‘Housework is an academic issue’, Academe, 96:39–44
25 https://www.newscientist.com/article/2085396-childcare-and-housework-are-what-give-women-more-heart-problems/
26 Kilpi, F., Konttinen, H., Silventoinen, K., Martikainen, P. (2015) ‘Living arrangements as determinants of myocardial infarction incidence and survival: A prospective register study of over 300,000 Finnish men and women’, Social Science & Medicine, 133, 93–100
27 http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/husbands-create-extra-seven-hours-of-housework-a-week-a6885951.html
28 https://theconversation.com/census-2016-women-are-still-disadvantagedby-the-amount-of-unpaid-housework-they-do-76008
29 https://www.inc.com/tom-popomaronis/science-says-you-shouldnt-work-more-than-this-number-of-hours-a-day.html?cid=cp01002wired
30 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/jan/15/is-28-hours-ideal-working-week-for-healthy-life
31 http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/stress/stress.pdf?pdf=stress
32 http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C030
33 Virtanen, M., Ferrie, J. E., Singh-Manoux, A. et al. (2011), ‘Long working hours and symptoms of anxiety and depression: a 5-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study’, Psychological Medicine, 41:12, 2485–94
34 Shields, M. (1999) ‘Long working hours and health’, Health Reports, 11:2, 33–48
35 Dinh, Strazdins and Welsh (2017)
36 Dembe, Allard E. and Yao, Xiaoxi (2016), ‘Chronic Disease Risks From Exposure to Long-Hour Work Schedules Over a 32-Year Period’, MPH Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 58:9, 861–7
37 Ibid.
38 https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2017/01/08/ryangosling-golden-globes-acceptance-speech-eva-mendes/96330942/
39 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/mar/03/spot-working-mother-happy-busy-caretaker
40 http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Closing-the-Pensions-Gap-Web.pdf
41 Fawcett Society (2018), Sex Discrimination Law Review
42 http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Closing-the-Pensions-Gap-Web.pdf
43 https://www.closethegap.org.uk/content/gap-statistics/
44 https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/bulletins/annualsurveyofhoursandearnings/2017provisionaland2016revisedresults
45 https://www.statista.com/statistics/280691/median-hourly-earnings-for-part-time-employees-in-the-uk-since-2006/
46 Levanon, Asaf, England, Paula and Allison, Paul (2009) ‘Occupational Feminization and Pay: Assessing Causal Dynamics Using 1950–2000 U.S. Census Data’, Social Forces, 88:2, 865–891
47 Pan, Jessica (2015), ‘Gender Segregation in Occupations: The Role of Tipping and Social Interactions’, Journal of Labor Economics, 33:2, 365–408
48 https://www.oecd.org/dev/development-gender/Unpaid_care_work.pdf
49 Fawcett Society (2018), Sex Discrimination Law Review
50 Ibid.
51 http://newlaborforum.cuny.edu/2017/03/03/recognize-reduce-redistribute-unpaid-care-work-how-to-close-the-gender-gap/
52 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf
53 Ibid.
54 Ibid.
55 https://www.unisa.edu.au/Global/EASS/HRI/Austen,%20Sharp%20and%20Hodgson%202015.pdf
56 http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Closing-the-Pensions-Gap-Web.pdf
57 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-39040132
58 http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Closing-the-Pensions-Gap-Web.pdf
59 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf
60 http://newlaborforum.cuny.edu/2017/03/03/recognize-reduce-redistribute-unpaid-care-work-how-to-close-the-gender-gap/
61 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf
62 Kalb, Guyonne (2018), ‘Paid Parental Leave and Female Labour Supply: A Review’, Economic Record, 94:304, 80–100; Strang, Lucy and Broeks, Miriam (2016), ‘Maternity leave policies: Trade-offs between labour market demands and health benefits for children’, European Union; https://www.dol.gov/wb/resources/paid_parental_leave_in_the_united_states.pdf (2014)
63 Rossin-Slater, Maya, Ruhm, Christopher J. and Waldfogel, Jane (2011), ‘The Effects of California’s Paid Family Leave Program on Mothers’ Leave-Taking and Subsequent Labor Market Outcomes’, NBER Working Paper No. 17715; Kalb (2018)
64 Kalb (2018)
65 Strang and Broeks (2016)
66 https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/technology/in-googles-inner-circle-a-falling-number-of-women.html
67 https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.pdf
68 Kalb (2018)
69 https://www.maternityaction.org.uk/2017/03/the-truth-is-that-uk-maternity-pay-is-amongst-the-lowest-in-europe/
70 https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.pdf
71 https://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/twt/brexit-isn-t-just-blokes
72 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2016/593543/EPRS_ATA(2016)593543_EN.pdf
73 https://politicalscrapbook.net/2017/10/mays-new-brexit-minister-wants-to-ditch-eu-laws-protecting-pregnant-women-and-vulnerable-workers/#more-67848
74 https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=0de4f7f0-d1a0-4e63-94c7-5e69081caa5f
75 https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/councillor-dumped-from-authority-over-time-off-after-giving-birth-prematurely-10122410.html
76 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/08/these-10-countries-have-the-best-parental-leave-policies-in-the-world
77 http://uk.businessinsider.com/maternity-leave-worldwide-2017–8/#us-the-family-and-medical-leave-act-provides-up-to-12-weeks-unpaid-leave-but-itdoesnt-apply-to-everyone-5
78 https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/es_20170606_paidfamilyleave.pdf
79 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017–11-09/malaysia-s-giving-working-moms-a-better-maternity-deal-than-u-s
80 http://prospect.org/article/beware-paid-family-leave-fig-leaf-gop-tax-plan
81 https://www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/benefits/2017/ebbl0061.pdf
82 https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/paid-maternity-leave-us-worst-countres-world-donald-trump-family-leave-plan-women-republican-social-a7606036.html
83 Blau, Francine D. and Kahn, Lawrence M. (2013), ‘Female Labor Supply: Why is the US Falling Behind?’, The American Economic Review, 103:3, 251–256
84 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/20/upshot/why-a-republican-plan-for-paid-leave-has-stirred-concern-about-social-security.html
85 http://crr.bc.edu/working-papers/how-much-does-motherhood-cost-women-in-social-security-benefits/
86 See Chapter 10
87 http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2017/05/17/cdc_data_says_women_in_their_thirties_are_having_more_babies_than_women.html
88 https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/07/for-female-scientists-theres-no-good-time-to-have-children/278165/
89 http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2013/06/female_academics_pay_a_heavy_baby_penalty.html
90 http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2013/06/female_academics_pay_a_heavy_baby_penalty.html
91 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/business/tenure-extension-policies-that-put-women-at-a-disadvantage.html
92 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/business/tenure-extension-policies-that-put-women-at-a-disadvantage.html
93 https://hardsci.wordpress.com/2016/06/28/dont-change-your-family-friendly-tenure-extension-policy-just-yet/
94 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/images/3/39/Employment_rate_by_sex%2C_age_group_20–64%2C_1993–2016_%28%25%29.png
95 https://qz.com/266841/economic-case-for-paternity-leave/
96 https://www.oecd.org/policy-briefs/parental-leave-where-are-the-fathers.pdf
97 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/28/swedish-fathers-paid-paternity-parental-leave
98 https://www.oecd.org/policy-briefs/parental-leave-where-are-the-fathers.pdf
99 https://www.theguardian.com/money/2017/mar/22/force-men-to-take-fater-only-parental-leave-experts-urge-mps
100 https://qz.com/266841/economic-case-for-paternity-leave/
101 https://www.ft.com/content/f3154b96-e0c5-11e5-8d9b-e88a2a889797
102 https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/upshot/paternity-leave-the-rewards-and-the-remaining-stigma.html
103 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/world/europe/10iht-sweden.html
104 http://fortune.com/2014/10/25/7-companies-with-the-best-perks-for-parents/
105 https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/technology/in-googles-inner-circle-a-falling-number-of-women.html
106 http://www.businessinsider.com/evernote-pays-for-its-employees-to-have-their-houses-cleaned-2012–10?IR=T
107 https://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/g28143/the-best-lactation-rooms-across-america/
108 http://time.com/money/4972232/12-companies-with-the-most-luxurious-employee-perks/
109 http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2017/05/16/apple_s_new_head-quarters_apple_park_has_no_child_care_center_despite_costing.html
110 http://www.kff.org/other/poll-finding/kaiser-family-foundationnew-york-timescbs-news-non-employed-poll/
111 https://www.flexjobs.com/blog/post/stats-about-remote-and-flexible-work-2017-predictions/
112 https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/why-are-big-companies-calling-their-remote-workers-back-office-n787101
113 https://timewise.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Timewise-Flexible-Jobs-Index-2017.pdf
114 Goldin, Claudia (2014), ‘A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter,’ American Economic Review, American Economic Association, 104:4, 1091–119
115 https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-women-are-no-longer-catching-up-to-men-on-pay/
116 European Parliament (2017), Gender Equality and Taxation in the European Union
117 http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/gender/Gender%20and%20Poverty%20Reduction/Taxation%20English.pdf
118 Schiebinger and Gilmartin (2010)
119 https://www.ft.com/content/60729d68-20bb-11e5-aa5a-398b2169cf79
120 http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21599763-womens-lowly-status-japanese-workplace-has-barely-improved-decades-and-country
121 http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=54757
122 http://money.cnn.com/2016/10/16/news/economy/japan-companies-women-careers-nissan/index.html
123 http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21599763-womens-lowly-status-japanese-workplace-has-barely-improved-decades-and-country
124 https://www.oecd.org/japan/japan-improving-the-labour-market-outcomes-of-women.pdf
125 https://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/structural-changes-final-report_en.pdf
126 https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/07/for-female-scientists-theres-no-good-time-to-have-children/278165/
127 https://work.qz.com/1156034/nobel-prize-winner-christiane-nussleinvolhard-is-helping-women-scientists-pay-to-outsource-household-chores/
128 http://genderpolicyreport.umn.edu/tax-proposals-a-missed-opportunityfor-addressing-implicit-gender-bias/; European Parliament (2017), Gender Equality and Taxation in the European Union
129 https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/deducting-business-expenses
130 http://fortune.com/2016/07/23/expense-policies-hurt-women/
131 https://www.gingerbread.org.uk/policy-campaigns/publications-index/statistics/
