abbots, 44, 144, 163, 186
Adventures of Robin Hood, The, 51
Africa, 122, 123-24, 125, 228, 229, 230
Agincourt, battle of, 99-100, 108, 223
Albigensians, 28, 133
aldermen, 187, 194
Alexander the Great, 31, 113-17
Alexandrine Cycle, 113-17
Andalusia, 125-26
Annales school, 217-18
Anne of Bohemia, Queen of England, 33, 138, 196
Anonymous Chronicle, 169
anthrax, 69
apostolic poverty, 135, 156, 157
Aquitaine, 1, 74-75, 110, 131
Arabs, 31, 125, 126
Aragon, 19, 124, 127
aristocracy, 5-6, 27, 32, 55, 57, 74, 90, 92, 104, 105, 131, 183, 189, 205, 211
chivalry among, 40, 54, 58-59
Church and, 38-39
code of behavior for, 9
companions of, 41-42
education of, 35, 38, 47
exhaustion of, 225-26
French spoken by, 35-36
high, 33-48, 121, 172
homes of, 43
literacy among, 9, 58
marriages of, 33-35, 59
mistresses of, 34
modern equivalents of, 5-6, 12-13, 227-28, 235-36, 238-39
monarchy and, 37-38
origins of, 6-9, 11, 39-40, 233
pacification and, 61, 63-64
on peasants, 68, 178-79
in politics, 89
real estate and, 9, 34-35, 39, 55-56
religion and, 141
romantic image of warrior among, 112-17
Rome and, 10-11
warfare and finances of, 44-45, 93-94
wealth of, 2-4, 34-35
Aristotelianism, 22, 88
Aristotle, 24, 88
Armitage-Smith, Sydney, 14, 109-10
armor, 44-46, 90
armored cavalry, 44-45, 90, 222-23, 234, 241
see also knights
Arthurian legend, 1-3, 67, 71, 72, 83, 113-17, 153
Arthur, King, 114
arts, 4, 59, 227-28
Asia, 31, 32, 113, 146
Austria, 19, 223-24
Autumn of the Middle Ages, The (Huizinga), 239-41
Avignon, 18, 142, 144
Balkans, 22, 31
Ball, John, 167, 170, 173, 174-75
bankers, 11, 28, 32, 36-37, 51
banquets, 42-43
Barcelona, 19, 125, 127
barristers, 204
Bealknap, Robert, 171
Beaufort, Henry, 80
Beaufort, Margaret, 80
Bedford, John, Duke of, 228
Belgium, 21, 65, 95, 137, 224 see also Flanders
Beowulf, 209
Berbers, 125, 231
Bible, 24, 28, 136
bishops, 44, 47, 134, 136, 144, 162-63, 186
Black Death, 69, 128, 137, 139, 166, 167, 178-79, 223
Blanche of Lancaster, 70-71, 77-78, 79, 80, 83, 88, 122, 131, 158, 203, 213
Bloch, Marc, 218-19, 236
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 204, 210
Bohemia, 19, 138
Bolingbroke, Henry, see Henry IV, King of England
Book of the Duchess, The (Chaucer), 70-71, 203, 209-10
Bordeaux, 50, 56, 69, 80, 109
see also Gascony
Boroff, Marie, 153
Braudel, Fernand, 218-19, 236
Brightwell, Thomas, 105
Britain, 20, 94-95, 218, 227
Brittany, Duke of, 20
Burckhardt, Jacob, 225
bureaucrats, 26-27, 47-48, 200, 241
burgesses, 57, 58, 68, 94, 186, 187, 189
Cade, Jack, 176
Caesar, Julius, 31
Calais, 109, 110
Calvinists, 220, 221
Cambridge, 174, 185
Cambridge University, 123, 222
cannons, 223
canon law, 24, 25, 29
Canterbury, Archbishop of, 29, 106, 136
Canterbury Tales (Chaucer), 143, 206-9, 210-11, 212, 214-15
Cape of Good Hope, 124
capitalism, 21, 235, 238
rural, 176, 179, 241
Carmelites, 61, 137, 140-41, 151-52, 156-57
Carolingian empire, 6-8, 11, 40, 233
Carolingian Renaissance, 214
Castile, 19, 69, 78, 110-11, 119-29
Gaunt’s claim to throne of, 119-22, 128-29, 173, 239
castles, 43-44
cathedral canons, 25-27, 105, 142, 156
cathedrals, 25-26, 35, 56-57
Catherine (daughter of John of Gaunt), 78, 122
