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NOTE: Ranks and titles are generally the highest mentioned in the text
Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of, 576
Aboukir: N defeats Turks at, 204–5, 213
Aboukir Bay: naval battle (1898), 169, 188, 195
Abrial, André-Joseph, 245
Acre, 196, 199–202
Addington, Henry, 302, 338
Additional Act (1615), 611
Ajaccio, Corsica, 14–15, 36, 51
Alexander I, Tsar of Russia: makes peace with Britain (1800), 301; attends Recess of Ratisbon, 333–4; mediates between France and Britain, 338; N’s relations with, 342; protests at execution of Enghien, 347; attitude to N, 374; persuades Frederick William to join coalition against N, 380; leaves field at Austerlitz, 383–4; sends Oubril to negotiate treaty, 396; rejects peace negotiations with France (1806), 401–2; agrees Treaty of Tilsit, 414–16; hopes of occupying Constantinople, 428; meets N at Erfurt, 437–41; N seeks dynastic alliance with, 442; denies N marriage prospects with sister, 472–3, 493; Polish policy, 494; prepares for war with N, 495–8, 507; demands N withdraw troops beyond Rhine, 509; N hopes to reach agreement with, 511–12, 518, 563, 565; rejects N’s peace envoy, 511; interferes with commanders, 518; and N’s advance into Russia, 523; N attempts to contact after fall of Moscow, 531–2; celebrates action at Berezina river, 543; advances westwards, 552–3; alliance with Prussia, 556; invades Saxony, 556; and Lützen defeat, 556–7; war effort, 566; snubs Frederick Augustus, 571; wishes to invade France, 576; favours Bernadotte as successor to N, 583; threatens Paris, 585; and N’s abdication, 587; meets N’s delegates presenting abdication terms, 588; stands up to N, 591–2; Caulaincourt negotiates with, 592; dines with Josephine at Malmaison, 597–8; prevents N from seeing Marie-Louise and son, 603; letter from N on return from Elba, 612; Fouché writes to, 613
Alexandria, Egypt, 181–2
Ali Effendi, 173
Allies (Prussia-Russia-Austria-Britain): military strength and plans, 566; reject N’s offer to negotiate, 570; pause at Rhine, 576; continue advance, 578
Alvinczy, Field Marshal Baron Jozef, 139, 140–1, 143, 146–7
Amiens, Treaty of (1801), 302, 312–13, 327–8, 334–5
Ancona, 148–9, 426
Andigné, Louis, comte d’, 211, 248–9
Andréossy, General Antoine, 332, 335
Angoulême, Louis Antoine, duc d’, 609
Anhalt Coethen, Augustus Christian Frederick, Prince of, 510
Anna, Grand Duchess of Russia, 472, 493
Antommarchi, Dr Francesco, 641
Antraigues, Louis-Alexandre, comte d’, 158, 343
Archambault, Achille and Joseph (N’s grooms), 626
Arcis-sur-Aube, battle of (1814), 583
Arcole, 141, 142–4
Aréna, Barthélemy, 284
Aréna, Joseph, 284, 292
Arish, El, 197; Convention of (1800), 269
Armed Neutrality, 301
army (French): view of N, 289–90, 317; reaction to N’s new status as emperor, 353–4; marshals in, 375–6
Army of Batavia, 317
Army of England: N commands, 7, 167, 170, 172; N reconstitutes (1803–5), 339–40, 361, 375–6; see also Grande Armée, La
Army of Italy: N’s regiment stationed with, 65; contingent at Toulon, 68; N given command of artillery, 76; N drafts plans for attack on Vienna (1795–6), 103; N given overall command, 103–4, 107; condition and low morale, 108–10; N reforms and disciplines, 109–10, 116–17; strength, 110–11; inadequate and makeshift dress, 125, 135; victories over Austrians, 134–8; sense of comradeship, 136; casualties and replacements, 139–40
Army of the Orient, 174
Army of Spain, 586
Arnault, Antoine-Vincent, 154, 178
Arnott, Dr Thomas, 642
Artois, Charles, comte d’ (later King Charles X), 49, 283, 315, 604
Aspern, 452
Aspern-Essling, battle of (1809), 452, 456
Aubry, François, 82–3
Auerstadt, battle of (1806), 404
Augereau, Marshal Charles-Pierre: in Army of Italy, 107, 110; in action against Austrians in northern Italy, 112–14, 135, 142–3, 148; leadership at Castiglione, 136; attacks Würmser, 138; as rival to N, 162, 317; commands troops in Paris region, 163; given command of Army of Germany, 164–5; snubs N, 168; as potential dictator, 211; and Brumaire coup, 230, 232; in Netherlands, 283; made marshal, 357, 375; commands troops for invasion of England, 361; and proposed invasion of Ireland, 364; opposes Austrians, 377; N criticises, 379; in Poland, 408; and Catalonian separatism, 461; on war against Russians and Prussians, 560; criticises N at Leipzig, 570; reserve stationed at Lyon, 573, 582; message from N encouraging action, 581; surrenders Lyon, 584; and fall of Paris, 586; meets N on way to Elba, 598–9; N proclaims a traitor, 606
Augusta, princess of Bavaria: marriage to Eugène, 385
Austerlitz, battle of (1805), 383–4
Austria: war with France (1792–5), 54, 103; supports Sardinia, 80; in Italy, 111; N first engages in Piedmont, 112–14; aims to recover Lombardy, 133, 146; military practices, 135; N agrees to French negotiations with, 144–5, 158; renews campaign in Italy, 148; N negotiates peace with (1797), 151, 164–7; rearms, 161; rejects N’s peace offer, 270; offensive against Masséna, 271; Marengo defeat, 274–7; signs subsidy treaty with Britain, 277–8; conflict with Papal States, 291; peace treaty with France (1801), 297; territorial expansion, 299; cedes territory at Recess of Ratisbon, 333; population, 337; negotiates alliance with Russia and Britain, 362; arms for war, 364; N’s offensive against, 377–81; Austerlitz defeat, 383–4; cedes territories under Treaty of Pressburg, 385; N’s lack of regard for, 385; pays indemnity to France, 385, 388; in new coalition against France, 402; resents post-Austerlitz terms, 436; prepares for war against N (1809), 444, 448; Wagram defeat, 454–6; concessions in Treaty of Vienna, 468; cost of campaign against, 491; hopes to strengthen position in Balkans, 497; and N’s war with Russia, 507; proposes mediating in French peace negotiations with Russia, 550; in alliance against N, 564–5; proposes treating with N on condition of abdicating, 613
Autun: Joseph attends seminary at, 19, 23
Auxonne, 38–9, 42, 47
Babeuf, François Noël (‘Gracchus’), 93, 170
Bacciochi, Élisa see Bonaparte, Élisa
Bacciochi, Félix, 155, 207
Bachasson de Montalivet, Jean-Pierre, 48
Bacler d’Albe, Louis Abert, 393
Badajoz, Peace of (1801), 302
Baden, Karl I, Grand Duke of, 510
Bagration, General Piotr Ivanovich, 514, 520–1, 523
Bailén, battle of (1808), 434–5, 446, 456
Bailly, Dr Joseph, 369
Balashov, General Alexander, 518
Balcombe, Betsy, 628, 631, 640
Balcombe, William, 628, 633, 640
Balmain, Count Alexandre Antonovich, 635
Balzac, Honoré de, 14
Banque de France, 267, 387–8
Baraillon, Jean-François, 223
Barante, Amable de, 210, 267
Barbé-Marbois, François, 387–8
Barclay de Tolly, General Mikhail Bogdanovich: plans strike against Poland, 497; opposes N’s Russian campaign, 513–14, 518, 520–1, 523, 526; N writes to, 526; commands Russians in alliance, 566
Bard, 273
Baring Brothers (bankers), 477
Barlow, Joel, 533
Barras, Paul François: praises N, 5–6; and N’s replacement of Carteaux, 70; and siege of Toulon, 72; purge in Toulon, 73–4; career, 83; protects and promotes N, 83, 88, 95–8; keeps Josephine as mistress, 99–101; and N’s infatuation with Josephine, 103–5, 118; and N’s campaign in Italy, 122; persuades Josephine to join N in Italy, 131; letters to Josephine, 132; and Josephine’s improving relations with N, 155; suppresses right-wing deputies, 157–8; and N’s silence over Directors’ coup, 164; N demands to be discharged from army, 165; N meets in Paris, 169–70; Josephine enquires about N in Egypt, 187; and N’s wish to divorce Josephine, 216; N’s relations with, 218–20; removed from power in Brumaire coup, 226–7; associates, 262; in plot against N, 549
Bartenstein, Convention of (1807), 413
Bassano, 138
Batavian Republic (Netherlands), 297, 334; see also Holland
Bathurst, Henry, 3rd Earl, 634, 636
Bausset, Louis, 399, 450, 469, 527, 574, 597
Bautzen, battle of (1813), 558–60
Bavaria: Austria invades, 376, 449; in coalition against France, 402
Bayonne, 430–2, 444
Beauharnais, Alexandre de, 99
Beauharnais, Eugène de: N’s relations with, 102, 187, 305; visits N in Milan, 155; leaves Milan with N, 167; travels to Toulon with N, 177; in Egypt, 183; black mistress in Cairo, 192; in Jaffa, 198; acting, 320; N appoints viceroy in Italy, 372; opposes Austrians in Italy, 379, 413; marriage to Augusta, 385; ordered to despatch Polish staff officers to Polish legion, 407; in Russian campaign, 414, 520, 531, 536; victories against Austrians (1809), 452–3; at battle of Wagram, 454; discusses N’s divorce from Josephine, 470; proposes to Marie-Louise on N’s behalf, 473; announces Louis’ giving up Dutch throne, 478; in retreat from Moscow, 538–40; replaces Murat and withdraws troops to Elbe, 554; forms Army of Italy against allies, 567, 582; falls back on Milan, 573; Austrian offensive against in Italy, 578; Josephine frees from loyalty on N’s abdication, 597
Beauharnais, Hortense de: N’s relations with, 102, 105, 169, 177, 305, 336; accompanies Josephine to meet N on return from Egypt, 214; marriage and child with Louis, 305, 308, 365; acting, 320; at Malmaison, 320; denied coffee, 389; and N’s decision to divorce Josephine, 468–9, 471; teaches N to dance, 474; on prudishness of N’s court, 481; on N’s charm, 483; on N after Russian campaign, 548; meets Bernadotte, 597; N sees in Paris on return from Elba, 609–10
Beauharnais, Rose de see Josephine, Empress
Beaulieu, Field Marshal Jean-Pierre de, 111–14, 119, 121, 128, 134
Beauregard, Colonel Costa de, 115–16, 123, 454
Becker, General Nicolas Léonard, 622–3
Bekri, Sheikh El-, 207
Belgium: France invades (1792), 299; in Metternich’s peace proposals, 576
Bellerophon, HMS, 623–6
Belliard, General Augustin Daniel, 302, 354, 561, 586
Bellisle, Marguerite-Pauline (‘Bellilotte’), 192–3, 206
Belly de Bussy, General David-Victor, 33, 583
Bennigsen, General Levin August von, 408, 411–13
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de, 210
Berezina, river, 541–3
Berg, Grand Duchy of, 460, 491
Berlin: N enters (1806), 404
Berlin Decrees, 406, 427
Bernadotte, Désirée, 216, 219, 305
Bernadotte, Marshal Jean-Baptiste (later King Charles XIV of Sweden): in Italian campaign, 149; as ambassador in Austria, 176; as potential dictator, 211; marriage to Désirée, 216, 219, 305; differences with N, 219, 222; and Brumaire coup, 225, 227; commands Army of the West, 271; suggested as successor to N, 279, 583; Joseph’s friendship with, 305; in plot against N, 318; made marshal, 357, 375; opposes Austrians, 377; N criticises, 379, 404, 455; as prince of Pontecorvo, 398; at Wagram, 454–5; sent to counter British landing at Walcheren, 467; Sweden invites to take throne, 495–6; arranges Swedish treaty wih Russia, 506; leads Swedish-Prussian corps against N, 568, 581; plots for power in France, 575, 581; N attempts to win over to French side, 582
Bernadotte, Oscar, 258
Bernier, Étienne-Alexandre, abbé, 292, 307
Bernoyer, François, 189
Berry, Mary, 326
Berthezène, General Pierre, 506, 514
Berthier, Marshal Alexandre: as N’s chief of staff in Italy, 108–9, 113; at Lodi, 120; in Milan, 125; and N’s actions against Italian civilians, 127; with N in Paris (December 1797), 169; in Egypt, 185; informs N of Josephine’s infidelities, 187; pleads for clemency at Jaffa, 198; leaves Egypt with N, 206; and Brumaire coup, 225; made minister for war, 237; N presses to purge and improve army, 246, 260, 317; commands Reserve Army, 271, 272; profits from rumours, 279; and anti-N feeling in army, 317; made grand huntsman, 357; N writes to on invasion of Ireland, 364; travels in N’s coach, 372; made marshal, 375; as prince of Neuchâtel, 398; with N at Bayonne, 444; in Spain with N, 444–5; at Wagram, 454; made Prince of Wagram, 473; stands as proxy for N’s marriage with Marie-Louise, 473; organises hunts, 486; as nominal commander in Spain, 492; in Russian campaign, 516, 522, 524, 525; N insults and rebukes, 525, 569; at Borodino, 529; in retreat from Moscow, 538; on Murat, 547; urges concentrating forces on Rhine, 561; decline, 568; N dictates orders to, 582; advises N to abdicate, 587; remains with N after abdication, 592
Berthollet, Claude, 128, 171, 206
Bertrand, Fanny, 616, 623, 626, 630–1, 641
Bertrand, General Henri, comte: and N’s entry into Vienna, 379; on excellence of army, 556; with N at Fontainebleau, 593; accompanies N to exile on Elba, 596, 598, 600; and N’s return to Paris, 609; with N on St Helena, 626, 628, 630, 635, 637; and N’s illness and death, 640–1, 643
Bessières, Marshal Jean-Baptiste, 434, 455
Beugnot, Jacques-Claude, 441, 460, 502, 566, 572
Bigot de Préameneu, Félix-Julien, 286
Binasco, Italy, 127
Blois, 589, 595–6
Blücher, Prince Gebhard von: reports on French threat to Hanover, 402; in offensive against France (1813), 556; commands army in Silesia, 566; N’s plans against, 567; avoids N, 568; describes Bernadotte as traitor, 568; surprises N at Leipzig, 570; crosses Rhine, 578; counters N’s attack near Brienne, 579–80; N defeats at Vauchamps and Craonne, 580–1, 583; opposes N in final campign, 616; defeated at Ligny, 617; at Waterloo, 618
Bocagnano (Corsica), 52
Boisgelin, Monsignor de, Archbishop of Tours, 313
Bologna, 148
Bonaparte (Buonaparte) family: ennobled, 16; condemned in Corsica, 63; N’s commitment to, 85–6; N advances, 258; hostility to Josephine, 319, 366; in imperial structure, 364; see also Buonaparte
Bonaparte, Caroline (later Murat; formerly Maria Nunziata; N’s sister): N first meets as child, 36; flees home with mother, 62; visits N in Milan, 155; marriage to Murat, 259; N suggests Moreau marry, 294; made princess, 365; and Éléonore de la Plaigne, 394; affair with Junot, 424; affair with Metternich, 436; and Talleyrand-Fouché plan to have Murat succeed N, 447; welcomes N’s divorce from Josephine, 469; and N’s marriage to Marie-Louise, 474; and treaty of alliance with Austria, 578; takes refuge on British ship in Naples, 614
Bonaparte, Charlotte (‘Lolotte’; Lucien’s daughter), 427
Bonaparte, Christine (née Boyer; Lucien’s wife), 77, 105
Bonaparte, Élisa (formerly Maria-Anna; later Bacciocchi; N’s sister): birth and christening, 18; schooling, 25, 43, 55, 57; appearance, 55; Truguet attracted to, 59; flees home with mother, 62; moves to Paris, 259; as Duchess of Lucca and Piombino, 398; N awards Grand Duchy of Tuscany to, 426; breaks off relations with France, 578
Bonaparte, Geronimo see Bonaparte, Jérôme