132 https://singlemotherguide.com/single-mother-statistics/
133 Fawcett Society (2017), Does Local Government Work for Women?
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3 https://nyphil.org/about-us/meet/musicians-of-the-orchestra
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12 https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/20/the-tech-industrys-gender-discrimination-problem
13 https://hbr.org/2014/10/hacking-techs-diversity-problem
14 https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/04/why-is-silicon-valley-so-awful-to-women/517788/
15 http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-women-tech-20150222-story.html#page=1
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24 Bagilhole, Barbara and Goode, Jackie (2001), ‘The Contradiction of the Myth of Individual Merit, and the Reality of a Patriarchal Support System in Academic Careers: A Feminist Investigation’, European Journal of Women’s Studies, 8:2, 161–80
25 Krawczyk, Michał (2017), Are all researchers male? Gender misattributions in citations, Scientometrics, 110:3, 1397–1402
26 https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/12/upshot/even-famous-female-economists-get-no-respect.html
27 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/upshot/when-teamwork-doesnt-work-for-women.html?mcubz=1
28 Knobloch-Westerwick, Glynn and Huge (2013)
29 https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/19/how-to-get-tenure-if-yourea-woman-academia-stephen-walt/
30 https://www.chronicle.com/article/Thanks-for-Listening/233825
31 http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/female-profs-more-work-1.4473910
32 Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin and Hesli, Vicki L., ‘Women Don’t Ask? Women Don’t Say No? Bargaining and Service in the Political Science Profession, PS: Political Science & Politics, 46:2, 355–369; Guarino, Cassandra M. and Borden, Victor M. H. (2017), ‘Faculty Service Loads and Gender: Are Women Taking Care of the Academic Family?’, Research in Higher Education, 58:6 672–694
33 https://hbr.org/2018/03/for-women-and-minorities-to-get-ahead-managers-must-assign-work-fairly; Laperrière, Ève, Messing, Karen and Bourbonnais, Renée (2017), ‘Work activity in food service: The significance of customer relations, tipping practices and gender for preventing musculoskeletal disorders’, Applied Ergonomics, 58, 89–101
34 Guarino and Borden (2017); Baker, Maureen (2012), Academic Careers and the Gender Gap, Canada; Gibney, Elizabeth (2017), ‘Teaching load could put female scientists at career disadvantage’, Nature, https://www.nature.com/news/teaching-load-could-put-female-scientists-at-career-disadvantage-1.21839; Women and Science Unit (2011), White Paper on the Position of Women in Science in Spain, UMYC
35 Amy Bug (2010), ‘Swimming against the unseen tide’, Phys. World, 23:08; Boring, Anne, Ottoboni, Kellie and Stark, Philip B. (2016), ‘Student evaluations of teaching (mostly) do not measure teaching effectiveness’ ScienceOpen Research
36 Boring, Anne, Ottoboni, Kellie and Stark, Philip B. (2016)
37 http://activehistory.ca/2017/03/shes-hot-female-sessional-instructors-gender-bias-andf-student-evaluations/
38 MacNell, Lillian, Driscoll, Adam and Hunt, Andrea N. (2015), ‘What’s in a Name: Exposing Gender Bias in Student Ratings of Teaching’, Innovative Higher Education, 40:4, 291–303
39 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/womens-blog/2015/feb/13/female-academics-huge-sexist-bias-students
40 http://activehistory.ca/2017/03/shes-hot-female-sessional-instructors-gender-bias-and-student-evaluations/
41 Storage, Daniel, Home, Zachary, Cimpian, Andrei and Leslie, Sarah-Jane (2016), ‘The Frequency of “Brilliant” and “Genius” in Teaching Evaluations Predicts the Representation of Women and African Americans across Fields’, PLoS ONE 11:3; Leslie, Sarah-Jane, Cimpian, Andrei, Meyer, Meredith and Freeland, Edward (2015), ‘Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines’, Science, 347:6219, 262–5; Meyer, Meredith, Cimpian, Andrei and Leslie, Sarah-Jane (2015), ‘Women are underrepresented in fields where success is believed to require brilliance’, Frontiers in Psychology, 6:235
42 Banchefsky, Sarah, Westfall, Jacob, Park, Bernadette and Judd, Charles M. (2016), ‘But You Don’t Look Like A Scientist!: Women Scientists with Feminine Appearance are Deemed Less Likely to be Scientists’, Sex Roles, 75:3–4, 95–109
43 Bian, Lin, Leslie, Sarah-Jane and Cimpian, Andrei (2017), ‘Gender stereotypes about intellectual ability emerge early and influence children’s interests’, Science, 355: 6323, 389–391
44 https://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/institutions/bias.html
45 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/31/women-science-industry-structure-sexist-courses-careers
46 Grunspan, Daniel Z., Eddy, Sarah L., Brownell, Sara E., Wiggins, Benjamin L., Crowe, Alison J., Goodreau, Steven M. (2016), ‘Males Under-Estimate Academic Performance of Their Female Peers in Undergraduate Biology Classrooms’, PLoS ONE, 11:2
47 Schmader, Toni, Whitehead, Jessica and Wysocki, Vicki H. (2007), ‘A Linguistic Comparison of Letters of Recommendation for Male and Female Chemistry and Biochemistry Job Applicants’, Sex Roles, 57:7–8, 509–14; Madera, Juan M., Hebl, Michelle R. and Martin, Randi C. (2009), ‘Gender and letters of recommendation for academia: Agentic and communal differences’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 94:6, 1591–9; Dutt, Kuheli, Pfaff, Danielle L., Bernstein, Ariel F., Dillard, Joseph S. and Block, Caryn J. (2016), ‘Gender differences in recommendation letters for postdoctoral fellowships in geoscience’, Nature Geoscience, 9, 805–8
48 Madera et al. (2009)
49 https://www.nature.com/news/women-postdocs-less-likely-than-men-toget-a-glowing-reference-1.20715
50 Trix, Frances and Psenka, Carolyn (2003), ‘Exploring the Color of Glass: Letters of Recommendation for Female and Male Medical Faculty’, Discourse & Society, 14:2, 191–220
51 Ibid.
52 Madera at al. (2009)
53 Nielsen, Mathias Wullum, Andersen, Jens Peter, Schiebinger, Londa and Schneider, Jesper W. (2017), ‘One and a half million medical papers reveal a link between author gender and attention to gender and sex analysis’, Nature Human Behaviour, 1, 791–6
54 http://gap.hks.harvard.edu/effects-gender-stereotypic-and-counter-stereotypic-textbook-images-science-performance
55 https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/gendergap/www/papers/anatomy-WSQ99.html
56 Light, Jennifer S. (1999), ‘When Computers Were Women’, Technology and Culture, 40:3, 455–483
57 Ensmenger, Nathan L. (2010), The Computer Boys Take Over: Computers, Programmers, and the Politics of Technical Expertise, Cambridge MA
58 https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/09/what-programmings-past-reveals-about-todays-gender-pay-gap/498797/
59 http://thecomputerboys.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/cosmopolitan-april-1967–1-large.jpg
60 https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/09/what-programmings-past-reveals-about-todays-gender-pay-gap/498797/
61 Ensmenger, Nathan L. (2010)
62 Ibid.
63 https://www.hfobserver.com/exclusive-content/q4-top-recruiting-department-hires-and-an-acquisition/
64 https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/01/how-algorithms-rule-our-working-lives
65 https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/11/your-job-their-data-the-most-important-untold-story-about-the-future/281733/
66 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471–6402.2008.00454.x; Hannah Riley Bowles, Linda Babcock and Lei Lai (2007), ‘Social incentives for gender differences in the propensity to initiate negotiations: Sometimes it does hurt to ask’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103, 84–103.
67 https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/technology/in-googles-inner-circle-a-falling-number-of-women.html
68 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/advan.00085.2017
69 https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/20/the-tech-industrys-gender-discrimination-problem
70 https://medium.com/@triketora/where-are-the-numbers-cb997a57252
71 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/workplace-gender-quotas-incompetence-efficiency-business-organisations-london-school-economics-lse-a7797061.html
72 http://web.mit.edu/fnl/volume/184/hopkins.html
73 http://www.cwf.ch/uploads/press/ABusinessCaseForWomen.pdf
74 https://madebymany.com/stories/can-a-few-well-chosen-words-improve-inclusivity
75 Gaucher, D., Friesen, J. and Kay, A. C. (2011), ‘Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101:1, 109–28
76 https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/12/meritocracy/418074/
77 Castilla, Emilio J. (2015), ‘Accounting for the Gap: A Firm Study Manipulating Organizational Accountability and Transparency in Pay Decisions’, Organization Science, 26:2, 311–33
1 Kingma, Boris and Marken Lichtenbelt, Wouter van (2015), ‘Energy consumption in buildings and female thermal demand,’ Nature Climate Change, 5, 1054–6
2 https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/04/science/chilly-at-work-a-decades-old-formula-may-be-to-blame.html?_r=0
3 http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/history/historical-picture.pdf
4 Ibid.
5 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4822a1.htm
6 https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.nr0.htm
7 https://www.equaltimes.org/the-invisible-risks-facing-working?lang=en#.W0oUw9gzrOT
8 Ibid
9 http://www.hazards.org/vulnerableworkers/ituc28april.htm
10 https://www.equaltimes.org/the-invisible-risks-facing-working?lang=en#.WsyCV9MbPOS
11 Messing, K. (in press), ‘Fighting invisibility in the workplace: the struggle to protect health and support equality in the workplace’ In Greaves, Lorraine (ed.) A History of Women’s Health in Canada, Second Story Press.