Catholic Reformation, 153
cattle, 55, 163
chantries, 62, 145
Charlemagne, Emperor, 6, 11, 91 in Matter of France, 113-17
Charles, Prince of Wales, 35
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 19
Charles V, King of France, 110
charters, 8, 181-82
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 15, 70-71, 117, 143, 203-15, 225, 226, 227, 241
Chaucer, His Life, His Works, His World (Howard), 206
Chaucer, Philippa, 203, 211-12
Chaucer, Thomas, 211
Chesuldene, William, 107
chivalric literature, 47, 60, 73-74, 153, 203, 204
chivalry, 40, 54, 58-59, 67, 68, 131, 203, 212, 224, 226
battle in, 90-91
bureaucracy and, 103
culture of, 71-74
Chrétien de Troyes, 1-2, 47, 73
Christianity, 121, 123, 125, 126, 215
egalitarian and idealistic, 176-77
history of, 154
medieval, 153-59, 220-21
slavery and, 229
see also specific Christian denominations
church and state, separation of, 222
Church of England, 139, 143, 220, 222
Cistercians, 55, 163
civil courts, royal, 162
civilitas, 84
Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, The (Burckhardt), 225
civil law, 163, 201
see also property law
Civil Wars, English, 177
classical humanism, 21-22, 24-25, 152
class system, 24, 61, 236
Cloud of Unknowing, The, 146-52
Cologne, cathedral of, 25-26
commercial markets, 54
common law, 62, 162, 163, 179, 201
communications, long-distance, 103
Constance of Castile, 33-34, 71, 78-79, 120, 122
Constantinople, 22, 154
constitution, of England, 198-99
Constitutional History of England (Stubbs), 198-99
contraception, 166
convocation, 187
Costain, Thomas B., 14
country houses, 43-44, 48
counts, 7-9, 11, 26
Courtenay, William, Bishop of London, 136-37
courtliness, 40, 54, 58-59, 73-74, 210
courtly love, 59-60, 66-67, 75-77, 131, 204, 210, 212, 224, 239
courts, 9, 62-63, 132, 162-64, 184
Crécy, battle of, 66, 95-99
criminal law, 201
Cromwell, Oliver, 177, 224
Crusades, 10, 22-23, 28, 47, 52
Dante Alighieri, 204
day laborers, 162, 164, 176
Decameron (Boccaccio), 210
democracy, 192, 222
demographics, 53, 54, 56, 68
Diggers, 177
disease, 18, 54, 58, 61, 68, 164
Divine Comedy (Dante), 204
Dominicans, 30, 61, 126, 133
dominium, 134, 137
dukes, 7-9, 11, 26
Dyer, Christopher, 235
Dyer, William, 107
economy, 24, 31, 32, 53-57, 68, 179, 235-36, 241
education, 195, 203-4, 227
Edward I, King of England, 37, 50-51, 52, 65, 76, 186, 190
Edward II, King of England, 29, 33, 49, 52, 61
Edward III, King of England, 1, 53, 69, 70, 89-90, 109, 127, 192
death of, 190, 194
French crown claimed by, 4, 51, 110, 121-22
Gaunt and, 83, 88
long life and reign of, 33, 50
marriage of, 65-66, 76
mistress of, see Perrers, Alice
victories of, 95, 97, 99, 223, 234
Edward IV, King of England, 198
Edward the Black Prince, 14, 69, 70, 197, 239
death of, 83, 190
Gaunt’s relationship with, 66-68, 83, 88-94, 128, 131, 151
illness of, 67, 71, 100-101
romanticization of, 33, 67, 94, 115
victories of, 95, 97, 108, 223, 234
egalitarianism, 222, 234-35
Elbe, 8, 18
Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of England, 59, 75, 76
Eleanor of Provence, Queen of England, 76
Elias, Norbert, 84