Bonaparte, Jérôme (N’s brother): 36, 62, 85; birth, 28; excluded from Paris court life, 74; marriage to Elizabeth Patterson, 366, 427; naval career, 366, 373, 458; returns to France, 372–3; institutes Order of the Union, 399; as King of Westphalia, 416, 458–9; flouts N’s anti-British blockade, 441; in Austrian campaign (1809), 457; marriage to Princess Catherine of Württemberg, 458; on N’s unwillingness to go to war with Russia, 504; N proposes as King of Poland, 513; in Russian campaign, 520; statue in Kassel, 551; flees Kassel, 572; actions after N’s abdication, 589; plans to take Marie-Louise to refuge with Soult’s army, 596; joins N in Paris on return from Elba, 609; at Waterloo, 617–18; raises troops, 621; Catherine’s father attempts to engineer divorce, 629; refused permission to visit St Helena, 641
Bonaparte, Jérôme Napoléon (Jerome/Elizabeth’s son), 372
Bonaparte, Joseph (N’s brother): birth, 13, 17; Church career planned, 18–19; attends Autun seminary, 19, 23; changes career to military, 25; N disparages as potential soldier, 25–6; impracticality, 35; N re-encounters during visit to Corsica, 36–7; letters from N, 40, 42; political offices in Ajaccio, 44–5, 50; meets Paoli, 46; and uncle Luciano’s death, 51; on Paoli’s rejection of Buonaparte, 53; N advises on political direction, 55; and N’s remaining in France, 57; Paoli dismisses, 58; in Paris to petition for Corsican exiles, 64–5; appointed commissary to army, 65; in Nice, 76; marriage, 79, 86; N visits in Marseille, 80; sends consumer goods to N in Paris, 85; N attempts to find consulate in Italy for, 91, 98; N sends money to, 98; and N’s marriage to Josephine, 105; takes captured standards to Paris, 117; secures family estate in Corsica, 146; visits N in Milan, 155; as French ambassador to Holy See, 156; informs N of Josephine’s affair with Charles, 176; buys land around Ajaccio, 207; wishes N to divorce Josephine, 216; plots to bring Bernadotte and N together, 219; in Brumaire coup, 229; political role under N’s consulship, 259; as potential successor to N, 271, 280, 284–5, 357, 371; reports on consuls to N during absence, 272; intercedes over Lucien’s dismissal, 293; brokers peace with USA, 299; negotiates Treaty of Amiens, 302; intellectual pretensions, 305; wealth, 305; brings Treaty of Amiens to N, 312; exhumes and reinters father, 337; urges supreme authority for N, 350; made grand elector, 357; N offers throne of Italy to, 364–5, 371; takes charge in N’s absence on campaign, 376, 380; and financial crisis (1805), 380, 386; in Council of State, 390; as King of Naples, 395–6, 398, 426, 432; institutes new orders of chivalry, 399; N presses to invade Sicily, 425, 428; confers with N in Venice, 427; as King of Spain (José I), 430–4, 461; and N’s visit to Spain, 444–5; renounces rights to Spanish throne, 445; re-enters Madrid (1810), 461; and French defeats in Spain, 462; and military situation in Spain, 492; differences with Soult in Spain, 551; Wellington defeats at Vitoria, 563; N urges to abdicate in Spain, 573; instructions from N during allied threat to Paris, 581–2; surrenders Paris, 586; actions after N’s abdication, 589; and allied advance on Paris, 594–5; joins N in Paris on return from Elba, 609; letters from N on Waterloo defeat, 618; and N’s attempted flight to America, 623
Bonaparte, Julie see Bonaparte, Marie-Julie
Bonaparte, Letizia (née Ramolino; N’s mother): marriage, 12; Marbeuf’s infatuation with, 16–17; children, 17; qualities and character, 17; visits N at Brienne, 24; letters from N, 40; flees Corsica for France with children, 62–3; hardships in France, 75; accepts N’s marriage to Josephine, 105; disapproves of Josephine, 155, 214; visits N in Milan, 155; refurbishes home in Ajaccio, 207; N’s generosity to, 258–9; intercedes over Lucien’s dismissal, 293; accompanies Josephine to spa at Plombières, 304; given own court and title (‘Madame Mère’), 365; welcomes N’s divorce from Josephine, 469; settles in Elba with N, 602; opposed to N’s plot to return to France from Elba, 605; joins N in Paris, 609; writes to N in St Helena, 635; disbelieves N’s condition in St Helena, 641
Bonaparte, Louis (N’s brother): N first meets as child, 36; in Ajaccio, 43; accompanies N on return to France, 47; flees home with mother, 62; as ADC to N on campaign against Sardinia, 78–9; accompanies N to Paris, 82; N installs in officers’ school at Châlons, 85; as aide to N in Paris, 97; on poor quality of French replacement troops in Italy, 139; returns from Egypt, 216; N esteems and favours, 259, 305, 365; courtship and marriage to Hortense de Beauharnais, 305, 308; N sees as successor, 308; neuroses, 320, 365; takes title of Connétable, 357; refuses throne of Italy, 371; as King of Holland, 396–8, 477; institutes new orders of chivalry, 399; flouts N’s anti-British blockade in Holland, 441; entertains N and Marie-Louise, 477; abdicates Dutch throne and flees to Gratz, 478–9; offers to return to Holland, 551; Louis, ou les peines de l’amour, 551
Bonaparte, Lucien (formerly Luciano; N’s brother): birth, 17; admitted to Autun seminary, 25; trains at Brienne military academy, 26; N helps find place at seminary, 37; judicial post in Ajaccio, 43; unemployed in Ajaccio, 43; and N’s attitude to Paris mob, 55; revolutionary ideas, 56; Paoli rejects as secretary, 58; Sémonville engages as secretary, 59; speech denouncing Paoli, 60–1; in Toulon, 64; changes name to Brutus and marries Christine, 76–7, 105; in Saint-Maximin (‘Marathon’), 76; N appoints as commissary to Army of the North, 98; Josephine dislikes, 155; discussion with N on return from Egypt, 215–16; wishes N to divorce Josephine, 216; Sièyes colludes with, 218; and Brumaire coup, 222, 226, 229, 231–5; as minister of interior, 245; sister Élisa acts as hostess, 259; speech on greatness of France, 281; and assassination plot against N, 283; impressed by N in Council of State, 288; dismissed from post as interior minister, 293; negotiates peace treaties, 300; art collection, 305; denounces N as tyrant, 305–6; returns from ambassadorship in Spain, 305; returns to Tribunate, 311; proposes changes to Tribunate, 313; and succession to N, 319, 357; urges supreme authority for N, 350; secret marriage and children, 365, 427; refuses N’s demands to divorce, 427; captured by Royal Navy and imprisoned in England, 479; meets N in Mantua, 527; offers Castlereagh peace negotiations, 551; on N’s physical deterioration, 609; objects to costume for Champ de mai, 611; advises and supports N after Waterloo defeat, 619–21; Parallèle entre César, Cromwell, Monck et Bonaparte, 292
Bonaparte, Marie-Julie (née Clary; Joseph’s wife), 79, 86, 98, 259
Bonaparte, Napoléon-Charles (Hortense-Louis’ son), 343, 365; death, 437
Bonaparte, Pauline (Maria Paolina; later Leclerc; then Princess Borghese; N’s sister), 36, 62; steals figs in France, 75; Fréron falls for, 83, 98, 105; marriage to Leclerc, 155; visits N in Milan, 155; education, 216; anxiety over N’s fate in Brumaire coup, 235; accompanies husband to Saint-Domingue, 331; nurses dying husband, 341; remarries (Borghese), 341; made princess, 366; and N’s dalliance with Christine Ghilini, 468; welcomes N’s divorce from Josephine, 469; and N’s marriage to Marie-Louise, 474; meets N on way to Elba, 599; visits N on Elba, 602; denied visit to St Helena, 641
Borghese, Prince Camillo, 341
Borghese, Princess Pauline see Bonaparte, Pauline
Borisov, 541–2
Borodino: battle of (1812), 526–9; wounded evacuated, 536
Boswell, James, 12–13, 16; An Account of Corsica, 13, 28
Bottot, Carlo, 164, 225
Bou, Claudine-Marie, 33
Bougainville, Admiral Louis-Antoine de, 26, 30, 169
Bouillé, Louis-Amour, marquis de, 355
Boulart, General Jean-François, 209–10, 368, 410, 441, 584
Boulogne, 360–2, 371, 374, 376
Bourbon family: prospective restoration, 164, 583, 586; restoration and unpopularity after N’s downfall, 604–5, 608, 610; see also Louis XVIII, King of France
Bourbonne-les-Bains, 24
Bourgeois, Dr René, 540
Bourgogne, Sergeant Adrien, 530, 540
Bourgoing, Lieutenant Armand Charles Joseph de, 525
Bourrienne, Louis Antoine de Fauvelet de: friendship with N, 23, 54; in diplomatic service, 54; and N’s finances, 98; and N’s negotiations with Cobenzl, 166; and N’s expedition to Egypt, 175, 177; leaves Egypt with N, 206; with N in Brumaire coup, 227, 230, 235; as N’s secretary, 239, 304; on N’s singing, 245; organises staff at Tuileries, 252; walks Paris streets with N, 262; accompanies N to war against Austria, 272; acting, 320; dismissed, 321; as commissioner in Hamburg, 441
Boyer, Christine see Bonaparte, Christine
Boyer, Claude (pharmacist), 201–2
Brandt, Heinrich, 525
Brienne: N studies at military academy, 21–3; N revisits, 372
Britain: France declares war on (1793), 60, 103; occupies Corsica, 81; gains colonies from French, 160; peace talks with France (1797), 164; prospective French invasion of, 172–5; finances coalition, 268, 278, 299, 405; rejects N’s peace offer (December 1799), 268–70; Napoleon blames for preventing peace terms, 277; loses Austria as ally in Treaty of Lunéville, 297; extends overseas dominions, 298; N isolates, 300–2; hostility to France, 301; opposes French in Egypt, 301–2; union with Ireland, 301; peace treaty with France (1802), 312–13, 327; tourists in Paris and on continent, 325–6; commercial rivalry with France, 327; caricatures and slanders N, 332, 340, 369; N mistrusts, 332; alarm at French expansionism, 334–5; population, 337; declares war on France (1803), 338; N plans invasion, 339, 360–2, 364, 371, 374–5; Austria negotiates alliance with, 362; imposes blockade on European countries, 396, 401; new ministry under Grenville, 396; peace negotiations with France (1806), 401; and N’s blockade (Continental System), 405–6, 416, 441–2, 493, 496–8, 506; bombards French ports, 419; N’s economic war against, 421; supports Portugal, 425; orders seizure of neutral ships, 427; N plans action against eastern empire, 428; clandestine trade with Europe during blockade, 441; raids on French coastal forts, 467; sends troops to Cuxhaven and Walcheren, 467; economic effect of war on, 493, 496; trade with France, 493; poor harvest (1810), 496; N makes peace offer (1812), 509; Metternich makes approaches to, 553; joins alliance against France (1813), 566; declines to ratify Treaty of Fontainebleau, 604
Brittany: British land émigré force in, 93
Broglie, Achille de, 465
Brueys, Admiral François Paul de, 176, 178, 188
Bruix, Admiral Eustache, 217, 225–6, 232, 360
Brumaire coup (1799): planned, 221–4; execution and success, 227–35
Brune, General Guillaume, 94, 96, 213, 279, 283, 317, 335, 361
Brunswick, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich, Duke of, 404, 456
Brunswick-Oels, Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of, 58, 456
Brussels, 616–17
Bubna, General Ferdinand, 549–50, 557–8
Bunbury, Sir Henry, 625
Buonaparte, Carlo Maria (N’s father): in Corsica, 10–14; legal career, 14–18; and N’s birth and christening, 14, 16; claim to nobility, 18–19; lifestyle, 18; presented to Louis XVI, 20; sits in Corsican Estates, 23; landownership and enterprises, 24–5, 35, 51; health decline and death, 28–9; holds office in Corsica, 46; social ambitions, 224–5
Buonaparte, Filippo, 19, 129
Buonaparte, Gabriele (16th century), 10
Buonaparte, Geronimo (Gabriele’s son), 10
Buonaparte, Giuseppe Maria (N’s grandfather), 11
Buonaparte, Luciano (N’s great uncle), 11–12, 17–18, 23, 35–6, 41, 51
Buonaparte, Napoleone (N’s great uncle), 11, 13–14
Buonaparte, Paola Maria (N’s great aunt), 11
Buonaparte, Sebastiano (N’s ancestor), 11
Buonaparte, Sebastiano (N’s great uncle), 11
Buonarroti, Filippo, 45, 111
Burke, Edmund, 301
Burney, Fanny, 326
Buttafocco, Matteo, 43, 46
‘Ça Ira’ (revolutionary song), 235
Cabanis, Pierre, 243
Cabarrus, Thérèse de (Notre Dame de Thermidor), 88
Cádiz, 434
Cadoudal, Georges, 250, 283, 295, 340, 342–5, 349, 354
Cagliari, Sardinia, 59
Cairo: French occupy, 187, 191–2; Institute, 189, 203; revolt in, 193–4; Napoleon returns to from Syrian campaign, 201–3
calendar: Gregorian reintroduced, 376
Calmelet, Étienne, 104
Cambacérès, Jean-Jacques: N consults, 217; N retains as justice minister, 237; moderates anti-Jacobin proposals, 238, 295; as consul, 242; background and character, 243–4; Abrial succeeds as justice minister, 245; warns N of Talleyrand, 247; and move to Tuileries, 251–2; financial management, 267; and N’s peace negotiations, 270; on Italian campaign, 272; and intrigues against N, 279; and Mollien’s suggestions for economic reforms, 285; opposes N’s religious reforms, 291; issues senatus-consulte, 295; and Civil Code, 308; urges upgrade in N’s status, 318; and succession to N, 319; on Treaty of Amiens, 327; and N’s belief in popularity in Britain, 333; and royalist plotters, 344–5; and execution of Enghien, 346; on N’s status as consul, 351; addresses N as emperor, 352; and N’s confusion over status as emperor, 356, 370; named arch-chancellor, 357; proposes bee as dynastic symbol, 358; and N’s plans for invasion of England, 361–2; takes charge in N’s absence on campaign, 376, 419; and financial crisis (1805–6), 386; in Council of State, 390; and N’s return from Tilsit, 418; warns against alliance with Spain, 429; and N’s Erfurt meeting with Tsar, 438; orders customs-free ham from Berg, 441; and N’s victory at Ratisbon, 450–1; drafts constitution for Westphalia, 458; on declining public support for N, 462; ineffectiveness in countering British landing at Walcheren, 467–8; on N’s birthday celebrations in Paris, 467; arranges N’s divorce from Josephine, 469–70; and N’s remarriage, 473; homosexuality, 481; unease at N’s obsession with grandeur, 482; and N’s plans against Russia, 512; messages from N on Russian campaign, 520; and N’s return from Russia, 546; and proposed peace negotiations with Russia, 550; ordered to advance conscription in France, 573; on pessimism in Paris, 574; and N’s fury at Assembly, 578; on grave national situation under threat from allies, 583; advises N to return to Paris, 584; leaves Paris with Marie-Louise, 585; in Blois, 589; and N’s return to Paris from Elba, 608; advises N after Waterloo defeat, 619; sends delegation to allied headquarters, 621
Cambronne, General Pierre, 597
Campan, Henriette, 105, 169, 216, 262
Campbell, Colonel Sir Neil, 597–9, 603–5
Campo Formio, Treaty of (1797), 167–8, 170
Canada: France loses to British, 160
Canova, Antonio, 484
