CHAPTER 1: REVOLUTION AND THE GREAT CHURCH (pp. 1–7)
The legend of Ayia Lávra is in F. C. H. L. Pouqueville, Histoire de la régénération de la Grèce, vol. II. The principal sources for the Greek church are: S. Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople and The Great Church in Captivity, and T. H. Papadopoullos, The Greek Church and People under Turkish Domination.
1.Pouqueville II, pp. 325–37
2.R. J. von Hammer-Purgstall, quoted in L. Kelly, ed., Istanbul: A Travellers’ Companion, p. 166
3.Runciman, Great Church, p. 169
4.Runciman, Great Church, p. 209
5.Angelomatis-Tsougarakis, The Eve of the Greek Revival, p. 83
6.Clogg, Movement, pp. 56–64
CHAPTER 2: RESENTMENT AND REGERATION (pp. 8–16)
Ottoman administration, including taxation, is covered in detail by H. Gibb and H. Bowen, Islamic Society and the West. H. Angelomatis-Tsougarakis, The Eve of the Greek Revival draws together British travellers’ reports on Greece in the decades before the revolution. Turkish documents on the devshirme in English translation are in J. K. Vasdravellis, Kelphts, Armatoles and Pirates. For education see L. Theocharides, The Greek National Revival and the French Enlightenment, and the chapter ‘Education and Culture’ in Angelomatis-Tsougarakis.
1.Gibb and Bowen I, p. 256
2.Angelomatis-Tsougarakis, p. 150
3.Gibb and Bowen I, p. 258
4.Vasdravellis, p. 112
5.Vasdravellis, p. 114
6.G. Vláchos, Politiká Árthra (Political Articles), Athens, 1965 (1st edn, 1961), pp. 158–60
7.Theocharides, pp. 180–93. Extracts in Clogg, Movement, pp. 106–17
8.Clogg, Movement, pp. 56–64
9.Clogg, Movement, pp. 86–8
10.Theocharides, pp. 229, 242
11.Theocharides, p. 35
12.Angelomatis-Tsougarakis, p. 125
13.Clogg, Movement, pp. 79–80
14.Waddington, p. xxxix
15.Kolokotrones, tr. Edmonds, p. 127
CHAPTER 3: TWO PROPHETS OF REVOLUTION (pp. 17–25)
For a contemporary’s account of Rígas’ life see Ch. Perrevós, Síntomos Viographía tou Aïdhímou Ríga Pheréou (Short Biography of Rígas Pheréos of Blessed Memory). The most recent work in English is C. M. Woodhouse, Rhigas Velestinlis.
A good summary of Koraís’ views is in I. Notarás, O Patriotikós Agónas tou Koraí (The Patriotic Struggle of Koraís). Both Rígas and Koraís are discussed in chapter 1 of N. Kaltchas, Introduction to the Constitutional History of Modern Greece.
1.Perrevós, pp. 319–20
2.Perrevós, pp. 321–2
3.Clogg, Movement, p. 157
4.Clogg, Movement, p. 151
5.Clogg, Movement, p. 156
6.Clogg, Movement, p. 154
7.Perrevós, p. 328
8.Hobhouse, quoted in Marchand, Byron: A Portrait, p. 75
9.Clogg, Movement, p. 122
10.Clogg, Movement, p. 126
11.Notarás, pp. 26–7
12.Clogg, Movement, p. 127
13.Notarás, p. 11
14.Notarás, p. 18
15.Notarás, p. 18
16.Notarás, pp. 13–14
17.Notarás, p. 22
18.Notarás, p. 16
CHAPTER 4: THE PHILIKI ETERIA (pp. 26–35)
Documents in R. Clogg, Movement include translations of Xánthos’ own account of his activities, and of the Etería’s initiation rituals. Further details of the Etería’s systems are in T. Vournás, ed., Philikí Etería. For analysis of Etería membership and discussion of its achievement see G. Frangos’ essay in R. Clogg, Struggle and his contribution to Istoría tou Ellinikoú Éthnous (hereafter IEE), vol. XI, pp. 424–32. For Kapodhístrias’ involvement see C. M. Woodhouse, Capodistria and an essay by him in R. Clogg, Struggle.