12 Côté, Julie (2012), ‘A critical review on physical factors and functional characteristics that may explain a sex/gender difference in work-related neck/shoulder disorders’, Ergonomics, 55:2, 173–82
13 http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/cancer/cancer.pdf?pdf=cancer
14 Rochon Ford, Anne (2014), “Overexposed, Underinformed”: Nail Salon Workers and Hazards to Their Health / A Review of the Literature National Network on Environments and Women’s Health’, RPSFM (Réseau pancanadien sur la santé des femmes et le milieu)
15 http://www.hazards.org/vulnerableworkers/ituc28april.htm
16 ‘Breast Cancer and Occupation: The Need for Action: APHA Policy Statement Number 20146, Issued November 18, 2014’, NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy; Rochon Ford (2014)
17 ‘Breast Cancer and Occupation: The Need for Action: APHA Policy Statement Number 20146, Issued November 18, 2014’; Brophy, James T., Keith, Margaret M. et al. (2012), ‘Breast cancer risk in relation to occupations with exposure to carcinogens and endocrine disruptors: a Canadian case-control study’, Environmental Health, 11:87
18 Rochon Ford (2014)
19 http://www.passblue.com/2017/07/05/females-exposed-to-nuclear-radiation-are-far-likelier-than-males-to-suffer-harm/
20 Phillips, Ann M. (2014), ‘Wonderings on Pollution and Women’s Health’, in Scott, Dayna Nadine (ed.), Our Chemical Selves: Gender, Toxics, and Environmental Health, Vancouver
21 Scott, Dayna Nadine and Lewis, Sarah (2014), ‘Sex and Gender in Canada’s Chemicals Management Plan’, in Scott, Dayna Nadine (ed.), Our Chemical Selves: Gender, Toxics, and Environmental Health, Vancouver
22 Rochon Ford (2014)
23 Scott and Lewis (2014)
24 Rochon Ford (2014)
25 Scott and Lewis (2014)
26 Ibid.
27 Rochon Ford (2014)
28 Scott and Lewis (2014)
29 ‘Breast Cancer and Occupation: The Need for Action: APHA Policy Statement Number 20146, Issued November 18, 2014’, NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy
30 Rochon Ford (2014)
31 Brophy et al. (2012)
32 ‘Breast Cancer and Occupation: The Need for Action: APHA Policy Statement Number 20146, Issued November 18, 2014’, NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy
33 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/may/05/osha-health-women-breast-cancer-chemicals-work-safety
34 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/apr/30/fda-cosmetics-health-nih-epa-environmental-working-group
35 Rochon Ford (2014); Brophy et al. (2012); Scott and Lewis (2014)
36 Scott and Lewis (2014)
37 Brophy et al. (2012)
38 Scott and Lewis (2014)
39 http://www.hazards.org/compensation/meantest.htm
40 ‘Designing Tools and Agricultural Equipment for Women’, poster produced by Aaron M. Yoder, Ann M. Adams and Elizabeth A. Brensinger, for 2014 Women in Agriculture Educators National Conference
41 http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11–8-13–2.pdf
42 Myles, Kimberly and Binseel, Mary S. (2007), ‘The Tactile Modality: A Review of Tactile Sensitivity and Human Tactile Interfaces’, Army Research Laboratory
43 http://www.afpc.af.mil/About/Air-Force-Demographics/
44 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/389575/20141218_WGCC_Findings_Paper_Final.pdf
45 https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/nov/24/female-raf-recruits-compensation-marching-injuries
46 Laperrière, Ève, Messing, Karen and Bourbonnais, Renée (2017), ‘Work activity in food service: The significance of customer relations, tipping practices and gender for preventing musculoskeletal disorders’, Applied Ergonomics, 58, 89–101
47 Friedl, Karl E. (2012), ‘Military Quantitative Physiology: Problems and Concepts in Military Operational Medicine’, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, United States of America; Knapik, Joseph and Reynolds, Katy (2012), ‘Load Carriage in Military Operations A Review of Historical, Physiological, Biomechanical, and Medical Aspects’, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, US Army Medical Department Center & School
48 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/389575/20141218_WGCC_Findings_Paper_Final.pdf
49 Ibid.
50 ibid.
51 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/dressed-to-kill-us-army-finally-designs-a-female-uniform-that-fits-2274446.html
52 https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/14/military-pressed-to-design-line-of-women-friendly-/
53 https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/PPEandwomenguidance.pdf
54 https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/voices/one-more-barrier-faced-by-women-in-science/
55 https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/PPEandwomenguidance.pdf
56 https://www.wes.org.uk/sites/default/files/WES%20safety%20survey%20results%20March%202010.pdf
57 www.prospect.org.uk/news/id/2016/June/21/Women-workers-highlight-problems-with-ill-fitting-protective-equipment
58 https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/2016–01299-Leaflet-booklet-Women%27s-PPE–One-Size-Does-Not-Fit-All-Version-26–09-2016%20%282%29.pdf
59 http://nycosh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Women-in-Construction-final-11–8-13–2.pdf
60 http:www.prospect.org.uk/news/id/2016/June/21/Women-workers-highlight-problems-with-ill-fitting-protective-equipment
61 https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/PPEandwomenguidance.pdf
62 theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/25/spain-guardia-civil-sexism-women-bulletproof-jackets?client=safari
63 theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/25/spain-guardia-civil-sexism-women-bulletproof-jackets?client=safari
64 https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/PPEandwomenguidance.pdf
1 Vogel, Sarah A. (2009), The Politics of Plastics: The Making and Unmaking of Bisphenol A ‘Safety’, American Journal of Public Health. 99:3, 559–566
2 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/15/AR2008041501753.html
3 Vogel, Sarah A. (2009)
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/11/nyregion/nail-salon-workers-innyc-face-hazardous-chemicals.html; ‘Breast Cancer and Occupation: The Need for Action: APHA Policy Statement Number 20146, Issued November 18, 2014’, NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy
7 Vogel, Sarah A. (2009)
8 https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/10/nyregion/at-nail-salons-in-nycmanicurists-are-underpaid-and-unprotected.html
9 https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/10/nyregion/at-nail-salons-in-nycmanicurists-are-underpaid-and-unprotected.html
10 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/11/slavery-report-sounds-alarm-over-vietnamese-nail-bar-workers
11 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jan/05/nail-bars-modern-slavery-discount-salons-booming-exploitation
12 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/11/slavery-report-sounds-alarm-over-vietnamese-nail-bar-workers
13 https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/the-gig-is-up.pdf
14 https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/Women_and_casualisation_0.pdf
15 https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/Women_8_march_EN.pdf
16 https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2014/06/On-line-Catalogue224222.pdf
17 https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2014/06/On-line-Catalogue224222.pdf
18 http://survation.com/women-on-low-paid-zero-hours-contracts-survationfor-fawcett-society/
19 https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/the-gig-is-up.pdf
20 http://www.ucu.org.uk/media/6882/Zero-hours-contracts-a-UCU-briefing-Mar-14/pdf/ucu_zerohoursbriefing_mar14.pdf
21 https://www.hesa.ac.uk/files/pre-release/staff_1516_table_B.xlsx
22 Best, Kathinka, Sinell, Anna, Heidingsfelder, Marie Lena and Schraudner, Martina (2016), ‘The gender dimension in knowledge and technology transfer – the German case’, European Journal of Innovation Management, 19:1, 2–25
23 A. Hellum and H. Aasen (eds.) (2013), Women’s Human Rights: CEDAW in International, Regional and National Law (Studies on Human Rights Conventions) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)
24 https://www.oecd.org/japan/japan-improving-the-labour-market-outcomes-of-women.pdf
25 https://krueger.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/akrueger/files/katz_krueger_cws_-_march_29_20165.pdf
26 TUC (2017), ‘The gig is up’, https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/thegig-is-up.pdf
27 Rubery, Jill, Grimshaw, Damian and Figueiredo, Hugo (2005), ‘How to close the gender pay gap in Europe: towards the gender mainstreaming of pay policy’, Industrial Relations Journal, 36:3, 184–213
28 https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/Women_and_casualisation.pdf
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/08/13/us/starbucks-workers-scheduling-hours.html
33 Ibid.
34 https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/es_121917_the51percent_ebook.pdf
35 https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/women.pdf; https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmwomeq/725/72504.htm
36 https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/Women_and_casualisation.pdf
37 http://endviolence.un.org/pdf/pressmaterials/unite_the_situation_en.pdf
38 http://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2054525/young-chinese-women-dare-say-no-workplace-sexual-harassment-says
39 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19862867
40 https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/SexualHarassmentreport2016.pdf
41 https://www.elephantinthevalley.com/
42 Brophy, James T., Keith, Margaret M. and Hurley, Michael (2018), ‘Assaulted and Unheard: Violence Against Healthcare Staff’, NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy, 27:4, 581–606
43 Ibid.
44 https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/SexualHarassmentreport2016.pdf; https://qz.com/931653/indias-long-history-with-sexual-harassment-at-work-places/; http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/predators-atthe-workplace-india-inc-yet-to-commit-to-law-against-sexual-harassment/articleshow/57830600.cms; http://indianexpress.com/article/india/38-per-cent-women-say-they-faced-sexual-harassment-at-workplace-survey-4459402/; https://today.yougov.com/news/2017/04/25/nearly-third-women-have-been-sexually-harassed-work/; https://www.theguardian.com/money/2016/jul/22/sexual-harassment-at-work-roger-ailes-fox-news; https://www.elephantinthevalley.com/; https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/system/files/hwn_full_survey_results_may_2016.pdf
45 https://www.theguardian.com/money/2016/jul/22/sexual-harassment-at-work-roger-ailes-fox-news; https://www.elephantinthevalley.com/; https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/system/files/hwn_full_survey_results_may_2016.pdf;
46 https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/SexualHarassmentreport2016.pdf
47 https://hbr.org/2014/10/hacking-techs-diversity-problem; https://hbr.org/2008/06/stopping-the-exodus-of-women-in-science
