NOTES
INTRODUCTION
1. For more on when the concentration of African Americans shifted away from the South see, Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Others Suns: The Epic Story of the Great Migration (New York: Random House, 2010).
CHAPTER 1
2. Frederick Douglass Opie interview with Fred Opie Jr., summer 2005.
3. Call & Post, September 7, 1940.
4. Christopher Robert Reed, The Rise of Chicagos Black Metropolis, 1920–1929 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2011), 141.
5. Ibid., 1, 67–69, 74, 76, 141, 147.
6. New Journal & Guide, October 7, 1933; New York Times, August 28, 1938; New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co., FindLaw.com, http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=303&invol=552.
7. Christopher Robert Reed, The Depression Comes to the South Side: Protest and Politics in the Black Metropolis, 1930–1933 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011), 67–68.
8. Ibid., 67.
9. Ibid., 68–69, 74, 76.
10. New Journal & Guide, October 7, 1933; New York Times, August 28, 1938; Call & Post, September 7, 1940.
11. New Journal & Guide, December 23, 1933; Washington Post, September 3, 1933.
12. Chicago Daily Tribune, May 18, 1933.
13. Pittsburgh Courier, March 4, 1933.
14. New Journal & Guide, April 29, 1933.
15. Philadelphia Tribune, July 13, 1933.
16. Afro-American, July 15, 1933.
17. Ibid.
18. Pittsburgh Courier, December 30, 1933.
19. Chicago Daily Tribune, May 18, 1933.
20. Chicago Defender, October 7, 1933; Afro-American, January 6, 1934.
21. Chicago Defender, September 30, 1933.
22. Ibid.; quoted from Washington Post, September 3, 1933.
23. Hayward Farrar, The Baltimore Afro-American, 1892–1950 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998), 135–36.
24. Afro-American, October 7, 1933.
25. The two restaurants in Harlem are mentioned in The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, vol. 7, edited by Robert A. Hill (University of California Press, 1983), 982–83. Garvey’s Negro Factories Corporation (NFC), which in the early 1920s had among its many enterprises three grocery stores and two restaurants in Harlem, is discussed in Frederick Douglass Opie, Black Labor Migration in Caribbean Guatemala, 1882–1923, Florida Work in the Americas Series (Gainsville: University of Florida Press, 2009), 92.
26. Afro-American, November 5, 1932.
27. Ibid.; October 7, 1933; November 8, 1941; October 14, 1933.
28. Ibid., October 7, 1933; November 8, 1941.
29. Chicago Defender, September 30, 1933; New Journal & Guide, October 14, 1933, and December 30, 1933; Afro-American, October 14, 1933, and January 6, 1934.
30. Pittsburgh Courier, January 27, 1934.
31. Washington Post, September 3, 1933; Chicago Defender, September 30, 1933; New Journal & Guide, December 2, 1933; Pittsburgh Courier, December 9, 1933; Afro-American, July 21, 1934.
