INDEX

• Aegean Sea, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Afanasievo culture, here, here, here
• Afghanistan, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Africa, here, here, here; ancient exodus from, here, here, here; clicks of bushmen, here; emergence of Homo sapiens in, here
• Afro-Asiatic languages, here, here, here
• agriculture: ards (primitive ploughs), here; climate event in late-third-century BCE, here, here, here, here, here; farmer-herder cultural divide, here, here, here, here; farmers from Anatolia move west, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; farming revolution expands geographically, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; farming revolution in Mesopotamia, here, here, here; farming societies of the Balkans, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; Harappans in India, here; Iranian farmer ancestry, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; and Lech Valley study, here, here; Srubnaya culture, here; in Tarim Basin, here, here; vocabulary of, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; wheatfields of western steppe, here; and Yamnaya’s expansion, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• the Akkadians, here, here, here, here
• the Alans, here
• Alaska, here, here
• Albania, here, here, here, here; Albanian language, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• alcohol, here
• Aleut language, here
• Alexander of Macedon, here, here
• alphabets, here, here, here, here, here; Cyrillic, here; runic, here, here
• Altai Mountains, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Amazons (caste of female fighters), here, here
• Amesbury Archer, here
• Anatolia (Turkish peninsula): Celtic settlement of, here, here; and genetic link with steppe, here, here; geography of, here; Hattians in, here, here, here, here; infusion of Seljuk Turks, here; Kanesh (modern Kültepe), here, here, here, here; Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara, here; Mycenaeans in, here; Neolithic farmers, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; Phrygians, here, here, here, here, here; Reich’s theory on migrations from east, here, here, here, here; Renfrew’s Anatolian hypothesis, here, here, here, here see also Hittite Empire
• Anatolian languages, here; Hattian, here, here, here, here; Hittite, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; inflected character of, here; laryngeals (vanished consonants), here, here, here; Luwian, here, here, here, here; Lydian, here, here, here; Neshili, here; Palaic, here, here; Proto-Anatolian, here, here, here, here; Reich’s work on, here, here, here, here; relation to Proto-Indo-European, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; seen as oldest branch of Indo-European, here, here, here; Sturtevant’s theory on, here, here; westerly clustering of, here, here
• Andronovo culture, here, here, here
• Anglesey, island of, here
• animals: association of dogs with death, here; domesticated, here, here, here, here, here; human diseases of animal origin, here; taboo words for, here; on Ukok Plateau, here; wild, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Anittas (Hittite king), here
• Anthony, David, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Apollo (Greek god), here
• Arabic, here, here, here
• Ararat, Mount, here, here
• archaeology, here, here; alcohol as hard to detect, here; Bell Beaker culture, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; ‘dragonstones’ in Armenian highlands, here; focus on culture, here, here; Griffin Warrior, here; Hittite royal archives discovered, here; horse-riding as hard to detect, here; Kargaly mines in Urals, here, here; at Lake Varna, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; Lech Valley study, here, here; megasites on Neolithic steppe, here, here; ‘new archaeology’ after war, here, here; nineteenth/early twentieth century, here, here, here, here; sherds, here; state-of-the-art science used in, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; triangulation with genetics and linguistics, here, here, here, here see also Corded Ware culture; Yamnaya culture
• archaeozoologists, here
• Armenia, here, here, here, here, here, here; language, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Arthurian legend, here
• Artificial intelligence, here
• Aryans, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Ashoka, King, here
• Assyria, here, here
• Atlantis, lost city of, here
• Attila the Hun, here
• Australians, Indigenous, here
• Austria, here, here, here, here
• Austronesian languages, here
• Avars, here, here
• Avestan language, here, here, here, here
• Azerbaijan, here
• Babylonia, here, here, here, here, here
• Bálint, Marianna, here
• Balkans region: ‘Balkan’ sub-group of languages, here, here; Celts move towards, here; collapse of farming in Copper Age, here, here, here, here, here; farming societies of, here, here, here, here, here, here; mining boom in, here, here, here; Neolithic hunter-gatherers in, here, here, here; and the Phrygians, here, here; Slav migrations into, here, here; Yamnaya migration to, here, here
• Ballymena, County Antrim, here
• Baltic languages, here, here, here, here, here; Old Prussian, here, here, here; split from Slavic, here, here, here, here
• the Balts, here, here, here, here, here
• ‘barbarian’ term, here
• bards/poets, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Basque language, here, here, here, here, here
• Bede, Venerable, here
• bees, here, here, here, here
• Bel (Babylonian tyrant), here
• Belarus, here, here, here, here
• Bell Beaker culture, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Bengali, here
• Beowulf, here, here
• Bergquist, Anders, here
• the Bible, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Bienvenue chez les Ch’tis (Welcome to the Sticks) (cult French film), here
• Bilaniuk, Laada, here