1.Clogg, Movement, p. 183
2.Vournás, pp. 48–51
3.Finlay I, p. 100
4.IEE XI, p.431
5.Woodhouse, Capodistria, p. 163
6.Clogg, Movement, p. 192
7.Clogg, Movement, p. 192
8.Clogg, Movement, p. 193
CHAPTER 5: ALI PASHA (pp. 36–48)
The most comprehensive book on Ali Pasha is K. E. Fleming, The Muslim Bonaparte. There are two valuable essays by D. N. Skiotis: ‘The Greek Revolution: Ali Pasha’s Last Gamble’, in N. P. Diamandouros, ed., Hellenism, and ‘From Bandit to Pasha … Ali of Tepelen 1750–1784’. For Ali’s relations with foreign powers see J. W. Baggally, Ali Pasha and Great Britain. Details of Ali Pasha’s Iánnina are in H. Angelomatis-Tsougarakis, The Eve of the Greek Revival. See also L. A. Marchand’s edition of Byron’s Letters and Journals (Byron, L&J).
1.Skiotis, ‘Bandit’, p. 222
2.W. M. Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, 4 vols, London, 1835, I, pp. 30–1
3.Finlay I, p. 45
4.Clogg, Movement, pp. 28–9
5.Byron, L&J I, p. 254
6.Byron, L&J I, p. 227
7.Quoted in Clogg, Movement, p. 143
8.For example, IEE XI, p. 402
9.Finlay I, p. 74
10.Skiotis, ‘Last Gamble’, p. 104
CHAPTER 6: REVOLT ALONG THE DANUBE (pp. 49–61)
For Ipsilántis’ expedition as a whole see T. Gordon, History of the Greek Revolution; G. Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution; and the essay by E. D. Tappe in R. Clogg, Struggle. An on-the-spot account by a contemporary is in R. Neroulós, Histoire moderne de la Grèce. Kapodhístrias’ part is covered in C. M. Woodhouse, Capodistria and Tsar Alexander’s in A. Palmer, Alexander I.
1.Woodhouse, Capodistria, p. 230
2.Kapodhístrias, Aperçu de ma carrière publique, p. 94
3.Woodhouse, Capodistria, p. 229
4.See Néa Estía, 1 December 1964, pp. 1693–4
5.Neroulós, p. 235
6.Finlay I, pp. 114–15
7.Gordon I, p. 96
8.Neroulós, p. 309
9.Clogg, Movement, pp. 201–3
10.Woodhouse, Capodistria, p. 252
11.Clogg, Struggle, p. 145
12.Clogg, Movement, pp. 204–5
13.Woodhouse, Capodistria, p. 251
14.Woodhouse, Capodistria, pp. 246–7
15.Woodhouse, Capodistria, pp. 254–5
16.IEE XII, p. 55
17.Trikoúpis I, pp. 158–9
18.Gordon I, p. 108
19.Neroulós, p. 282
20.Finlay I, pp. 134–5
21.IEE XII, p. 55
CHAPTER 7: DOUBTS AND DELIBERATIONS IN THE SOUTH (pp. 62–9)
The main sources in English are Gordon and Finlay, and in Greek Photákos, Víos tou Pápa Phléssa (Life of Papaphléssas); G. Yermanós, Apomnimonévmata (Memoirs); and IEE XII, pp. 75–83.
1.Finlay I, p. 140
2.Gordon I, p. 150
3.Saitas, pp. 22–3
4.Finlay I, p. 148; Gordon I, pp. 151–2
5.Finlay I, p. 141
6.Gordon I, p. 222
7.Kolokotrones, tr. Edmonds, p. 254
8.Photákos, p. 26
9.Yermanós, p. 81
10.Photákos, pp. 20–1
CHAPTER 8: THE STORM BREAKS (pp. 70–8)
Virtually all histories of the revolution give an account of its outbreak, but see especially Gordon, Finlay, Trikoúpis and Kolokotrónis (tr. Edmonds). For the debate over events at Patras see P. J. and R. L. Green, Sketches of the War in Greece and F. C. H. L. Pouqueville, Histoire.