32. New Journal & Guide, December 23, 1933.
33. Chicago Defender, September 30, 1933; New York Amsterdam News, October 4, 1933; Afro-American, July 21, 1934.
34. Afro-American, September 16, 1933.
35. New Journal & Guide, September 30, 1933.
36. Afro-American, October 7, 1933.
37. New Journal & Guide, June 4, 1938.
38. Ibid., September 30, 1933; Afro-American, November 4, 1933.
39. New Journal & Guide, October 7, 1933.
40. Ibid.
41. New Journal & Guide, October 7, 1933; October 14, 1933; Afro-American October 21, 1933.
42. Afro-American, October 7, 1933.
43. Pittsburgh Courier, November 18, 1933.
44. New Journal & Guide, October 7, 1933; Call & Post, October 15, 1936.
45. Pittsburgh Courier, December 2, 1933; New Journal & Guide, December 23, 1933.
46. Afro-American, December 16, 1933.
47. Pittsburgh Courier, December 9, 1933.
48. New Journal & Guide, December 23, 1933.
49. Pittsburgh Courier, December 9, 1933.
50. New Journal & Guide, August 11, 1934.
51. Pittsburgh Courier, December 30, 1933.
52. Afro-American, January 6, 1934.
53. Ibid., January 27, 1934.
54. Pittsburgh Courier, January 27, 1934.
55. Ibid.
56. Chicago Defender, April 18, 1936.
57. Ibid.
58. New York Amsterdam News, December 21, 1938; Cleveland Call & Post, September 7, 1940.
59. Cleveland Call & Post, September 7, 1940.
60. Call & Post, September 7, 1940.
61. Ibid.
62. New York Amsterdam News, December 21, 1938.
63. Ibid.
64. Call & Post, August 18, 1938.
65. New York Amsterdam News, December 16, 1939.
66. Adam Clayton Powell Jr., Adam by Adam: The Autobiography of Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. (New York: Dial Press, 1971), 62–63.
67. Call & Post, September 7, 1940.
68. Powell, Adam by Adam, 64.
69. New York Amsterdam News, November 23, 1940.
70. Ibid., August 13, 1930.
71. Afro-American, May 3, 1941.
CHAPTER 2
72. Chicago Defender, October 2, 1943.
73. Julie L. McGee, David C. Driskell: Artist and Scholar (San Francisco: Pomegranate, 2006), 13.
74. David C. Driskell, interview with the author, 2011.
75. New Journal & Guide, December 18, 1937.
76. Ibid.
77. New York Amsterdam Star-News, October 24, 1942; Chicago Defender, October 2, 1943.
78. New York Amsterdam Star-News, October 24, 1942.
79. Pittsburgh Courier, September 28, 1940.
80. New York Amsterdam News, January 13, 1945.
81. Washington Post, July 2, 1952.
82. Washington Post, Times Herald, September 18, 1960.
83. Driskell, interview.
84. Ibid.
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid.
87. Washington Post, December 11, 1948.
88. Atlanta Daily World, October 11, 1949.
89. Mary Eliza Church Terrell, A Colored Woman in a White World (Washington, D.C.: Ransdell Inc. Printers and Publishers, 1940), 385.
90. Ibid.
91. Jan Whitaker, “Early Chains: John R. Thompson,” Restaurant-ing Through History, June 10, 2010, http://restaurant-ingthroughhistory.com/2010/06/10/early-chains-john-r-thompson.
92. Chicago Defender, January 31, 1953.
93. Ibid.
94. Powell, Adam by Adam, 82–83.
95. Ibid., 83.
96. Ibid., 97.
97. Ibid.
98. Ibid., 98.
99. For more on Little Rock, see Karen Anderson, Little Rock: Race and Resistance at Central High School (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013).
100. Powell, Adam by Adam, 16.
101. Rufus Estes, Good Things to Eat, as Suggested by Rufus; A Collection of Practical Recipes for Preparing Meats, Game, Fowl, Fish, Puddings, Pastries, Etc. (Chicago: Rufus Estes, 1911), 71, 81.
102. Powell, Adam by Adam, 17–18.
CHAPTER 3
103. Fred D. Gray, Bus Ride to Justice: Changing the System by the System; The Life and Works of Fred D. Gray, Preacher, Attorney, Politician (Montgomery, AL: New South Books, 2002), 36–38.
104. Ibid., 52–54; Aldon D. Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Free Press, 1984), 43–44.
105. Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, ed., with a foreword by David J. Garrow, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It: The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1987), 71.
106. Interview with Georgia Gilmore, conducted by Blackside Inc. for the documentary Eyes on the Prize: America’s Civil Rights Years (1954–1965), February 17, 1986, Washington University Libraries, Film and Media Archive, Henry Hampton Collection; “Role of Georgia Gilmore and Her Southern Cooking in the Civil Rights Movement,” Morning Edition, National Public Radio, March 4, 2005.
107. Interview with Georgia Gilmore.
108. Ibid.
109. Ibid.
110. Ibid.
111. Washington Post, July 24, 1989.
112. Ibid.
113. Baltimore Afro-American, December 9, 1939.
114. Washington Post, July 24, 1989.
115. Ibid.
116. “Role of Georgia Gilmore.”