1 https://blog.oup.com/2013/06/agriculture-gender-roles-norms-society/
2 Ibid.
3 Sağiroğlu, İsa, Kurt, Cem, Ömürlü, İmran Kurt and Çatikkaş, Fatih (2017), ‘Does Hand Grip Strength Change With Gender? The Traditional Method vs. the Allometric Normalisation Method’, European Journal of Physical Education and Sports Science, 2:6, 84–93
4 Leyk, D., Gorges, W., Ridder, D., Wunderlich, M., Ruther, T., Sievert, A. and Essfeld, D. (2007), ‘Hand-grip strength of young men, women and highly trained female athletes’, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 99, 415–21
5 Lewis, D. A., Kamon, E. and Hodgson, J. L. (1986), ‘Physiological Differences Between Genders Implications for Sports Conditioning’, Sports Medicine, 3, 357–69; Rice, Valerie J. B., Sharp, Marilyn A., Tharion, William J. and Williamson, Tania L. (1996), ‘The effects of gender, team size, and a shoulder harness on a stretcher-carry task and post-carry performance. Part II. A mass-casualty simulation’, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 18, 41–9; Miller, A. E., MacDougall, J. D., Tarnopolsky, M. A. and Sale, D. G. (1993), ‘Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristic’, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 66:3, 254–62
6 Lewis et al. (1986)
7 Zellers, Kerith K. and Hallbeck, M. Susan (1995), ‘The Effects of Gender, Wrist and Forearm Position on Maximum Isometric Power Grasp Force, Wrist Force, and their Interactions’, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 39:10, 543–7; Bishu, Ram R., Bronkema, Lisa A, Garcia, Dishayne, Klute, Glenn and Rajulu, Sudhakar (1994), ‘Tactility as a function of Grasp force: effects of glove, orientation, pressure, load and handle’, NASA technical paper 3474 May 1994; Puh, Urška (2010), ‘Age-related and sex-related differences in hand and pinch grip strength in adults’, International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 33:1
8 https://www.ft.com/content/1d73695a-266b-11e6-8b18-91555f2f4fde
9 Leyk et al. (2007)
10 Alesina, Alberto F., Giuliano, Paola and Nunn, Nathan (2011), ‘On the Origins of Gender Roles: Women and the Plough’, Working Paper 17098, National Bureau of Economic Research (May 2011)
11 Ibid.
12 Gella, A. A., Tadele, Getnet (2014), ‘Gender and farming in Ethiopia: an exploration of discourses and implications for policy and research’, FAC Working Paper, Future Agricultures, 84:15
13 http://www.fao.org/3/a-am309e.pdf; http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/Blogs/makingwaves/international-womens-day-2017-change/blog/58902/; https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/oct/16/world-food-day-10-myths-hunger; http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/climate_change_gender.pdf
14 Doss, Cheryl (2011), ‘If women hold up half the sky, how much of the world’s food do they produce?’, ESA Working Paper No. 11, Agricultural Development Economics Division, FAO
15 World Bank (2014), ‘Levelling the Field: Improving Opportunities for Women Farmers in Africa’
16 https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/15577/wps6436.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
17 Ibid.
18 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/apr/07/leaving-women-girls-out-of-development-statistics-doesnt-add-up
19 Doss (2011)
20 Petrics, H. et al. (2015), ‘Enhancing the potential of family farming for poverty reduction and food security through gender-sensitive rural advisory services’, UN/FAO
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid.
24 https://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Agricultural-Development/Creating-Gender-Responsive-Agricultural-Development-Programs We receive some grant proposals that do not account for gender differences and do not consider how agricultural initiatives may benefit or hinder women or men.
25 http://data2x.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/What-Is-Wrong-with-Data-on-Women-and-Girls_November-2015_WEB_1.pdf
26 Petrics et al. (2015)
27 http://people.brandeis.edu/~nmenon/Draft04_Womens_Empowerment_and_Economic_Development.pdf
28 https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/gender-responsive-orientation-document.pdf
29 Doss (2011)
30 http://www.poverty-action.org/study/demand-nontraditional-cookstoves-bangladesh
31 http://greenwatchbd.com/70000-improved-stoves-distributed-to-combat-indoor-pollution/
32 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412016307358
33 Crewe, Emma et al. (2015), ‘Building a Better Stove: The Sri Lanka Experience’, Practical Action, Sri Lanka
34 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412016307358
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid.; https://www.unicef.org/health/files/health_africamalaria.pdf
37 http://greenwatchbd.com/70000-improved-stoves-distributed-to-combat-indoor-pollution/
38 https://www.unicef.org/environment/files/Bangladesh_Case_Study_2014.pdf
39 http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2012/4/green-cook-stoves-improving-women-s-lives-in-ghana#sthash.IZM4RsCG.dpuf
40 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412016307358
41 Crewe, Emma (1997), ‘The Silent Traditions of Developing Cooks’, in R. D. Grillo and R. L. Stirrat (eds.), Discourses of Development, Oxford
42 Ibid.
43 http://www.gender-summit.eu/images/Reports/Gender_and_inclusive_innovation_Gender_Summit_report.pdf
44 http://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2014/unwomen_surveyreport_advance_16oct.pdf?vs=2710
45 Fatema, Naureen (2005), ‘The Impact of Structural Gender Differences and its Consequences on Access to Energy in Rural Bangladesh’, Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program (ASTAE), Energy Wing of the World Bank Group
46 Crewe (1997), in Grillo and Stirrat (eds.)
47 http://www.washplus.org/sites/default/files/bangladesh-consumer_preference2013.pdf
48 http://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/building-a-better-stove-the-sri-lanka-experience#
49 Crewe (1997), in Grillo and Stirrat (eds.)
50 http://www.ideasrilanka.org/PDFDownloads/Cook%20Stoves%20in%20Sri%20LAnka.pdf
51 http://www.gender-summit.eu/images/Reports/Gender_and_inclusive_innovation_Gender_Summit_report.pdf
52 http://www.gender-summit.eu/images/Reports/Gender_and_inclusive_innovation_Gender_Summit_report.pdf
53 http://www.poverty-action.org/study/demand-nontraditionalcookstoves-bangladesh
54 https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/Documents/Abidjan_workshop_2016/SE_gender_GACC.PDF
55 https://news.yale.edu/2012/06/29/despite-efforts-change-bangladeshi-women-prefer-use-pollution-causing-cookstoves
56 Petrics et al. (2015)
57 http://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/building-abetter-stove-the-sri-lanka-experience#
58 https://www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/Documents/Abidjan_workshop_2016/SE_gender_GACC.PDF
59 https://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/article/how-a-simple-inexpensive-device-makes-a-three-stone-hearth-as-efficient-as-an-improved-cookstove/
60 Parigi, Fabio, Viscio, Michele Del, Amicabile, Simone, Testi, Matteo, Rao, Sailesh, Udaykumar, H. S. (2016), ‘High efficient Mewar Angithi stove testing in rural Kenya’, 7th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC)
61 http://www.green.it/mewar-angithi/
1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5550584; http://www.who.int/gender/documents/Genderworkhealth.pdf; Boyle, Rhonda and Boyle, Robin (2009), ‘Hand Size and the Piano Keyboard. Literature Review and aSurvey of the Technical and Musical Benefits for Pianists using Reduced-Size Keyboards in North America’, 9th Australasian Piano Pedagogy Conference, Sydney; Boyle, Rhonda, Boyle, Robin and Booker, Erica (2015), ‘Pianist Hand Spans: Gender and Ethnic Differences and Implications For Piano Playing, 15th Australasian Piano Pedagogy Conference, Melbourne 2015
2 Boyle, Boyle and Booker (2015); Boyle and Boyle (2009)
3 Boyle, Boyle and Booker (2015)
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 http://www.smallpianokeyboards.org/hand-span-data.html
7 ‘Small hands? Try this Keyboard, You’ll Like It’, Piano & Keyboard Magazine (July/August 1998)
8 Boyle, Boyle and Booker (2015)
9 https://deviceatlas.com/blog/most-popular-smartphone-screen-sizes-2017
10 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/iphone/11335574/Women-more-likely-to-own-an-iPhone-than-men.html
11 https://medium.com/technology-and-society/its-a-mans-phone-a26c6-bee1b69#.mk7sjtewi
12 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1013702515300270
13 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1050641108001909
14 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1013702515300270
15 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0169814115300512/1-s2.0-S0169814115300512-main.pdf?_tid=4235fa34-f81e-11e6-a430-00000aab0f26&acdnat=1487672132_c2148a0040def1129abc7acffe03e57d
16 Ibid.
17 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169814116300646; http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0003687011000962/1-s2.0-S0003687011000962-main.pdf?_tid=f0a12b58-f81d-11e6-af6b-00000aab0f26&acdnat=1487671995_41cfe19ea98e87fb7e3e693bdddaba6e; http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1050641108001909
18 https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2016/7/14/12187580/keecok1-hexagon-phone-for-women
19 https://www.theguardian.com/technology/askjack/2016/apr/21/can-speech-recognition-software-help-prevent-rsi
20 https://makingnoiseandhearingthings.com/2016/07/12/googles-speech-recognition-has-a-gender-bias/
21 http://blog-archive.griddynamics.com/2016/01/automatic-speech-recognition-services.html
22 https://www.autoblog.com/2011/05/31/women-voice-command-systems/
23 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27435949
24 American Roentgen Ray Society (2007), ‘Voice Recognition Systems Seem To Make More Errors With Women’s Dictation’, ScienceDaily, 6 May 2007; Rodger, James A. and Pendharkar, Parag C. (2007), ‘A field study of database communication issues peculiar to users of a voice activated medical tracking application’, Decision Support Systems, 43:1 (1 February 2007), 168–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2006.08.005.