1.Kolokotrones, tr. Edmonds, p. 131
2.Finlay I, p. 150
3.Trikoúpis I, pp. 368–9; Gordon I, p. 183
4.Raybaud I, p. 365
5.Gordon I, p. 145
6.Green, p. vii
7.Green, p. 5
8.Pouqueville II, pp. 345–6
9.Green, p. 19
10.Green, p. 271
11.Green, p. 23
12.Gordon I, p. 156
13.Green, p. 24
14.Yermanós, p. 96
15.Green, p. 17
16.See for example K. Simópoulos, Pós Ídhan i Xéni tin Elládha tou ’21 (How Foreigners Viewed the Greece of ’21), 5 vols, Athens, 1979, I, pp. 183–211
CHAPTER 9: THE LAND WAR (pp. 79–88)
For the battle of Valtétsi and its prelude see Kolokotrones, tr. Edmonds. For the history of Monemvasía see A. G. and H. A. Kalligas, Monemvasia, and for its siege K. N. Papamichalópoulos, Poliorkía kai Álosis tis Monemvasías (Siege and Capture of Monemvasía). For military organisation see A. E. Vakalópoulos, Ta Ellínika Stratévmata tou 1821 (The Greek Armies of 1821). For the klepht–armatolós symbiosis see the early chapters of J. S. Koliopoulos, Brigands with a Cause.
1.Kolokotrones, tr. Edmonds, p. 139
2.Kolokotrones, tr. Edmonds, p. 144
3.Kolokotrones, tr. Edmonds, p. 146
4.A. A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, 2 vols, Madison, 1958 (1st edn, 1928), II, p. 465
5.Kalligas, p. 9
6.Kalligas, p. 15
7.Papamichalópoulos, p. 92
8.Gordon I, p. 280
9.Vakalópoulos, p. 140
10.Makriyannis, tr. Lidderdale, pp. 38–9
11.Raybaud II, p. 277
12.Gordon I, pp. 262–3
CHAPTER 10: THE WAR AT SEA (pp. 89–99)
For naval warfare in general see J. Keegan, The Price of Admiralty, and for the contemporary British navy N. A. M. Rodger, The Wooden World and G. E. Manwaring and B. Dobrée, The Floating Republic. Details of fireships are in K. A. Alexandhris, To Navtikón tou ipér Anexartisías Agónos tou 1821–1829 (The Navy in the Fight for Independence of 1821–1829), and contemporary descriptions are in Trikoúpis I, pp. 392–6 and S. G. Howe, An Historical Sketch of the Greek Revolution, pp. 65–6.
1.Gordon I, p. 164
2.Gordon I, p. 165
3.Waddington, p. 105
4.Green, p. 64
5.Green, pp. 64–5
6.Green, p. 65
7.Emerson, Pecchio and Humphreys, p. 172
8.Gordon I, p. 253
9.Emerson, Pecchio and Humphreys, p. 127
CHAPTER 11: THE TURKISH REACTION (pp. 100–10)
For the Ottoman Empire in the period before the Greek revolution see B. Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey; E. J. Zürcher, Turkey; S. J. and E. K. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. II; and A. Wheatcroft, The Ottomans. For the patriarchate see C. A. Frazee, The Orthodox Church and Independent Greece 1821–1852.
1.Makriyannis, tr. Lidderdale, pp. 17–18
2.Gordon I, p. 191
3.Trikoúpis I, pp. 397–8
4.Wheatcroft, p. 125
5.Frazee, p. 24
6.Clogg, Movement, p. 207
7.Waddington, p. 10
8.Woodhouse, Capodistria, p. 262
9.St Clair, Greece, p. 57
10.Woodhouse, Capodistria, p. 264
11.Trikoúpis I, pp. 103–5
12.Frazee, p. 36
13.Frazee, p. 35
14.Finlay I, p. 189
CHAPTER 12: THE CAPTURE OF TRIPOLIS (pp. 111–23)
There are first-hand accounts of the events at Tripolis by Gordon, Kolokotrónis (tr. Edmonds) and Raybaud.