117. Washington Post, July 24, 1989.
CHAPTER 4
118. Leon Fink and Brian Greenberg, Upheaval in the Quiet Zone: A History of Hospital Workers’ Union, Local 1199 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 1.
119. Fink and Greenberg, Upheaval in the Quiet Zone, 30.
120. Ibid., 32.
121. Ken Downs, Montefiore Hospital interview transcripts, 1975, Kheel Center, Cornell University, Box 5680OH, 1, 14, Sub-Series X-D.
122. Ibid.
123. Ibid.
124. Ibid.
125. Ibid.
126. Ibid.
127. Ibid.
128. Ibid.
129. Ibid.
130. Karen Hess, The Carolina Rice Kitchen: The African Connection (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1992), 96.
131. Thelma Bowles, Montefiore Hospital interview transcripts, Kheel Center, Cornell University, Box 5680OH, 1, 5, Sub-Series X-D.
132. Ibid.
133. Ibid.
134. Officials and Executive Board of Local 585 to Members, May 13, 1959, Kheel Center, Cornell University, Collection 5510, Box 46, Folder Contributions Food.
135. Fink and Greenberg, Upheaval in the Quiet Zone, 77, 79.
136. Bowles, Montefiore Hospital interview transcripts.
137. Ted Mitchell interview, 2 transcript, 1976, Kheel Center, Cornell University, Box 5680OH, 1, 44, Sub-Sub-Sub-Series X-A-1-I.
138. 1199 News, December 1999.
139. A. Philip Randolph to Friends, June 22, 1962, Kheel Center, Cornell University, Collection 5510, Box 46, Folder Messages From Unions, Org, Ind. Re Strike.
140. Bayard Rustin, interview transcript, 1977, Kheel Center, Cornell University, Box 56900H, 2, 56, Sub-Sub-Series X-F-4, 15.
141. Ibid.
142. New York Times, November 19, 2005; James Jennings and Monte Rivera, Puerto Rican Politics in Urban America (Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1977), 44–46.
143. William K. De Fossett, report on the Emergency Action Convention on June 29, 1962, in the office of A. Phillip Randolph, Bureau of Special Services, July 2, 1962, Kheel Center, Cornell University, Box 6140, 3, 38, Malcolm X File, 1-3; Joseph Monserrat and A. Philip Randolph to Friends of the Committee, July 30, 1962, Kheel Center, Cornell University, Collection 5510, Box 48 Strike—Ten Hospitals—May, 1960, Folder Committee for Justice to Hospital Workers & Prayer Pilgrimage July 22, 1962; New York Times, September 1, 1995; July 20, 2006.
144. 1199 News, Winter 1993.
145. De Fossett, report on the Emergency Action Convention.
146. Ibid.
147. Ibid.
148. Ibid.
149. Ibid.
150. Ibid.
151. Ibid.
152. Moe Foner with Dan North, foreword by Ossie Davis, Not for Bread Alone: A Memoir (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), 60.
153. Committee for Justice to Hospital Workers, Prayer Pilgrimage Flyer, “Join the PRAYER PILGRAMGE In Support of the Hospital Strikers,” circa July 15 and July 21, 1962, Kheel Center, Cornell University, Collection 5510, Box 48 Strike—Ten Hospitals—May, 1960, Folder Committee for Justice to Hospital Workers & Prayer Pilgrimage, July 22, 1962.
154. 1199 News, Winter 1993.
155. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Address to Prayer Pilgrimage, July 22, 1962, Kheel Center, Cornell University, Collection 5510, Box 48 Strike—Ten Hospitals—May 1960, Folder Committee for Justice to Hospital Workers & Prayer Pilgrimage, July 22, 1962.
156. Ibid., 1–2.
157. Monserrat and Randolph to Friends of the Committee.
158. Fink and Greenberg, Upheaval in the Quiet Zone, 113.
159. Resolutions Adopted by the Committee for Justice to Hospital Workers, July 21, 1962, Kheel Center, Cornell University, Collection 5510, Box 48 Strike—Ten Hospitals—May 1960, Folder Committee for Justice to Hospital Workers & Prayer Pilgrimage, July 22, 1962.