Carnot, Lazare: orders levée en masse, 67; Toulon plan, 72; calls off Sardinia operation, 80; disparages N and Italian operation, 103; N reports to from Italy, 109, 117, 119, 121–2; hostility to N, 169–70; N reappoints to War Ministry, 271; suggested as successor to N, 279; opposes declaring France an empire, 351; appointed minister of interior on N’s return from Elba, 608; advises N after Waterloo defeat, 619, 621
Carteaux, General Jean-François, 67–70, 94, 256
Castaños, General Francisco, 434, 445
Castellane, Boniface de, 510
Castiglione, 134, 136
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount, 551, 578, 592–3, 604
Catalonia, 461
Catherine, Grand Duchess of Russia, 415, 439
Catherine, Queen of Westphalia see Württemberg, Catherine, Princess of
Catholic Church: status recognised, 292, 306–8, 313–15; acknowledges N’s elevation to emperor, 355; see also Pius VII, Pope
Caulaincourt, Louis de, duc de Vicence: accompanies N to crowning in Italy, 372; on Josephine at Eugène’s marriage, 386; and N’s dismissal of Prussia, 402–3; on muddy conditions on march to Warsaw, 409; on unpopularity of Tilsit treaty in Russia, 437; and N’s wish to marry Russian royal, 472; and impending war with Russia, 495, 511; N instructs to order Russia to raise tariffs, 496; consults with N in Paris, 498; in Russian campaign, 515, 522–6, 531, 533, 534; in retreat from Moscow, 538–9, 541, 545; accompanies N back to Paris from Russia, 543–4, 546; and peace negotiations with Russia, 550, 558; at peace congress with Russia and Austria, 564–5; replaces Maret as foreign minister, 577; allies impose peace conditions on, 580; negotiates with allies, 580–2, 592–3; mission to Alexander in Paris, 586–9; advises N to abdicate, 587; and acceptance of new government, 589; reports to N, 589; and N’s reconsidering abdication, 592; signs Treaty of Fontainebleau, 593; N calls after taking poison, 594; meets Maria Walewska at Fontainebleau, 595; N thanks for loyal service, 597; and N’s return to Paris from Elba, 607–8; writes Metternich with assurances of French peaceful intentions, 612; advises N after Waterloo defeat, 619–20; and N’s entourage in St Helena, 641
Cavaignac, Jean-Baptiste, 335
Ceracchi, Joseph, 284, 292
Cesari, Colonel Pietro Paulo Colonna, 43–4, 60
Champagny, Jean-Baptiste, 361–2, 421, 468, 494–5
Champaubert, battle of (1814), 580
Champion de Nansouty, Étienne-Marie, 22
Championnet, General Jean-Étienne, 169
Chaptal, Jean-Antoine: relations with N, 257–8; on N’s daily routines, 260; devises new administrative structure, 265; replaces Lucien as interior minister, 293; at election of N as president of Cisalpine Republic, 310; supports protectionism, 328; on N’s consciousness of low birth, 443; and N’s charitable acts, 483
Charles IV, King of Spain, 298, 421, 424, 429–31
Charles, Archduke of Austria, 149, 150, 376, 379–80, 449, 451–3, 454–5
Charles, Father (Brienne chaplain), 272
Charles, Lieutenant Hippolyte: affair with Josephine, 118, 131–3, 144, 173, 176
Charles XIII, King of Sweden, 495
Chastenay, Victorine de, 82, 481, 502
Château-Sallé, Antibes, 76
Chateaubriand, René de, 259, 326; Génie du Christianisme, 315, 326
Châtillon: negotiations (1814), 580–2
Chaumont, Treaty of (1814), 583
Chauvet, Félix, 71, 105, 112
Chénier, Marie-Joseph, 6, 170
Cherasco, armistice of (1796), 118
Chernyshev, General Alexander, 498
Chłapowski, Dezydery, 512, 558
Christianity: rejected in Europe, 123
Cipriani (N’s butler), 626, 628, 640
Cisalpine (later Italian) Republic, 159, 297, 309, 334; N elected president, 310–11
Cispadane Republic, 146, 151, 159
Civil Code (Code Civil des Français; Code Napoléon), 285–7, 308, 426, 458, 469
Clarke, General Henri-Jacques, 144–6, 151, 549
Clary family: move to Genoa, 85
Clary, Bernardine Eugénie Désirée: N courts, 80, 81, 86, 91; moves to Genoa, 86–7; N withdraws from, 98; and N’s marriage to Josephine, 105; marriage to Bernadotte, 216, 219, 305, 404
Clausewitz, Karl Marie von, 545
Club des Amis de la Constitution, 49
Cobenzl, Count Ludvig, 164–6, 297
Cockburn, Rear Admiral Sir George, 626–7, 629–30, 632–4
Code Napoléon see Civil Code
Coignet, Captain Jean-Roch, 598
Coigny, Aimée de, 88
coinage: bears N’s effigy, 325, 336
Colli, Field Marshal Michael, baron de, 111, 115
Collot, Jean-Pierre, 105, 112, 117, 156, 216
Colombier, Caroline du, 34
Colombier, Madame du, 34, 48
Comeau de Charry, Sébastien, 378
Commercial Code, 418
Committee of Public Safety, 78
Concordat: agreed with Catholic Church, 307–8, 313; weakened, 463; revised, 554, 574
Condé, Louis-Joseph, prince de, 283
Confederation of the Rhine: N forms, 397; French rule, 436, 460; rulers at Erfurt, 438, 440; questionable loyalty to France, 499; rulers join allies, 552; Alexander aims to overthrow, 553; see also Germany
Consalvi, Cardinal Ercole, 307
Constant, Benjamin, 240, 264, 305, 306, 610, 614–15, 620–1
Constant, Louis, 412, 466, 543, 593
Constantine, Grand Duke of Russia, 415
Constitution of Year VIII, 242–3
Consular Guard, 251
consulate and consuls: powers, 241–4, 246–50; move to Tuileries, 251; hold reception for diplomatic corps, 253
Continental System, 405–6, 416, 441–2, 493, 496–8, 506
Convention: replaces National Assembly, 60; opposition to, 65; on new constitution (1795), 94
Copenhagen: bombarded by Royal Navy (1800), 301; Britain attacks (1807) and seizes fleet, 421
Corday, Charlotte, 76
Cordier, Louis, 193
Corneille, Pierre, 306, 382; Cinna, 428, 438
Cornet, Mathieu-Agustin, 223, 224
Cornwallis, Charles, 1st Marquis, 302, 321, 350
Corsica: history and social conditions, 9–13; Assembly of Estates, 16, 23; as semi-autonomous province of France, 16; N revisits, 36–8; N writes history of, 41, 45, 48; N returns to on outbreak of French Revolution, 42; riots and disorder, 43, 52–3, 59; sends deputies to Estates General at Versailles, 43; separatists in, 43–4; integrated into French nation, 44; Joseph stands for municipal council, 45; N renounces, 66; British occupy, 81
Coruña, La, 446
Corvisart, Dr Jean-Nicolas, 257, 303, 304, 367, 466–7, 596, 609
Cosway, Maria, 325
Council of French bishops, 502
Council of State (Conseil d’État): formulates new laws, 241; composition, 243–4; installed in Tuileries, 251; considers Civil Code, 286; N supervises, 287; reservations over Concordat with Catholic Church, 307; debates extension to N’s consulship, 319; under N’s extended consulate, 323; conduct of business, 390
Courrier de l’armée d’Italie, 157
Courrier de l’Égypte, Le, 193
Craonne, battle of (1814), 583
Crétet, Émmanuel, 467
Croisier, Captain (N’s aide-de-camp), 198
Cromwell, Oliver, 292
Czartoyski, Prince Adam Jerzy, 374
Dąbrowski, General Jan Henryk, 146
Damanhur, 184
Danubian Principalities, 497
Danzig, 413
Daru, Pierre, 388–9, 513, 541, 608
Daubenton, Louis, 239
Daunou, Pierre-Claude, 240, 265
David, Jacques-Louis, 2–3, 123, 128, 171, 175, 261, 278–9, 427
Davidovitch, General Paul, 137–8, 140, 142–3, 149
Davout, Marshal Louis-Nicolas: in Egypt, 185; on N’s elevation to emperor, 354; made marshal, 376; opposes Austrians, 377, 382; at Austerlitz, 384; at Auerstadt, 404; opposes Russians in Poland, 408; at Wagram, 454–5; ordered to prepare for war with Russia, 497; N considers as King of Poland, 513; in Russian campaign, 520, 523; at Borodino, 527, 529; in retreat from Moscow, 539–40; attempts to restrain Murat, 554; stranded in Hamburg, 566; rejoins N on return from Elba, 608; and N after Waterloo defeat, 619–20
Decaen, General Charles Mathieu Isidore, 334–5
Decrès, Admiral Denis, 330, 363, 374, 465, 608, 619, 621–2
Dego, 114
Delmas, General Antoine Guillaume, 149
Dembiński, Lieutenant Henryk, 532
Denmark: in League of Neutrals, 300; and Treaty of Tilsit, 416; Britain captures fleet, 421; see also Copenhagen
Denon, Vivant, 206–7
d’Erlon, General Jean Baptiste Drouet, 616
Desaix, General Louis, 161, 190, 196, 197, 275–8, 280, 376, 399
Descartes, René, 212
Desgenettes, Dr René, 189, 201, 204
Desmarest, Pierre, 344
Destaing, General Jacques-Zacharie, 204
Diavolo, Fra (Michele Pezza), 432
Directors, Directory (Paris): in Luxembourg Palace, 2–3; and Talleyrand’s presentation of N, 4, 7; N’s reports to, 117, 139, 141, 143, 148, 152, 203; orders N to march on Rome with reduced forces, 121; and N’s independent acts, 126; commissioners, 145–6; supports N in Italian campaign, 149–50; right-wing plot against, 158; interest in settlements in Egypt and Africa, 162; suppresses opposition and recovers majority, 163; and N’s concluding Treaty of Campo Formio, 167; summons N to Paris, 168, 169–72; and proposed invasion of England, 172; and N’s bid for shared power, 176; and N’s expedition to Egypt, 177; and N’s return from Egypt, 214–15; dissolved in Brumaire coup, 221, 226, 229–30, 236; administrative reforms, 322
Divova, Elizaveta Petrovna, 326
Djezzar Pasha (Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar), 196, 199–201
Dnieper, river, 523
Dolgoruky, Prince, 381
Dolomieu, Déodat, 179
Dominica, 329
Dommartin, Lieut. Colonel Elzéar Auguste Cousin de, 68
Doppet, General François, 70–1
Doris, HMS, 338
Drake, Francis, 343
Dresden, 546, 557, 562, 564–5, 578; battle of (1813), 567
Drouot, General Antoine, 596, 600
Dubois, Dr Antoine, 487–8
Duchâtel, Adèle, 304
Ducis, Jean-François, 175
Ducos, Roger: and Brumaire coup, 219–20, 222, 226–7; nominated consul, 234, 236–7
Dugommier, General Jacques, 71–3, 256
Dugua, General Charles, 204
Dumas, General Alexandre, 139, 185
Dumas, General Mathieu, 250, 431, 435, 465, 569
Dumerbion, General Pierre, 77, 80, 81
Dumouriez, General Charles François, 61, 159, 344
Dupont, General Pierre-Antoine, 429, 434–5, 509, 595
Duroc, General Christophe: familiarity with N, 257, 394; accompanies N to Italy, 274; on N’s appointment as emperor, 352; made grand marshal of the palace, 262, 357–8; and Maria Walewska, 410–11, 466; receives grand chamberlain’s key from Talleyrand, 448; and N’s grief at Lannes’ death, 452; in Russian campaign, 522; in retreat from Moscow, 541; accompanies N back to Paris, 543; killed at Bautzen, 560, 568
du Teil, General Jean-Pierre, 38, 47, 65, 71, 256
Eckmühl, battle of (1809), 450
École Militaire, Paris, 26–31
Edgeworth, Maria, 326
education: reformed, 316, 390–1
Egypt: Ottoman oppression in, 159; French aim to colonise, 160, 164; Talleyrand proposes invasion, 173–4; French expedition to, 174–5; scientists and scholars accompany expedition, 175–6; French arrive in, 181–2; conditions, 183–5; N’s administration and researches in, 188–95, 203; N leaves, 206–8, 269; impending French collapse in, 269; French continue occupation, 300; British land forces in and French occupation ends, 301–2
Elba (island): ceded to France, 298, 334; N exiled to, 588, 593, 599–600; N’s life and administration in, 600–1
Elders, Council of: and Brumaire coup, 225–6, 228–30, 232–4; members draft new constitution, 239
Elliott, Sir Gilbert, 81
Elphinstone, Clementine see Malcolm, Lady
émigrés: N grants amnesty to, 315–16
Enghien, Louis Antoine Henri Condé, duc d’: suggested as successor to N, 279; arrested and shot, 344–7, 374
Épervier, l’ (French brig), 623
Erfurt: N’s meeting with Tsar (1808), 437–43
Ermenonville, 283
Essling, 452
Estates General (France): Louis XVI calls, 40; Corsican deputies attend, 43; transforms into National Assembly, 44
Etruria, 297, 426
Europe: and balance of power, 298; N reorganises, 387–8, 422–3
Eylau, battle of (1807), 311–12
Fabvier, Colonel Charles, 527, 588
Fain, Agathon, 321, 391, 393–4, 399, 497, 510–11, 543, 563, 594
Faipoult, Guillaume, 121
Fantin des Odoards, Colonel Louis Florimond, 616
Farington, Joseph, 326
Faucheur, Sergeant Narcisse, 569
Fauvelet de Bourrienne, Louis Antoine de see Bourrienne, Louis Antoine de Fauvelet de
fédérés, 65, 67–8
Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria: commands Austrian army, 376–7, 449, 457; N favours as successor to Francis I, 468
Ferdinand IV, King of Naples, 373, 395–6, 401
Ferdinand VII, King of Spain (earlier Prince of the Asturias), 424–5, 427, 429–33, 435, 573
Fère Champenoise, La, 584
Fère, La (regiment), 31–3; retitled as First, 48
Ferrières, General, 534
Fesch, Cardinal Joseph (Giuseppe): accompanies Letizia out of Ajaccio, 19; letters from N, 25, 39, 47, 55; cares for dying Carlo, 29; falsifies Joseph’s age, 45; flees Corsica for France, 62–3; as quartermaster in Chauvet, 64; sets up business in Basel, 85; N finds jobs for, 91, 98; meets Josephine in Parma, 133; visits N in Milan, 155; buys land around Ajaccio, 207; made Archbishop of Lyon and primate of France, 315; as grand almoner, 357; conducts secret religious marriage for N and Josephine, 368; celebrates mass in Lyon, 372; and N’s marriage to Marie-Louise, 474–6; and N’s religious scepticism, 485; baptises N’s son, 489; exiled, 502; swears allegiance to Pope, 502; joins N in Paris after return from Elba, 609; and N’s preparations for flight to America, 621; Bertrand appeals to from St Helena, 641
Fiévée, Joseph, 548
Finckenstein, Treaty of (1807), 413
Fiszerowa, Wiridianna, 326
Five Hundred, Council of the: resists Brumaire coup, 226–9, 231–4; members draft new constitution, 239
Flaxman, John, 325
Florence, 130
Fontaine, Pierre, 128, 260, 303, 326, 427, 481, 574
Fontainebleau, 336, 359, 367, 372, 437, 464, 468, 473, 485, 502, 554, 582, 586, 590, 592–3, 595, 597–8, 607
Fontainebleau, Treaty of (1807), 424
Fontainebleau, Treaty of (1814), 593, 601, 604
Fontanes, Louis-Marcelin de, 259
Fouché, Joseph: relations with N, 217, 221; urges N to ally with Barras, 219; police reports, 220; and Brumaire coup, 228, 234; on N’s reaction to Sièyes’ draft constitution, 240; independence, 245; and censorship of press and theatre, 246–7; network of informers, 246, 321; profits from rumours, 279; and scheming over successor to N, 279; and plots to kill N, 283–4, 295; opposes restoring status of Church, 291; N gives seat in Senate, 318; uncovers military plots against N, 318; and proposed extension of N’s consulship, 319; supports Josephine, 319; and royalist conspiracy, 345; claims to oppose execution of Enghien, 348; reinstated as minister of police, 348; on government after succession to N, 350; urges granting supreme authority to N, 350; on granting of hereditary titles, 398; made Duke of Otranto, 398; administration during N’s absence, 419; on N’s reaction to British seizure of Danish fleet, 421; persuades Josephine to request divorce, 437; letter from N in Spain, 445; conspires with Talleyrand, 447; N leaves unpenalised, 448; on Lannes’ closeness to N, 452; counters British landing at Walcheren, 467; N rebukes, 468; and N’s remarriage, 473; favours peace with Britain, 477; sacked by N, 477, 482; policing style, 482; N appoints governor of Illyria, 562; sent to Naples, 578; plans elimination of N, 593; reappointed minister of police on N’s return from Elba, 608, 612; self-protective plot, 612–13; plots against N after Waterloo defeat, 619–21; frustrates N’s flight to America, 622–3; and Louis XVIII’s return to throne, 624