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 100
Elizabeth of York, Queen of England, 80
Emmengard of Narbonne, 75
enclosure, 179
England, 32, 76, 131, 196
antipapal feeling in, 142
conflict with Scotland of, 11, 20-21
Jews excluded from, 28
military prominence of, 223-24
navy of, 224
Plantagenet, 49-64
Portugal’s relationship with, 122-23
Reformation in, 139, 141-44, 145, 153, 220-22, 226
revolution in, 234-35
Scottish border with, 11, 63, 88, 93, 101
Scottish conflict with, 20-21, 52, 67
slave trade in, 124
see also Hundred Years’ War; Norman Conquest
English, 87, 133, 204, 209
Bible translated into, 136
London vernacular of, 205
English Channel, 88, 224
Enlightenment, 217
Erpyngham, Thomas de, 104
Ethics (Aristotle), 88
Exchequer, 37, 94
faith healing, 58, 62, 69
famine, 54, 69, 164
Far from the Madding Crowd (Hardy), 218-19
felonies, 163, 164
feodars, 103
feudal contracts, 181-82
feudalism, 17, 233
Fifth Monarchy Men, 177
Flanders, 4, 50, 55, 56, 65-66, 72
Florence, 20, 77, 205-6, 210
banking houses in, 37
humanism in, 21-22, 77, 204, 205-6
merchant princes in, 21-22, 27, 32
revolutionary movements in, 30
textile industry in, 26, 55, 72
France, 26, 39, 66, 114, 196, 197, 203, 240
Avignon papacy in, 18, 142, 144
Capetian monarchy of, 19-20
in Carolingian empire, 6, 8
chivalry in, 59, 74-75
Crusades in, 10
heretics in, 133, 137
Jews excluded from, 28-29
monarchy of, 1, 8-9, 18, 21, 33, 50, 52, 66, 91, 121-22, 127, 190, 223
navy of, 167
nobility of, 90, 91
peasants in, 163, 218
revolution in, 234-35
Valois dynasty of, 20, 110
women in, 74-75, 76, 84
see also Hundred Years’ War; Norman Conquest
France, King of, 89-90, 96, 97, 98-99, 110, 121, 196
Franciscans, 21, 30, 37, 39, 58, 61, 85, 106, 126, 133, 167, 186
Spiritual, 21, 135, 143, 155, 156
Frederick I (Barbarossa), Holy Roman Emperor, 19
Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony, 139
freemen, 161, 162, 164, 166
French language, 35-36, 73, 76, 87, 88, 95, 169, 182, 204, 205
French romances, 36, 87, 88-89, 205, 206
friars, 54, 61-62, 134, 186
pacification and, 61-62
see also Carmelites; Dominicans; Franciscans
Froissart, Jean, 95-99, 100, 234
gangs, criminal, 61-62, 184-85
Gascony, 3-4, 50, 69
see also Bordeaux
Genoa, 20, 96, 99
gentry, 10, 55, 57, 58, 68, 90, 94, 102, 131-32, 133, 164, 176, 181, 183, 187, 188, 193, 194, 200, 227
Lollardy among, 138-39, 140
middle-class, 63
social mobility of, 11
Germans, Germany, 11, 23, 39, 40, 61, 114, 138, 198, 231, 232
attempted conquests of Italy, 10
in Carolingian empire, 6, 8
emperors of, 8-9, 52
Roman conquest of, 31
Germany, Nazi, 237
Gerson, Jean, 85
Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 228
Goodman, Anthony, 14
Good Parliament, 190-92
grain, 54, 55, 56
Granada, Muslim rule of, 19, 126
Grantham, John de, 107
Great Council, 186
Greece, 22-23, 31-32, 74, 125
Gregory VII, Pope, 141
guilds, 56
Hainaut, 65-66
ha-Levi, Judah, 126
Hanseatic League, 23, 27
Hapsburg dynasty, 19, 223-24
Hardy, Thomas, 218-19
Henry II, King of England, 41, 49, 51, 62, 75, 76, 133
Henry III, King of England, 52, 76
Henry IV, King of England, 38, 64, 70, 138-39, 194-98, 199, 219