160. Ibid.
CHAPTER 5
161. Leah Chase, interview with April Grayson, 2004, Southern Foodways Alliance Founders Project.
162. Ibid.
163. Cleveland Call & Post, December 13, 1941.
164. Pittsburgh Courier, September 23, 1944; Afro-American, August 21, 1948.
165. Pittsburgh Courier, November 18, 1944.
166. Gourmet, February 2000.
167. Pittsburgh Courier, December 25, 1954.
168. Chase, interview.
169. Chicago Defender, July 14, 1951.
170. Chase, interview.
171. Raphael Cassimere Jr., interview with Grant Werner, Kate Welton, Emma Whitman and Hannah Welsh, 2012, The Nation’s Longest Struggle: Looking Back on the Modern Civil Rights Movement, D.C. Everest Oral History Project, http://www.dceoralhistoryproject.org.
172. Ibid.
173. Ibid.
174. Chicago Defender, September 24, 1960.
175. Afro-American, October 1, 1960.
176. New York Amsterdam News, October 28, 1961.
177. Cleveland Call & Post, November 4, 1961; Afro-American, December 30, 1961; November 9, 1963.
178. Chicago Daily Defender, October 29, 1963.
179. Ibid.
180. Ibid., November 6, 1963; Afro-American, November 9, 1963.
181. Chase, interview.
182. Pittsburgh Courier, February 20, 1965.
183. “Dooky Chase’s Restaurant,” Citysearch, http://neworleans.citysearch.com/profile/4432184/new_orleans_la/dooky_chase_restaurant.html.
184. Ibid.
185. Cassimere, interview.
186. James Vaughn Paschal and Mae Armster Kendall, Paschal: Living the Dream (Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, 2006), 124–26, 228.
187. Marcellas C.D. Barksdale, interview with the author, 2005.
188. Atlanta Daily World, June 30, 1934.
189. Bob Jeffries, Soul Food Cook Book (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merril Company, 1969), vii.
190. Chicago Daily Defender, February 22, 1968.
191. Ibid., February 12, 1968.
192. Paschal and Kendall, Paschal, 127.
193. Ibid.
194. Chicago Daily Defender, December 12, 1967.
195. Betty Joyce Johnson, interview with the author, 2005.
196. Lonnie King, interview by Bob Short, September 2009, “Reflections on Georgia Politics,” ROGP-086, Lonnie King, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia, Athens.
197. Short, interview.
198. Ibid. For more on Mays, see Randal Maurice Jelks, Benjamin Elijah Mays, Schoolmaster of the Movement: A Biography (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012).
199. King, interview.
200. Paschal and Kendall, Paschal, 26.
201. Ibid., 125.
202. Chicago Defender, December 31, 1966.
203. King, interview.
204. Paschal and Kendall, Paschal, 125–27.
205. Ibid., 127.
206. King, interview.
207. Ibid.
208. Ibid.
209. Paschal and Kendall, Paschal, 126.
210. King, interview.; for more on Kennedy’s involvement in King’s negotiated release from jail in Atlanta and the implication for the 1960 presidential election, see Larry Tye, Bobby Kennedy: The Making of a Liberal Icon (New York: Random House, 2016).
211. King, interview.
212. Ibid.
213. Joe York, Smokes and Ears, Southern Foodways Alliance Documentary Film, http://www.southernfoodways.org/film/smokes-ears.
214. Ibid.
215. Ibid.
216. Ibid.
217. Ibid.
CHAPTER 6
218. The Educational Radio Network’s (hereafter ERN) coverage of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, eight of fifteen hours of broadcast: 3:56 p.m.–4:25 p.m., August 28, 1963, WGBH Media Library & Archives.
219. Ibid.
220. Ibid.
221. Thomas Gentile, March on Washington: August 28, 1963 (Washington, D.C.: New Day Publications, 1983), 1, 47, 94.
222. John F. Kennedy, “Radio and Television Address on Civil Rights, June 11, 1963,” Papers of John F. Kennedy, President’s Office Files, JFKPOF-045-005, 3, John F. Kennedy Public Library and Museum Archives.