Foureau de Beauregard, Dr Louis, 596
Fourès, Lieutenant, 192–3
Fourth Regiment: N posted to, 48
Fox, Charles James, 325, 396
France (and French Empire): declares war on Britain and the Netherlands (1793), 60; revolts and risings against Convention, 65; under threat from coalition of nations, 67, 103, 205, 211, 268, 299; peace with Spain (1795), 93; royalist resurgence, 93–5; constitutions, 94, 239–42, 322, 323, 357; interests in Middle East and Mediterranean, 160–1; loses colonies to British, 160; navy damaged by revolutionaries, 172; N arrives in from Egypt, 207–8, 209; critical condition (1799), 211; under consulate, 236–8; monarchists in, 239, 293–4; royalist forces capitulate, 249; administrative structure and local government, 264–6; economic and financial reforms, 266–7, 285; royalist opposition declines, 283; legal code, 285–7, 418; sinking fund established, 285; peace treaty with Austria (1801), 297–8; and balance of power, 298; extends borders, 299; makes peace treaties, 300; hostility towards Britain, 301; peace with Britain and Turkey (1802), 312–13; commercial rivalry with Britain, 327; N rebuilds economic and political power in peace period, 327–8; colonial empire, 328–31; expansion and population, 337; Britain declares war on (1803), 338; royalists arrested and condemned to death, 342–7; fear of royalist return, 349; declared an empire, 351–2; popular reaction to N as emperor, 353; offices, titles, ceremonies and symbols, 358; plebiscite on change to imperial regime, 358–9; revolutionary ceremonies and symbols phased out, 358; and hereditary nature of monarchy, 359; financial crisis (1805–6), 380, 386–8; imperial status, 397; peace negotiations with Britain and Russia (1806), 401; retains established military equipment, 464; penal and policing system under Savary, 482–3; condition of navy, 490–1; Empire expands on Continent and declines overseas, 490; industry and agriculture, 490; roads and communications developed, 490; economic problems, 491–3; trade with Britain, 493; vulnerability, 499; Prussia declares war on (1813), 552; discontent under Bourbon restoration, 604; see also French Revolution
Francis I, Emperor of Austria (Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor), 130, 277; title, 353; letter from N on Joseph’s accession to throne of Italy, 371; N warns, 374; declines N’s peace offer, 379; abandons coalition after Austerlitz, 384; loses territory under Treaty of Pressburg, 385; delays recognising Joseph as King of Spain, 436; prepares for war against N, 444; and Treaty of Vienna, 468; and impending war between Russia and France, 497; N hopes for support from, 552; N suggests making separate peace, 579, 581; readiness to support accession of N’s son, 592; letter from N on return from Elba, 612; cares for grandson Napoleon II, 629
François, Captain Charles, 540
Frankfurt proposals and Declaration (1813), 576–7
Franklin, Benjamin: as ‘man of genius’, 212
Frederick Augustus, King of Saxony, 416, 439, 510, 513, 546, 557, 569, 571
Frederick I, King (earlier Elector) of Württemberg, 377, 384–6, 403, 458, 468–9, 489, 510, 629
Frederick William II, King of Prussia: supports Louis XVI, 298; congratulates N on becoming emperor, 353; undecided allegiance, 380; and peace negotiations (1806), 401–3, 405; at Auerstadt, 404; signs Convention of Bartenstein (1807), 413; Alexander supports, 414; at Tilsit, 415–16; N disdains, 416; letter to N unanswered, 419; meets N at Dresden, 516; joins allies in war against France, 551–2; invades Saxony with Russians, 556; sense of honour, 556; wary of invading France, 576
Frederik VI, King of Denmark, 547
Freemasonry, 322
French Revolution (1789): conduct of, 1–2, 263; outbreak, 41–2; changed values and rejection of Christianity, 123; and mission civilatrice, 159; ideals, 264; and overthrow of feudalism in ancien régime, 293; symbols and commemorations end, 358; anti-clericalism, 433
Frénilly, François Auguste de, baron, 369
Fréron, Stanislas, 70, 72–3, 83, 96, 98, 105
Friedland, battle of (1807), 413–14
Frochot, Nicolas, 549
Frotté, Louis de, 249
Fructidor coup (1797), 163–4
Fuseli, Henry, 325
Gallo, Marzio Mastrilli, Marchese de, 158, 164–6
Ganteaume, Rear-Admiral Honoré, 206–7
Gardanne, General Gaspard Amédée, 235, 437
Garrau, Pierre-Anselme, 145, 149
Gasparin, Thomas, 67, 70, 72
Gassendi, Jean-Jacques, 70, 79
Gaudin, Martin, 237, 245, 267, 285, 460, 608
Gaza, 198
Gendarmerie, 321
Geneva: N visits, 167, 272–3
Genoa, 274–5, 373
Gentz, Friedrich von, 353
George III, King of Great Britain, 81, 268, 312, 340, 350, 371, 442
George, Marguerite Josephine, 341, 563
Gérard, François, 527, 532
Germany: boundary changes, 426; and Austria’s war with N, 449, 456; emancipation hopes, 457; N’s policy in, 457, 459; hostility to N, 552; see also Confederation of the Rhine
Ghilini, Christine, 468
Girardin, Stanislas, 283
Girodet, Anne-Louis, 128
Girondins, 64–5
Giubega, Lorenzo, 16, 41
Globbo Patriotico (Patriotic Club of Ajaccio), 46
Godoy, Manuel, 413, 424, 429–30
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 124, 440, 488, 642
Gohier, Louis-Jérôme, 214–15, 218, 220, 225–6
Golfe Juan, 606
Gossec, François-Joseph, 3
Gourgaud, General Gaspard, baron, 626, 628, 630–1, 639
Gouvion Saint-Cyr, General Laurent, 317, 514, 567, 569
Grande Armée, La: formed from Army of England, 375–6; marches against Austria, 377; behaviour, 378–9; foreign contingents, 465, 505; in war against Russia, 505, 508; strength in Russian campaign, 514; and difficult conditions during advance into Russia, 517, 519–22; in retreat from Moscow, 535–43; casualties and losses in Russian campaign, 547–8
Grassini, Giuseppina, 125, 274, 278, 279, 304, 475
Great Powers (Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria), 583
Greathead, Bertie, 326
Grégoire, Henri, abbé, 307, 319, 350
Grenoble, 607
Grenville, William Wyndham, Baron, 268–9, 396
Gribeauval, General Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de, 33
Gros, Antoine, 154, 356, 444
Grossbeeren, battle of (1813), 567–8
Grouchy, Marshal Emmanuel, marquis de: in Russian campaign, 520; overcomes Angoulême at Lyon, 609; at Waterloo, 616–18
Guadeloupe, 328, 330–1
Gudin, Charles-Étienne de, 22
Guibert, General Jacques Antoine Hippolyte, comte de, 33
Guides, 162
Guingené, Pierre Louis, 613
Hanover: N orders invasion of, 339; annexed by Prussia, 385, 401
Hanseatic ports: N annexes, 497
Hardenberg, Karl August, Baron (later Prince) von, 401, 552, 560, 568
Hatzfeld, Prince Franz Ludwig von, 404, 548, 552
Haugwitz, Count Christian von, 381
Hawkesbury, Robert Banks Jenkinson, Baron see Liverpool, 2nd Earl of
Heilsberg, battle of (1807), 464
Heine, Heinrich, 502, 643
Heliopolis, 269
Helvetic Republic and Confederation, 297, 334, 573; see also Switzerland
Hesse-Darmstadt, Ludwig I, Grand Duke of, 510
Hobart, Robert, Baron, 334
Hoche, General Lazare, 83, 93, 99–101, 143, 150, 157, 159; death, 164, 167
Hofer, Andreas, 449
Hohenlinden, battle of (1800), 294
Hohenlohe, Prince Louis Aloysius, 404
Holland: France invades, 211; kingdom created with Louis as king, 396–8, 477; economy, 477, 478; Louis gives up throne, 478; N closes frontiers with France and imposes demands, 478; N incorporates into France, 479
Holland, Elizabeth, Lady, 636
Holland, Henry Richard Vassall Fox, 3rd Baron, 636, 639
Holy Roman Empire: reorganised, 297, 333, 342, 353
Homer: Odyssey, 178
Hompesch, Ferdinand von, 179–80
Hood, Admiral Samuel, 1st Viscount, 65, 67, 72
Hope (London banking house), 388
Hoppner, John, 325
Hostages, Law of: N repeals, 239
Hubert (N’s valet), 593–4
Hulot, Madame (Moreau’s mother), 294
Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 3
‘Hundred Days, the’, 624
Hyde de Neuville, Jean-Guillaume, baron, 248, 267, 283, 295
Iberian Peninsula: cost of war, 491
Ibrahim Pasha, 188
Ideologues, 218, 239, 306
Ilari, Camilla Carbon, 17, 364
Illyria, 572
Inconstant (French brig), 605–6
India: French interests in, 160, 330, 334–5; N proposes joint offensive with Russia against, 437
Institute of Arts and Sciences, 171, 239, 248, 360
Ionian Islands, 416
Ireland: Act of Union with Britain (1801), 301; N plans invasion of, 364
Isabey, Jean-Baptiste, 304
Italy: campaign in, 103–4, 111, 121–2, 128–9, 134–5; effect of N’s administration in, 126–8; plundered by French, 128; N’s plans for northern republic, 159; N offers throne to brothers, 364–5, 371–2; N crowned King, 372–3; N extends Civil Code to, 426; and N’s strategic policy, 462
Jabłonowski, Władysław, 27
Jackson, Francis James, 353
Jacob, Georges, 214
Jacobin Club: N closes down, 97
Jacobins: hostility to N, 8, 219; and Corsican Globbo Patriotico, 46; terrorise Toulon, 64; reaction against, 65; and Paris riots, 83; hopes for N’s restoring Republic, 218; and Brumaire coup, 227, 229, 235; consuls’ policy on, 238–9; N regards as threat, 283, 295
Jaffa, 198, 202
Jefferson, Thomas, 427
Jena, battle of (1806), 404
Jerusalem, 199
Jerzmanowski, Colonel Jan Paweł, 597
jeunesse dorée (anti-Jacobin faction), 83
Jews: N’s attitude to, 391, 418
João, Dom, regent of Portugal, 424
John, Archduke of Austria, 376, 379–80, 449, 453
Josephine, Empress of the French (earlier Marie-Josèphe-Rose de Beauharnais): as socialite, 88, 100, 154; background, 99–100; appearance and manner, 100; early relations with N, 101–3; marriage with N, 104–5; letters from N, 112, 118, 130–1, 138, 144, 148, 187, 274–5, 320, 341, 363, 383, 404, 408, 410, 412, 415, 442, 445, 593, 597; affair with Hippolyte Charles, 118, 131–3, 144, 173, 176; N begs to come to Italy, 118; claims pregnancy as reason for not travelling to N, 121; Junot presents for acclaim in Paris, 126; in Milan with N, 131–2, 146, 155; accompanies N to Mantua, 149; dislikes N’s family, 155; improving relations with N, 155, 187; and N’s negotiations with Austrians, 165; joins N in Paris (December 1797), 172; not on expedition to Egypt, 176; travels to Toulon with N, 177; infidelities, 187, 286; injured in balcony collapse, 187; and N’s return to France from Egypt, 214; effects reconciliation with N, 216–17; N considers divorcing, 216; and N in Brumaire coup, 230, 235; anxiety over N’s fate in Brumaire coup, 235; in Petit Luxembourg, 239; in Tuileries, 251, 262–3; receives diplomatic corps, 253; qualities, 259–60; at La Malmaison, 260; and N’s absence in Italian campaign, 273; Madame Hulot hates, 294; and N’s improving health, 303; jealousy of N’s affairs, 304; prevents N from shooting swans, 304; N’s happiness in marriage, 305; favours Hortense’s marriage to Louis Bonaparte, 308; in Lyons, 309–10; opposes extension of N’s consulate, 318; inability to produce heir, 319–20; and N’s philandering, 320, 341; accompanies N on progress through Normandy, 324–5; impresses foreign visitors, 326; weeps on hearing of Moreau’s arrest, 343; pleads for Enghien, 345; pleads for Rivière and Polignac, 354; official court of twenty-seven, 357; and N’s rescue operations in Boulogne, 361; Bonaparte family conspire to force divorce from N, 366; wardrobe, 366–7; coronation, 368; secret religious marriage to N, 368; arranges Ney’s marriage, 376; and N’s absence on Austrian campaign, 377; attends Eugène’s marriage to Augusta, 385; extravagance, 388; changing relations with N, 391–2, 394; accompanies N on campaign against Prussia, 403; and N in Poland, 410; in Biarritz with N, 432; campaign to force divorce, 437–8; buys smuggled silks and brocades, 441; reassures N over achievements, 443; wrongly addresses delegation of the Legislative, 446; N decides to divorce, 468–70; divorce settlement, 471; informed of birth of N’s son, 489; encourages N after Leipzig, 575; writes to Eugène urging loyalty to N, 578; entertains Alexander at Malmaison, 597–8; and N’s abdication and exile in Elba, 597; death, 602, 609
Joubert, General Barthélemy, 147, 218, 283
Jourdan, General Jean-Baptiste: as potential dictator, 211; proposes supporting N, 220; and Brumaire coup, 222, 227, 230, 232; in Spain, 461
Journal de Paris, 217
Journal des hommes libres, 8
Jullien, Thomas: informs N of Josephine’s infidelities, 187
Junot, Jean-Andoche: bravery at Toulon, 71; as ADC to N on campaign against Sardinia, 78–9; and N’s arrest, 79–80; accompanies N to Paris, 82, 87–8; N selects for post on staff in Constantinople, 92; praises N in Italy, 108; takes captured standards to Paris, 117; presents Josephine for acclaim in Paris, 126; accompanies Josephine to N in Italy, 131; affair with Josephine’s maid, 173; on voyage to Egypt, 178; informs N of Josephine’s infidelities, 187; fathers black son in Egypt, 192; opposes Ottomans at Acre, 200; treatment of women, 262; joins N on Austrian campaign, 382; leads occupation of Portugal, 424–5, 429; mental problems, 425; defeated by Wellington, 435; at Borodino, 527; broken by Russian campaign, 548; suicide, 568
Kant, Immanuel, 212
Keith, Admiral George Keith Elphinstone, Viscount, 275, 625
Kellermann, General François, 103, 121, 277
Kléber, General Jean-Baptiste: on march to Syria, 197, 200; congratulates N on victory at Aboukir, 205; on N’s departure from Egypt, 269; assassinated in Cairo, 280
Kleist, General Friedrich, Graf, 566
Köller, Colonel Franz, 597–9
Kościuszko, Tadeusz, 407
Krasny, 539
Kray, Field Marshal Paul, 270
Kulm, battle of (1813), 567–8
Kurakin, Prince Alexander, 495, 499, 509
Kutuzov, General Mikhail Ilarionovich, 377, 526–9, 532, 535–6, 540, 543, 545, 547, 552
La Bédoyère, Colonel Charles de, 607
La Billardière, Jacques, 128
Labouchère, Pierre-César, 477
Laclos, Choderlos de: Les Liaisons dangereuses, 35
Łączyński, Theodore, 602
Lafayette, Marie Joseph Gilbert du Motier, marquis de, 279, 289, 299, 306, 320, 619
Laforêt, Antoine de, 462
La Harpe, César de, 613
Langeron, Louis, comte de, 384