1.Kolokotrones, tr. Edmonds, p. 151
2.Kolokotrones, tr. Edmonds, p. 155
3.Howe, Sketch, p. 83
4.Raybaud I, p. 403
5.Raybaud I, p. 433
6.Raybaud I, p. 461
7.Gordon I, p. 246
8.Gordon I, pp. 241, 247
9.Kolokotrones, tr. Edmonds, p. 157
CHAPTER 13: FORMING A GOVERNMENT (pp. 124–34)
The principal sources are J. A. Petropulos, Politics and Statecraft in the Kingdom of Greece 1833–1843; N. Kaltchas, Introduction to the Constitutional History of Modern Greece; G. D. Dhimakópoulos, I Dhiikitikí Orgánosis katá tin Ellinikín Epanástasin 1821–1827 (Administrative Organisation during the Greek Revolution 1821–1827); and F. Rosen, Bentham, Byron and Greece. The main parts of the Constitution of Epídhavros in English are in S. G. Howe, Sketch. The full document in Greek is in A. Svólos, Ta Elliniká Sintágmata 1822–1952 (The Greek Constitutions 1822–1952).
1.Trikoúpis I, p. 346
2.Petropulos, p. 21
3.Gordon I, p. 322
4.Howe, Sketch, pp. 78–9
5.Raybaud II, p. 166
6.Trikoúpis II, p. 149
7.Finlay I, pp. 332–3
8.Finlay I, p. 244
9.Howe, Sketch, p. 105
10.Dhimakópoulos, p. 101
11.Rosen, p. 77
12.Dhimakópoulos, p. 84
CHAPTER 14: THE EYES OF THE WORLD ON GREECE (pp. 135–44)
For the politics of post-Napoleonic Europe see H. Nicolson, The Congress of Vienna and D. Thomson, Europe since Napoleon. The Russian response to the Greek situation is covered in T. C. Prousis, Russian Society and the Greek Revolution, and the American in P. C. Pappas, The United States and the Greek War for Independence 1821–1828. The most comprehensive book on the philhellenes is W. St Clair, That Greece Might Still Be Free.
1.Thomson, p. 96
2.Thomson, p. 96
3.R. Holmes, Shelley: The Pursuit, London, 1976 (1st edn, 1974), p. 681
4.Raybaud I, p. 268
5.St Clair, Greece, p. 67
6.St Clair, Greece, p. 70
7.Rosen, p. 221
8.Woodhouse, Philhellenes, p. 77
9.St Clair, Greece, p. 59
10.Pappas, p. 142
11.Pappas, p. 42
12.Prousis, p. 60
13.Prousis, p. 59
14.Prousis, p. 60
15.Prousis, p. 62
16.Prousis, p. 63
CHAPTER 15: THE PHILHELLENES IN ACTION (pp. 145–53)
Gordon gives a detailed account of the battle of Péta. For forms of collaboration, see J. Petropulos in N. P. Diamandouros, ed., Hellenism.
1.Kolokotrones, tr. Edmonds, p. 163.
2.Raybaud II, p. 261
3.Gordon I, p. 389
4.Protopsáltis, p. 66
5.Trikoúpis II, p. 282
CHAPTER 16: CHIOS (pp. 154–67)
The most comprehensive account is P. Argenti, The Massacres of Chios. A. M. Vlasto, A History of the Island of Chios provides valuable background. All anecdotes of survivors are from S. G. Víos, I Sphayí tis Chíou (The Massacre of Chios).
