Abbas, Eziz
Abdulhelil
Abdurehim, Abdulla
Abdurišit, Ablät
activism, Uyghur; in Australia; in Central Asian states; in Europe; in industrial democracies; after Sino-Soviet split; in Turkey; in United States
affirmative action
Afghanistan, Uyghur military training in
alcohol, use of
Almas, Turghun
Alptekin, Erkin
Alptekin, Isa Yusuf: meeting of, with Chinese delegation; moderate stance of; as movement leader
al-Qaeda
Ana yurt. See Motherland
Anderson, Benedict
Aqsu: demonstration in; Han migrants in; violent events in
arrests: statistics on, official; of wedding performers. See also imprisonment
arson: female students involved in; in Moyu; in Ürümci
artifacts: destruction of; non-Chinese
assassination; of minor officials; of Uyghur collaborators
assimilation: of Hui; Uyghur refusal of
atheism, teaching of
audiotape, dissent on
Australia, activism in
authoritarian regime, framing in
autonomy (system); abandonment advocated for; Beijing’s false promise of; China’s critique of; Chinese vs. Soviet models of; criteria of; incursions in; as international peace strategy; market reforms and; Marxist critique of; party first secretaries in; secessionist movements facilitated by. See also minzu regional autonomy; Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
autonomy law: articles of; in practice
Awat, gunfight in
Äzizi, Säypidin
Baltic, parallels with Xinjiang
Bandung Conference
Baren uprising (1990); casualties in; evictions after; framing of; Ghulja demonstration’s similarity to; Islam in; jihad called for in; repression after
Batur, Osman
Bayangol Mongol District, demographics of
BBC. See British Broadcasting Corporation
begs (Turkic notables)
Beijing (government): autonomy, false promise of; concessions by; Dalai Lama engaged by; diaspora leaders engaged by; human rights position of; identity distinctions exploited by; intervention fears of; negotiations with, Uyghurs’ inability to compel; Tibet strategy of; Xinjiang’s weakness relative to
bin Laden, Osama
birth restriction policy: everyday resistance to; formal law for; protests of; in Xinjiang
bombings: of Hans; list of
books, burning of
Bosnia, breakaway of
brain drain, from Xinjiang
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC): censorship of; radio
Brubaker, Rogers
Buddhism
Bughra, Muhämmäd Imin
cadre: Muslims in; recruitment for
casualties: in Baren uprising; in Ghulja demonstration; in protests; statistics on, official; in Ürümci protests
CCP. See Chinese Communist Party
cell phone network blackout
censorship: of BBC; extent of; mechanisms of; of music; self-
Central Asian states: Beijing’s diplomatic pressure on; extraditions from; fraternal loyalty of, ephemeral; independence of, reluctant; Uyghur activism in; Uyghur independence hopes from
Central Plains states: changing configuration of; Han dynasty’s control of; names in, non-dynastic; Qing dynasty’s control of; Russian Empire’s control of; Tang dynasty’s control of
Chechnya: Kosovo vs., as example; military campaigns of; as model for Uyghur struggle
Chiang Kai-shek; homogenizing project of; warlords eliminated by
China: chauvinist connotation of; disintegration of, predicted; ethnic groups in; heartland unrest in; history imposed by; as indissoluble nation; Islam in; Marxist nationalism in; as multi-minzu state; nationalists’ creation of; self-determination abandoned by; Soviet Union compared with; territorial claims of; Uyghur refusal to identify with; “west-leaning policies” of. See also Beijing; People’s Republic of China
China Islamic Association
China’s Fate (Chiang)
Chinese Communist Party (CCP): first secretaries of; homogenizing project of; officer selection by; religious freedom denied in; unification efforts of; Uyghur cadres in
class identity;15. See also working class, Chinese
class struggle, Chinese
Clinton, Bill
collaborators, Uyghur, assassination of
collectivism
communism, in Eastern Europe. See also Chinese Communist Party
Cornell, Svante
cotton, cultivation of
“countercurrents,” historical
courts, religious
Cultural Revolution; line struggles in; religious policy of; violence during
culture, popular
Dalai Lama: Beijing’s talks with; counterpart to, Uyghur lack of; strategy of
Damolla, Abliz
Davidson, Basil
decolonization: movement for; nation building after; secession vs.; Uyghur alignment with; Xinjiang as candidate for
democracy: in autonomous regimes; framing in. See also National Endowment for Democracy