Lannes, General Jean: at Lodi, 120; in Egypt, 185, 204; leaves Egypt with N, 206; familiarity with N, 257; on expedition against Austrians in Italy, 273; at Marengo, 276; regrets N’s elevation to emperor, 354; N reviews troops at Marengo, 372; opposes Austrians, 377, 379; defeats Prussians at Saalfeld, 403; defeats Russians at Pułtusk, 408; disparages Pułtusk, 411; in Spain, 445; killed at Aspern-Essling, 452, 568; on Russian improvement in fighting, 464
La Pérouse, Jean François de, 30
Laplace, Pierre-Simon, marquis de, 170, 237, 245
La Poype, General Jean, 68, 256
Lareveillère-Lepaux, Louis-Marie, 169, 171
Lariboisière, Jean-Ambroise de, 33, 535
Larrey, Dr Dominique-Jean, 198, 452, 536
Las Cases, Emmanuel, comte de, 623, 626, 628, 630–1, 637–8; Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène, 643
Latouche Tréville, Admiral Louis-René Levasson de, 374
Lauberie de Saint-Germain, Mlle (later Bachasson de Montalivet), 34, 48
Lauderdale, James Maitland, 8th Earl of, 396
Laugier de Bellecour, Pierre François, 23, 30–1
Laurenti, Joseph, 80
Lauriston, General Jacques, 313, 320, 499, 511, 531
Lavalette, Antoine, comte de: on dissoluteness in Paris, 84; on youthful generals, 123; on Desaix, 161; reports to N on situation in Paris, 163; N orders to marry Josephine’s niece Émilie, 176; leaves Egypt with N, 206; on silence at reception for N and Moreau, 221; and discussion of the Five Hundred, 229; as head of postal service, 342, 447; N confides in, 575; on N’s departure to confront allies, 579; advises Joseph against surrendering Paris, 585; and N’s return to Paris from Elba, 608; and N’s defeat at Waterloo, 619
la Valette, Jean Parisot de, 300
Lavater, Johann Caspar, 212
Lays, François, 175
League of Neutrals, 300
Lebrun, Charles-François: as consul, 242, 244, 251–3, 272; and scheming over successor to N, 279; opposes relations with Catholic Church, 291; urges upgrade in N’s status, 318; and royalist plotters, 345; speech on proclaiming N as emperor, 352; as arch-treasurer, 357; and new imperial insignia, 358; in Council of State, 390
Leclerc, Dermide, 258
Leclerc, Paulette see Bonaparte, Pauline
Leclerc, General Victor Emmanuel: Lieut. Charles joins at Verona, 132; marries Paulette, 155; and Brumaire coup, 231–2; commands expedition to Saint-Domingue, 330; death from yellow fever, 332, 337
Lecourbe, General Claude Jacques, 272, 317
Ledoux, Claude Nicolas, 102
Lefèbvre, Marshal François (duc de Danzig), 231, 413, 457, 587, 592
Legendre, General François-Marie Guillaume, 447
Legion of Honour, 316, 358, 460–1
Legislative Body (Corps législatif), 241
Leipzig: N withdraws to, 569; battle of (1813), 570–1
Lejeune, Colonel Louis, 480, 529
Le Lieur de Ville sur Arce, Jean-Baptiste, 23, 30, 71
Le Marche (papal province), 426
Le Marois, Jean, 104, 143
Lemercier, Louis, 222, 224–5
Leoben, 150–1, 158–9, 162
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, 298
Le Paute d’Agelet, Joseph, 30
Le Picard de Phélippeaux, Louis-Edmond Antoine, 30, 201
Letourneur, Charles-Louis, 164, 169
Levant: French interest in, 160
Levie, Jean Jérôme, 45, 62
Ligne, Charles-Joseph, prince de, 385, 473
Lithuania, 519
Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of (earlier Baron Hawkesbury), 301, 335, 338, 604, 641
Livorno, 129
Lodi, 119–22
Lombardy, 126, 139
Loménie de Brienne family, 21, 372
Loménie de Brienne, Étienne-Charles de, 37
Lonato, battle of (1796), 134, 136
Longwood (house), St Helena, 627, 629–32, 634, 636, 638
Louis XIV, King of France, 398
Louis XV, King of France, 13
Louis XVI, King of France: calls Estates General, 40; arrested on attempted escape, 49; executed, 60, 83, 171; supported by Austria and Prussia, 299; fatal firework display, 480
Louis XVIII, King of France: assumes succession, 93; ambitions, 158, 349; letter from N, 282; and unwanted return of monarchy, 293; and N’s revival of religion, 315; British plan to place on French throne, 340; attempts to intercede for Enghien, 347; and N’s marriage to Marie-Louise, 473; denies N means of support, 603; flees on N’s return from Elba, 607, 624; in Belgium, 622; negotiates with Fouché, 622; resumes throne, 624
Louis Charles, Dauphin, 93
Louise (Josephine’s maid), 173
Louisiana (North America), 330–1; sold to USA, 337
Lowe, Major General Sir Hudson: as governor of St Helena, 633–9, 643; and N’s illness, 640–2
Ludvig, Prince of Prussia, 403
Luise, Queen of Prussia, 380, 401, 416
Lunéville, Treaty of (1801), 297, 309, 333–4
Lützen, battle of (1813), 560
Lyon: N elected president of Cisalpine Republic at, 309–11; Augereau surrenders, 584
Macdonald, Marshal Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre, 452–3, 514, 547, 567–8, 570–1, 587–9, 593–5, 608, 614
Mack, General Karl, 376–8
Maddalena (island), 60
Madrid: riot against French, 431; Wellington captures, 533, 563
Magallon, Charles, 159–60
Maida, battle of (1806), 401
Maillard, Colonel Louis, 52–3, 54
Maillebois, Marshal Jean-Baptiste Desmarets, marquis de, 111
Mainz, 564
Maison Royale de Saint-Cyr, 25
Maitland, Captain Frederick, RN, 623, 625
Malcolm, Clementine, Lady, 634, 638
Malcolm, Rear Admiral Sir Pulteney, 634, 637–8, 639
Malet, General Claude-François de, 446, 549–50, 555
Maleville, Jacques de, 286
Malmaison, La: Josephine acquires and improves, 260, 303; N visits, 284, 303–4, 320, 323; Hortense at, 320
Malmesbury, James Harris, Baron (later 1st Earl), 164
Maloyaroslavets, 536
Malta, 161, 175, 179, 269, 302, 335, 338
Mamelukes: battles with French, 185–6, 188
Mantua, 128, 132–4, 138–40, 142, 146–8
Manzoni, Alessandro: Il Cinque Maggio, 642
Marat, Jean-Paul, 76
Marbeuf, Charles Louis, comte de, 16–18, 22, 24–5, 34, 45; son, 256
Marchand, Louis, 597, 602, 626, 628, 635, 639, 641
Marengo: battle of (1800), 275–8, 280; N revisits, 372
Maret, Hugues-Bernard, duc de Bassano: N appoints secretary to Consuls, 237; as secretary of state, 245, 394; on assassination threat to N, 350; controls Polish council, 411; as foreign minister, 499; advocates creating Polish state as buffer, 512; in Vilna, 519, 522; in Russian campaign, 521; letter from N on evacuation of Moscow, 535; and retreat from Moscow, 543; attempts to revive Prague congress, 566; and N’s view of fortunes of war, 567; and N’s reaction to Metternich’s peace terms, 577; advises N to abdicate, 587; remains loyal to N, 593–4; and N’s departure for Elba, 597; and N’s return to Paris from Elba, 608; on N’s options in facing allied invasion, 614–15; advises N after Waterloo defeat, 619–20
Maria Augusta, Princess of Saxony, 472
Maria-Carolina, Queen of Naples, 373, 395
Maria Ludovica, Empress of Francis I of Austria, 449, 510
Maria-Luisa of Parma, Queen of Philip IV of Spain, 424, 430
Marie-Antoinette, Queen of Louis XVI, 251, 480
Marie-Louise, Empress of Napoleon I (formerly Archduchess of Austria): marriage to N, 472–5; awkward manner, 478, 481; pregnancy and birth of son, 482, 487–9; Canova’s bust of, 484; N blames for downfall, 486; accompanies N on departure for Russian campaign, 510; N bids farewell on leaving for Russia, 513; letters from N on Russian campaign, 520–1, 533; sends portrait of son to N in Russia, 527; and N’s return to Paris from Russia, 546; N’s devotion to, 552; N nominates as regent, 555, 579, 587; and N’s departure to oppose Russia and Prussia, 555; N visits in Mainz, 564; N reassures during campaign against allies, 572; proposes public prayers for success, 582; note from N intercepted, 584; leaves Paris with son, 585; Louis attempts to rape, 589; moves to Blois with son, 589; final letter from N, 594, 597; at N’s abdication, 595–6; sent to Orléans and robbed, 596; N furnishes rooms for in Elba, 600; sends money to N in Elba, 601; supposed visit to Elba, 603; letter from N on return from Elba, 612; expresses relief at N’s exile, 624
Marmont, Auguste: joins N at Toulon, 71; in campaign against Sardinia, 78–9; accompanies N to Paris, 82, 87; N selects for staff on post in Constantinople, 92; as aide to N in Paris, 97; on N’s relations with Josephine, 101; praises N in Italy, 108; on N’s victories in Italy, 123; values and ambitions, 124; meets Josephine on journey to Italy, 131; exhausting practices, 135; on spirit of French soldiers, 136; takes captured flags to Paris from Italy, 138; in Egypt, 196; leaves Egypt with N, 206; assesses army morale, 246; and anti-N feeling in army, 317; commands troops for invasion of England, 361; on N’s ambitions, 363; and proposed invasion of Ireland, 364; opposes Austrians, 377; on indecisiveness of Wagram, 456; Salamanca defeat, 526–7; at La Fère Champenoise, 584; and defence of Paris, 585–6; defects to allies, 588–9, 591; negotiates with allies, 588; N proclaims a traitor, 606; follows Louis XVIII into exile, 614
marshals of the empire, 357, 375–6
Martinique, 328, 330–1
Masséna, Marshal André: in campaign against Sardinia, 77, 80; in Army of Italy, 107–8, 110, 278; in advance from Savona, 112–13, 115; at Lodi, 120; demands protection money in Italy, 127; on ill-equipped army, 135; courage, 137; opposes Alvinczy, 141–2; moves against Arcole, 142; in battle for Mantua, 147–8; in advance on Vienna, 149; defeats Russians in Switzerland, 213; on army’s reaction to Brumaire coup, 246; Austrian offensive against, 271–2, 274; capitulates at Genoa, 275; attends Concordat celebration, 314; rivalry with N, 317; Whitworth reports on, 336; made marshal, 357; campaign in Italy, 379; N criticises, 379; in Austrian campaign (1809), 452; at Wagram, 454–5; ambitions, 465; success against Wellington in Spain, 492; semi-retirement in Marseille, 614
Masseria, Filippo, 45
Maupeou, René de, 244
Maury, Cardinal Jean-Sifrein, 3
Maximilian, King of Bavaria, 573–4
Mazis, Alexandre des, 30–2, 33–4, 47–8, 315
Mediterranean: French strategic interests in, 160–1, 425; British dominance in, 269
Méhul, Étienne, 6, 175, 314
Melas, Field Marshal Michael von, 271, 274–7
Melzi d’Eril, Francesco, 162, 309–11, 341
‘men of genius’, 212
Méneval, Claude-François: on N’s behaviour, 304; takes over as N’s secretary, 321; and Enghien’s supposed conspiracy against N, 340, 346; looks after Camilla Carbon Ilari, 364; accompanies N to Milan for coronation, 372; and N’s meeting with Francis, 384; on N’s variable routine, 394; sees Maria Walewska, 413; on N’s reluctance to go to war against Alexander, 511; incapacitated by overwork, 548; N sends letters through, 601
Menou, General Jacques (Abdullah), 95, 301–2
Mercure, Le (journal), 247
Meszaros, General Johann, 134
Metternich, Count (later Prince) Clement von: on N not making peace with Prussia, 405; and N’s proposed Franco-Prussian campaign against Turkey, 428; affair with Caroline, 436; Talleyrand contacts, 442, 448; negotiates Treaty of Vienna, 468; and N’s marriage to Marie-Louise, 473; on N’s social awkwardness, 480; on N’s conversational charm, 483–4; attempts to resolve N’s conflict with Pope, 484; on N as family man, 486; toasts N as ‘King of Rome’, 487; declares Russia acting out of fear, 493; on inevitability of war between Russia and France, 497, 503; and N’s advance against Russia, 511–12; on France as counterbalance to Russia, 552; and Russian threat to western Europe, 553; declines to fully support France, 555; proposes negotiating terms, 557–8; negotiates with N at Dresden, 562–5; opts for war with France, 566; leaves Murat in Naples, 571; sends peace proposal to N, 576–7; wary of invading France, 576; suggests further talks, 578; Caulaincourt negotiates with, 592; signs Treaty of Fontainebleau, 593; spy network, 603; and Talleyrand’s declaration against N, 612; contacts Fouché, 613
Mignard, Pierre, 228
Milan: N enters, 124, 129; Josephine joins N in, 131–2, 138, 146; N returns to, 153, 274, 278; N leaves, 167; N crowned in (1805), 373
Milleli, Les (property), 24–5, 35
Minsk, 534–5, 541
Miollis, General Sextius Alexandre François de, 463
Miot de Melito, André-François, 154, 162, 167, 355, 363, 489, 608–9, 616
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de, 44
mission civilatrice, 159
Moiret, Captain Joseph-Marie, 186, 197
Molé, Mathieu, 210, 250, 288, 548, 577, 582, 608, 643
Mollien, Adèle, 304, 548
Mollien, François-Nicolas: on N’s destiny to command men, 250; appointed director of sinking fund, 285; explains economics to N, 285; takes over treasury, 388, 608; on N’s grasp of detail, 389; on N’s need to be at centre, 443; and Josephine’s request for more attendants, 489; and N’s belief in financial rewards of war, 504; N enquires after wife’s health, 548; and N’s need personally to sign peace agreements, 550
Mombello, near Milan, 153–4
monarchy: restoration question in France, 293–4
Moncey, General Bon-Adrien Jannot de, 429, 584, 587, 592
Monck, General George (1st Duke of Albemarle), 238, 292
Monge, Gaspard, 128, 171, 175, 177, 206
Moniteur, Le (journal), 246, 256, 339, 446, 463
Monroe, James, 337
Montagnards (La Montagne), 64–5
Montansier, Mlle de (Marguerite Brunet), 98
Montbarrey, Alexandre-Marie, prince de, 20
Montchenu, Claude, marquis de, 636, 640
Montebello, battle of (1800), 275
Montebello, Louise Antoinette Lannes, duchesse de, 596
Montereau, battle of (1814), 581
Montesquiou, Anatole de, 540, 596
Montesquiou, comtesse de (Louis XVI’s children’s governess), 488
Montholon, Albine de, 637–9, 641
Montholon, General Tristan, comte de, 626, 628, 630–1, 639–40, 641, 643
Monts, Raymond de, 26
Moore, General Sir John, 445–6
Morand, Colonel Charles Antoine, 177
Moreau, General Jean-Victor: commands Army of the Rhine, 103, 271; in campaign against Austria in Italy, 128; depicted in engraving, 143; and N’s advance on Vienna, 150; in plot to restore Bourbons, 158, 342; as potential alternative to N as dictator, 211; N first meets, 218; honoured at banquet, 221; in Brumaire coup, 226; victory at Stockach, 272; suggested as successor to N, 279; as potential threat to N, 284; Hohenlinden victory, 294; avoids Concordat celebration, 314; rivalry with N, 317; N orders arrest, 343; tried, acquitted but sentenced on retrial, 354; death on return from America, 568
Moreau le Jeune (Jean Michel Moreau), 128
Moreau, Madame, 314
Mortefontaine: treaty (1800), 299, 305
Mortier, Marshal Adolphe-Edouard-Casimir-Joseph, 339, 406, 530, 536, 584
Moscow: N advances on, 525; abandoned by Russians and burned, 529, 531; N occupies, 530–5; maintains communications with Paris, 533; N evacuates, 535–6
Moulin, General Jean, 220, 226
Muiron, Jean-Baptiste, 71, 73, 78, 92, 142
Munich, 379
Murad Bey, 185, 188, 190, 196, 595
Murat, Achille, 258
Murat, Caroline see Bonaparte, Caroline