Henry V, King of England, 80, 99-100, 108, 138-39, 198, 199, 219, 223
Henry V (Shakespeare), 100
Henry VI, King of England, 199, 220
Henry VII, King of England, 80
Henry VIII, King of England, 139, 143-45, 220-21
Henry of Trástamara, 78, 128
Henry the Navigator, Prince, 122, 123-24, 228-34, 239
heretics, 28, 61, 132-33, 135, 136, 155
Heseldene, Thomas de, 171
heterosexuality, 75-77
Hilton, Rodney, 235-36
Holland, 123-24, 224, 240
Holy Grail, 72-73, 114-15, 116
Holy Roman Empire, 18-19, 29, 135
homosexuality, 28-29, 49, 52, 59, 60, 61, 74, 126, 195-97
horses, 44, 45, 59, 88, 90, 92
House of Commons, 57, 187-93, 198-200
House of Lords, 57, 187, 191
Howard, Donald R., 15, 206
Huizinga, Johan, 239-41
humanism, 152, 204, 205-6, 214, 215, 241
Hundred Years’ War, 3-4, 40, 51, 67, 68, 83, 89-94, 120, 122, 132, 167, 184, 188-89, 191, 219, 222-23, 234
battle of Agincourt in, 99-100, 108, 223
battle of Crécy in, 66, 95-99
battle of Poitiers in, 66, 95
English failures in, 108-10
infantry in, 90, 101, 223
Hus, John, 138
Iberia, 9, 19, 29, 74, 127, 128, 231
see also Spain
impeachment, 190, 191, 192
imperialism, 232-34, 239
indentures, 1, 132, 182-83, 184
India, 31, 124, 125
individualism, 206, 214, 225
industrialization, 153, 237
Industrial Revolution, 218, 221
infantry, 90, 101, 223, 224, 241
inheritance law, 62, 92-93
Inns of Court, 26, 203-4
Ireland, 20, 100, 196, 222
Isabella, Queen of England, 33, 52
Israel, 10
Italy, 20, 127, 133, 142, 203, 227, 231
banking in, 36, 37, 51
in Carolingian empire, 6
German attempted conquest of, 10
northern, classical humanism in, 24-25
northern city-states in, 20, 21, 26, 27, 32
Jews, Judaism, 124, 154, 231-32
as bankers, 28, 36-37
in England, 36-37, 60-61
in Narbonne, 75-76
persecution of, 28-29, 37
in Poland, 23, 29, 61
Sephardic, 128
in Spain, 74-75, 125-27, 128
Joan of Arc, 3
Joan of Kent, 66, 71, 83, 100, 194
Joan (sister of John of Gaunt), 69, 127-28
João I, King of Portugal, 119, 120, 122, 123
John of Gaunt:
administration and, 14, 183
affinity of, 131-32
birth of, 1, 30, 65
Black Prince and, 66-67, 68, 88, 89-94
Carmelites patronized by, 137, 140-41, 151-52, 156-57
Castilian throne claimed by, 119-22, 128-29, 173, 239
Chaucer and, 203-5, 209-15
childhood and education of, 87-89, 117
chivalry exemplified by, 60, 131, 203, 224
courtly love and, 224, 239
death of, 1, 194, 219
ducal officials of, 102-3
as Duke of Aquitaine, 1
as Duke of Lancaster, 1, 70, 77, 79, 93
as Earl of Richmond, 88
hunting by, 121, 224
in knightly warfare, 88, 89-94, 131
as landlord, 172-73, 183-84
lavish lifestyle of, 101-7, 121, 172
legacies of, 238-39
letters of, 81
London residence of, see Savoy Palace
marriage to Blanche of Lancaster of, 53, 70-71, 77-78, 79, 80, 83, 88, 122, 131, 158, 203, 213
marriage to Catherine Swynford of, 60, 71, 79-82, 83, 224, 233
marriage to Constance of Castile of, 33-34, 71, 78-79, 120, 128
military career of, 8, 66-68, 88, 89-94, 101-3, 107-17, 172, 183-85, 222-23, 224, 239
mistresses of, 60, 86; see also Swynford, Catherine
Parliament and, 190-93, 199
peasants’ hatred of, 169-74, 176-77
Pontefract castle of, 2, 107, 110, 169, 197
real estate of, 1, 102, 131, 169, 181-85