• bilingualism/multilingualism, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• biodiversity, here
• biologists, computational, here
• Black Death, here
• Black Sea region, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; deluge theory, here, here; and the Greeks, here, here, here; initial D in names of rivers feeding, here, here; Reich’s analysis of Neolithic populations, here; today, here, here
• boats, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Bosporus, here, here, here
• Botai culture, here, here, here
• Boudica (Celtic queen), here
• Brahmi (Indian script), here
• Brazil, here
• Breton, here, here
• Britain: arrival of Anglo-Saxons in fifth century, here, here, here, here; arrival of Celtic in, here, here; Beaker presence in, here, here, here; linguistic impact of Vikings, here; Norman French in, here, here; Roman arrival in, here, here, here; steppe ancestry reaches, here
• bronze production, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; trade network for, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Brown, Dorcas, here, here
• Bryant, Edwin, here
• Buck, Carl Darling, here
• Buddhism, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Bulgaria, here, here, here, here, here, here; Bulgarian language, here, here, here
• Bunin, Ivan, ‘The Stone Idol’, here
• Burgas, city of, here
• Burgundians, here
• Calasso, Roberto, here
• cannabis, here, here
• Cappadocia, here
• Carpathian Basin, here, here
• Carpathian Mountains, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Caspian Sea, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Catalan, here
• catfish, here
• Catherine the Great, here, here
• Caucasus mountains, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; Armenian theory, here, here; Caucasian oligarchs, here, here, here, here; Indo-European origin theory, here, here
• Celtiberian, here, here, here
• Celtic languages, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; in Britain and Ireland, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; and emergence of English, here, here, here
• the Celts, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• chariots, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Charlemagne, here
• China, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; Old Chinese, here; and the Tocharians, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Christianity, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Civilization (board game), here
• climate change, here, here, here, here, here; from around 4200 BCE, here; crisis in 2200 BCE period, here, here, here, here, here; Santorini eruption (c.1600 BCE), here
• Colchis, here, here
• Constantinople, here, here, here, here
• Cope, Tim, here
• Copenhagen, University of, here, here, here
• copper production, here, here, here, here, here, here; and bronze, here, here, here, here; Bulgarian heartland of, here, here; Erzgebirge or ‘Ore Mountains’, here; Kargaly mines in Urals, here, here
• Corded Ware culture, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; Bell Beaker encounter, here, here, here; push back to the steppe, here, here; and the Yamnaya, here, here, here, here, here
• Cornish, here, here, here
• Covid-19 pandemic, here
• creoles, here
• Crimea, here
• Croatians, here
• Croesus, King of Lydia, here
• Cú Chulainn, here
• Cyril, Saint, here
• Czech language, here, here, here
• Czech Republic, here, here, here
• Dagestan, here, here
• Dani, János, here, here
• Danish, here
• Dante Alighieri, here, here, here, here
• Danube, River, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Darius the Great, here, here, here, here
• Dasyus people, here
• death/funerary practises: of Bell Beaker culture, here, here; Caucasian oligarchs’ rites spread, here, here, here; changes in steppe tribes’ rites, here, here, here; of Corded Ware culture, here; cowrie shells, here; cremation, here; graves of female warriors, here; Khvalynsk cemetery, here, here; the Mariupol cemetery, here; Mycenaean, here; shift from radical egalitarianism in Caucasus, here; Sintashta, here, here, here; ‘Urnfield’ cremation style, here; use of red ochre, here, here, here; Varna cemetery, here, here, here, here; Yamnaya, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here see also kurgans
• Diodorus of Sicily, here
• Dnieper, River, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; Dnieper Rapids, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Dniester, River, here, here, here, here, here, here; Moravian Gate, here
• Dobruja Plain, here
• Don, River, here, here, here, here, here
• Dravidian language family, here
• Durankulak (site in Bulgaria), here, here, here
• Dusinberre, Elspeth, here
• Dutch language, here, here, here, here
• Dzungarian Basin, here, here, here, here
• Ebla, Syria, here
• Egypt, ancient, here, here, here, here
• Elamite, here
• Elfdalian, here
• Elizabeth I, Queen of England, here
• English language, here, here, here, here, here, here; as analytic, here; and the Celts, here, here, here; and colonisation of Ireland, here; hw sound, here; increasing varieties of, here, here; influence of Norman French, here, here; Middle English, here; Multicultural London English, here; Old English, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; possible Tocharian loan word, here; prohibited combinations of consonants, here; schwa in, here
• Enlightenment thinkers, here
• Ennius (Roman poet), here
• Epic of Gilgamesh, here
• Esfandiar (Persian hero), here
• Estonian, here, here, here
• ethnographers, here
• the Etruscans, here, here, here, here, here, here
• etymology, here