25 American Roentgen Ray Society (2007)
26 http://techland.time.com/2011/06/01/its-not-you-its-it-voice-recognition-doesnt-recognize-women/
27 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2994697/
28 http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P08-1044
29 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2790192/
30 http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P08-1044
31 http://groups.inf.ed.ac.uk/ami/corpus/; http://www1.icsi.berkeley.edu/Speech/papers/gelbart-ms/numbers/; http://www.voxforge.org/
32 http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/corpus/index.xml?ID=intro
33 http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/docs/URG/BNCdes.html#body.1_div.1_div.5_div.1
34 https://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/5
35 For example: he = 633,413, she = 350,294, himself = 28,696, herself = 15,751
36 He = 3,825,660, she = 2,002,536, himself = 140,087, herself = 70,509
37 Chang, K., Ordonez, V., Wang, T., Yatskar, M. and Zhao, J. (2017), ‘Men Also Like Shopping: Reducing Gender Bias Amplification using Corpus-level Constraints’, CoRR, abs/1707.09457.
38 https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015–04/uow-wac040915.php
39 Caliskan, A., Bryson, J. J. and Narayanan, A. (2017), ‘Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases’, Science, 356:6334, 183–6, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4230
40 Bolukbasi, Tolga, Chang, Kai-Wei, Zou, James, Saligrama, Venkatesh and Kalai, Adam (2016), ‘Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddings’, 30th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2016), Barcelona, http://papers.nips.cc/paper/6228-man-is-to-computer-programmer-as-woman-is-to-homemaker-debiasing-word-embeddings.pdf
41 Chang et al. (2017)
42 https://www.wired.com/story/machines-taught-by-photos-learn-a-sexist-view-of-women?mbid=social_fb
43 https://metode.org/issues/monographs/londa-schiebinger.html
44 https://phys.org/news/2016–09-gender-bias-algorithms.html
45 https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/01/how-algorithms-rule-our-working-lives
46 https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/04/robots-screen-candidates-for-jobs-artificial-intelligence?CMP=twt_gu
47 https://www.techemergence.com/machine-learning-medical-diagnostics-4-current-applications/
48 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-42357257
49 Bolukbasi et al. (2016)
1 https://www.bloomberg.com/amp/news/articles/2017–09-21/a-smart-breast-pump-mothers-love-it-vcs-don-t
2 Ibid.
3 https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/why-arent-mothers-worth-anything-to-venture-capitalists/amp
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 https://hbr.org/2017/05/we-recorded-vcs-conversations-and-analyzed-how-differently-they-talk-about-female-entrepreneurs
8 https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/why-arent-mothers-worth-anything-to-venture-capitalists/amp
9 https://www.bcg.com/publications/2018/why-women-owned-startups-are-better-bet.aspx
10 https://www.bi.edu/research/business-review/articles/2014/03/personality-for-leadership/
11 https://www.bcg.com/publications/2018/how-diverse-leadership-teams-boost-innovation.aspx
12 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-39567240
13 http://blogs.wsj.com/accelerators/2014/08/08/theresia-gouw-no-more-pipeline-excuses/
14 http://science.sciencemag.org/content/355/6323/389
15 http://www.theverge.com/2014/9/25/6844021/apple-promised-an-expansive-health-app-so-why-cant-i-track
16 https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/12/how-self-tracking-apps-exclude-women/383673/; http://www.theverge.com/2014/9/25/6844021/apple-promised-an-expansive-health-app-so-why-cant-i-track; http://www.techtimes.com/articles/16574/20140926/apple-healthkit-period-tracker.htm; http://nymag.com/thecut/2014/09/new-iphone-grossed-outby-our-periods.html
17 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8930130/Apple-iPhone-search-Siri-helps-users-find-prostitutes-and-Viagra-but-not-an-abortion.html
18 https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/03/14/hey-siri-can-i-rely-on-youin-a-crisis-not-always-a-study-finds/
19 https://medium.com/hh-design/the-world-is-designed-for-mend06640654491#.piekpq2tt
20 https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/12/how-self-tracking-apps-exclude-women/383673/
21 Lupton, Deborah (2015), ‘Quantified sex: a critical analysis of sexual and reproductive self-tracking using apps’, Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17:4
22 Nelson, M. Benjamin, Kaminsky, Leonard A., D. Dickin, Clark and Montoye, Alexander H. K. (2016), ‘Validity of Consumer-Based Physical Activity Monitors for Specific Activity Types’, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48:8, 1619–28
23 Murakami, H, Kawakami, R., Nakae, S., Nakata, Y., Ishikawa-Takata, K., Tanaka, S. and Miyachi, M. (2016), ‘Accuracy of Wearable Devices for Estimating Total Energy Expenditure: Comparison With Metabolic Chamber and Doubly Labeled Water Method’, JAMA Internal Medicine, 176:5, 702–3
24 http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/robots.html#tabs-2
25 Wolfson, Leslie, Whipple, Robert, Derby, Carl A., Amerman, Paula and Nashner, Lewis (1994), Gender Differences in the Balance of Healthy Elderly as Demonstrated by Dynamic Posturography, Journal of Gerontology, 49:4, 160–167; Stevens, J. A. and Sogolow, E. D. (2005), ‘Gender differences for non-fatal unintentional fall related injuries among older adults’, Injury Prevention, 11, 115–19
26 Ibid.
27 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4750302/
28 Chang, Vicky C. and Minh, T. (2015), ‘Risk Factors for Falls Among Seniors: Implications of Gender’, American Journal of Epidemiology, 181:7, 521–31
29 Yin, Hujun et al eds. (2016) Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference, Yangzhou China
30 https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/12/how-self-tracking-apps-exclude-women/383673/
31 https://www.afdb.org/en/blogs/investing-in-gender-equality-for-africa%E2%80%99s-transformation/post/technology-women-and-africa-access-use-creation-and-leadership-13999/]
32 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016–06-23/artificial-intelligence-has-a-sea-of-dudes-problem
33 http://interactions.acm.org/archive/view/january-february-2014/areyou-sure-your-software-is-gender-neutral
34 http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/16/women-vs-the-machine/
35 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016–06-23/artificial-intelligence-has-a-sea-of-dudes-problem
36 https://www.ncwit.org/sites/default/files/resources/btn_03232017_web.pdf
37 https://www.ft.com/content/ca324dcc-dcb0-11e6-86ac-f253db7791c6
38 https://www.theverge.com/2016/1/11/10749932/vr-hardware-needs-to-fit-women-too
39 https://mic.com/articles/142579/virtual-reality-has-a-sexual-harassment-problem-what-can-we-do-to-stop-it#.ISQgjAanK
40 https://mic.com/articles/157415/my-first-virtual-reality-groping-sexual-assault-in-vr-harassment-in-tech-jordan-belamire#.5lnAqHFW1
41 http://uploadvr.com/dealing-with-harassment-in-vr/
42 Ibid.
43 https://www.newscientist.com/article/2115648-posture-could-explain-why-women-get-more-vr-sickness-than-men/
44 https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3628-women-need-widescreenfor-virtual-navigation
45 https://qz.com/192874/is-the-oculus-rift-designed-to-be-sexist/
46 https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/female-dummy-makes-her-mark-on-male-dominated-crash-tests/2012/03/07/gIQANBLjaS_story.html?utm_term=.5ec23738142a
47 ‘Gendered Innovations: How Gender Analysis Contributes to Research’ (2013), report of the Expert Group ‘Innovation Through Gender’ (chairperson: Londa Schiebinger, rapporteur: Ineke Klinge), Directorate General for Research and Innovation, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union
48 https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/811766
49 https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/female-dummy-makes-her-mark-on-male-dominated-crash-tests/2012/03/07/gIQANBLjaS_story.html?utm_term=.5ec23738142a
50 http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/crash.html#tabs-2
51 Ibid.
52 https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/female-dummy-makes-her-mark-on-male-dominated-crash-tests/2012/03/07/gIQANBLjaS_story.html?utm_term=.5ec23738142a
53 Linder, Astrid and Svedberg, Wanna (2018), ‘Occupant Safety Assessment in European Regulatory Tests: Review of Occupant Models, Gaps and Suggestion for Bridging Any Gaps’, conference paper, ‘Road Safety on Five Continents’ South Korea, May 2018
54 http://sciencenordic.com/gender-equality-crash-test-dummies-too
55 Linder and Svedberg (2018)
56 United States Government Publishing Office, ‘U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. 2011. 49 CFR U, -2RE Side Impact Crash Test Dummy, 50th Percentile Adult Male’. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/CFR-2011-title49-vol7/CFR-2011-title49-vol7-part572-subpartU
57 Linder and Svedberg (2018)
58 http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/crash.html#tabs-2
59 http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/leru-paper-gendered-research-and-innovation.pdf; Londa Schiebinger and Martina Schraudner (2011), ‘Inter-disciplinary Approaches to Achieving Gendered Innovations in Science, Medicine, and Engineering’, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 36:2 (June 2011), 154–67
60 http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/crash.html#tabs-2
61 ‘Gendered Innovations: How Gender Analysis Contributes to Research’ (2013)
62 http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/crash.html#tabs-2
63 https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/female-dummy-makes-her-mark-on-male-dominated-crash-tests/2012/03/07/gIQANBLjaS_story.html?utm_term=.5ec23738142a
64 ‘Gendered Innovations: How Gender Analysis Contributes to Research’ (2013)
65 http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities.pdf; http://www.wnyc.org/story/283137-census-data-show-public-transit-gender-gap/
66 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:41f89a28-1fc6-4c92-b1c8-03327d1b1ecc.0007.02/DOC_1&format=PDF
1 Marts, Sherry A. and Keitt, Sarah (2004), ‘Principles of Sex-based Differences in Physiology: Foreword: a historical overview of advocacy for research in sex based biology’, Advances in Molecular and Cell Biology, 34, 1–333
2 A Medline search shows that the male norm remains, as practice guidelines and research examples are still often expressed in terms of the typical 70 kg man: Marts and Keitt (2004)
3 Pages 17–18
4 Plataforma SINC (2008), ‘Medical Textbooks Use White, Heterosexual Men As A ‘Universal Model’, ScienceDaily, <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081015132108.htm>.