Register of, 103-7, 185
Richard II supported by, 82, 121, 132, 185-86, 190-91, 193-95, 197, 224
romanticization of, 115-17
sexuality of, 81, 84-86, 117
at top of European aristocracy, 11-13
wealth and power of, 1, 101-7, 117, 120, 199-200, 226
women and, 83-84, 224, 239
Wyclif supported by, 132, 137-41, 143-44, 157, 213, 239
John, King of England, 49, 51-52
Juan I, King of Castile, 78, 119, 120, 121, 122
judges, 184, 201
judicial system, 61, 62-63, 201
juries, 62, 184, 201
justices of the peace, 132, 164
Justinian I, Emperor of Byzantium, 26
Kent, 167, 170, 172, 176
kingship, sacredness of, 89, 241
knights, 10, 45, 46, 68, 101, 102, 186, 187, 189, 212, 214, 226
labor supply, 61
Labour Party, 177-78, 235
Lancastrian Constitution, 198-99
Lancastrians, 35, 41, 61, 63, 80, 121, 122, 132, 138, 192, 193, 195, 198, 213, 220, 227, 228, 234, 236
Lancelot, or the Knight of the Cart (Chrétien de Troyes), 1-2
Langland, William, 165-66, 227
Latimer, William, 191
Latin, 24, 35, 38, 47, 58, 80, 87, 88, 133, 182, 204, 225
Latin Christendom, 7, 9, 18, 21, 22-25, 31-32, 67, 154-55
law, 61, 68, 188
see also courts
lawyers, 23, 26-27, 35, 103, 188, 241
training for, 26, 203-4
legislation, 188, 190
León, 124, 127
Lewis IV of Bavaria, Holy Roman Emperor, 135
liability law, 62, 201
Lincoln, 37, 56-57
Lincoln, John, bishop of, 105
Lisbon, 123, 125, 229
literacy, 9, 22, 24, 35, 54, 58, 104, 117, 167
in Latin, 35, 38, 47
literature, 4
Andalusian, 126
Arthurian, see Arthurian legend
chivalric, 47, 60, 73-74, 153, 203, 204
classical, 10, 22, 32, 206, 214-15, 225
French romances, 36, 87, 88-89, 205, 206
Latin, 10, 22, 74, 87, 88
the Matter of France in, 113-17
quest, 72-73
romantic, 1-3, 112-17
vernacular, 225
localism, 18, 27
Lollards, 136-40, 167, 174, 176, 213, 220, 221
London, 1, 21, 26, 30, 37, 56, 63, 170, 172, 193, 194, 197, 203, 211, 238
longbows, 90
long duration thesis, 218-19, 236
Louis VII, King of France, 75
Lutherans, 138, 139, 220, 221
Luther, Martin, 139
Lyons, Richard, 191
McFarlane, K. B., 15
Magna Carta, 52
Making a Living in the Middle Ages (Dyer), 235
malaria, 67
manic depression, 49, 52
manumission, 161, 162
March, Earl of, 192
Mare, Peter de la, 191, 192
Marie de Champagne, 75
Marsilius of Padua, 134-35
mathematics, 24, 125
Mathilda, Queen, 76
Matter of Britain, see Arthurian legend
mayors, 36, 187, 194
medicine, 24, 125
mercenaries, 61, 132, 183-84, 224
merchants, 21, 27, 32, 55, 56, 57, 58, 63, 75, 200, 227
learning and the arts supported by, 21-22, 32
social mobility of, 11
Merciless Parliament, 193
Middle Ages, 4, 5, 6, 17, 18, 217-41
middle class, 27, 30, 48, 54, 56, 57, 63, 83, 210, 211, 213, 215, 226, 241
Middleton, Richard, 85
minorities, intolerance for, 28-30
minstrels, 72
Mirror of Princes literature, 88-89
monarchy, 37-38, 224, 226
monasteries, 156, 163
monks, 47, 143, 146, 163
Montpellier, law school at, 26
Moors, 114, 125, 233
music, 35, 73, 74
Muslim Arabs, 7, 229, 231-32
Muslim Moors, 114
Muslims, 10, 75, 123, 124, 158, 233
advance of, 22-23, 31, 32
Ottoman Turkish empire, 22-23
in Spain, 9, 121, 125-27, 128
Muslim Turks, 31, 32, 123
mysticism, 62, 139-40, 145-52