• Eurasian Steppe: chernozem or ‘black earth’ belt, here, here, here; climate crisis in 2200 BCE period, here, here; climate extremes on, here, here; dairying becomes common on, here; eastern steppe, here; extent/geography of, here, here; Genghis Khan’s journey, here, here; Hungarian puszta, here, here, here; and Indo-Iranian/Balto-Slavic, here, here; Mongolian steppe, here; plants, here, here, here, here, here; Pontic-Caspian steppe, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; Sintashta horse sacrifices, here, here, here; southern Russian steppe, here, here, here, here, here; vast energy reserves of, here; western steppe, here, here, here, here
• European Union, here
• Evans, Sir Arthur, here
• Evans, Nicholas, here
• Faroese, here
• Farsi (Modern Persian), here, here
• Faust legend, here, here
• feminism, here
• Ferdowsi, Shahnameh (The Book of Kings), here
• Fergus mac Léti, King of Ulster, here
• Fertile Crescent, here
• Finnish language, here, here, here, here
• First World War, here
• food/diet: and *ghostis, here; butter/olive oil divide, here; early crops, here, here; and farming revolution, here; and farming societies of the Balkans, here; and herding, here, here; lactose intolerance/tolerance, here, here; plants with medicinal or psychoactive properties, here, here, here, here; and science of archaeology, here; of steppe tribes, here, here, here, here; use of salt for conservation, here, here; vocabulary of, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; of Yamnaya, here, here, here, here, here; Yamnaya consumption of milk, here, here, here, here
• Frachetti, Michael, here, here, here
• France, here, here, here, here, here
• the Franks, here, here, here, here
• French language, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Frisian, here
• Galatasaray (Turkish football team), here
• the Gauls, here, here; Gaulish language, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Gemini (constellation), here
• gender: and age-set concept, here, here; and Corded Ware migration, here, here; co-wife concept, here, here; in early Indo-European societies, here, here, here; female warriors, here, here, here; Gimbutas’ ideas on Old Europe, here, here, here; mitochondrial DNA, here, here, here; and new societies in Caucasus, here; polygyny, here; studies of kinship and custom, here, here; women in Copper Age Black Sea region, here, here, here, here; and Yamnaya institutions, here
• genetics: and adult milk consumption, here, here; ancient DNA revolution, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; and the Balkan languages, here; Bell Beaker-Corded Ware encounter, here, here, here; code of ancient diseases, here; DNA from ancient horses, here; genetic turnover in Europe (around 2000 BCE), here, here, here, here; genomes of Tarim mummies, here; Harappan DNA, here; human genome, here; landmark papers on Bronze Age migration (2015), here, here, here; and migration, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; mitochondrial DNA, here, here, here; Reich’s work with DNA, here, here; three-way mix in modern Europe, here, here; triangulation with linguistics and archaeology, here, here, here, here; and writers from the classical period, here, here; Y chromosome, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; Yamnaya and Afanasievo link, here, here, here; Yamnaya DNA samples, here
• Genghis Khan, here, here
• Gening, Vladimir, here
• Georgia, here, here, here, here, here
• the Germani, here, here, here, here, here, here; arrival in Britain in fifth century, here, here, here, here; confused with Celts in histories, here; the Männerbund, here
• Germanic languages, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; as centum languages, here; Dante’s jo languages, here; Low German, here; northern, western and eastern branches, here; Old High German, here, here, here; Poetic Edda, here, here; Proto-Germanic, here, here, here; relationship to Italic and Celtic, here, here; runic alphabet, here, here
• Gimbutas, Marija, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Goa Portuguese Creole, here
• Gobi Desert, here
• gold, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Gonur, ancient, here, here, here, here
• Gordion (Phrygian capital), here, here
• Gorny (steppe settlement), here
• the Goths, here, here; Gothic language, here, here, here, here, here
• Gotland, island of, here
• Gray, Russell, here, here
• Greece, ancient, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; age-set concept, here, here; and Black Sea, here, here, here; Dark Ages of, here; deities/myths, here, here, here, here, here; Europe’s first historians in, here; post-Bronze Age population displacements, here
• Greek language, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; alphabet, here, here; ancient literature, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; in ‘Balkan’ sub-group, here, here; and Indo-Iranian, here, here; inflected character of, here; nouns ending in s in the singular, here; oldest texts in, here; origin on steppe, here; Proto-Greek, here, here; as remaining a single language, here, here; spared by Romans, here; written from right to left at first, here
• Greenland, here
• Grimm brothers, here, here
• Gundestrup cauldron, here, here
• Haas, Hein de, here
• Hadrian (Roman emperor), here
• Hafez, love poetry of, here
• Haitian Creole, here
• Hamangia culture, here
• Harappans, here, here, here; language of as undeciphered, here, here
• Hartwick College, New York, here
• Harvard University, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Hastings, Battle of (1066), here
• Hattushili I, Hittite king, here, here, here, here, here
• Hattushili III, Hittite king, here
• Hawkes, Christopher, here
• the Hayasa, here
• Hayk (friendly giant), here
• Heaney, Seamus, here
• Hebrew, here, here, here, here, here
• Hecataeus of Miletus, here
• Heggarty, Paul, here