1.Gordon I, p. 351
2.Vlasto, p. 143
3.Finlay I, p. 253
4.Argenti, p. 10
5.Argenti, pp. 6–7
6.Argenti, p. 13
7.Gordon I, p. 358
8.Gordon I, p. 361
9.Argenti, p. 19
10.Argenti, p. xix
11.Argenti, p. 20
12.Argenti, p. 155
13.Argenti, p. 26
CHAPTER 17: THE EXPEDITION OF DRAMALI (pp. 168–80)
1.Finlay I, p. 280
2.Finlay I, p. 162
3.Byron, L&J II, p. 37
4.Howe, Sketch, p. 128
5.Howe, Sketch, p. 131
6.Waddington, pp. 58–9
7.Raybaud II, pp. 344–5
8.Gordon I, pp. 416–17
9.Gordon I, p. 419
10.Gordon I, p. 422
11.Koloktrones, tr. Edmonds, p. 178
12.Gordon I, p. 426
13.Gordon I, p. 436
14.Gordon I, p. 438
CHAPTER 18: THE GREEKS DIVIDED (pp. 181–93)
See Gordon and Trikoúpis for the main events, and Dhimakópoulos for the shifting alignments of the Greek government.
1.Trikoúpis III, pp. 34–5
2.Gordon II, p. 5
3.IEE XII, p. 300
4.Finlay I, p. 316
5.Gordon II, pp. 13, 59
6.Gordon II, p. 173
7.Koloktrones, tr. Edmonds, p. 201
8.Howe, Sketch, p. 207
CHAPTER 19: BYRON’S ROAD TO GREECE (pp. 194–203)
The outstanding works on Byron are L. A. Marchand’s three-volume Byron: A Biography and its one-volume abridgement Byron: A Portrait, to which the references here apply. Also invaluable is Marchand’s eleven-volume edition of Byron’s Letters and Journals (Byron, L&J). See also I. Origo, The Last Attachment; H. Nicolson, Byron: The Last Journey; and D. L. Moore, Lord Byron: Accounts Rendered.
1.Marchand, p. 80
2.Origo, p. 169
3.Origo, p. 252
4.Marchand, p. 372
5.Marchand, p. 382
6.Byron, L&J IX, p. 198
7.Byron, L&J X, p. 139
8.Byron, L&J X, p. 213
9.Byron, L&J X, p. 154
10.St Clair, Greece, p. 152
11.Byron, L&J X, p. 199
12.Trelawny, p. 135
13.P. Napier, Revolution and the Napier Brothers, London, 1973, p. 40; Nicolson, Byron, p. 219
14.Woodhouse, Philhellenes, p. 114
15.Moore, p. 380
16.Nicolson, Byron, p. 160
17.Finlay I, p. 326
18.Byron, L&J XI, p. 33
19.Moore, p. 393
20.Nicolson, Byron, p. 174
21.Byron, L&J XI, p. 68
22.Byron, L&J XI, p. 83
23.Byron, L&J XI, p. 82
24.Marchand, p. 418
25.Byron, L&J XI, p. 73
26.Finlay I, p. 325
CHAPTER 20: BYRON AT MESOLONGI (pp. 204–19)
As well as the sources for Chapter 19, see P. Gamba, A Narrative of Lord Byron’s Last Journey to Greece and F. Rosen, Bentham, Byron and Greece.
1.Byron, L&J XI, p. 92
2.Byron, L&J V, pp. 119–20
3.Byron, L&J XI, p. 22
4.Byron, L&J X, p. 12
5.Trelawny, p. 138
6.Rosen, p. 188
7.Rosen, p. 189
8.Rosen, p. 189
9.Rosen, pp. 260–1
10.Byron, L&J XI, p. 102
11.Byron, L&J XI, p. 108
12.Byron, L&J XI, p. 109
13.Green, pp. 169–70
14.Byron, L&J XI, pp. 111–12
15.Byron, L&J XI, p. 123
16.Gamba, p. 187
17.Byron, L&J XI, p. 97
18.Byron, L&J XI, p. 134
19.Byron, L&J XI, p. 83
20.Byron, L&J X, p. 199
21.Dakin, Philhellenes, p. 68
22.Dakin, Philhellenes, p. 69
23.Byron, L&J XI, p. 151
24.Gamba, p. 244
25.Marchand, p. 454
CHAPTER 21: GOLD FROM LONDON (pp. 220–5)
See J. A. Levandis, The Greek Foreign Debt and the Great Powers 1821–1898; F. Rosen, Bentham, Byron and Greece; and E. Blaquiere’s two reports, The Greek Revolution and Narrative of a Second Visit to Greece.
