1 “The Ice Age is over now / why is there ice everywhere?” From Bei Dao’s “The Answer,” translated into English from the original Chinese by Bonnie S. McDougall in Against Forgetting: Twentieth Century Poetry of Witness , edited by Carolyn Forché (New York: W. W. Norton, 1954). Subsequent Spanish translation by A.O.

2 From Fidel and Religion by Frei Betto (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987).

3 From Poetas Hebreos de Al-Andalus (Siglos X-XII), Antología, edited by Angel Sáenz-Badillos and Judit Targarona Borrás (Córdoba, Spain: Ediciones El Almendro, 1990). Translation by A.O.

4 From the poem “Dos Patrias,” originally published in Flores del Destierro, by José Martí (Havana: Molina y Cía, 1933). Translation by A.O.

5 From “On the Sea,” from Selected Poems of Jehuda Halevi, edited by Heinrich Brodey (1924; reprint, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1974).