• herding societies: of Altai Mountains, here, here, here, here; the Andronovo, here, here, here; Aryan arrival in India, here, here; cultural divide with farmers, here, here, here, here; and first wheeled vehicles, here, here, here; herding infiltrates the steppe, here, here; and human diseases of animal origin, here; the Kalmyks, here; levels of violence in, here, here; limited use of farming techniques, here, here; power shift from around 4200 BCE, here, here; Proto-Indo-Iranian as a language of, here; shift from radical egalitarianism in Caucasus, here; ‘tebenevka effect’, here see also Sintashta culture; Yamnaya culture
• Herodotus, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Heyd, Volker, here, here
• Hill, Eugen, here
• Hindi, here, here, here, here
• Hindu Kush, here, here, here, here, here
• Hinduism, here, here, here, here see also Rig Veda; the Vedas
• histories/chronicles, here, here, here
• Hittite Empire: Anittas’ conquest of Hattush, here; Bogazköy (now Boğazkale), here, here, here, here; demise of (1200 BCE), here, here, here; earliest known texts, here, here, here, here; and Egypt, here; first texts referring to, here, here; Hattian vocabulary in language of, here, here, here; Hattusha (capital city), here, here, here, here, here, here, here; and the Hayasa, here; language, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; language of deciphered, here, here, here; origin myth of, here, here, here; royal archives, here, here, here, here; story of Telipinu, here; texts referring to Mycenaean civilisation, here; war chariots, here
• Holy Roman Empire, here
• Homer, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Horsa and Hengist legend, here
• horses, here, here, here, here, here; Rome’s October Equus ritual, here; sacrificing of, here, here, here, here, here, here; and Sintashta culture, here, here, here, here; and the Yamnaya, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Hortobágy National Park, Hungary, here
• Hrozný, Bedřich, here, here, here, here
• Hubert, Henri, here
• Hungary, here, here, here, here; arrival of Magyars, here, here; Hungarian language, here, here, here; Yamnaya migration to, here, here, here, here
• the Huns, here, here, here, here
• hunter-gatherers, here, here, here, here, here; Eastern, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; Western, here, here, here, here
• Hurrian language, here, here, here, here
• Iberia, here, here, here, here, here
• ice age, last, here, here, here, here
• Iceland, here, here, here; Icelandic language, here
• Idanthyrsus (Scythian king), here
• identity, concept of, here, here, here; group membership in prehistory, here; language as battleground, here; nationalist ‘Aryan’ myths, here, here, here; nationalist use of prehistory, here, here, here, here
• Idrisov, Idris, here, here
• imperialism, European, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• India, ancient, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; arrival of steppe ancestry in, here, here; ashvamedha (horse sacrifice), here, here; Brahmi deciphered (1837), here see also Rig Veda; Sanskrit; the Vedas
• Indic languages, here, here, here, here; and Andronovo expansion, here, here; dating of the Vedas, here, here, here, here; earliest recorded use of, here, here; Indian scholarship on, here; layer of non-Indo-European loanwords, here; route from homeland, here, here, here, here; as satem languages, here; separation from Iranic, here, here
• Indo-European languages, here, here, here, here; and alcohol, here; ‘Balkan’ sub-group, here, here; Bell Beaker-Corded Ware encounter, here, here, here; centum–satem switch, here, here, here, here, here; databases of shared/inherited vocabulary, here; evidence of as intrusive to Anatolia, here; first speakers of, here; Gray’s work on homeland of, here, here; Italo-Celtic and Germanic schism, here; oldest inscriptions, here; politicised debates over origins, here, here, here, here, here; Renfrew’s Anatolian hypothesis, here, here, here, here, here; spread by principally social mechanisms, here; as spread by small/temporary displacements, here, here, here; spread of in Europe, here, here; ‘steppe hypothesis’, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; twelve main branches of, here, here see also Proto-Indo-European and entries for individual branches/languages
• Indo-Iranian language branch, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; four Aryan strongholds, here; and Greek, here, here; Iranian Plateau theory, here, here, here; northerly steppe route hypothesis, here, here, here; Proto-Indo-Iranian, here, here, here; route from homeland, here, here, here; and the ruki rule, here, here; shared features with Balto-Slavic, here, here, here; and Tocharian, here, here, here, here see also Indic languages; Iranic languages
• Indus Valley Civilisation, here, here, here, here, here
• infectious disease, here, here, here, here, here; Plague of Justinian, here, here
• Iranian Plateau, here, here
• Iranic languages, here, here, here, here, here, here; the Avesta, here; contact with Tocharian, here, here; Old Iranian, here; Old Persian, here; Persian poetic tradition, here; and the Scythians, here; separation from Indic, here, here
• Iran/Persia: and ‘Aryan’ term, here, here, here; Iranian farmer ancestry, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; and William Jones’ ideas, here, here; languages of, here, here, here, here, here, here; Middle Iranian languages, here; Old Iranian, here; Old Persian, here; Persian Empire, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; and Romani, here, here, here see also Iranic languages
• Ireland, here, here, here, here, here; arrival of Celtic in, here, here; Beaker presence in, here, here, here; the fian, here; history since twelfth century, here; Kings’ Cycle of myths, here; slaver colonies in Scotland, here
• Irish language, here, here, here, here; Ogam alphabet, here; Old Irish, here, here
• Islamic conquests of seventh century CE, here, here, here
• Isle of Man, here
• Israel, state of, here, here