1.Gordon II, p. 77
2.Levandis, p. 13
3.Levandis, p. 9
4.Blaquiere, Greek Revolution, p. 305; Blaquiere, Second Visit, pp. 123–8
5.Green, p. 174
6.St Clair, Greece, p. 209
7.Rosen, p. 110
8.Rosen, p. 118
9.Gordon II, p. 104
CHAPTER 22: CIVIL WAR IN GREECE (pp. 226–33)
1.Protopsáltis, p. 126
2.Trikoúpis III, pp. 113–14
3.Trikoúpis III, p. 130
4.Gordon II, p. 100
5.Gordon II, p. 174
6.Finlay I, pp. 338, 341
7.IEE XII, p. 354
8.Trikoúpis III, p. 181
9.Kolokotrones, tr. Edmonds, p. 203
10.Gordon II, p. 180
11.Makriyannis, tr. Lidderdale, p. 59
12.Makriyannis, tr. Lidderdale, p. 60
CHAPTER 23: IBRAHIM IN THE PELOPONNESE (pp. 234–46)
See G. Douin, Les Premières Frégates de Mohamed Aly (1824–1827) for the Egyptian fleet; W. St Clair, Greece for philhellene involvement; and K. Andrews, Castles of the Morea for fortress details. S. G. Howe’s Letters and Journals (Howe, L&J) are an important source.
1.Gordon II, p. 136
2.Howe, L&J, p. 90
3.Green, p. 250
4.Finlay I, p. 358
5.IEE XII, p. 377
6.Howe, L&J, p. 49
7.Howe, L&J, p. 27
8.Howe, L&J, p. 51
9.Howe, L&J, pp. 67–8
10.Howe, L&J, p. 34
11.Kolokotrones, tr. Edmonds, p. 207
12.Howe, L&J, p. 101
13.Gordon II, pp. 215–16
14.Temperley, p. 350
CHAPTER 24: THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE POWERS (pp. 247–57)
The classic and very readable account of British foreign policy in this period is H. Temperley, The Foreign Policy of Canning 1822–1827, which also has much to say about the policies of the other powers. Further details are in C. W. Crawley, The Question of Greek Independence. The death of Tsar Alexander I, the Decembrist revolt and the accession of Nicholas I are covered in A. Palmer, Alexander I.
1.Howe, L&J, p. 91
2.Gordon II, p. 283
3.Temperley, p. 342
4.Encyclopaedia Britannica (1929), The Eastern Question
5.Temperley, p. 335
6.J. W. Croker, quoted in H. M. Hyde, The Strange Death of Lord Castlereagh, London, 1967 (1st edn, London, 1959), p. 141
7.Temperley, p. 329
8.Temperley, pp. 333–4
9.Temperley, p. 454
10.Temperley, p. 339
11.Temperley, p. 339
12.Temperley, pp. 346–7
13.Temperley, p. 349
14.Temperley, p. 353
15.Palmer, p. 411
16.Crawley, p. 58
17.Temperley, pp. 586–7
18.Temperley, p. 361
CHAPTER 25: ODYSSEUS AND TRELAWNY (pp. 258–68)
The main documents about the death of Odysseus are in K. Papadhópoulos, Odysseus Andhroútsos, and most are in B. Ánninos, I Apoloyía tou Odhysséos Andhroútsou (The Defence of Odysseus Andhroútsos). Contemporary accounts of the assassination attempt in the cave are in E. J. Trelawny, Recollections of the Last Days of Shelley and Byron, S. G. Howe, Letters and Journals and G. Jarvis, Journal. The story is told in W. St Clair, Trelawny: The Incurable Romancer, and the central section of D. Crane, Lord Byron’s Jackal has a detailed discussion of the involvement of the different participants.