Napoleonic Wars, 46
natural sciences, 24
Necropolis, 22-23
neoclassicism, 205
Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of, 195
Norman Conquest, 40-41, 162-63, 233-34
Northampton, 106-7
O’Hara, John, 12
Oke, William, 105
Oldcastle, John, 138-39, 176
Order of the Garter, 67, 68, 71
Ottoman Turkish empire, 22-23
Oxford, Robert de Vere, Earl of, 195
Oxford University, 13, 15, 25, 58, 123, 133-34, 135, 136, 138, 140, 169, 178, 222, 228
painters, paintings, 21, 35, 73, 77
papacy, 18, 21, 135, 136, 142, 144-45, 154
papal inquisitions, 132-33, 136-37
parchment, 55, 103, 182
Paris, 8-9, 19, 21, 30, 51, 77
parish system, 54, 57-58, 105, 145
Paris, University of, 23-24, 85, 134
Parliament, 30, 51, 57, 83, 93, 94, 98, 102, 106-7, 109, 110, 120, 132, 144, 167, 169, 173, 179, 183, 185, 186-94, 197-201, 212, 220, 238, 241
Parliamentary Reform Act of 1832, 200
Paston family, 81
Pearl, 152-53, 205
Pearsall, Derek, 15, 212
peasants, 1, 26, 34, 35, 40, 53, 55, 58, 132, 161-79, 212, 218, 235-36, 241
attitudes towards, 68
economic status of, 164-67, 227
revolts by, 167-79
serfs and, 53, 161-63, 166, 176, 179
yeomen, 164, 176, 181, 227
Pedro I, King of Castile, 128
Percy family, 63
Percy, Thomas, 119
Perrers, Alice, 80, 83, 191-92, 195
Petrarch, 204, 225
Philippa, Queen of Portugal, 70, 105-6, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 231
Philippa of Hainaut, Queen of England, 65-66, 69, 70, 71, 76, 83, 87, 95, 131
philosophy, 21, 24, 25, 32, 58, 125, 134, 213, 225
Piers Plowman (Langland), 165-66
Plantagenets, 14, 35, 41, 48, 49-53, 69, 101, 112, 121, 127, 128, 192, 197, 233
Platonism, 22, 134, 135
poetry, 72, 73, 213
Poitiers, battle of, 66, 95
Poland, 23, 29, 37, 61
politics, 21, 24, 181-201
Politics (Aristotle), 88
Polo, Marco, 32
Pontefract Castle, 2, 107, 110, 169, 197
Pope, Adam, 105
population, 54, 56, 161-62, 223
Portugal, 19, 119, 120, 122-24, 127, 228, 229, 231
prebends, 25, 105
Premature Reformation, 141
priests, 105, 136, 186, 221
primogeniture, 93, 197
propaganda, 188
property law, 26, 62, 76, 102, 132, 201
Protestants, 144, 153, 155, 220, 221, 222, 224, 226, 239, 241
in English Civil Wars, 177
radical, 138
see also Reformation
Purgatory, 159
Pyrenees, 50, 74, 75, 114, 125
quest literature, 72-73
racism, 229-34, 239
real estate, 9, 11, 34-35, 39, 55-56, 68, 164
realism, 134, 135
Reformation, 217, 226 in England, 139, 141-45, 153, 220-22, 226
Premature, 141
Renaissance, 4, 5, 22, 199, 204, 206, 213, 214, 217, 218, 224-25
Renaissance humanism, 215, 224-25, 227
Return of the Native, The (Hardy), 218-19
revolutionary movements, 30, 234-37
Rhine, 8, 18, 37, 133
Richard I, King of England, 51-52
Richard II, King of England, 66, 120, 138
Gaunt’s support for, 82, 121, 132, 185-86, 190-91, 193-95, 197, 224
Henry IV and overthrow of, 64, 194-97, 219
homosexuality of, 29, 33, 49, 61, 195-97
Richard II (Shakespeare), 13, 14
Richard III, King of England, 80
Richmond, Henry, Earl of, 80
Robin Hood, 61, 185
Roland, Count, 114
Rollo, 40
Roman Catholic Church, 5, 18, 40, 56-57, 58, 68, 126, 132-59, 220-22, 226
aristocracy and, 38-39
Avignon papacy and, 18, 142, 144
canon law of, see canon law