• Italic language family, here, here, here, here, here; adoption of alphabet, here, here; as centum languages, here; Dante’s Tuscan dialect, here; parting of ways with Celtic, here; Proto-Italic, here, here, here; Proto-Italic split, here; relationship to Celtic and Germanic, here, here; written from right to left at first, here
• Italy, here, here, here, here, here, here; Italian language, here, here, here, here
• Ivanov, Ivan, here, here, here
• Jadwiga, Queen of Poland, here
• Jakob, Anthony, here, here
• Jamaican Patois, here
• Jewish diaspora, here
• Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, here
• Jones, Janet, here
• Jones, Sir William ‘Oriental’, here, here, here, here
• Justin (Roman historian), here
• Jutland peninsula, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Kadare, Ismael, ‘What Are These Mountains Thinking About’, here
• Kadesh, battle at (1274 BCE), here
• Kakhovka Dam, here
• Kalmykia, Russian republic of, here, here, here
• the Kamasutra, here, here
• Kanesh, city of (modern Kültepe), here, here, here, here
• Karagash, here, here
• Karakum Desert, here
• Karanovo (archaeological site), here, here
• Kazakhstan, here, here, here, here
• Kelder, Jorrit, here
• Kérberos (Greek hellhound), here, here
• Khotan, city of, here, here
• Khyber Pass, here
• Kiezdeutsch in Germany, here
• Kikkuli (Mitanni horse-trader), here
• Kizil, cave paintings at, here, here, here
• Kosovo, here
• Kōzui, Count Ōtani, here
• Kraków Cathedral, here, here
• Kristiansen, Kristian, here, here
• Kucha, city of, here
• Kuma-Manych Depression, here
• Kurdish language, here
• kurgans, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; of Caucasian oligarchs, here, here; of female warriors, here; use of in Russo-Ukraine War, here; of the Yamnaya, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Ladino language, here
• Lang, Valter, here
• language, definitions/essential features: ability to discuss the hypothetical, here; definitions, here, here; five main families today, here; inflected-analytic contrast, here, here; modal verbs, here; prohibited combinations of consonants, here; stable core of the lexicon, here; words with new additional meanings, here, here
• language erosion/endangered languages, here
• Lapland, here
• Latin, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; absorbing of Greek words, here; and concept of ‘slave’, here; decline/fragmentation of, here, here, here, here, here; in early Roman Republic, here; after fall of Western Roman Empire, here; inflected character of, here; nouns ending in s in the singular, here; and runic alphabet, here; spread during expansion of Rome, here; and survival of Celtic languages, here; survival west of the Elbe, here; ‘vulgar’ form, here, here, here
• Latvian language, here, here, here, here, here
• Lazaridis, Iosif, here
• Lech Valley study, here, here
• Léger, Gabriel, here
• Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, here, here
• Lemnos, island of, here
• Lepontic, here, here, here
• the Levant, here, here, here, here
• Lingua Franca (‘Language of the Franks’), here
• lingua obscura (language preceding Proto-Indo-European), here, here, here, here, here, here
• linguistic diversity, here, here
• linguistics, historical: accidental word resemblances, here; and alcohol in prehistory, here; and bard’s stock phrases, here; comparative method, here; computers used for, here, here, here, here, here; and ‘controlled speculation’, here; Dante’s evolutionary account, here, here, here; emergence of dialects, here, here; English–Sanskrit word pairs, here, here; equation of flux of people with flux of language, here; evolutionary approaches, here, here, here; first human languages, here, here; Grimm’s Law, here, here, here; Indo-European as best-documented family, here; William Jones’ ideas, here, here, here, here; language as uncensored view of the past, here; languages as never static, here; laryngeals (vanished consonants), here, here, here; Latin–Sanskrit word pairs, here, here; Leibniz’s ideas, here, here; lingua francas, here, here; loans masquerading as inheritances, here; loanwords, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; the Neolithic as linguistic heyday, here, here; in nineteenth century, here; ‘open-syllable conspiracy’, here, here; reconstructed lexicon as palimpsest, here; reconstructing long-dead proto-languages, here, here; relative age of linguistic features, here; and Renfrew’s Anatolian hypothesis, here, here, here, here; ruki rule, here, here; and Russo-Ukrainian War (from 2022), here; semantic leaps, here; and slackening of lower jaw muscles, here; speech sound laws, here, here, here, here, here, here; triangulation with genetics and archaeology, here, here, here, here; vertical bilingualism concept, here; working backwards into prehistory, here, here
• Lithuania, here, here, here, here, here; Lithuanian language, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Lombards, here
• Luther, Martin, here
• Magyars (steppe horsemen), here, here
• Makarenko, Mykola, here, here
• Malay, here
• Mallory, James, here, here, here, here, here
• mammoth steppe, here
• Mandarin Chinese, here
• Manx, here, here
• Marathi, here
• Marinov, Raycho, here
• Mariupol, Ukraine, here
• Marmara, Sea of, here
• Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, here
• Mayflower, voyage of, here
• McLaughlin, Rowan, here
• Mediterranean Sea, here, here, here
• Meillet, Antoine, here, here
• Melanesia, here
• Mesopotamia, ancient: climate crisis in 2200 BCE period, here; farming revolution in, here, here, here; first cities in, here; flood myths, here; formation of the first states in, here; Uruk civilization, here, here, here
• metalworking, here, here, here, here, here; Bronze Age mining boom, here, here, here, here; smelting, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; Yamnaya, here, here, here, here, here see also copper production
• Methodius, Saint, here