1.Papadhópoulos, p. 74
2.Papadhópoulos, p. 75
3.Papadhópoulos, pp. 75–7
4.Gordon II, pp. 186–7
5.Finlay I, p. 380
6.St Clair, Trelawny, p. 113
7.Trelawny, p. 167
8.Humphreys, quoted in Crane, pp. 146–7
9.Trelawny, p. 173
10.Quoted in Crane, p. 180
11.Howe, L&J, p. 42
12.Trelawny, pp. 181–2
13.Howe, L&J, p. 104
14.Trelawny, p. 180
15.Trelawny, p. 178
16.Quoted in Crane, p. 226
17.Jarvis, p. 248
18.Jarvis, p. 241
19.Jarvis, p. 245
20.Jarvis, pp. 247–8
21.Jarvis, p. 248
22.Howe, L&J, p. 42
CHAPTER 26: THE FALL OF MESOLONGI (pp. 269–88)
The memoirs of the siege, mentioned in the text, are by Spiromílios, Kasomoúlis in vol. II, Míchos and Makrís, and a reproduction of Kokkínis’ detailed map of the bastions is in Stasinópoulos I, p. 144; for full titles see the Select Bibliography. For the impact of Mesolongi on western Europe see S. A. Kanínias, Elevthería (Freedom) and N. M. Athanassoglou-Kallmyer, French Images from the Greek War of Independence 1821–1830.
1.Makrís, p. 15
2.Makrís, p. 37
3.Spiromílios, p. 221
4.Trikoúpis III, p. 279
5.Trikoúpis III, p. 280
6.Gordon II, p. 233
7.Kasomoúlis, p. 116
8.Kasomoúlis, p. 108
9.Kasomoúlis, p. 102
10.Finlay I, p. 385
11.Makrís, pp. 44–5
12.Trikoúpis III, pp. 320–1
13.Trikoúpis III, p. 401
14.Gordon II, p. 258
15.Kasomoúlis, p. 237
16.Spiromílios, pp. 191–2
17.Kasomoúlis, p. 275
18.Kasomoúlis, pp. 289–90
19.Kolokotrones, tr. Edmonds, pp. 230–1
20.Howe, L&J, p. 170
21.Kanínias, pp. 92–3
22.Athanassouglou-Kallmyer, p. 107
CHAPTER 27: THE SECOND ENGLISH LOAN (pp. 289–96)
The main sources are J. A. Levandis, The Greek Foreign Debt and the Great Powers 1821–1898; D. Dakin, British and American Philhellenes; and P. C. Pappas, The United States and the Greek War for Independence 1821–1828. C. Lloyd, Lord Cochrane is a useful biography, and F. Rosen, Bentham, Byron and Greece is good on the controversy over the loans.
1.Lloyd, p. 40
2.Lloyd, p. 169
3.Lloyd, p. 171
4.Finlay II, p. 337
5.Finlay II, p. 338
6.Lloyd, p. 171
7.Finlay II, p. 343
8.Dakin, Philhellenes, p. 36
9.Pappas, p. 104
10.Gordon II, p. 299
11.Pappas, p. 115
12.Rosen, p. 276
13.T. Lignádhis in IEE XII, p. 611
CHAPTER 28: DESPERATE REMEDIES (pp. 297–305)
Gordon and Finlay were in Greece during the events of this chapter, and Trikoúpis was closely involved in them, so the accounts of all three have a particular immediacy. For constitutional matters see Petropulos, Dhimakópoulos, Svólos and Kaltchas, as for Chapter 13. C. M Woodhouse, Capodistria is indispensable for the life of Greece’s first president.
1.Trikoúpis IV, pp. 10–11
2.Trikoúpis IV, p. 21
3.Gordon II, p. 305
4.Gordon II, p. 303
5.Koloktrones, tr. Edmonds, p. 243
6.Gordon II, p. 361
7.Finlay I, pp. 418–19
8.Gordon II, p. 362
9.Gordon II, p. 362
10.Woodhouse, Capodistria, p. 295
11.Woodhouse, Capodistria, pp. 309–10
12.Woodhouse, Capodistria, p. 345
13.Gordon II, p. 366
14.Gordon II, p. 410
15.Howe, L&J, pp. 193–5
16.Kaltchas, p. 53
CHAPTER 29: ATHENS, THE LAST OTTOMAN SUCCESS (pp. 306–15)
For the reform of the janissaries see Lewis, Zürcher, Shaw and Wheatcroft. The battle for Athens is covered at length in Gordon and Trikoúpis, and there are memoirs of participants by Makriyánnis, Howe, Thomas Whitcombe (whose brother shot Trelawny) and others. The introduction to Whitcombe’s book by C. W. J. Eliot, its editor, gives an excellent outline of the events at Athens.