223. Harry Belafonte, My Song: A Memoir (New York: Knopf, 2011), 278.
224. Ibid.
225. Gentile, March on Washington, 1.
226. Ibid., 4–6.
227. Frederick Douglass Opie, Upsetting the Apple Cart: Black and Latino Coalitions in New York City from Protest to Public Office, Columbia History of Urban Life Series, edited by Kenneth Jackson (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014), 41–48.
228. Rustin, interview transcript.
229. Gentile, March on Washington, 3–4.
230. Ibid., 4.
231. Chicago Defender, August 17, 1963.
232. Cleveland Robinson and Bayard Rustin, March on Washington Organizing Manual (N.p.: Deklare Printing, 1963), 10.
233. Joyce White, Soul Food: Recipes and Reflections from African-American Churches (New York: Harper and Collins, 1998), 1–2.
234. New York Amsterdam News, August 17, 1963.
235. Ibid.
236. ERN, 10:00 a.m.–11:00 a.m., August 28, 1963.
237. Ibid.; Chicago Defender, August 17, 1963.
238. James Weldon Johnson, Along This Way: The Autobiography of James Weldon Johnson (New York: Viking Press, 1933), 64.
239. Bennett Singer, Nancy Kates, Walter Naegel and Hasan Jeffries, “The Life of Civil Rights Pioneer Bayard Rustin,” All Sides with Ann Fisher, WOSU Public Radio, February 18, 2013, http://radio.wosu.org/post/life-civil-rights-pioneer-bayard-rustin.
240. Hilary Parkinson, “The March,” U.S. National Archives Blog, August 26, 2011, http://blogs.archives.gov/prologue/?p=6691.
241. Pittsburgh Courier, August 31, 1963.
242. Ibid.
243. Ibid.; Chicago Defender, August 17, 1963.
244. Chicago Defender, August 17, 1963; Pittsburgh Courier, August 31, 1963.
245. New York Times, August 27, 1963.
246. Carol Ardman, first-person account of the March on Washington, August 2013.
247. Nancy Schimmel, first-person account of the March on Washington, August 2013, http://peoplesworld.org/three-days-on-bus-then-dancingat-march-on-washington.
248. Ibid.; New York Times, August 27, 1963.
249. New York Times, August 28, 1963.
250. Schimmel, first-person account; Gentile, March on Washington, 203.
251. Frederick Douglass Opie, Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 5–12, 33–40; Frederick Douglass Opie, Zora Neale Hurston on Florida Food: Recipes, Remedies and Simple Pleasures (Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2015), 81–84.
252. Jualynne E. Dodson and Cheryl Townsend Gilkes, “There’s Nothing like Church Food: Food and the U.S. Afro-Christian Tradition: Re-Membering Community and Feeding the Embodied S/spirit(s),” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 63, no. 3: 523.
253. ERN, 11:00 a.m.–12:00 a.m., August 28, 1963.
254. Washington Post, August 24, 2011,
255. Afro-American, September 7, 1963; ERN, 11:58 a.m.–1:00 p.m., August 28, 1963.
256. Belafonte, My Song: A Memoir, 278.
257. New York Times, August 28, 1963.
258. Belafonte, My Song: A Memoir, 278.
259. Ibid.
260. ERN, 11:58 a.m.–1:00 p.m., August 28, 1963.
261. Chicago Defender, August 17, 1963.
262. Belafonte, My Song: A Memoir, 278.
263. ERN, 1:58:30 p.m., August 28, 1963.
CHAPTER 7
264. Malcolm X, with the assistance of Alex Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York: Ballantine Books, 1964), 8.
265. Washington Post, May 17, 1960; December 11, 1960.
266. Ibid., May 17, 1960; New York Amsterdam News, September 3, 1960.
267. Malcolm X, Autobiography, 215–21.
268. Washington Post, December 11, 1960; New York Times, April 23, 1961.
269. Washington Post, May 17, 1960; C. Eric Lincoln, The Black Muslims in America, 3rd ed. (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1994), 18.