• migration: and ancient DNA revolution, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; ancient move out of Africa, here, here, here; Andronovo expansion, here, here, here; Anglo-Saxon arrival in Britain, here, here, here, here; arrival of steppe ancestry in India, here, here; Bell Beaker-Corded Ware encounter, here, here, here; into Bronze Age Greece, here; and climate change today, here; Copper Age movement between Europe and steppe, here; debate over farmers from Fertile Crescent, here, here; eastern return in 2200 BCE period, here, here; epic treks in history, here; after fall of Western Roman Empire, here; farmers from Anatolia move west, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; farming revolution’s ‘colonisation by leap-frog’, here; genetic traces in modern populations, here, here; as a historic constant, here; as major motor of language change, here, here, here, here; and ‘new archaeology’ after war, here, here; as powerful force in prehistory, here, here, here, here; and science of archaeology, here; Slav movement into Balkans, here, here; spread of Corded Ware culture, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; and spread of Indo-European languages, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; Srubnaya expansion, here; steppe corridor, here, here, here; ‘steppe hypothesis’, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; Tacitus on, here; today, here, here; varied linguistic impacts of, here; western Eurasia’s view of direction of, here; of Yamnaya to the east, here, here, here, here, here, here; of Yamnaya to the west, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• military culture: age-set and warband concepts, here; Andronovo, here; and back-migration in 2200 BCE period, here; Hittite, here; Hun/Avar, here; invention of chariot, here; Mycenaean, here, here, here, here; Roman, here; Sintashta, here; Srubnaya, here; Yamnaya, here
• Minoan Crete, here, here, here, here, here
• Minusinsk Basin, Siberia, here
• Mitanni kingdom, here, here, here
• Mitchell, Stephen, here
• Mongolia, here, here
• Mongols, here, here, here
• Moravia, here
• Mormons, here
• Moscow, here, here, here, here
• Mufwene, Salikoko, here
• Mughals, here
• Munda language family, here
• Murshili I, Hittite king, here
• Musil, Robert, The Man Without Qualities, here
• Mycenaean civilisation, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Mykhailivka (site in Ukraine), here
• mysticism, here
• mythology: absent fertility god myths, here; and alcohol, here; ancient Greek and Roman, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; ancient Indian, here, here, here; bands of brothers, here; creation myths, here, here; dragons, here, here, here, here; Father Sky, here, here; female warriors in, here, here, here; foster brothers in Europe, here; Hittite, here, here, here, here; Irish Kings’ Cycle, here; mythologists’ use of comparative method, here, here; Norse, here, here, here, here, here, here; notion of banished youth, here; Prometheus, here; Pygmalion, here; the serpent in, here, here, here; smith who makes pact with a devil, here, here; toolbox for reconstructing, here; Trito (prototype dragon-slayer), here; twin deities and horses, here, here
• Nazi Germany, here, here, here
• Nebra sky disc, here
• Nero, Roman emperor, here
• Netherlands, here
• Niemen, River, here, here, here
• Niger-Congo languages, here
• Nikitin, Alexey, here, here, here, here
• Niya, city of, here
• Norman French, here, here
• Northern Ireland, here
• Norwegian, here
• Novgorod, here
• Nuristani languages, here, here, here, here, here
• Occitan, here, here, here, here
• O’Connell, Daniel, here
• Old Assyrian, here
• Omar Khayyam, here
• onomatopoeia, here
• opium poppy, here
• Orwell, George, here
• Oscan, here, here, here, here, here
• the Ossetians, here
• Ostrogothic dialect, here
• Ottoman Empire, here
• paganism, here, here, here, here
• Pakistan, here, here, here
• Pashto, here, here
• Patterson, Nick, here
• peat bogs, here
• Persepolis, here, here
• Persian Empire, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Peyrot, Michaël, here, here
• Phoenicia, here
• Phrygians, here, here, here, here, here
• Pitman, Walter, here
• plague, here, here, here, here, here
• plurilingualism, here
• Plutarch, here
• Pochuyky (Ukrainian village), here, here
• Poetic Edda, here, here
• Poland, here, here, here, here, here; Polish language, here, here, here, here, here
• pollen, here
• Pompeii (ancient city), here
• population statistics, here, here
• Portugal, here, here
• Possehl, Gregory, here
• pottery/ceramics, here, here, here, here
• Proto-Afro-Asiatic, here
• Proto-Indo-European, here; Anatolian languages’ relation to, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; ancient Greek and Roman, here; Black Sea cradle of, here, here, here, here, here, here; and creation myths, here; and first wheeled vehicles, here, here; and gender roles, here; as highly inflected language, here, here; kwékwlos, here, here, here; moral justifications for raiding, here; no metal words reconstructed, here; phonetic symbols and diacritics, here; pronunciation, here; reconstructed words, here, here, here, here, here; rich vocabulary of herding, here; and social structures, here; sounds, here, here, here, here, here, here; vocabulary of dairying, here, here; Yamnaya as possible radiator of, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Proto-Saami, here
• Prussia, here
• Puduhepa, Hittite queen, here
• Putin, Vladimir, here
• Pylos (Mycenaean town), here, here
• Qur’an, here
• radiocarbon dating, here, here, here
• Ramses II, Egyptian Pharaoh, here
• Ramuz, Charles Ferdinand, here
• Reich, David, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Renfrew, Colin (Lord Renfrew of Kaimsthorn), here, here, here, here, here, here
• Renfrew, Jane (Lady Renfrew), here, here, here
• Rhine, River, here, here, here
• Rhône, River, here, here