1.Crawley, p. 57
2.Wheatcroft, p. 92
3.Shaw, p. 19
4.Wheatcroft, p. 126
5.Gordon II, p. 339
6.Makriyannis, tr. Lidderdale, p. 113
7.Gordon II, p. 378
8.Gordon II, p. 391
9.Trikoúpis IV, p. 147
10.Trikoúpis IV, p. 148
11.Gordon II, p. 395
12.Whitcombe, p. 21
13.Makriyannis, tr. Lidderdale, p. 125
CHAPTER 30: THE TREATY OF LONDON AND THE ADMIRALS’ INSTRUCTIONS (pp. 316–24)
For the political and diplomatic background see Temperley, Crawley and E. Halévy, The Liberal Awakening 1815–1830. Egypt is covered in Douin, and the admirals and their instructions in C. M. Woodhouse, The Battle of Navarino. More information can be found in the Codrington papers, in the possession of the family.
1.Crawley, p. 75
2.Halévy, p. 248
3.Temperley, p. 605
4.Crawley, p. 79
5.Crawley, p. 63
6.Crawley, p. 71
7.Temperley, p. 402
8.Temperley, p. 403
9.Crawley, p. 82
10.Douin, p. 96
11.Codrington papers for comments on de Rigny and Heiden
12.Woodhouse, Navarino, pp. 46–7
13.Woodhouse, Navarino, p. 62
14.Woodhouse, Navarino, pp. 53–4
CHAPTER 31: NAVARINO (pp. 325–36)
The indispensable work is C. M. Woodhouse, The Battle of Navarino, which quotes at length from the major sources. Codrington published three documents in one volume: a compressed narrative of his actions, Dudley’s queries and his answers, and papers relating to his recall. Further details are in the Codrington papers, in Henry Codrington’s Letters, and in the anonymous Précis de la bataille navale de Navarin.
1.Henry Codrington, pp. 19–20
2.Woodhouse, Navarino, pp. 78–9
3.Henry Codrington, p. 22
4.Kolokotrones, tr. Edmonds, p. 270
5.Woodhouse, Navarino, p. 93
6.Woodhouse, Navarino, p. 93
7.Woodhouse, Navarino, p. 106
8.Woodhouse, Navarino, p. 115
9.Précis, p. 15
10.Woodhouse, Navarino, p. 117
11.Woodhouse, Navarino, p. 130
12.Henry Codrington, pp. 33–4
13.Woodhouse, Navarino, p. 129
14.Howe, L&J, p. 270
15.Woodhouse, Navarino, p. 163
16.E. Longford, Wellington: Pillar of State, London, 1975 (1st edn, 1972), p. 189
17.Codrington papers
CHAPTER 32: KAPODHISTRIAS, A BORDER AND A KING (pp. 337–51)
The main sources are C. M. Woodhouse, Capodistria; D. C. Fleming, John Capodistrias and the Conference of London (1828–1831); C. W. Crawley, The Question of Greek Independence; and D. N. Dontas, The Last Phase of the War of Independence in Western Greece.
1.Trikoúpis IV, p. 242
2.Woodhouse, Capodistria, p. 443
3.Woodhouse, Capodistria, p. 372
4.Trikoúpis IV, p. 285
5.Trikoúpis IV, p. 303
6.Dontas, p. 68
7.Kolokotrones, tr. Edmonds, p. 288
8.Lloyd, p. 183
9.Trikoúpis IV, p. 229
10.Finlay II, p. 24
11.Woodhouse, Capodistria, p. 374
12.Dontas, p. 156
13.Trikoúpis IV, p. 294
14.Crawley, p. 120
15.Kolokotrones, tr. Edmonds, p. 294
16.Finlay II, p. 108