5 Dijkstra, A. F, Verdonk, P. and Lagro-Janssen, A. L. M. (2008), ‘Gender bias in medical textbooks: examples from coronary heart disease, depression, alcohol abuse and pharmacology’, Medical Education, 42:10, 1021–8
6 http://www.marieclaire.com/health-fitness/a26741/doctors-treat-women-like-men/
7 Dijkstra et al. (2008)
8 Henrich, Janet B. and Viscoli, Catherine M. (2006), ‘What Do Medical Schools Teach about Women’s Health and Gender Differences?’ Academic Medicine, 81:5
9 Song, Michael M. Jones, Betsy G. and Casanova, Robert A. (2016), ‘Auditing sex- and gender-based medicine (SGBM) content in medical school curriculum: a student scholar model’, Biology of Sex Differences, 7:Suppl 1, 40
10 Marts and Keitt (2004)
11 Karp, Natasha A. et al (2017), ‘Prevalence of sexual dimorphism in mammalian phenotypic traits’, Nature Communications, 8:15475
12 Martha L. Blair (2007), ‘Sex-based differences in physiology: what should we teach in the medical curriculum?’, Advanced Physiological Education, 31, 23–5
13 Ibid.
14 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4800017/ Jan 2016
15 https://theconversation.com/man-flu-is-real-but-women-get-more-autoimmune-diseases-and-allergies-77248
16 https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/why-do-autoimmune-diseases-affect-women-more-often-than-men/2016/10/17/3e224db2-8429-11e6-ac72-a29979381495_story.html?utm_term=.acef157fc395
17 http://www.nature.com/news/infections-reveal-inequality-between-the-sexes-1.20131?WT.mc_id=TWT_NatureNews
18 Ibid.
19 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4157517/
20 Ibid.
21 http://docs.autismresearchcentre.com/papers/2010_Schwartz_SexSpecific_MolAut.pdf
22 Clayton, Janine Austin (2015), ‘Studying both sexes: a guiding principle for biomedicine’, http://www.fasebj.org/content/early/2015/10/28/fj.15–279554.full.pdf+html
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 https://theconversation.com/not-just-about-sex-throughout-our-bodies-thousands-of-genes-act-differently-in-men-and-women-86613
26 Holdcroft, Anita, Snidvongs, Saowarat and Berkley, Karen J. (2011), ‘Incorporating Gender and Sex Dimensions in Medical Research’, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 36:2, 180–92
27 ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015, ZonMw, Netherlands, http://www.genderportal.eu/sites/default/files/resource_pool/Gender%20%26%20Health%20Knowledge%20Agenda_0.pdf
28 Pollitzer, Elizabeth (2013), ‘Cell sex matters’, Nature, 500, 23–24
29 Londa Schiebinger (2014), ‘Gendered innovations: harnessing the creative power of sex and gender analysis to discover new ideas and develop new technologies’, Triple Helix, 1:9
30 Cristiana Vitale et al. (2017), ‘Under-representation of elderly and women in clinical trials’, International Journal of Cardiology, 232, 216–21
31 The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (2014), ‘Women and HIV/AIDS in the United States’; women also experience different clinical symptoms and complications due to HIV disease
32 http://www.who.int/gender/hiv_aids/hivaids1103.pdf
33 Curno, Mirjam J. et al. (2016), ‘A Systematic Review of the Inclusion (or Exclusion) of Women in HIV Research: From Clinical Studies of Antiretrovirals and Vaccines to Cure Strategies’, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 1:71(2) (February 2016),. 181–8
34 http://www.wpro.who.int/topics/gender_issues/Takingsexandgenderintoaccount.pdf
35 Ibid.
36 Hughes, Robert N. (2007), ‘Sex does matter: comments on the prevalence of male-only investigations of drug effects on rodent behaviour’, Behavioural Pharmacology, 18:7, 583–9
37 http://helix.northwestern.edu/article/thalidomide-tragedy-lessons-drug-safety-and-regulation
38 https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-50-year-global-cover-up-20120725-22r5c.html
39 http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/controversies/thalidomide
40 Marts and Keitt (2004)
41 http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/08/20/why-are-so-many-women-dying-from-ebola/
42 R. D. Fields (2014), ‘Vive la différence requiring medical researchers to test males and females in every experiment sounds reasonable, but it is a bad idea’, Scientific American, 311, 14
43 Richardson, S. S., Reiches, M., Shattuck-Heidorn, H., LaBonte, M. L. and Consoli, T. (2015), ‘Opinion: focus on preclinical sex differences will not address women’s and men’s health disparities’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 112, 13419–20
44 Holdcroft, Anita (2007) ‘Gender bias in research: how does it affect evidence based medicine?’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 100
45 Ibarra, Manuel, Vázquez, Marta and Fagiolino, Pietro (2017), ‘Sex Effect on Average Bioequivalence’, Clinical Therapeutics, 39:1, 23–33
46 Mergaert, Lut and Lombardo, Emanuela (2014), ‘Resistance to implementing gender mainstreaming in EU research policy’, in Weiner, Elaine and MacRae, Heather (eds.), ‘The persistent invisibility of gender in EU policy’, European Integration online Papers (EIoP), special issue 1, Vol. 18, Article 5, 1–21
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid.
49 Hughes (2007)
50 Pinnow, Ellen, Herz, Naomi, Loyo-Berrios, Nilsa and Tarver, Michelle (2014), ‘Enrollment and Monitoring of Women in Post-Approval Studies for Medical Devices Mandated by the Food and Drug Adminstration’, Journal of Women’s Health, 23:3 (March 2014), 218–23
51 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002870310000864
52 Labots, G., Jones, A., Visser, S. J. de, Rissmann, R. and Burggraaf, J. (2018), ‘Gender differences in clinical registration trials: is there a real problem?’, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
53 McGregor, Alyson J. (2017), ‘The Effects of Sex and Gender on Pharmacologic Toxicity: Implications for Clinical Therapy’, Clinical Therapeutics, 39:1
54 Ibid.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid.
57 Bruinvels, G. et al. (2016), ‘Sport, exercise and the menstrual cycle: where is the research?’, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51:6, 487–488
58 Zopf, Y. et al. (2008), ‘Women encounter ADRs more often than do men’, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 64:999
59 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC198535/
60 Soldin, Offie P., Chung, Sarah H. and Mattison, Donald R. (2011), ‘Sex Differences in Drug Disposition’, Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2011:187103; Anderson, Gail D. (2005), ‘Sex And Racial Differences In Pharmacological Response: Where Is The Evidence? Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics’, Journal of Women’s Health, 14:1, http://online.liebertpub.com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/pdf/10.1089/jwh.2005.14.19
61 Anderson (2005)
62 Hughes (2007)
63 Yoon, Dustin Y. et al. (2014), ‘Sex bias exists in basic science and translational surgical research’, Surgery, 156:3, 508–16
64 https://thinkprogress.org/scientists-avoid-studying-womens-bodies-because-they-get-periods-3fe9d6c39268/
65 Yoon et al. (2014)
66 Karp (2017)
67 Hughes (2007)
68 Yoon et al. (2014)
69 Ibid.
70 Ibid.
71 Ortona, Elena, Delunardo, Federica, Baggio, Giovannella and Malorni, Walter (2016), ‘A sex and gender perspective in medicine: A new Mandatory Challenge For Human Health’, Ann Ist Super Sanità, 52:2, 146–8
72 J. Peretz et al. (2016), ‘Estrogenic compounds reduce influenza A virus in primary human nasal epithelial cells derived from female, but not male, donors’, American Journal of Physiology, 310:5, 415–425
73 http://protomag.com/articles/pain-women-pain-men
74 https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28064-female-viagra-has-been-approved-heres-what-you-need-to-know/
75 Anderson (2005); Whitley, Heather P. and Lindsey, Wesley (2009), ‘Sex-Based Differences in Drug Activity’, American Family Physician, 80:11 (December 2009), 1254–8
76 https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/022526REMS.pdf
77 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4800017/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20799923; Howard, Louise M., Ehrlich, Anna M., Gamlen, Freya and Oram, Sian (2017), ‘Gender-neutral mental health research is sex and gender biased’, Lancet Psychiatry, 4:1, 9–11
78 Marts and Keitt (2004)
79 Parekh, A., Sanhai, W., Marts, S. and Uhl, K. (2007), ‘Advancing women’s health via FDA Critical Path Initiative’, Drug Discovery Today: Technologies, 4:2
80 http://www.nature.com/news/infections-reveal-inequality-between-the-sexes-1.20131?WT.mc_id=TWT_NatureNews
81 Yoon et al. (2014)
82 http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/colon.html#tabs-2
83 Devries, Michaela C. (2016), ‘Sex-based differences in endurance exercise muscle metabolism: impact on exercise and nutritional strategies to optimize health and performance in women’, Experimental Physiology, 101:2, 243–9
84 Schiebinger (2014)
85 Zusterzeel, R. et al. (2014), ‘Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Women: US Food and Drug Administration Meta-analysis of Patient-Level Data’, JAMA Internal Medicine, 174:8, 1340–8
86 Woodruff, Teresa K. (2014), ‘Sex, equity, and science’, PNAS, 111:14, 5,063–4
87 Nowak, Bernd et al. (2010), ‘Do gender differences exist in pacemaker implantation?–results of an obligatory external quality control program’, Europace, 12, 210–15
88 http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/the-worlds-first-true-artificial-heart-now-beats-inside-a-75-year-old-patient-180948280/?no-ist
89 http://www.syncardia.com/medical-professionals/two-sizes-70cc-50cc.html
90 Sardeli, Amanda Veiga and Chacon-Mikahil, Mara Patricia T. (2016), ‘Exercise-Induced Increase as a Risk Factor for Central Arterial Stiffness’, Journal of Archives in Military Medicine; http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/110/18/2858; http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/728571; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22267567
91 Collier, Scott R. (2008), ‘Sex Differences in the Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise on Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness’, Gender Medicine, 5:2