• Richard the Lionheart, here
• Rig Veda, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; the Ashvins (twin charioteers), here, here; date of, here, here, here, here; Indra (warrior-god), here, here, here, here, here
• Ringbauer, Harald, here
• road networks, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• the Roma, here, here
• Romance languages, here, here; and Basque, here; Dante’s langue d’oc and langue d’oïl, here, here; Dante’s sì language, here, here; hiving off from Latin, here, here, here; and ‘vulgar’ form of Latin, here, here see also Italic language family
• Romani language, here, here, here, here
• Romania, here, here, here, here, here
• Rome, ancient, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; age-set concept, here, here; arrival in Britain, here, here; colonies of North Africa, here; deities/myths, here, here, here, here, here, here; Eastern Empire, here; and the Etruscans, here, here; fall of the Western Empire, here, here, here, here; and fragmentation of Latin, here, here; the luperci, here, here
• Rose, Brian, here
• Rostov Oblast, here, here
• Rudra (Indic god), here
• Rumi, love poetry of, here
• Russia, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; nationalist use of prehistory, here; southern Russian steppe, here, here, here, here, here; Soviet Union, here, here, here, here; State Historical Museum, Moscow, here
• Russian language, here, here, here
• Russo-Ukrainian War (from 2022), here, here, here, here, here
• Ryan, William, here
• Sabines, here, here, here
• sacred spring (ver sacrum) concept, here, here
• sacrifice rituals: of dogs and wolves, here, here; the Gundestrup cauldron, here; horse sacrifices, here, here, here, here, here, here; human sacrifice, here, here; linking metal to human fertility, here; and myth-making/storytelling, here, here, here, here; and Proto-Indo-European lexicon, here, here; Sintashta death rites, here, here, here; steppe herds kept for, here; and the Vedic poets, here
• the Saka, here
• Salgado, Sebastião, here
• salt production, here, here
• Samoyedic languages, here
• Sanskrit, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; association with the sacred, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; and Avestan language, here, here; Brahmi script deciphered (1837), here; inflected character of, here; the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, here, here; Mitanni use of, here, here; nouns ending in s in the singular, here; ‘Out-of-India’ theory, here, here, here; similarities to Lithuanian, here, here; sounds, here, here, here; and Tocharian, here
• Santorini, here
• Sarmatians, here, here
• Śárvara (Indic hellhound), here, here
• satemisation, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Saussure, Ferdinand de, here, here
• Schliemann, Heinrich, here
• Schrijver, Peter, here, here
• Scots Gaelic, here, here
• Scott, James C., here
• Scott, Walter, Ivanhoe (1819), here
• the Scythians, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Second World War, here, here, here
• Seljuk Turks, here
• Semitic languages, here, here, here, here
• Serbia, here, here
• Serbo-Croatian, here, here
• Serra Pelada gold mine, Brazil, here
• Shakespeare, William, here
• Shevchenko, Taras, here
• Shiraz, Persian city of, here
• Shishlina, Natalia, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Shuppililiuma I, Hittite king, here
• Sicily, here
• Sieg, Emil, here, here
• Siegfried (dragon-slayer), here, here
• Siegling, Wilhelm, here, here
• Silk Roads, here, here, here, here
• silver, here
• Singh, Lalji, here
• Sinhalese language, here
• Sinop, here
• Sino-Tibetan languages, here, here
• Sintashta culture, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; Arkaim site, here; heirs of, here, here; and horses, here, here, here, here
• Slavchev, Vladimir, here, here, here, here
• slavery, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Slavic languages, here, here, here, here, here, here; Cyrillic alphabet, here; ejection of closed syllables, here, here; Gothic loans to, here; nexus with Baltic, here, here, here; Old Church Slavonic, here, here, here; Old Novgorod, here; ousting of Gothic by, here; Proto-Slavic, here, here; shared features with Indo-Iranian, here, here, here; split from Baltic, here, here, here, here; three-way divergence, here, here; and the Vikings, here
• the Slavs, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Slovakia, here
• Slovenian language, here
• Smith, Adam (archaeologist), here
• Smok (serpent denier-of-life), here, here
• snakes, here, here, here, here, here
• social/political structures: borders imposed on dialects, here; Caucasian oligarchs, here, here, here, here; charismatic leaders, here; Copper Age societies of south-eastern Europe, here, here, here, here; growth of first states, here; herder-farmer cultural divide, here, here, here, here; hierarchies, here, here, here, here; Hittite, here; inequality and endangered languages, here; nation-state embraced in eighteenth century Europe, here; and Proto-Indo-European, here; shift from radical egalitarianism in Caucasus, here; of Uruk civilization, here; Yamnaya institutions, here
• Sogdians, here, here, here, here
• soma or haoma (intoxicant), here, here, here
• Spain, here, here, here, here
• Spanish language, here
• Spondylus shells, here, here, here
• Srubnaya culture, here, here
• Stavropol, here
• Stein, Marc Aurel, here, here
• steppe tribes/societies: adoption of herding, here; Andronovo expansion, here, here, here; Caucasian oligarchs, here, here, here, here; chiefly elite, here, here; Copper Age trade network, here, here, here; eastern return in 2200 BCE period, here, here; evidence of overgrazing, here; forest-steppe, here, here, here, here, here; and genetic link with Anatolia, here, here; horse-riding nomads of Bronze/Iron Age central Asia, here; Iranic languages spoken by, here; Khvalynsk, here, here, here, here, here, here; megasites of Copper Age, here, here; migration corridor, here, here, here; and origins of Greek, here; and Proto-Indo-Iranian, here; southward flow of ancestry from 2500 BCE, here; Srubnaya expansion, here; steppe ancestry in India, here, here; ‘steppe envoys’, here, here, here; and Uruk civilization, here; and use of alcohol, here; and Yamnaya’s journey east, here