Murat, Marshal Joachim: in Vendémiaire crisis, 95, 97; N sends armistice of Cherasco document and captured standards to, 118; on Josephine’s pregnancy, 121; informs N of Josephine’s illness, 131; in Italian campaign, 147; wounded in Egypt, 185; opposes Ottomans at Acre and Aboukir, 200, 204; leaves Egypt with N, 206; and Brumaire coup, 222, 224, 231–3; rescues N from angry Five Hundred, 231; marriage to Caroline, 259; at Lyon meeting, 309; reports disaffection in Italy, 317; and royalist conspiracy, 345; and N’s elevation to emperor, 354; titled grand admiral, 357; made marshal, 375; sent to southern Germany, 375; commands cavalry against Austrians, 377, 379; N criticises, 379; as Grand Duke of Berg, 398; institutes new orders of chivalry, 399; dress, 407–8; opposes Russians in Poland, 407–8; as prospective king of Poland, 407, 497; relations with Grand Duke Constantine, 415; rivalry with Junot, 424; protects Charles IV of Spain, 429; repression in Spain, 431; as king of Naples, 434; Fouché and Talleyrand conspire to put on throne in event of N’s death, 447; moves from Berg to Naples, 460; and N’s marriage to Marie-Louise, 473–4; in offensive against Russia, 514; in Russian campaign, 520–1, 523, 532; reports on dire state of cavalry in Russia, 533; takes charge of army in retreat from Russia, 543; at Vilna, 547; returns to Naples, 554, 571; commands cavalry against allies, 567; N accuses of treason, 569; signs treaty of alliance with Austria, 578, 582; failed Italian coup and flight to France, 614
Naples, kingdom of: N signs armistice with, 129, 133; Austria seeks alliance with, 148; declares war on France (1798), 195; France invades, 211; conflict with Papal States, 291; British in, 373; Anglo-Russian forces in, 395; Joseph rules as king, 396, 426, 432–3; Murat made king, 434
NAPOLEON I (BONAPARTE), Emperor of the French: acclaimed in Paris (1797), 1, 3–8; appearance, 3, 22, 51–2, 74, 88, 98, 110, 153, 248, 253, 326; idealises classical figures, 5, 28, 124, 273, 278, 432, 643; commands Army of England, 7, 167, 170, 172–3; birth and background, 9–11, 14, 16; christening, 16; childhood and upbringing, 17–18; education, 17; military career planned, 18, 20; enters college at Autun, 19; imperfect French, 19, 22, 30, 88, 249; attends Brienne military academy, 21–3; reading, 23, 28, 30, 34, 39, 82, 89; selected for artillery and attends École Militaire (Paris), 26–7, 30–1; rejoins regiment, 28; and father’s death, 29; posted to La Fère regiment in Valence, 31–3; religious views and practices, 31, 39, 290–1, 306, 314–15, 372, 484–5; serious-mindedness, 31; early writings, 35, 39; petitions in Paris, 36–7; revisits Corsica, 36; theatre-going, 37, 87, 94, 97, 167, 170, 173, 176, 213, 261, 353, 373, 394, 427, 438–9, 551; encounter with prostitute, 38; contracts fever, 39–40; embraces Republicanism, 39, 49; financial prudence and control, 40, 98, 388–90; on outbreak of Revolution, 41–2; writes on Corsica, 41, 45, 48; returns to Corsica on Revolution, 42; accepts integration into French nation, 44–5; political activism in Corsica, 44–7; meets Paoli, 46; returns to France from Corsica, 47; welcomes Revolution, 47–8; as first lieutenant in Fourth Regiment, 48; on love, 48–9; enters Lyon essay competition on human happiness, 49–50; elected lieutenant colonel in Corsica, 51–2; given command in National Guard of Ajaccio, 51; and Ajaccio riot, 52–3; denounced by Corsican deputies in Legislative Assembly, 54; rejoins artillery as captain, 55; witnesses mob attacks on Tuileries, 55, 57, 66; changes political allegiance and remains in France, 56–7; takes sister Maria-Anna (Élisa) back to Corsica, 57–8; considers service with British in India, 59; on expedition against Sardinia, 60; assassination threats in Corsica, 61; defends Paoli against outlawing decree, 61; arrested and freed, 62; issues political manifesto and declares for France, 65–7; posted to Nice, 65; commands artillery at Toulon, 68–74; promoted to brigadier general, 74; appointed inspector of coastal defences in south, 75, 76; commands artillery in Army of Italy, 76; plans campaign against Sardinia, 77, 80; affair with Marguerite Ricord, 78; declines accompanying Augustin Robespierre to Paris, 78; memorandum giving strategic overview of French military position, 78; arrested on orders of Saliceti, 79; love affair and engagement to Eugénie Désirée Clary, 80–1, 86–7, 91, 93; philandering and affairs, 80, 89, 304, 320, 341, 394, 468–9; love of music, 81, 90, 221; and recovery of Corsica from British, 81; removed from list of artillery officers and transferred to Army of the West, 81–3, 90; stays in Paris after transfer, 84–8; seeks property to purchase, 85, 90, 98; as patron to family and friends, 86, 98; social awkwardness, 88–9, 256, 258, 480; depressions, 89, 156; appointed to Cabinet Historique et Topographique, 90; submits plan for conquest of northern Italy, 90; appointed to post in Constantinople, 91–2; welcomes new constitution (1795), 94; role in Vendémiaire crisis, 95–7; adopts new manner, 97; promoted and made commander of Army of Interior, 97; early relations with Josephine, 99, 101–3; growing independence and ambition, 101, 122–3; given command of Army of Italy, 103–4, 107; plans attack on Vienna (1795), 103; marriage with Josephine, 104–6; first signs as ‘Bonaparte’, 106; strategy in Italy, 111; belief in superior numbers in battle, 112; on death of Chauvet, 112; first engagement against Austrians in Italy, 112–15; letters to Josephine, 112, 118, 130–1, 138, 144, 148, 187, 274–5, 320, 341, 363, 383, 404, 408, 410, 412, 415, 442, 445; inflates reports of battles against Austrians, 114, 143; wins over troops in Army of Italy, 116–17; fame and reputation after victories in Italy, 117–18; on French aptitude for forced marches, 119; Lodi victory, 119–21; depicted in icons, 121, 143–4, 278; Directory orders Italy command split, 121–2; plan to subdue Italy, 121–2; enters Milan, 124–5; encourages army in Italy, 125–6; decrees army be paid half in specie, 126; movements in Italy, 128–30; narrow escape at Valeggio, 128; ordered to march on Rome, 129; pursues Beaulieu in northern Italy, 128; attends opera, 130, 241, 261, 272, 294, 312, 320, 349, 373, 377, 386, 426–7, 448, 466; Josephine joins in Milan, 131–2; victories over Austrians in Italy, 134–9, 147, 153; leadership qualities, 136; on qualities of French soldier, 136; jealous rivals, 140; agrees to negotiations with Austrians, 144, 158; Clarke praises to Directory, 145; relations with Directory’s commissioners, 145; agrees to formation of independent Italian republic, 146; conflict with Pope, 148, 462–4; moves against Vienna (1797), 149–51; negotiates peace with Austria (1797), 151, 164–7; war on and plunder of Venice, 151; manner and social style, 153–4, 304; authority in northern Italy, 154; portraits, 154, 171, 427; devotion to Josephine, 155; appropriates wealth and plunder from Italian conquests, 156; celebrity and public image, 156–7, 212–14, 278; sensitivity to criticism, 157; negotiations with Pope, 159; plans Cisalpine Republic in northern Italy, 159; interest in expedition to Egypt, 161; warns against Austria rearming, 161; forms bodyguard (Guides), 162; reinforces personal status in Army, 162–3; political ideals, 163, 263–4, 293, 306; summoned to Paris by Directory, 168; meets Talleyrand and Directors in Paris, 169; in Paris (December 1797), 169–72; care on eating, 170; elected to Institute of Arts and Sciences, 171; admiration for British, 172, 598; opinion of women, 173, 179, 257, 286; declares invasion of England impractical, 174; plans expedition to Egypt, 174–5; on voyage to Egypt, 177–9; plans to improve Paris, 179, 260, 360, 399–400, 481–2; and conditions in Egypt, 183–5; enters Cairo, 187; told of Josephine’s infidelities, 187; learns of loss of French fleet at Aboukir Bay, 188; administration and researches in Egypt, 189–95, 203; marches to Syria, 197; atrocities in Middle East, 198–9; fails to take Acre, 199–201; returns to Cairo from Syrian expedition, 201–2; supposedly orders poisoning of wounded men in Middle East, 201–2; view of French navy, 203; defeats Turks at Aboukir, 204; leaves Egypt by sea, 206–8, 269; considers divorcing Josephine, 214–17; political manoeuvring in Paris, 217–21; thrown from horse, 220; honoured at banquet, 221; and Brumaire coup, 222, 224–31, 235; poor oratory, 230; assaulted and denounced by the Five Hundred, 231–2; nominated consul, 234, 236–7; assumes dictatorial powers, 237–8; and Sièyes’ draft constitution, 240; powers under new constitution, 243; takes office as first consul, 243; administration and government as first consul, 244–6, 249–50, 264–7, 288–9, 306, 322; tuneless singing, 245, 395; on Fouché, 246; view of theatre and drama, 247; rejects appeal for restoration of monarchy, 248; conversational manner, 249, 256; proclaims amnesty and freedom of religious practice, 249; qualities assessed by contemporaries, 250; moves to Tuileries, 251–3; eating and drinking, 252; dress as consul, 253, 263; appropriates crown jewels, 256; behaviour and treatment of others, 256–8, 261; manner with women, 257; disapproves of Murat’s marriage to Caroline, 259; daily routines and activities, 260–2, 391–4; impatience to fulfil plans, 260; malapropisms, 261; prudishness, 262; ceremonial routines, 263; peace overtures, 268–70, 299–300; builds up army against Austria, 270–2; leaves Paris to command against Austria, 272; crosses Alps, 273; Marengo victory, 276–8, 280; moodiness, 279; profits from rumours, 279; scheming over succession to, 279–80; commemorative ceremonies, 280–1; assassination plots against, 283–4, 294–6, 318, 342, 467; at Malmaison, 284, 303–4; interest in money, 284–5; supervises Civil Code, 286–7; supervises Council of State, 287–8; industriousness, 288–9; relations with army, 289–90, 317–18; and restoration of Catholic Church’s status, 292, 306–7; uses senatus-consulte against criminal activities, 295; policy of isolating Britain, 300; satirised and caricatured in Britain, 301, 332–3, 340, 369; and Treaty of Amiens with Britain, 302–3; health concerns, 303; happy marriage relations with Josephine, 305; political hostility to, 308; elected president of Cisalpine Republic in Lyon meeting, 309–10; celebrates Concordat, 313–14; educational reforms, 316, 390–1; denies ambitiousness, 317; proposed extension of powers, 318–19; succession question, 319–20, 357, 365; made consul for life (1802), 320, 322–3; dismisses Bourrienne and appoints Méneval as secretary, 321; intelligence network, 321, 343; reintroduces court ceremonial, 322; revises constitution (1802), 323; thirty-third birthday celebrated, 323; moves to Saint-Cloud, 324; progress through Normandy, 324–5; grants amnesty to émigrés, 325; prepares Paris for foreign visitors, 326; develops economic and political power of France in peace period, 327–8; and trade rivalry with Britain, 327; colonial policy, 329–30; accuses Britain of harbouring hostile émigrés, 332; and Recess of Ratisbon, 333; expansionist policy, 334–5; horseriding and driving, 336; hunting, 336, 364, 367, 386, 392, 394, 428, 440, 468, 474, 476, 486, 511, 574; self-regard, 336–7; plans invasion of England, 339–41, 360–2, 364, 374–5; reaction to British declaration of war (1803), 339; British plan to capture and send into exile, 340; clumsy foreign relations, 342; and royalist conspiracy, 343–5, 349; orders arrest and trial of Enghien, 345–8; distrust of Talleyrand, 348; seen as indispensable single ruler, 349–50; proposed and nominated as emperor, 350–2; reactions to status as emperor, 353–6; and trial and fate of conspirators, 354; titles and ranks under, 357; coronation, 359, 367–70; sense of destiny, 363; optimism in preparations for war, 364; suffers fit, 364; secret religious marriage to Josephine, 368; proposes new peace settlement to George III (1805), 371; crowned King of Italy, 372–3; travelling coach, 372; reintroduces Gregorian calendar, 376; campaign against Austria (1805), 377–81; Austerlitz victory, 383–4; Francis I recognises as King of Italy, 385; and French financial crisis (1806), 387–8; private treasury (Domaine extraordinaire), 388; presence at meetings, 390; social/legal reforms, 390–1; changing relations with Josephine, 392; dress as emperor, 392; entertainments, 394; disdain for other rulers and administration, 395; pan-European organisation, 397–8; creates imperial nobility and grants titles, 398; son by Éléonore de la Plaigne, 398, 622; court ceremonial, 399, 480–1; maintains simplicity and modesty, 399; in peace negotiations (1806), 401; dismisses Prussia as unimportant and undeveloped, 402–3, 405; campaign against Prussia and Russia, 403–4; blockade of Britain (Continental System), 405–6, 496–7; proposes founding Polish state, 407; in Poland, 409–10; affair with Maria Walewska, 410–13, 428, 466, 602; agrees Treaty of Tilsit with Tsar Alexander, 415–16; snubs Queen Luise of Prussia, 416; returns to Paris after Tilsit, 418; popular indifference to victories, 419; aloofness and exercise of power, 420; distributes titles and honours, 420; directs foreign policy, 421; tours Italian dominions, 425; browbeats Pope, 426–7; orders seizure of ships complying with British decrees, 427; sends troops and travels to Spain, 429–31; makes Joseph King of Spain, 430–4; orders travelling library, 432; and military actions in Spain, 435; withholds troops from Spain, 436; meets Tsar Alexander at Erfurt, 437–43; proposes joint offensive with Russia against British India, 437; urged to divorce Josephine, 437; sense of insecurity, 443–4; revisits Spain, 444–6; learns of conspiracies in France, 446–7; returns to Paris from Spain, 447–8; dismisses and insults Talleyrand, 448; campaign against Austria (1809), 449–53; travelling comforts, 449–50; wounded at Ratisbon, 450; at battle of Wagram, 454–6; seen as oppressor in Europe, 457, 460; contradictory imperial principles and practice, 459–60; declining popular support for, 462, 464, 561; Pope excommunicates and anathematises, 463; unchanging military practices, 464–5; criticised by senior military officers, 465; at Schönbrunn, 466; decides to divorce Josephine, 468–70; remarriage question, 472; marriage to Marie-Louise, 473–5; dismisses Fouché, 477; honeymoon tour and festivities, 477–9; acts against Holland, 478–9; adopts new walk, 480; wealth, 481; generosity and human behaviour, 483–4; marriage relations with Marie-Louise, 486, 492; puts on weight, 486–7; and birth of son by Marie-Louise, 487–9; economic concerns, 