demographics, of Xinjiang
demonstrations: legality of; list of;90. See also Ghulja demonstration
Deng Xiaoping: on class struggle; economic reforms of
development, Han migration for
diaspora, Uyghur; Beijing’s engagement with; disunity of; ineffectualness of; linguistic tangle in
diplomacy: in Central Asian states; Uyghur lack of success with
discontent: popular culture as avenue of; as “separatist thought,”; Ürümci protests as evidence of
disintegration: of China, predicted; of Soviet Union
dissent: on audiotape; Internet as; music as; poetry as; radio as; repression as deterrent of; as “splittism,”; writing as
drug use, attempts to control
Eastern Turkestan Fund
Eastern Turkestan Government in Exile (ETGIE)
Eastern Turkestan Independence Movement
Eastern Turkestan Information Center (ETIC)
Eastern Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM)
Eastern Turkestan Islamic Party (ETIP)
Eastern Turkestan Islamic Party of Allah (ETIPA)
Eastern Turkestan National Center (ETNC)
Eastern Turkestan Refugee Committee
Eastern Turkestan Republic (ETR); Japanese support of; naming of; novel about
Eastern Turkestan United National Revolutionary Front (ETUNRF); founding of; ULO combined with
Eastern Turkestan (Uyghurstan) National Congress (ET[U]NC): China’s pressure on; in European Parliament; naming of
Eastern Turkestan World National Congress
economic protests
ETGIE. See Eastern Turkestan Government in Exile
Ethnic Affairs Commission (Nationality Affairs Commission)
Ethnic Unity (National Unity; state periodical)
ethnogenesis: of Hans; of Uyghurs
ETIC. See Eastern Turkestan Information Center
ETIM. See Eastern Turkestan Islamic Movement
ETIP. See Eastern Turkestan Islamic Party
ETIPA. See Eastern Turkestan Islamic Party of Allah
ETR. See Eastern Turkestan Republic
ET(U)NC. See Eastern Turkestan (Uyghurstan) National Congress
ETUNRF. See Eastern Turkestan United National Revolutionary Front
Europe: communism’s fall in; protests in Eastern; Uyghur activism in
European Parliament
extraditions, from Central Asian states
family-planning policy. See birth restriction policy
famine, from Great Leap Forward
Feng Dazhen
field research, methodology of
flag, Uyghur, in World Cup (2002)
“formulation,”
framing: activists’ challenges with; of Baren uprising; in democratic vs. authoritarian regimes; of Ghulja demonstration; mass; media impact on; of protests; of subversive propaganda
gerrymandering
Ghojambärdi, Qähriman: in ETGIE leadership; as UAK leader; in WUC leadership
Ghulja, violent events in
Ghulja demonstration (1997); Baren uprising’s similarity to; casualties in; events leading to; framing of; refugees from
Ghulja Revolution, novel about
Gorbachev, Mikhail
Great Leap Forward
Guomindang, as “rulers,”
Han dynasty
Hanization
Hans: bombings of; cadre recruitment of; “Chinese nation” supported by; ethnogenesis of; marriage of, to Uyghurs; as party first secretaries; sentiment against; Uyghurs as perceived by; Uyghur tensions with
heteronomy
historians, Uyghur, vilification of
historiography, crackdown on
history: China’s imposition of; “countercurrents” in; politicized; in representational politics; scholarly; Uyghur dissemination of; of Xinjiang
History of East Turkestan (Bughra)
holidays, Islamic
Hong Kong, retrocession to China
household registration system
huaxia, meaning of
Hui Muslims: assimilation of; freedom of
humanitarian interventions. See interventions, humanitarian
human rights
Hundred Flowers campaign
Hu Yaobang
identity: class; construction of; stories as assertion of; women’s
identity, Uyghur: China in; construction of; disunity of; everyday strategies to strengthen; intentions for; as modern invention; XUAR’s contribution to
ideology, as state tool
Igämbärdi, Ähmät
Ili National Army
Ili region, events in
imams, political pressure on
immigration, Han; in Aqsu; to China’s heartland; for development; Han resistance to; inducement packages for; as security policy; skilled workers in; to Tibet; “trap policy” for
immigration, Uyghur. See also diaspora, Uyghur
imprisonment: of Qadir; of students; of writers
independence; of Central Asian states; of Kosovo; Mongol spirit of; Tibet’s bid for
independence, Uyghur: flag of; as forbidden topic; hope for; transnational efforts for
Inner Mongolia
insurgencies
intellectuals, surveillance of
intermarriage, low rate of
Internet: blackout of; as dissent; policing of
interventions, humanitarian: Beijing’s fear of; rise and fall of; sovereignty and