egalitarianism in, 39
heretics and, 132-33
institutional problems of, 145
in Ireland, 222
sacramental system of, 135
Romance of the Horn, 84
Romance of the Rose, 204
romantic literature, 1-3, 112-17
Rome, ancient, 10-11, 19, 22, 26, 31-32, 40, 74, 127, 154-55, 191, 230, 231
Russia, 236-37
St. Alban’s Abbey, 84
saints, 145, 221
sanitation, 30, 43, 44
Savoy Palace, 1, 168-69, 173, 178, 182
Saxony, dukes of, 8
Scandinavia, 7, 23, 40, 231
scholasticism, 22, 24, 25
schools, 22, 58, 167
science, 32, 58, 125
scientific revolution, 24
Scotland, 50, 132
conflict with England of, 20-21, 52, 67
English border with, 11, 63, 88, 93, 101
Reformation in, 221
sculpture, 21, 35, 73, 77
secularism, 153
serfs, 53, 161-63, 166, 176, 179
sexuality, 2, 34, 59-60, 84-86
Shakespeare, William, 13, 14, 100, 219
sheep, 55, 163
sheriffs, 132, 188, 194
Shirle, John, 174-76
Sicily, 9, 19, 20, 127
Simon of Sudbury, Archbishop of Canterbury, 168
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1-3, 205
slave trade, 122, 123-24, 228-32, 234
Slavs, 11, 23, 158, 198
socialism, 177-78, 235-36
Song of Roland, 233
Southern, Richard, 4-5
Spain, 119-29, 229, 231
Charlemagne in, 114
fighting in, 66, 67, 69, 83, 88, 101
Gaunt’s invasion of, 102, 120-23, 128, 173, 183, 211
Hapsburgs in, 223-24
Jews in, 74-75, 125-26
Muslims in, 9, 121, 125-26, 128
navy of, 167
Strayer, Joseph R., 18, 115
Strohm, Paul, 15, 215
Stubbs, William, 198-99
Swynford, Catherine, 71, 79-82, 83, 105-6, 131, 211-12, 224, 233
Swynford, Hugh, 79
Talmud, 28, 75
Tawney, Richard Henry, 235-36
taxes, 132, 196
customs, 189
on Jews (tallages), 36-37
papal, 142
poll, 167, 178
“tenth and fifteenth,” 189
wars and Parliamentary, 26-27, 57, 93-94, 102, 109-10, 183, 188-90, 193
textile industry, 4, 26, 55, 56, 72
torts, 201
tournaments, 45, 47, 48, 74, 89, 91, 131, 224
Tower of London, 168, 197
town councils, 36, 187
transubstantiation, 135
Tristan and Isolde legends, 114
Troilus and Criseyde (Chaucer), 206, 210, 211, 212, 214-15
troubadors, 75
Tudor dynasty, 80, 223
Tudor, Edmund, 80
Tudor, Henry, see Henry VII, King of England
Tudor, Owen, 80
Turkey, 22, 123
Tyler, Wat, 167-68, 173
United States, 222, 227, 234
universities, 23-25, 35, 38, 47, 54, 88, 204, 226
see also Oxford University
urbanization, 21, 29-30, 54, 56, 153, 215, 218, 227
Van Gogh, Vincent, 240
Vasco da Gama, 124
vassals, 7-8, 10
Venice, 20, 21, 27
Vienna, 23, 32
Vikings, 7, 40, 233
Visigoths, 231, 232
Wales, 20, 50, 90, 98, 196
Wars of the Roses, 80, 192
Wassenaar, Ingrid, 214
William the Conqueror, 11, 36, 40-41, 162-63
William II (William Rufus), King of England, 29
William of Occam, 134-35
William X, Duke of Aquitaine, 75
wine, 3, 50, 56, 80, 189, 293
women, 65-86
chivalry and attitudes towards, 40, 59, 60, 71, 73, 74-77, 224, 239
inheritance and, 76, 92-93
in military campaigns, 92
roles in great families of, 34
in royal and aristocratic courts, 92
wool, 19, 55, 56, 65, 189
working class, 13, 35, 177-78, 236, 237
rural, 63, 218-19
urban, 30, 56
World War I, 46
World War II, 26, 46, 94-95, 227
Wyclif, John, 15, 132-41, 143-45, 157, 213, 220, 226, 239, 241
yeomen, 164, 176, 181, 227