92 Ibid.
93 Devries (2016)
94 Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2008), ‘Sex Differences in Exercise Metabolism and the Role of 17-Beta Estradiol’, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40:4, 648–54
95 Dick, R. W. (2009), ‘Is there a gender difference in concussion incidence and outcomes?’, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43, Suppl. I, i46–i50, DOI:10.1136/bjsm.2009.058172
96 https://thinkprogress.org/scientists-avoid-studying-womens-bodies-because-they-get-periods-3fe9d6c39268/)
97 Hunter, Sandra K. (2016), ‘Sex differences in fatigability of dynamic contractions’, Experimental Physiology, 101:2, 250–5
98 Jutte, Lisa S., Hawkins, Jeremy, Miller, Kevin C., Long, Blaine C. and Knight, Kenneth L. (2012), ‘Skinfold Thickness at 8 Common Cryotherapy Sites in Various Athletic Populations’, Journal of Athletic Training, 47:2, 170–7
99 Costello, Joseph T., Bieuzen, Francois and Bleakley, Chris M. (2014), ‘Where are all the female participants in Sports and Exercise Medicine research?’, European Journal of Sport Science, 14:8, 847–51; https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/scicurious/women-sports-are-often-underrepresented-science
100 Faulkner, S. H., Jackson, S., Fatania, G. and Leicht, C. A. (2017), ‘The effect of passive heating on heat shock protein 70 and interleukin-6: A possible treatment tool for metabolic diseases?’, Temperature, 4, 1–13
101 https://theconversation.com/a-hot-bath-has-benefits-similar-to-exercise-74600; http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/hot-bath-may-have-similar-benefits-as-exercise_us_58d90aa8e4b03692bea7a930
102 ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands); http://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/gender-matters-heart-disease-risk-in-women; Dallongeville, J. et al. (2010), ‘Gender differences in the implementation of cardiovascular prevention measures after an acute coronary event’, Heart, 96, 1744–9
103 ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands)
104 https://theconversation.com/medicines-gender-revolution-how-women-stopped-being-treated-as-small-men-77171
105 https://orwh.od.nih.gov/clinical/women-and-minorities/
106 https://orwh.od.nih.gov/sites/orwh/files/docs/NOT-OD-15–102_Guidance.pdf
107 Yoon et al. (2014)
108 Rees, Teresa (2011), ‘The Gendered Construction of Scientific Excellence’, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 36:2, 133–45
109 Howard, Ehrlich, Gamlen and Oram (2017)
110 Holdcroft (2007)
111 Ibid.
112 Marts and Keitt (2004)
113 http://www.nature.com/news/infections-reveal-inequality-between-the-sexes-1.20131?WT.mc_id=TWT_NatureNews
114 Ortona, Delunardo, Baggio and Malorni (2016)
115 http://www.goretro.com/2014/08/mothers-little-helper-vintage-drug-ads.html
116 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC198535/
117 Ibid.
118 ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands)
119 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC198535/
120 Ibid.
121 Ibid.
122 http://www.ajmc.com/newsroom/women-taking-stains-faced-increased-diabetes-risk
123 http://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/gender-matters-heart-disease-risk-in-women
124 Pollitzer (2013)
125 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4800017/ Jan 2016
126 Whitley and Lindsey (2009)
127 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/06/07/bad-medicine-the-awful-drug-reactions-americans-report/?utm_term=.1a7067d-40dce
128 Tharpe, N. (2011), ‘Adverse Drug Reactions in Women’s Health Care’, Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 56, 205–13
129 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/06/07/bad-medicine-the-awful-drug-reactions-americans-report/?utm_term=.1a7067d-40dce
130 Marts and Keitt (2004)
131 Carey, Jennifer L. et al. (2017), ‘Drugs and Medical Devices: Adverse Events and the Impact on Women’s Health’, Clinical Therapeutics, 39:1
132 Yoon et al. (2014)
133 ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands)
134 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC198535/
135 https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2011/187103/
136 Ibid.
137 Anderson (2005)
138 Wang, Lishi et al. (2017), ‘Sex Differences in Hazard Ratio During Drug Treatment of Non-small-cell Lung Cancer in Major Clinical Trials: A Focused Data Review and Meta-analysis’, Clinical Therapeutics, 39:1
139 Ibarra, Vázquez and Fagiolino (2017)
140 Whitley and Lindsey (2009)
141 Ibid.
142 Ibid.
1 https://www.georgeinstitute.org/media-releases/disadvantaged-women-at-greater-risk-of-heart-disease-than-men-0
2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4800017/ Jan 2016; http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/133/9/916?sid=beb5f268-4205-4e62-be8f-3caec4c4d9b7
3 http://heart.bmj.com/content/102/14/1142
4 http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/133/9/916?sid=beb5f268-4205-4e62-be8f-3caec4c4d9b7 2016
5 Ridker, Paul M. et al. (2005), ‘A Randomized Trial of Low-Dose Aspirin in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women’, New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 1293–304
6 Johannes, A. N. et al. (2011), ‘Aspirin for primary prevention of vascular events in women: individualized prediction of treatment effects’, European Heart Journal, 32:23, 2962–9
7 Kruijsdijk, R. C. M. van et al. (2015), ‘Individualised prediction of alternate-day aspirin treatment effects on the combined risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease and gastrointestinal bleeding in healthy women’, Heart, 101, 369–76
8 Wu, J. et al. (2016), ‘Impact of initial hospital diagnosis on mortality for acute myocardial infarction: A national cohort study’, European Heart Journal, 7:2
9 https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/28/opinion/sunday/womens-atypical-heart-attacks.html?_r=0
10 http://heart.bmj.com/content/102/14/1142
11 Ibid.
12 Yoon et al. (2014)
13 http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/133/9/916?sid=beb5f268-4205-4e62-be8f-3caec4c4d9b7
14 https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/a09-cardi-prim-percutaneous.pdf
15 https://www.hqip.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/national-audit-of-percutaneous-coronary-intervention-annual-public-report.pdf
16 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160304092233.htm 2016 march
17 http://heart.bmj.com/content/102/14/1142 Published online 24 June 2016.
18 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160304092233.htm 2016 march
19 Motiwala, Shweta R., Sarma, Amy, Januzzi, James L. and O’Donoghue, Michelle L. (2014), ‘Biomarkers in ACS and Heart Failure: Should Men and Women Be Interpreted Differently?’, Clinical Chemistry, 60:1
20 ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands)
21 http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/leru-paper-gendered-research-andinnovation.pdf
22 Ibid.
23 ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands)
24 Schiebinger, Londa (2014), ‘Gendered innovations: harnessing the creative power of sex and gender analysis to discover new ideas and develop new technologies’, Triple Helix, 1:9
25 Dijkstra, A. F, Verdonk, P. and Lagro-Janssen, A. L. M. (2008), ‘Gender bias in medical textbooks: examples from coronary heart disease, depression, alcohol abuse and pharmacology’, Medical Education, 42:10, 1021–8; ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands); https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10459-008-9100-z; Holdcroft (2007)
26 Sakalihasan, N., Limet, R. and Defawe, O. D. (2005), ‘Abdominal aortic aneurysm’, Lancet, 365, 1577–89
27 ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands)
28 http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/colon.html#tabs-2
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 http://www.wpro.who.int/topics/gender_issues/Takingsexandgenderintoaccount.pdf
32 United Nations Development Programme (2015), Discussion Paper: Gender and Tuberculosis
33 ACTION (Advocacy to Control TB Internationally), ‘Women and Tuberculosis: Taking a Look at a Neglected Issue’, ACTION, Washington DC, 2010
34 Ibid.
35 United Nations Development Programme (2015), Discussion Paper: Gender and Tuberculosis
36 ACTION (Advocacy to Control TB Internationally), ‘Women and Tuberculosis: Taking a Look at a Neglected Issue’, ACTION, Washington DC, 2010.
37 Ibid.; United Nations Development Programme (2015), Discussion Paper: Gender and Tuberculosis
38 ACTION (Advocacy to Control TB Internationally), ‘Women and Tuberculosis: Taking a Look at a Neglected Issue’, ACTION, Washington DC, 2010; United Nations Development Programme (2015), Discussion Paper: Gender and Tuberculosis
39 http://www.wpro.who.int/topics/gender_issues/Takingsexandgenderintoaccount.pdf
40 ACTION (Advocacy to Control TB Internationally), ‘Women and Tuberculosis: Taking a Look at a Neglected Issue’, ACTION, Washington DC, 2010
41 United Nations Development Programme (2015), Discussion Paper: Gender and Tuberculosis
42 ACTION (Advocacy to Control TB Internationally), ‘Women and Tuberculosis: Taking a Look at a Neglected Issue’, ACTION, Washington DC, 2010.