• Stifter, David, here, here
• Stockhammer, Philipp, here, here
• Strabo, here, here
• Strasbourg, Oaths of, here
• Sturtevant, Edgar, here, here
• Sumer, here, here, here, here
• Swahili, here
• Swedish language, here, here
• Syria, here, here, here, here
• taboo words, here, here
• Tacitus, here
• Tajikistan, here
• Taklamakan Desert, here, here, here
• Tarim Basin, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Taurus Mountains, here
• Taylor, Timothy, here
• Tbilisi, here
• Tell Brak, here
• Teutonic Knights, here
• Thangaraj, Kumarasamy, here
• Thessalonians, here
• Thracians, here
• Tibetan Plateau, here
• tin production, here, here, here, here
• Tisza, River, here, here, here, here
• Tocharian language, here, here, here; as centum language, here; entanglement with Uralic, here, here; and Indo-Iranian languages, here, here, here, here; journey to Tarim Basin, here, here, here, here; massive grammatical/phonological changes, here, here; oldest surviving documents in, here; and Proto-Indo-European, here, here, here, here; Tocharian A and Tocharian B, here, here, here, here, here
• Tolkien, J. R. R., The Lord of the Rings, here, here
• Trabzon, here, here, here
• trade and commerce: in ancient Greece, here; Assyrian in Kanesh, here; Baltic-Aegean routes, here; beginning of silk trade, here; in Copper Age, here, here, here, here, here; crisis at end of Bronze Age, here, here; first wheeled vehicles, here, here, here; and language, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; network for bronze, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; and Sanskrit, here; Silk Roads, here, here, here, here; and spread of disease, here; Uruk network, here; Viking, here; Yamnaya, here, here
• Trautmann, Martin, here
• Troy, here, here
• Turkey, state of, here
• Turkic languages, here, here, here, here
• Tushratta (Mitanni king), here
• Ukok Plateau, here
• Ukraine, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; forest-steppe boundary, here, here; megasites in, here, here; Proto-Slavic homeland, here; Russo-Ukrainian War (from 2022), here, here, here, here, here; Scythians in, here, here; wheatfields of western steppe, here; Yamnaya archaeology in, here, here, here, here
• Ukrainian language, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Ulster, here
• Umbrian, here, here, here
• United Nations, here
• University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), here, here
• Ural Mountains, here, here, here, here; Kargaly mines in, here, here
• Uralic language family, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• Urartians, here
• urbanism, early experiments in, here, here, here; fortified oasis cities of Central Asia, here, here, here
• Urdu, here, here
• Uruk civilization, here, here, here
• ‘utopia’ concept, here
• Uyghur language, here, here, here
• Vandals, here
• Varna, city of, here, here, here; ancient settlement at Lake Varna, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
• the Vedas, here, here, here, here, here, here, here see also Rig Veda
• Venetic language, here, here
• Ventris, Michael, here, here
• Vercingetorix, here, here, here
• Vikings/Norsemen, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; Old Norse, here, here, here
• Visigoths, here; Visigothic dialect, here
• Vistula, River, here
• vocal tract, human, here, here
• Volga, River, here, here, here, here, here
• Völkerwanderung, here
• Waal, Willemijn, here
• ‘Walloon’ term, here
• Weinreich, Max, here
• Welsh language, here, here, here, here
• wheeled vehicles, here, here, here
• woolly mammoths, here, here
• writing: Balts and Finns take up, here; boustrophedon phase, here; cuneiform script, here, here, here; emergence of, here, here, here; European looting of Tocharian texts, here, here; first Celtic inscriptions, here, here; first preserved writings in Europe, here; hieroglyphic systems, here, here; Hittite language deciphered, here, here, here; ideograms, here, here; introduction to Anatolia, here; Linear A, here, here; Linear B, here, here; oldest known system, here; phonetic symbols and diacritics, here; spread of in West in first millennium BCE, here; syllabaries, here; transliteration into Roman script, here; undeciphered ancient scripts, here, here, here
• Yamnaya culture: adoption of fully nomadic lifestyle, here, here, here; Afanasievo genetic link, here, here, here; and alcohol/cannabis, here; and Corded Ware culture, here, here, here, here, here; and creation myths, here; death/funerary practises, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; food/diet, here, here, here, here, here; and horses, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; and the Mariupol cemetery, here; migration east, here, here, here, here, here, here; migration west, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; and the Mycenaeans, here, here, here; patriarch of first clan, here; and Proto-Indo-European, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here; settlements on southern Russian steppe, here, here; size of men, here; as skilled metallurgists, here, here, here, here, here; social institutions of, here; spread through steppe, here, here, here, here; and Tocharian, here; vanishes from archaeological record, here, here
• Yerevan, here, here, here
• Yiddish, here
• Zagros Mountains, here, here, here
• Zalpa, city of, here, here
• Zarathustra, here, here; the Gathas, here; Zoroastrianism, here
• Zdanovich, Gennady, here
• Zuckermann, Ghil’ad, here