491–2; divides Spain into military provinces, 492; Polish policy, 494–5, 498; and Russian demands over Poland, 494–5; reluctance to go to war against Russia, 497–9, 503–4, 507, 511; closes down Council of French bishops, 502; assembles army for Russian campaign, 505; prepares for Russian war, 505, 507–15; bad omen at Niemen, 516; behaviour on Russian campaign, 516–24; and difficult conditions in advance to Russia, 517; resolves to advance on Moscow, 523, 525; awards and honours on battlefield, 524; at Borodino, 527–9; suffers dysuria, 527, 638; occupies Moscow, 530–5; attempts to contact Alexander after fall of Moscow, 531–2; withdrawal from Moscow, 535; in retreat from Russia, 536–43; leaves Grande Armée at Vilna and returns to Paris, 543–7; condition after Russian experience, 548; disturbed by reaction to news of supposed death, 549; raises troops after Russian expedition, 549–51; speech to Legislative Assembly, 554; leaves Paris to oppose Russians and Prussians, 555; plans advance into Poland, 555; fantasises about Marie-Louise and son being murdered by mob, 558; rejects Metternich’s negotiating terms, 558; in war against Russia and Prussia, 558–60; agrees armistice (1813), 560–1; meets and mistrusts Metternich, 562–3; campaign against allies (1813), 566–72; conscription advanced, 573–4; manpower shortage, 573–4; behaviour in Paris after Leipzig, 574–5; and Metternich’s Frankfurt peace terms, 576–7; unable to take long view, 577; decrees levée en masse to mobilise forces, 578; sees wife and son for last time, 579; war with allies (1813–14), 580–1; ‘in bond to glory’, 582; personal leadership in battles, 584; plans to attack allies from rear, 584; learns of surrender of Paris, 586; advised to abdicate, 587; abdicates and banished to Elba, 588–91, 593; and successor government in France, 591; belief in power to control, 592; ratifies Treaty of Fontainebleau, 594–5; supposed suicide attempts, 594, 620; travels to Elba, 598–9; life on Elba, 600–3; receives intelligence from informers, 603; vulnerability to assassination and kidnap, 603; plots return to France from Elba and embarks, 605; lands on French soil and marches to Paris, 606; physical deterioration, 609; political aims on return, 610–14; organises Champ de mai, 611; abolishes slave trade, 612; faces invasion by allies, 612, 614; boasts of popularity, 615; final campaign against allies, 616; Waterloo defeat, 617–20; prepares for flight to America, 621–3; refuses to abdicate, 621; protests at banishment to St Helena, 625; on voyage to St Helena, 626–7; life on St Helena, 627–39; sends complaints to British government, 629; dislikes Hudson Lowe, 634, 637; receives books at St Helena, 635–6; affair with Albine de Montholon, 638; reminisces on St Helena, 639; illness and death on St Helena, 640–2; burial on St Helena, 643; dictates will, 643; reputation, 643–4; Clisson et Eugénie (novella), 89–90, 621; Le Comte d’Essex (novella), 39; Dialogue sur l’amour, 48; Lettre à Buttafocco, 47–8; Lettres sur la Corse, 41, 55; Le Masque Prophète (story), 39; Nouvelle Corse, 41; Le Souper de Beaucaire, 65, 68
Napoleon II, titular Emperor of the French and King of Rome (N’s son): birth, 487–9; christening, 489; portrait, 527, 532; (burnt), 540; N arranges regency for, 555; N presents to Paris National Guard, 579; security during allied advance, 585; N nominates as successor on abdication, 587, 595; N proclaims Emperor of the French, 621; given Austrian title by Francis, 629; lock of hair passed to N on St Helena, 635
Napoléon-Vendée, 435
Narbonne, Louis de, 511–12, 523, 555, 557–8, 564–5
National Guard: N reforms, 97
Necker, Jacques, 272
Nelson, Admiral Horatio, Viscount: sails to Mediterranean, 180–1; Aboukir Bay victory, 188; on severe treatment of French, 301; Trafalgar victory, 379
neo-classical movement, 123
Nesselrode, Karl von, 442, 564, 576, 593
Netherlands: and Metternich’s peace proposals, 576; see also Holland
Neuhoff, Theodor von, Baron, 11–12
Newton, Sir Isaac, 212
Ney, Marshal Michel: made marshal, 376; opposes Austrians, 377–8; in Poland, 408; Bennigsen attacks, 413; commands in Spain, 435; animosity towards Soult, 461; in advance on Moscow, 523; at Borodino, 527; in retreat from Russia, 539–42; delay at Bautzen, 558; defeated at Dennewitz, 568; advises N to abdicate, 587; meets Alexander in Paris, 588–9; reports to N, 589; pledges submission to new government, 590; signs Treaty of Fontainebleau, 593; joins N on return from Elba, 607
Nice: incorporated into French Republic, 76
Normandy: N’s progress through, 324–5
Northumberland, HMS, 626–7, 636
Noverraz, Jean Abram, 597, 626
Novosiltsev, Count Nikolai, 373–4
Ocaña, battle of (1809), 462
Odoards, Colonel Fantin des see Fantin des Odoards, Colonel Louis Florimond
Odone family: Buonaparte lawsuit against, 24–5, 35
O’Hara, General Charles, 72
Olmütz, 380–1
O’Meara, Barry, 626, 630, 632, 639–40
Oneglia, Republic of Genoa, 76–7, 80
Ordre de la Réunion, 459
Orient, l’ (French warship), 178, 188
Orléans, Louis-Philippe, duc d’ (later King Louis-Philippe): suggested as successor to N, 279
Orthez, battle of (1814), 582
Ossian (James Macpherson): N admires, 82, 106, 118, 124, 178, 221, 634
Ott von Bátorkéz, General Peter Karl, 274–5
Otto, Louis-Guillaume, 268, 301
Ottoman Empire: French relations with, 159–61; and French expedition to Egypt, 174; declares war on France, 195–6, 200; defeated at Aboukir, 204; N encourages to move against Russia, 413; makes peace with Russia, 507, 522
Oubril, Peter von, 342, 364, 396, 401–2
Oudinot, General Nicolas-Charles: in anti-N plot, 318; at Wagram, 454; despatched to Holland, 479; in war against Russia, 514; in retreat from Moscow, 542; threatens Berlin, 560; defeated at Grossbeeren, 567; advises N to abdicate, 587; leaves N, 592
Ouvrard, Gabriel, 387, 477, 620
Pacca, Cardinal Bartolomeo, 463
Palais-Royal, Paris, 37–8
Palm, Johann Philipp, 402
Panattieri (Corsican), 146
Paoli, Pasquale: proclaims and rules Corsican republic, 12–13; Carlo serves, 13–14; resists French takeover of Corsica, 13, 29; N admires, 28, 41, 50; returns to Corsica, 44–6; powers in Corsica, 46; N sends writings to, 48; mistrusts French, 50–1; rejects N, 53; administration fails, 58; Lucien denounces, 60–1; N sends report of Sardinia expedition to, 60; outlawed, 61; N denounces, 66; second exile in London, 81; and Panattieri, 146; N’s relations with, 247; N considers return of, 316
papacy: French hostility to, 148
Papal States: conflict with Austria and Naples, 291; N occupies strategic ports, 426–7; N orders military occupation, 428; N incorporates into French Empire, 462–3, 484
Paravicini, Geltruda, 13
Paravicini, Saveria (‘Minanna’), 17
Paris: terror in, 70; coup topples Robespierre, 79; hedonism after end of Terror, 83–4; financial crisis, 84–5; N stays in after transfer to Army of the West, 84–8; women socialites, 88–9; susceptibility to riots, 97; prisons, 99–100; N’s plans for improvement, 179, 260, 360, 399–400, 481–2; Invalides (Temple of Mars), 212; Pantheon, 212; N reaches on return from Egypt, 214; Temple of Victory (formerly church of Saint-Sulpice), 221; administrative structure, 265; attracts foreign visitors, 325–6; civic improvements for N’s coronation, 359–60; N returns to after Tilsit, 418; Madeleine, 480; Louvre, 481; improved and beautified, 489–90; communication with Moscow after occupation, 533; allies advance on, 584–5; surrenders to allies, 586–7; N returns to from Elba, 607–10; allies enter, 623
Paris, Treaty of (1814), 611
Parma, duchy of, 121, 1333
Parma, Ferdinand, Duke of, 297
Pasquier, Étienne, 509, 574–5, 608
Patterson, Elizabeth: marriage and child with Jérôme, 366, 372–3; N demands Pope annul marriage to Jérôme, 427
Paul I, Tsar of Russia, 282, 300, 313, 332, 345, 348
Paulin, Colonel Jules Antoine, 598
Pavia, 127
Pelet de la Lozère, Jean, 390
Pelleport, Colonel Pierre de, 191, 556
Penal Code, 483
Peraldi, Giovanni, 51–2
Peraldi, Marius, 51, 54, 62
Percier, Charles, 128
Peretti, abbé, 43, 46
Permon, Charles Martin (tax official), 29, 32
Permon, Laure, 88
Permon, Panoria, 55, 89
Persia: signs Treaty of Finckenstein, 413
Petit Luxembourg: N moves to, 239
Petrovskoe, 531
Peyrusse, Pierre Guillaume, 596, 601–2, 619
Philadelphes (secret organisation), 340
Piacenza, 121
Pichegru, General Charles, 145, 158, 170, 283, 340, 342–4, 349, 354
Picot, Louis, 340, 343
Piedmont: N promises to liberate, 111, 125; regiments disbanded, 139; incorporated into France, 297, 334–5
Pietrasanta, Giuseppe Maria, 14
Pillnitz, Saxony, 299
Pitt, William the Younger, 268–9, 301, 374; death, 396
Pius VI, Pope, 148–9, 291
Pius VII, Pope: elected pope, 291; refuses to release Talleyrand from clerical vows, 292; Louis XVIII protests to, 315; and N’s coronation, 359, 367–9; and N’s seizure of Papal ports, 426; abducted and detained, 463, 470, 502, 554, 574; excommunicates N, 463; N’s inflexible attitude to, 484; French bishops swear allegiance to, 502; abrogates new concordat, 554, 574
plague: in Middle East, 198–9, 203
Plaigne, Éléonore de la: as N’s mistress and mother of son, 398, 409, 622
Plesswitz: armistice (1813), 560
Plutarch, 124
Poland: partitioned, 298–9; N incorporates soldiers into army, 406–8, 494; pleads for independence, 406; welcomes N, 407; conditions, 408–9; N cedes half to Russia, 457, 494–5; N borrows on income, 491; N’s policy on, 494–5, 498; and Russian war with N, 497, 513, 519; proposed creation as buffer state, 512; N nominates Jérôme as king, 513; N threatens to destroy, 558
Polignac, Prince Jules de, 342, 344, 354
Pomerania, 506
Poniatowski, Prince Joseph, 457, 520, 522, 527, 553, 555, 561; death at Leipzig, 571
Pons de l’Hérault, André, 600, 604
Pont-de-Briques, near Boulogne, 361
Pontécoulant, Louis Gustave Le Doulcet de, 90, 153, 163, 420, 579, 613
Poppleton, Captain William Thomas, 628, 637
Portalis, Jean-Étienne, 286
Portugal: and Peace of Badjoz, 302; and Treaty of Tilsit, 416; N plans to take over with Charles IV, 424; Britain supports, 425; Wellington’s successes in, 435
Posen, 406–7
Potocka, Countess Anna, 410
Pouget, Colonel François-René, 379
Pozzo di Borgo, Carlo Andrea di, 44, 46, 54, 81, 507
Pozzo di Borgo, Maria Giustina, 24–5
Pozzo di Borgo, Matteo, 51–2
Pradt, Dominique Dufour de, Archbishop of Malines, 512, 544
Prague: congress (1813), 564–5
press: N’s view of freedom, 246–7
Pressburg, Treaty of (1805), 385
Primolano, 138
Provera, General Giovanni, marquese de, 114, 147–8
Prussia: territorial expansion, 299; in League of Neutrals, 300; population, 337; Russia seeks alliance with, 352; threatens to join coalition (1805), 380–1; acquires Hanover, 385, 401; N signs treaty of alliance with (1805), 385; opposition to N, 401–2; invades Saxony, 402; N belittles, 402–3, 406; war with N (1806–7), 403–4; N receives indemnities from, 419–20, 460; effect of French domination, 460; anti-French sentiments, 461; and N’s war with Russia, 507; declares war on France (1813), 552, 555
Pułtusk, battle of (1806), 408
Pyramids, battle of the (1898), 186
Quasdanovitch, General Peter, 134, 138
Quenza, Giovanni Battista, 52, 59–60
Raab, battle of (1809), 453
Racine, Jean: Phèdre, 585
Radet, General Étienne, 463
Ragny, 84–5
Raguidot (notary), 104
Rapp, General Count Jean: serves N as aide, 277; dislikes formality and ceremony, 354; at Austerlitz, 383; in Russian campaign, 525, 528, 535; besieged in Danzig, 566
Rastatt, congress of (1797), 167–8, 170, 173
Ratisbon (Regensburg): Recess of (1803), 333; battle of (1809), 450
Raynal, Guillaume Thomas, abbé, 34
Razumovsky, Count Andrey, 536
Réal, Pierre-François, 214–15, 218, 295, 321, 342–5, 608
Récamier, Juliette, 88
Recco, abbé, 17
Regnaud de Saint-Jean-d’Angély, Michel, 157, 217, 220, 349, 458, 470, 619, 621
Regnier, Claude-Ambroise, 345
Reims, battle of (1814), 583
religion: N’s views on, 31, 39, 290–1, 306; N revives, 314–15; in N’s coronation, 359; in Spain, 432
Rémusat, Auguste de, 368
Rémusat, Claire de, 258, 420
Reserve Army, 271–2
Reubell, Jean-François, 169, 174
Revel-Honoré, Captain Jean-François, 394
Ricard, General Étienne Pierre Sylvestre, 582
Richelieu, Armand Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de, 632
Ricord, Jean-François, 70, 73, 77–9
Ricord, Marguerite, 78
Rigo, Michel, 204
Rivière, Charles François Riffardeau, marquis de, 342, 344, 354
Rivoli, 147
Robert, Hubert, 128
Robespierre, Augustin, 72–3, 77–9
Robespierre, Maximilien, 78–9, 83, 88, 93, 100, 163, 610
Rochambeau, General Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, comte de, 340
Roederer, Pierre-Louis: supports N’s bid for office, 217–19; on return from Egypt, 228, 234; on N’s inarticulacy, 236; opposes anti-Jacobin measures, 238; N disclaims ambitions to, 253; N offers gift to, 258; and N’s administrative aims, 264–5; and N at Marengo, 280; and N’s view of religion in state, 290; urges upgrade in N’s status, 318; and expedition to Saint-Domingue, 331; and N’s reaction to being emperor, 351; on popular anger at government over conspiracy trials, 354; N defends Josephine to, 366
Roguet, General François, 526, 540
Rome: N ordered to march on, 129
Rosetta, 184
Rostopchin, Fyodor Vasilyevich, Count, 530, 536
Rouget de l’Isle, Claude, 271
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: visits Corsica, 12, 16; influence on N, 35, 37, 39, 49–50, 124, 194, 610; on noble savage, 184; reputation, 212; N regrets having been born, 283; Du Contrat Social, 263–4
Roustam Raza, 207, 209, 251, 304, 405, 445, 450, 543, 593
Roustan, Antoine Jacques, 35
Roveredo, 137
Rowlandson, Thomas, 332
Royal Navy (British): in Mediterranean, 269; supremacy, 374; captures Spanish ships, 387
Royer-Collard, Antoine, 318
Rumbold, George, 343
Rumiantsev, Count Nikolai, 437
Rumigny, General Théodore de, 409, 615
Russia: signs anti-French alliance with Naples and Britain (1798), 196; Masséna defeats in Switzerland, 213; territorial expansion, 298–9; resents British power, 300; negotiates alliance with Austria and Britain, 362; prepares for war, 364, 497–9; supports Austria (1805), 380–1; at Austerlitz, 383; peace negotiations with France (1806), 401; and Treaty of Tilsit, 415–16, 437; contravenes Continental System against Britain, 441–2, 496–8; N cedes half of Poland to, 457; fear of France, 493–4; anger at Bernadotte’s election to Swedish throne, 496; economic hardships, 496; Metternich blames for war, 503; N raises army against, 505–6; treaty with Turkey, 507, 522; organisation of army against N, 513; adopts scorched-earth policy, 525; casualties at Borodino, 529; N retreats from, 536–7; N considers Austria mediating in peace negotiations with, 550; advance into Europe, 552–3; proposes treating with N on condition of abdicating, 613; see also Alexander I, Tsar