interview, methodology of
Isa, Dolqun
Islam: awareness of; in Baren uprising; in cadres; in China’s interior; holidays in; protests blamed on; of Uyghurs; Xinjiang’s conversion to;28. See also Hui Muslims
Islam, Tursun
Japan: ETR supported by; Taiwan invaded by
Jelil, Husäyin
jihad: advocacy of; in Baren uprising
Jin, Shuren
journalists: recording equipment use by; Ürümci protest reporting by; Uyghur depictions by; Xinjiang closed to
Kashgar District: mosques in; violent events in
Kazakhstan: crackdown on Uyghurs in; independence of; migration of Uyghurs to
KGB, support of, for Uyghurs
Khotän protests: framing of; violent events in
Kosovo: Chechnya vs., as example; as hope for Uyghurs; independence of; intervention in, by NATO; Xinjiang’s parallels with
Kyrgyzstan: crackdown on Uyghurs in; independence of
language, Uyghur
law: on autonomy; on birth restriction; internal regulation as; policy vs.; protest-regulating, post-Baren
leaders: Alptekin as; Beijing’s engagement with; of ETGIE; of ETUNRF; punishment of; of UAK; of ULO; of WUC
League of Nations
Liang Qichao
Lop Nor: as nuclear test zone; Tigers of; violent events in
Los Angeles riots, reform-era protests’ similarities with
Ma Dazheng
Makhsum, Hasan
Mao suit
market reforms
marriage, of Hans and Uyghurs
Marxism: on autonomy; nationalism fused with
mäšräp: government banning of; as Uyghur social organization
mass frames
media: framing affected by; state control of. See also censorship
methodology, research
military colonies, of Han dynasty
military training, of Uyghurs
mineral deposits, in Xinjiang
minzu: China as; meaning of; semantic field of; solidarity; translations of
minzu policy
minzu regional autonomy
Minzu tuanjie. See Ethnic Unity
missionaries, Islamic
modernization theory
Mongolia
Mongolian People’s Republic
Mongols: independent spirit of; protest by
mosques: crackdown on; destruction of; in Kashgar District; minors forbidden in; number of, per capita; rebuilding of; in Ürumci
Motherland (Sabir)
Moyu, violent events in
Mukhlisi, Yusupbäk (Yusupbek) as ETUNRF leader; newspaper started by
music: censorship of; as dissent
Muttä’i, Ibrahim
narrative representation
nation, positivist conception of. See also China; Turkic nation; Uyghur nation
National Center for the Liberation of Eastern Turkestan
National Endowment for Democracy (NED): UAA funded by; United States’ ties with
National Interest Above All Else, The (Ma)
nationalism: Chinese; demise of, purported; Marxism fused with; as nation building; resurgence of; Turkic; Uyghur resistance from
nationalist movements (1990s)
nationality, development of idea of
Nationality Affairs Commission. See Ethnic Affairs Commission
nation building
NED. See National Endowment for Democracy
Northern Expedition, warlords’ elimination during
nuclear tests: cessation of; Lop Nor as site for; protests of
oil, in Xinjiang
Opium Wars
Pakistan: Uyghur military training in; Uyghur religiosity influenced by
Pan-Turkism
PCC. See Production and Construction Corps
Pei Minxin
People’s Armed Police
People’s Courts
People’s Liberation Army (PLA): counterinsurgency fighting by; military advantages of
People’s Republic of China (PRC): anticolonial struggles of; isolation of; nation-building project of; PCC’s contribution to power of; policy vs. law in; territory of
perestroika
PLA. See People’s Liberation Army
poetry, as dissent
political parties, underground (1950s and 1960s)
popular culture
power: of Beijing; from PCC; productive; punitive; resistance and; social reality and
PRC. See People’s Republic of China
Production and Construction Corps (PCC); deployment pattern of; membership of; as paramilitary farm network; PRC’s power augmented by; in XUAR structure
Program for Implementing Minzu Regional Autonomy
propaganda, state: after September 11 attacks; on terrorism; United States and Soviet Union’s contest of
propaganda, subversive: framing of; Soviet Union sponsored; statistics on, official; as “violent terrorist incidents,”
protests; of birth restriction policy; casualties in; in China’s heartland (1993–2005); decrease in; depiction of; economic; framing of; government responses to; in Hundred Flowers campaign; increase in; Islam blamed for; by Mongols; narratives constructed about; of nuclear tests; peaceful; permission for; post-Baren laws on; of reform era; regional variation in; rural to urban shift in; snowballing of, Eastern Europe’s; social scientists’ recognition of; by “splittists” and “terrorists,”; statistics on, official; targets of; in Tibet; timeline of; violent; in Xinjiang. See also Ürümci protests