43 Schiebinger (2014)
44 http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-studies/hiv.html#tabs-2
45 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/autism-it-s-different-in-girls/
46 https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/15597
47 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/autism-it-s-different-in-girls/
48 https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/15597
49 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/autism-it-s-different-in-girls/
50 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/oct/21/m-in-the-middle-girls-autism-publish-novel-limpsfield-grange
51 https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/adult-autism-strategy-guidance-update
52 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/oct/21/m-in-the-middle-girls-autism-publish-novel-limpsfield-grange
53 https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/04/adhd-is-different-for-women/381158/?utm_source=quartzfb
54 Hoffman, Diane E. and Tarzian, Anita J. (2001), ‘The Girl Who Cried Pain: A Bias Against Women in the Treatment of Pain’, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 29, 13–27
55 http://thinkprogress.org/health/2015/05/11/3654568/gender-roles-women-health/
56 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/sep/06/listen-to-women-uk-doctors-issued-with-first-guidance-on-endometriosis
57 https://www.endofound.org/endometriosis
58 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/sep/28/endometriosis-hidden-suffering-millions-women
59 https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/sep/06/listen-to-women-uk-doctors-issued-with-first-guidance-on-endometriosis
60 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/stephen-hawking-says-women-are-the-most-intriguing-mystery-in-reddit-ama-a6687246.html
61 https://www.birdvilleschools.net/cms/lib/TX01000797/Centricity/Domain/1013/AP%20Psychology/Femininity.pdf
62 Showalter, Elaine (1985) The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture 1830–1980, London 1987
63 https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/astounding-increase-inantidepressant-use-by-americans-201110203624
64 http://pb.rcpsych.org/content/pbrcpsych/early/2017/01/06/pb.bp.116.054270.full.pdf
65 https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/10/2/289/article
66 Hoffman and Tarzian (2001)
67 Fillingim, R. B., King, C. D., Ribeiro-Dasilva, M. C., Rahim-Williams, B. and Riley, J. L. (2009), ‘Sex, Gender, and Pain: A Review of Recent Clinical and Experimental Findings’, Journal of Pain: Official Journal of the American Pain Society, 10:5, 447–85
68 https://www.med.unc.edu/ibs/files/educational-gi-handouts/IBS%20in%20Women.pdf
69 https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/04/16/150525391/why-women-suffer-more-migraines-than-men
70 https://migraine.com/migraine-statistics/
71 http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/will-this-hurt-doctor-much-more-if-you-are-a-woman-907220.html
72 Greenspan, Joel D. et al. (2007), ‘Studying sex and gender differences in pain and analgesia: A consensus report’, Pain, 132, S26–S45
73 Hoffmann and Tarzian (2001)
74 Clayton, Janine Austin (2016), ‘Studying both sexes: a guiding principle for biomedicine’, The FASEB Journal, 30:2, 519–524
75 http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/will-this-hurt-doctor-much-more-if-you-are-a-woman-907220.html
76 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18106275
77 Ibid.
78 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92516/
79 http://www.gendermedicine.com/1st/images/Oral02.pdf
80 Kindig, David A. and Cheng, Erika R. (2013), ‘Even As Mortality Fell In Most US Counties, Female Mortality Nonetheless Rose In 42.8 Percent Of Counties From 1992 To 2006’, Health Affairs, 32:3, 451–8
81 ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands)
82 http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303089
83 Ibid.
84 https://www.newscientist.com/article/2081497-women-live-longer-than-men-but-suffer-more-years-of-poor-health/
85 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10433-008-0082-8
86 http://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol20/19/20–19.pdf
87 http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/318147/EWHR16_interactive2.pdf?ua=1
88 https://www.researchgate.net/blog/post/why-do-we-still-not-know-what-causes-pms
89 https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/erection-problems-erectile-dysfunction/treatment/
90 https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/treating-premenstrualdysphoric-disorder
91 https://www.researchgate.net/blog/post/why-do-we-still-not-know-what-causes-pms
92 http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R03-TW007438-02
93 https://qz.com/611774/period-pain-can-be-as-bad-as-a-heart-attack-sowhy-arent-we-researching-how-to-treat-it/ 2016
94 Ibid.
95 http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R03-TW007438-02
96 Dmitrovic, R., Kunselman, A. R. and Legro, R. S. (2013), ‘Sildenafil citrate in the treatment of pain in primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized controlled trial’, Human Reproduction, 28:11, 2958–65
97 http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/27/health/viagra-anniversary-timeline/index.html
98 http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/endocrinology/erectile-dysfunction/
99 http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/27/health/viagra-anniversary-timeline/index.html
100 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/period-pain-can-feel-bad-heart-attack-ignored/
101 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/en/
102 https://www.pri.org/stories/2017–05-05/how-trumps-latest-budget-impacts-women-and-girls-classrooms-cops
103 https://livestream.com/refinerytv/physiology2016/videos/131487028
104 https://www.propublica.org/article/nothing-protects-black-women-from-dying-in-pregnancy-and-childbirth
105 https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/20/opinions/protect-mother-pregnancy-williams-opinion/index.html
106 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26444126
1 https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/review-the-growth-delusion-the-wealth-and-wellbeing-of-nations-by-david-pilling-b322223kc
2 https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/g20-must-push-more-inclusive-gdp
3 https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/nov/10/doing-the-chores-valued-at-1tn-a-year-in-the-uk
4 http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf
5 http://www.oecd.org/dev/development-gender/Unpaid_care_work.pdf
6 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf
7 https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/03/unpaid-caregivers/474894/
8 https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/03/unpaid-caregivers/474894/
9 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf
10 http://www.pwc.com.au/australia-in-transition/publications/understanding-the-unpaid-economy-mar17.pdf
11 http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/folbre_hdr_2015_final_0.pdf
12 Ibid.
13 Sánchez de Madariaga, Inés, ‘Mobility of Care: Introducing New Concepts in Urban Transport’, in Marion Roberts and Inés Sánchez de Madariaga (eds.) (2013), Fair Shared Cities: The Impact of Gender Planning in Europe, Farnham
14 http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/folbre_hdr_2015_final_0.pdf
15 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf
16 In 2011 the OECD’s annual Social Indicators report included a chapter on unpaid work – but no report since has done the same. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/8111041e.pdf?expires=1500914228&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=CD8E8A5F41FA84BE66F2291FF893E9F0
17 https://theconversation.com/gender-neutral-policies-are-a-myth-why-we-need-a-womens-budget-55231
18 Himmelweit, Susan (2002), ‘Making Visible the Hidden Economy: The Case for Gender-Impact Analysis of Economic Policy’, Feminist Economics, 8:1, 49–70, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545700110104864
19 https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2014/06/On-line-Catalogue224222.pdf
20 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/WBG_briefing_Social-Care_Budget-2017_final_JDH_SH_EN_20Mar.pdf
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/mar/18/public-sector-cuts-hit-prudent-houseife
24 https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2014/06/On-line-Catalogue224222.pdf
25 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/WBG_briefing_Soc-Security_pre_Budget.pdf
26 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/01/conservatives-universal-credit-hard-work
27 https://wbg.org.uk/news/low-income-women-lose-2000-tax-benefit-changes/
28 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf; http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/WBG_Budget2017_Fullresponse-1.pdf
29 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Budget_pressrelease_9Mar17.pdf
30 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/section/149
31 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/01/conservatives-universal-credit-hard-work
32 Barsh, Joanna and Yee, Lareina (2011), ‘Unlocking the full potential of women in the U.S. Economy’, McKinsey
33 http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2015/the-case-for-gender-equality/
34 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Gender_statistics#Labour_market
35 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS?locations=US, accessed 13 March 2018
36 Ibid.; https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.MA.ZS, accessed 13 March 2018
37 http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2015/the-case-for-gender-equality/
38 McKinsey (2015), ‘The Power of Parity: how advancing women’s equality can add $12 trillion to global growth’
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid.
41 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf
42 Himmelweit (2002)
43 http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1464.pdf
44 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269288731_Business_training_plus_for_female_entrepreneurship_Short_and_medium-term_experimental_evidence_from_Peru
45 http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pagineAree_431_listaFile_itemName_1_file.pdf
46 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf
47 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/lancet-ageing-series/en/
48 Ibid.
49 https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/projects/time-think-differently/trends-disease-and-disability-long-term-conditions-multi-morbidity
50 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1
51 http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pagineAree_431_listaFile_itemName_1_file.pdf
52 Ibid.
53 http://caringeconomy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/care-crisis-means-big-trouble.pdf
54 Ibid.
55 http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2017/06/20/the_gop_s_plan_to_slash_medicaid_will_shift_a_costly_burden_onto_women_who.html
56 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf
57 https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Women-and-Dementia-A-Marginalised-Majority1.pdf
58 Ibid.
59 http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/gender-equality/the-power-of-parity-advancing-womens-equality-in-the-united-kingdom
60 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/world/europe/10iht-sweden.html
61 https://iwpr.org/publications/impact-equal-pay-poverty-economy/
62 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_Perrons_WBG_CareEconomy_ITUC_briefing_final.pdf
63 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_WBG_child-care_briefing3_2017_02_20-1.pdf
64 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf
65 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_WBG_child-care_briefing3_2017_02_20-1.pdf
66 Kim, Kijong and Antonopoulos, Rania (2011), ‘Working Paper No. 691: Unpaid and Paid Care: The Effects of Child Care and Elder Care on the Standard of Living’, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College
67 Ibid.
68 http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/folbre_hdr_2015_final_0.pdf
69 http://newlaborforum.cuny.edu/2017/03/03/recognize-reduce-redistribute-unpaid-care-work-how-to-close-the-gender-gap/
70 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_Perrons_WBG_CareEconomy_ITUC_briefing_final.pdf
71 http://newlaborforum.cuny.edu/2017/03/03/recognize-reduce-redistribute-unpaid-care-work-how-to-close-the-gender-gap/
72 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_Perrons_WBG_CareEconomy_ITUC_briefing_final.pdf
73 Ibid.
74 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_WBG_child-care_briefing3_2017_02_20-1.pdf
75 http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/gender-equality/the-power-of-parity-advancing-womens-equality-in-the-united-kingdom
76 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_WBG_child-care_briefing3_2017_02_20-1.pdf
77 http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/gender-equality/the-power-of-parity-advancing-womens-equality-in-the-united-kingdom
78 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_WBG_child-care_briefing3_2017_02_20-1.pdf
79 Ibid.
80 http://www.gothamgazette.com/city/6326-pre-k-offers-parents-opportunity-at-economic-gain
81 Ibid.
82 https://ourworldindata.org/women-in-the-labor-force-determinants
83 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_WBG_child-care_briefing3_2017_02_20-1.pdf; http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf
84 http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/gender-equality/the-power-of-parity-advancing-womens-equality-in-the-united-kingdom http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/
85 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_WBG_child-care_briefing3_2017_02_20-1.pdf
86 http://newlaborforum.cuny.edu/2017/03/03/recognize-reduce-redistribute-unpaid-care-work-how-to-close-the-gender-gap/