Sade, Donatien Alphonse François, comte de (marquis de Sade): Zoloé et ses deux acolytes, 101
Saint-Denis, Louis-Étienne (‘Ali’), 597, 626, 628
Saint-Domingue (Haiti), 328–32, 337, 340
Saint-Elme, Ida, 257
Saint-Germain, Charles-Louis de, 27
St Helena (island): as potential prison for N, 604, 625; N arrives at, 627; N’s life on, 627–39; allied commissioners arrive, 635–6; cost of N’s confinement, 636–7
Saint-Hilaire, Geoffroy de, 189
Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de: Paul et Virginie, 82, 89
Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de, 356
Salamanca, battle of (1812), 526–7
Salayeh, battle of (1898), 188
Saliceti, Cristoforo: as Corsican deputy to States General, 43–4; appointed commissioner to investigate Paoli, 60–3; flees Corsica for France, 64, 67; and N at Toulon, 68, 70, 72–3; publishes N’s Le Souper de Beaucaire, 68; supervises Army of Italy, 77; sends N to Genoa, 78; accuses N of sabotaging army operations in Italy, 79; supports N in Italy, 108, 116, 121, 145; exploitation in Italy, 127; transferred to Corsica, 145; and Brumaire coup, 227; rules in Genoa, 373
Salines, Les (Corsica), 24–5, 35–6
Sandoz-Rollin, Daniel von, 1, 7–8
Santini, Jean-Noël (Corsican servant on St Helena), 639
Saragossa, 461
Sardinia: invasion from Corsica, 58–60; forces invade southern France, 76; Austria supports against French, 80, 103; armistice with France, 103; army strength, 111; war with N’s Army of Italy, 112–15
Savary, General Anne-Jean-Marie: joins N’s staff after Marengo, 277; acting, 320; intelligence service, 321; and trial and execution of Enghien, 346; and N’s negotiations with Tsar, 381; and N’s peace negotiations with Britain (1806), 396; in Warsaw, 410; in Spain with N, 445; investigates Fouché plot, 477; policing methods and style, 482–3; and Malet plot, 549; negotiates with Talleyrand, 589; and N’s return from Elba, 608; and N’s position after Waterloo defeat, 619; and N’s attempted flight to America, 620, 623; prevented from accompanying N to St Helena, 626; and N’s entourage in St Helena, 641
Savona, 112
Savoy: incorporated into French Republic, 76; in Metternich’s peace proposals, 576
Savoy, house of: rule in Sardinia, 59
Saxony: Prussia invades, 402; Russia invades with Prussia, 556
Scherer, General Barthélémy, 6, 103
Schill, Major Ferdinand von, 449
Schlegel, Friedrich, 449
Schwarzenberg, Prince Karl von: as Austrian ambassador in Paris, 473; and N’s marriage to Marie-Louise, 473, 479; commands Austrians in Russian campaign, 514, 539, 545, 547; disparages Kutuzov, 545; withdraws through Poland, 553, 557; on N’s wish to avoid war, 555; in allied army against N, 566–9, 578, 580–1; repels N at Arcis-sur-Aube, 583–4
Sébastiani, Captain Horace, 222, 224, 232, 335; see also Louis XVIII, King of France
Ségur, Louis-Philippe de, 368, 448
Ségur, Philippe-Paul de, 250, 355, 445, 504, 506, 572
Selim III, Ottoman Sultan, 414
Sémonville, Charles Huguet de, 59
Senate: at Luxembourg, 251; and proposed extension of N’s consulship, 319; expanded, 323, 357
senatus-consulte (edict), 295, 319, 323, 398, 470, 555
Sérurier, General Jean-Mathieu: in Army of Italy, 107, 110; at Savona, 112; pursues Beaulieu, 119–20; invests Mantua, 128
Seurre, 40
Seven Years’ War (1756–63), 13, 22
Shakespeare, William, 212
Shuvalov, Pavel Andreyevich, Count, 497, 597, 599
Sicily, 425–6, 428
Sièyes, Emmanuel-Joseph, abbé: N discusses metaphysics with, 170; prepares coup and change to constitution, 211, 218, 220–3; N’s relations with, 219; and Brumaire coup, 226–7, 229, 235; nominated consul, 234, 236; accepts N’s supremacy, 237; drafts new constitution, 239–40, 242, 322; nominates N as first consul, 242; helps launch Revolution, 243; resigns as provisional consul, 243; devises French administrative structure, 265; schemes against N, 279; N berates in Senate, 308; and proposed extension of N’s consulship, 319; opposes granting N supreme status, 350; N receives in Paris after return from Elba, 610
slaves and slavery: abolished in French colonies, 328–9, 331; rebellions, 330–1; N abolishes trade, 612
Smith, Spencer, 344
Smith, Commodore Sydney, 200–1, 205–6, 269
Smolensk, 523–4, 534, 536, 538–9
Songis, Nicolas-Marie, 78–9, 92
Sorbier, Jean-Joseph, 33
Soult, Marshal Nicolas: questions possibility of embarking army for invasion of England, 361; made marshal, 375; opposes Austrians, 377; skirmish with Bennigsen, 411; in Spain, 445, 461–2, 492, 563; animosity towards Ney, 461; differences with Joseph, 551; Wellington defeats at Orthez, 582; arrives in France from Spain, 586; at Ligny and Waterloo, 616, 618; raises troops after Waterloo, 621
Spain: peace treaty with France (1795), 93; treasure and bullion, 387–8; prospective alliance with coalition, 413; and French advance on Portugal, 425; social/political backwardness, 428–9; French forces in, 429; N travels to, 429–30; Joseph as king (José I), 431–4; N devises new constitution for, 432; hostility to French, 433; French military actions in, 434–5; N visits and seeks to pacify, 444–6; anti-French Europeans look to for liberation, 461; guerrilla warfare in, 461; progress of war in, 492; N proposes bilateral withdrawal of troops, 509; N withdraws troops from, 550; Wellington’s offensive in, 563
Spina, Monsignor Giuseppe, Archbishop of Corinth, 292
Stadion, Count Johann Philipp, 449
Staël, Germaine de, 88, 169, 173, 256, 279, 289, 305, 306, 507; De l’influence des passions sur le bonheur des individus et des nations, 124
Staps, Friedrich, 467
Stein, Baron Karl vom, 507
Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle), 123
Stengel, General Henri, 110
Stockach, battle of (1800), 272
Stokoe, John, 640
Stürmer, Bartholomäus, Baron, 636
Suchet, General Louis-Gabriel, 72, 108, 272, 461
Suez Canal, 39, 160, 175, 193, 217, 300
Sułkowski, Prince Antoni, 406
Sułkowski, Józef, 136, 140, 185, 194
Sweden: in League of Neutrals, 300; as potential enemy of France, 402; and Treaty of Tilsit, 416; invites Bernadotte to take throne, 495–6; rejects N’s demands for alliance against Russia, 506; joins coalition (1813), 568
Switzerland: France invades, 211; Britain defends, 334
Syria: N’s campaign against, 197–203
Talavera, battle of (1809), 462
Talleyrand, Charles-Maurice de: praises N as peacemaker, 4–5; perceives N’s power and ambition, 8; proposes colonies in Egypt and Africa, 162, 173–4, 195; N meets in Paris (1797), 169, 173; advocates invasion of Egypt, 173; and scheming over successor to N, 179; proposed visit to Constantinople, 181; discussions with N, 217, 221; favours N allying with Barras, 218–19; and Brumaire coup, 228, 230; N names as foreign minister, 237; qualities, 247–8; relations with N, 247–8; presents diplomatic corps to Josephine, 253; letter from Grenville replying to N’s peace offer, 268; profits financially from rumours, 279; contacts with royalists, 282; attitude to Church, 291–2; negotiations with Spina, 292, 307; and N’s action against Jacobins, 295; disparages British, 301; and N’s treatment of opponents, 306; meets Cisalpine delegates at Lyon, 309–11; urges upgrade in N’s status, 318; at Ratisbon, 333; denies French intention to oust British from Egypt, 335; Whitworth demands French evacuate Netherlands, 336; recommends alliance with Austria, 342; and royalist conspiracy, 344–6; demands expulsion of active émigrés from foreign courts, 347; claims to oppose execution of Enghien, 348; distrustful relations with N, 348; on N’s qualities as ruler, 349; advocates granting supreme authority to N, 350; as grand chamberlain, 357; released from holy orders and marries mistress, 357; messages to Francis I, 374, 374–5; and N’s intention to invade England, 374–5; Austrian and Prussian delegates confer with, 381; urges clemency towards Austria, 385; message from Fox on royalist plot against N, 396; N withdraws from negotiations over Ferdinand of Naples, 396; as prince of Benevento, 398; and N’s dismissal of Prussian threat, 402; favours founding of Polish state, 407; controls Polish council, 411; N removes from Ministry of Foreign Relations, 420; believes in alliance with Spain, 429; and N’s negotiations in Spain, 430, 430–1; with N at Erfurt, 438–9, 442; on N’s lack of confidence in achievements, 443; conspires with Fouché, 447; N dismisses and insults, 448; favours Marie-Louise as N’s second wife, 473; restraining influence on N, 482; advocates using Polish state as buffer, 512; and proposed peace negotiations with Russia, 550; Ferdinand of Spain stays with, 573; N threatens, 574; settlement with Alexander after fall of Paris, 586–7; and N’s delegates’ meeting with Alexander, 588; Ney submits to, 590; plans elimination of N, 592–3; stands up to N, 592; gathers intelligence on N at Elba, 603; at Congress of Vienna, 612; drafts declaration outlawing N, 612; joins Louis XVIII in Belgium, 622; and Louis XVIII’s return to throne, 624
Tallien, Jean-Lambert, 88, 104
Tallien, Thérèse, 89, 100, 132, 138, 262
Talma, Julie, 88
Tardivon, Monseigneur de, abbot of Saint-Ruf, 34
Terror: ends, 83
Theophilanthropy, 169, 172
Théviotte, Lieut. Colonel, 192
Thibaudeau, Antoine-Claire, 213, 265, 288, 290, 314, 318, 328, 349
Thouin, André, 128, 156
Thugut, Johann Amadeus von, 158, 164
Thurn und Taxis, Princess Theresa of, 442
Tilsit, treaty of (1807), 414–16, 437, 494
Tipu Sahib, Sultan of Mysore, 160
Toby (Malay slave), 640
Tolentino, Treaty of (1797), 149
Tolstoy, Count Pyotr Alexandrovich, 437
Tone, Wolfe, 172
Töplitz, Treaty of (1813), 570
Tormasov, General Alexander, 514, 522
Toulon: Jacobin terror in, 64; N commands artillery at, 68–73; British evacuate, 73; French purge, 73–4; N protects returning French noble families, 81; N embarks at for Egypt, 177–8
Toussaint Louverture, Pierre-Dominique, 329–32
Trafalgar, battle of (1805), 379–80
Transpadane Republic, 159
Trento, 137
Tréville, Admiral Latouche see Latouche Tréville, Admiral Louis René Levassor
Tribunal de Cassation, 265
Tribunate: composition, 241; appointments to, 311; and proposed elevation of N’s powers, 318–19; reduced (1802), 323; declares France an empire, 351
Trieste, 138
Tronchet, François-Denis, 286
Truchsess-Waldburg, Count von, 597
Truguet, Rear-Admiral Laurent, 59
Tugendbund, 461
Tuileries: attacked by Paris mob, 55, 57; consuls move to, 251–3; life and court at, 261–3
Turenne, Marshal Henri de la Tour d’Auvergne, vicomte de, 280
Turner, J.M.W., 325
Turreau, Louis, 80
Tuscany, Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of see Würzburg, Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of
Tuscany, Grand Duchy of, 426
Tussaud, Marie, 325
Tyrol: rising, 449, 457
Ulm, battle of (1805), 377–9
Undaunted, HMS, 599
United States: N signs treaty with, 299; and N’s colonial policy, 330; purchases Louisiana from France, 337; N prepares for flight to, 621–2
University of France: founded, 390
Valence, 33, 47, 48, 210
Valette, General Antoine: demoted, 136
Valfort, chevalier de, 27
Vandamme, General Dominique-René, 465, 504, 567
Vanlerberghe, Joseph, 387–8
Varese, abbé, 19
Vauban, Sébastien le Prestre de, 33
Vaubois, General Claude-Henri Belgrand de, 140, 142, 180
Vauchamps, battle of (1814), 581
Vendée, the, 65, 82–3, 299
Vendémiaire event (1795), 93, 95–7
Venice: N declares war on and plunders, 151, 260; N occupies, 159; N meets Joseph in, 427
Verdier, General Jean-Antoine, 96, 192
Verninac, Raymond, 159
Verona, 128, 134, 140, 151
Versailles, Treaty of (1768), 13
Victor Amadeus, King of Sardinia, 115, 126, 139
Victor, Marshal Claude: on N’s appearance, 74; at Marengo, 276; in Spain, 461–2; in retreat from Moscow, 542; follows Louis XVIII into exile, 614
Vienna: N marches on (1797), 149–50; N occupies (1805), 379; N reaches (1809), 451
Vienna, Congress of (1814–15), 604
Vienna, Treaty of (1809), 468
Vigée-Lebrun, Elisabeth, 325
Vignali, Ane Paul, abbé, 642
Vigo-Roussillon, Sergeant François, 110, 125, 184, 206
Villeneuve, Admiral Pierre de, 379
Villeret, Louis Brun de, 409
Vilna (Vilnius), 53, 511, 513, 517–19, 534, 545, 547
Vincent, General Charles, baron de, 444
Vitebsk, 521–2, 538
Volkonsky, Prince Sergei, 496
Volney, Constantin de, 51, 306, 350
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet, 12, 212; Mahomet, 438; Oedipe, 439
Wagram, battle of (1809), 454–6, 464, 467
Walcheren, 467, 479
Walewska, Maria, Countess: affair with N, 410–13, 428, 466; pregnancy, 466; installed in Paris, 483; and N’s return to Paris after Russian campaign, 545; visits N at Fontainebleau, 595; visits N on Elba, 602
Warsaw, 407–10, 544; Grand Duchy of, 416, 420, 457, 491, 494, 498, 553, 564
Washington, George, 299
Waterloo, battle of (1815), 617–19
Welle, Philipp, 635, 639
Wellesley, General Arthur see Wellington, 1st Duke of
Wellesley, Richard Colley, Marquis, 477
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of: defeats Junot in Portugal, 435; advances into Spain, 461–2; pushed back into Portugal, 492; Salamanca victory, 526–7; captures Madrid, 533, 563; defeats Joseph at Vitoria, 563; Orthez victory, 582; opposes N, 616; Waterloo victory, 617–18
West, Benjamin, 325
Westphalia, kingdom of: created, 416; under Jérôme’s rule, 457–8
Whitworth, Charles, Earl, 300, 332, 335–6
Wickham, William, 282
Wieland, Christoph Martin, 440
Wilson, General Sir Robert, 541, 639
Wintzingerode, General Ferdinand von, 536
Wittgenstein, General Ludwig von, Prince, 556
women: social leaders in Paris, 88–9; N’s view of, 173, 179, 257, 286; in Egypt, 192
Würmser, Field Marshal Dagobert von, 134, 137–8, 139, 148
Württemberg, Catherine, Princess of (later Queen of Westphalia; Jérôme’s wife): marriage to Jérôme, 427, 458; meets N in Dresden, 510; asks N to stand godfather to child, 602; father attempts to engineer divorce, 629; refused permission to visit St Helena, 641; see also Frederick I, King of Württemberg
Würzburg, Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of (earlier Grand Duke of Tuscany), 510
Yarmouth, Francis Charles Seymour Conway, Earl of (later 3rd Marquess of Hertford), 396
Yorck von Wartemburg, General Ludwig, 551–2
Young, Edward: Night Thoughts, 56
Yvan, Dr Alexandre Urbain, 539, 594
Zajączek, General Józef, 406–7
Zealous, HMS, 188
Znaïm, 456