publications, crackdown on (1990s)
Qadir, Rabiyä (Rebiya Kadeer): imprisonment of; as “mother of the Uyghurs,”; Nobel Peace Prize nomination of; pressure on; Ürümci protests blamed on
Qaghiliq, events in
Qarakhanid Empire
Qazaqs, in Xinjiang
Qianlong (Qing emperor)
Qing (Manchu) dynasty: Central Plains states controlled by; heterogeneity of; military challenges to; territory of; Turkic uprisings against; Xinjiang’s conquest by
Qirghiz: destruction of Uyghur Empire by; independence of
Quebec, independence referendum of
race, in China
radio
Radio Free Asia
Rashid, Ahmed
rebellions: list of; by Turkis
reform era, protests during
reforms: economic; market
refugees, from Ghulja demonstration
regulation: internal; of protests
religion;72. See also Islam
religious courts
religious freedom
religious instruction, limitation on
religious study, students imprisoned for
representation, narrative
representational politics; history writing in; importance of; of officials; representative politics in; of Uyghurs
representative politics
repression: after Baren uprising; dissent deterred due to; effectiveness of
Republican era
residence permits
resistance: ideology as tool against; nationalism as source of
resistance, everyday; to birth restriction policy; dignity in; poetry as; power and
resistance, open; conflicting representations of; size of; unreliable information on; in Xinjiang (1949–2005)
riots: in Tibet; in Ürümci
Riza Bekin, Mehmet
Russian Empire
Sabir, Zordun
“saltwater test,”
Sämädi, Ziya
Saudi Arabia, wealthy Uyghurs in
Šayar, violent events in
Scott, James
secession, decolonization vs.
security policy, Han migration as
self-censorship
self-determination: China’s abandonment of; hypocrisy regarding; international community’s lack of support for; limits on
separatists, vilification of
“separatist thought,”
September 11, 2001, attacks; antireligious crackdown after; China’s international propaganda efforts after; Uyghurs in
Shähidi, Burhan
Shanghai Cooperation Organization
Shanghai Five
Sheng Shicai
Shihezi, struggle in
Shue, Vivienne
Sino-Soviet split: Han migration in; Uyghur activism after
socialism, brittleness of
social reality, political power and
source material, written
sovereignty: human rights vs.; weakening of
Soviet Union: China compared with; disintegration of; Marxist nationalism in; military support from, alleged; militia sponsored by; party first secretaries in; propaganda sponsored by; republics in; United States’ propaganda contest with; Xinjiang as puppet state of. See also Sino-Soviet split
speech, restrictions on
splittists: dissenters as; protests as work of
statistics, official: on arrests; on casualties; on protests; on subversive propaganda
stories: buses as venue for; as identity assertion method
“strike hard” campaigns; beginning of; United States’ response to
students: arson by; imprisonment of; protests by; religious freedom denied to
Sufis, persecution of
Sulayman, Mähmud
Sultan, Küräš
Sun Yat-sen: homogenizing project of; Mongols and; revolutionary activity of; Three Principles of
surveillance: of Tibet; of Uyghur intellectuals
survey, of Xinjiang residents’ attitudes
Taipov, Zunun
Taiwan, Japan’s invasion of (1874)
Taklamakan Desert
Taliban
Tang dynasty
Tarim Basin: as “golden cradle,”; Uyghur predominance in; Uyghur settlement of
television, crackdown on
terrorism: “Eastern Turkestan,”; official labeling of; state propaganda about; subversive propaganda as; Uyghur links to, alleged
terrorists: protests as work of; United States’ recognition of Uyghur militants as
Three Gorges Dam project
Three Principles of the People (Sun)
Tian’anmen Square, massacre in (1989)
Tianshan, as region in Xinjiang
Tibet: armed independence bid for; Beijing’s strategy for; dominance of; Han migration to; PLA in; protests in; riots in; surveillance of, international
Tibetan Government in Exile
Tigers of Lop Nor (insurgency group)
Timor, East
Toqquztara, armed struggle in
“trap policy,”
travelers, as information source
Tunyaz, Tokhti
Turkestan, Eastern. See also Eastern Turkestan Republic; Uyghurstan; Xinjiang
Turkestan, Xinjiang as part of
Turkestan Alive (Davidson)
Turkey: Pan-Turkists in; support for Uyghurs from; Uyghur activism in
Turkic nation, attempts to create