270. Lincoln, Black Muslims in America, 18.
271. Ibid., 87–88.
272. Ibid.
273. Ibid.
274. Muhammad Speaks, March 15, 1968.
275. Ibid; New York Times, April 23, 1961.
276. Martha Frances Lee, The Nation of Islam: An American Millenarian Movement (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1996), 41; Philadelphia Tribune, April 18, 1964.
277. Muhammad Speaks, March 15, 1968.
278. Washington Post, December 11, 1960.
279. Muhammad Speaks, March 15, 1968.
280. Ibid.
281. Lincoln, Black Muslims, 89.
282. Muhammad Speaks, March 15, 1968.
283. Ibid.
284. Ibid.
285. Lincoln, Black Muslims in America, 88; Washington Post, December 11, 1960.
286. Wall Street Journal, May 16, 1963.
287. Rudy Bradshaw, interview with author, summer 2005; Eugene Watts, interview with the author, summer 2005.
288. Unlike the pie at Restaurant Shabazz, this “whirlwind version that stars a can of Boston baked beans” would not be used by Orthodox Muslims. Boston baked beans are prepared with salt pork, which is forbidden to them.
289. Watts, interview.
AFTERWORD
290. “Occupy Wall Street: From a Blog Post to a Movement,” Around the Nation, NPR, October 20, 2011, http://www.npr.org/2011/10/20/141530025/occupy-wall-street-from-a-blog-post-to-a-movement.
291. Ibid.; Ottawa Citizen, November 3, 2011; Daniel Levitsky-Lang and Amy Lang, eds., Dreaming in Public: The Building of the Occupy Movement (Oxford, UK: New Internationalist, 2012), 30.
292. New York Times, October 11, 2011; Marina Sitrin, “Horizontalism: From Argentina to Wall Street,” NACLA Report on the Americas 44 no. 6 (November/December 2011): 8–11.
293. Jean E. Jackson and Kay B. Warren, “Indigenous Movements in Latin America, 1992–2004: Controversies, Ironies, New Directions,” Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (October 2005): 549–73; Aída Hernández R. Castillo, “Zapatismo and the Emergence of Indigenous Feminism,” NACLA Report on the Americas 35 no. 6 (2002): 39; Sitrin, “Horizontalism.” For more on the Zapatista movement, see Courtney Jung, The Moral Force of Indigenous Politics: Critical Liberalism and the Zapatistas (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
294. Levitsky-Lang and Lang, Dreaming in Public, 300–302; Sitrin, “Horizontalism.”
295. Levitsky-Lang and Lang, Dreaming in Public, 300–302.
296. New York Times, January 22, 2011.
297. Ibid.
298. New York Times, October 25, 2011.
299. Arun Gupta, In These Times 35, no 12 (December 2011): 18–20, 27.
300. Sojourners magazine, December 2011.
301. Bob, interview with the author, October 2011. The names of those interviewed have been changed for the safety of the participants.
302. Ibid.
303. Time, May 16, 1977.
304. Bob, interview.
305. Time, May 16, 1977.
306. Katie, interview with the author, October 2011.
307. Ibid.
308. Memoirs on the Rainbow Gathering website: http://www.welcomehome.org/rainbow/hipstory/roots.html; http://www.welcomehome.org/rainbow/hipstory/origin.html. [Note: This website worked at the time the author researched and wrote this section of the book. However, months later, it has not been functioning at the time of final book edits.]
309. Iddo Tavory and Yehuda C. Goodman, “A Collective of Individuals: Between Self and Solidarity in a Rainbow Gathering,” Sociology of Religion 70, no. 3 (Fall 2009): 267–68, 271.
310. Katie, interview.
311. Ibid.
312. Ibid.
313. Ibid.
314. Randy interview by author, October 2011.
315. Joan interview by author, October 2011.
316. Ibid.
317. Ottawa Citizen, November 3, 2011.
318. Bob, interview.
319. Ibid.
320. Margaret interview by author, October 2011.
321. Earl interview by author, October 2011.
322. Malik interview by author, October 2011.
323. Ibid.
324. Opie, Upsetting the Apple Cart, 130, 145–46.
325. Malik, interview.
326. Justin interview by author, October 2011.
327. Ibid.
328. Ibid.
329. New York Times, October 11, 2011.