Turkic nationalism
Turkis: rebellion of; uprisings by
Turkmenistan, independence of
Tursunjan, Ämät: dissenting poetry of; imprisonment of
UAA. See Uyghur American Association
UAK. See Uyghur Association of Kazakhstan
ULO. See Uyghurstan Liberation Organization
United States: on ETGIE; NED’s ties with; Soviet Union’s propaganda contest with; “strike hard” campaign response of; Uyghur activism in; Uyghur militants recognized as terrorists by; Uyghur support from; as world policeman
uranium mining
Ürümci: arson in; bombings in; concessions by government of; demonstrations in; mosques destroyed in; religious institute in; riots in; “syringe attacks” in
Ürümci, protests in (2009); casualties from; causes of; communication blackout due to; discontent demonstrated by; journalists reporting on; Qadir blamed for; “syringe attacks” in
Uyghur (ethnonym): disappearance and reappearance of; first recorded use of; Han terms for
Uyghur American Association (UAA)
Uyghur Association of Kazakhstan (UAK)
Uyghur Empire
Uyghur Information Agency
Uyghur language, as private language
Uyghurlar (Almas)
Uyghur nation: belief in; emergence of
Uyghurs: assimilation refused by; Buddhism of; cadre recruitment of; as collaborators; counterpart to Dalai Lama, lack of; decolonization movement and; depictions of; diplomacy by; educational pilgrimages by; ethnogenesis of; Hans’ perception of; Hans’ tensions with; history of and by; intellectual; Islam of; in Kazakhstan; in Kyrgyzstan; marriage of, to Hans; military training of; in Pakistani madrassas; population figures for; religious influence on; representational strategies available to; in September 11 attacks; surveillance of; tactical disagreements of; in Tarim Basin; as terrorists, alleged; United States’ support of; in Uzbekistan; wealthy; willingness of, to sacrifice; wolf as totem of
Uyghurs, The (Almas)
Uyghurstan; naming of; as region in Xinjiang. See also Eastern Turkestan (Uyghurstan) National Congress; Xinjiang
Uyghurstan Liberation Organization (ULO)
Uzbekistan: crackdown on Uyghurs by; independence of
Vietnam, Marxist nationalism in
violence: antistate; in Cultural Revolution; events with; Uyghur disagreements on use of; in Xinjiang
Voice of America
Voice of East Turkestan (newspaper)
Wahidi, Hashir: letters written by; as ULO leader
Wang Enmao
Wang Lequan
Wang Zhen
warlords, Chiang’s elimination of
weddings, musicians arrested at
“Wild Pigeon, The” (Yasin)
wolf, as Uyghur totem
women, identity of
working class, Chinese: losses of; protests by
World Cup (2002), Uyghur support of Turks in
World Uyghur Congress (WUC); ETGIE challenge to; Islamism of, alleged; leaders of
World Uyghur Network News (online newspaper)
writers, imprisonment of
writing: as dissent; of history; as source material
WUC. See World Uyghur Congress Wuchang, uprising in
Wu Qiyu
Wu Zhongxin
Xinjiang: agriculture in; Baltic’s parallels with; Beijing’s increasing power over; birth restriction policy in; brain drain from; cell phone network blackout in; in Chinese nation; coalition government of (1945); as colony; decolonization advocated for; demographics of; as Eastern Turkestan; formation of; geographic characteristics of; governors of; implementation of autonomy in; insurgency in; Internet blackout in; journalists barred from; Kosovo’s parallels with; mineral deposits in; mummies found in; as “new dominions,”; officials in; oil and gas deposits in; organized resistance in (1949–2005); party system in; PLA in; political history of (1949–2000); prefectures in; prehistorical ethnic composition of; protests in; Qazaqs in; Qing conquest of; regions in; in Republican period; restrictiveness of; as Soviet puppet state; survey of attitudes in; “syringe attacks” in; “useful” features of; violence in; weapon smuggling into
Xinjiang Family Planning (government periodical)
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR): establishment of; false promise in name of; subautonomies in; Uyghur identity strengthened by name of
“Xinjiang village,” destruction of
Xinyuan, disturbance in
Xiyu (Western Regions)
XUAR. See Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
Yang Zengxin
Yao Kuangyi
Ya‘qub, Beg
Yasin, Nurmuhämmät
Yugoslavia: dissolution of; Marxist national ism in
Yusuf, Anwer
Yusup, Zäydin
Zhang Binglin
Zhongguo, as foreigner-imposed name
Zhongguo zhi mingyun (Chiang)
Zungharia: Qing attacks on; as region in Xinjiang
Zuo Zongtang (Qing general)