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A
Abbott, Greg, 238–241
Abbott Laboratories, 79, 107, 137, 308, 314–315, 364
Abel, Daniel, 453–454
Achrekar, Dr. Angeli, 39–40, 63
Adams, Dr. Jerome, 84–85, 133, 267, 336, 378, 393, 401
adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 10
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 405–406, 407, 412
Africa. See PEPFAR (President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief)
Alabama, 217, 218, 256, 325, 327, 336
Alexander, Paul, 249, 250–251
antigen (rapid) test, 198–201, 298, 314–316, 338–339, 453, 458, 461, 473
Arizona, 214, 218, 219, 248, 432
Birx visits, 226–227, 235, 242–243, 340, 351–352, 353
tribal nations in, 307–309, 319
UPenn/CHOP forecasting model and, 245, 268–269, 272, 286, 290–291, 299
vaccines and, 432
Arkansas, 214, 327
Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), 50, 66, 71–72, 80–84, 180–181, 377, 423. See also Kadlec, Dr. Bob
“Asymptomatic SARS Coronavirus 2 Infection: Invisible Yet Invincible,” 394
asymptomatic spread, of viruses generally, 15–17, 20, 22–23, 43–44, 48–51
Atlas, Dr. Scott, 388, 417
academic credentials of, 250, 251
backstabbing of Brix by, 273–274
Birx calls out dangerous guidance of, 250, 252, 274–275, 280, 286, 293, 302, 352, 353–355, 380, 383
Birx refutes assertions of during meeting with Trump, 284–288
Birx’s meeting with, 270–273
comments on Trump’s “policy” versus guidance, 285–286, 288–289
Covid Huddle and, 273, 276, 285, 292, 302
distortion of data and miscommunication by, 356–357
Florida and, 380
herd immunity and, 249–250, 252, 255, 274, 286, 290–293, 296, 301, 303, 329, 354, 380
influence on Trump, generally, 248–249, 251, 254, 263, 274–279, 288–289, 292–295, 353, 358–359
interviewed for Going Underground with Afshin Rattansi, 382–383
masks and, 271–272
Medical Experts Roundtable and, 292–293, 301
as policy wonk, not scientist, 250, 271
testing and, 255, 271, 295–299, 350, 351, 353–355
White House Coronavirus Task Force and, 275–276, 298–299, 302, 358–359, 376, 382
Avian flu, 9, 13–14, 52
Axios (television program), 280–281, 356
Azar, Alex
Atlas and, 301
Diamond Princess cruise ship and, 54
and early reports of virus in China, 18
excess mortality rate and, 356
press briefings and, 133, 378
remdesivir and, 207
testing and, 81
vaccines and, 227, 283, 370, 404–405, 406, 409, 412, 415, 429–432
White House Coronavirus Task Force and, 42, 60, 65, 71
B
Barrett, Amy Coney, 364
Bash, Dana, 276–278
Bauer, Zach, 397
BBC, reporting on “mystery” virus, 9, 11–13, 18, 423
behavioral science, research needs, 410, 448, 457–458, 468, 471–472
Bell, Wendy, 165
Beshear, Andy, 432
Bhattacharya, Dr. Jay, 292
Biden, Joseph and administration of, 308–309, 364, 384, 387, 401
pandemic plan of, 304–305, 439
presidential transition team and, 422–430
testing and, 388, 453, 465
vaccines and, 421, 430, 434, 439, 454
BinaxNOW rapid test, 321–322
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), 67, 172, 423
Birx, Dr. Deborah
accepts position as coronavirus response coordinator, 1–2, 62–63
from Africa tracks initial news of “mystery” virus in China, 9–25, 32–33
as apolitical, 34, 64, 305
character of, 94–96
concern for unmasked White House staff, 363–365
decision to leave government service, 436–437
decisions to remain on Task Force, 223–224, 353, 358–359
first meeting with Trump, 1–5
as global AIDS coordinator. See PEPFAR (President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief)
M. Pottinger urges to accept White House job, 1–2, 33–34, 37–38, 60–61, 65–66, 76
medical and research background, 10, 12–13, 31–32, 93
military experience, 52–53, 62, 66, 98, 210, 319, 332, 426
multigenerational household and personal life, 19–20, 63, 119–120, 194–195, 202, 381, 434, 439–440, 448–449, 461, 462–463
muzzled by White House, 208–209, 216, 352–353, 373–376, 379–380, 412
New York Times and, 261–264, 276
plans for after leaving public service, 389–390
press and, 33–34, 132–133, 152–153, 194, 198, 222, 276–279
Trump’s disinfectant remarks and, 189–194, 216, 357, 393
as woman in world of men, 95–96, 114–115, 287, 387, 398–399, 417
see also White House Task Force (WHTF)
Boehler, Adam, 232, 378, 399, 434–435
Boston Consulting Group, 176
Boyer, Devon, 321–322
Bright, Dr. Rick, 172
Bryan, William, 190–193
Burgum, Doug, 238, 245, 423
Bush, George W., 4, 27–28, 357–361, 394, 433–434, 454
Bush, Laura, 27–28, 360–361, 433–434
C
California, 128, 165–166, 214, 243–245, 256, 308, 336, 351, 432, 435
Caputo, Michael, 250–251
Carson, Dr. Ben, 226
Carter, Rosalynn and Jimmy, 433–434
Case Fatality Rates (CFR), 18, 156–158
Cavanaugh, Dr. Sean, 101
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 3, 37, 66, 165, 181–182, 251, 343
communication missteps, 447–448
community health and, 466–467
early faulty tests and, 48–54, 80, 81
early responses to Covid-19, 23, 32, 39, 44, 94
extension of shutdown and, 136
flu vaccine and, 371
flu-based data collection model and virus projection errors, 52, 67–68, 97–98, 101–110, 117, 120
future pandemics and, 449–454, 457–458, 466–470, 472
lack of data collection system, 57, 71–77, 86–87
mask guidance and, 84–86, 118, 179–185, 239, 394, 443–444, 457
measles and mumps report of, 269
Public Health Laboratories and, 48–49, 51, 79–80, 102, 257
screening of arriving travelers, 22–23
shutdowns and reopenings, 123–127, 136–137, 154, 178–180
staffing needs at state levels, 226, 319, 451–452
testing guidance, 199–201, 295–301, 308, 315, 330, 338–340, 350–354, 359
tracking of infections, 203–206, 216–217, 322–323
travel advisories and, 18–19, 22–23, 42, 132
vaccines and, 219–222, 226, 228, 319, 404–409, 420, 429–432, 435, 443–445, 448–449
virus spread and, 77–78, 135–136, 211–212, 216, 445
see also Redfield, Dr. Robert
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), 81, 330–331, 468. See also Verma, Seema
Chera, Stanley, 145, 148
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). See UPenn/CHOP forecasting model
China
Birx tracks news of “mystery” virus in, 9–25, 32–33
confirmed cases in, 42
masks and, 81–83, 163
SARS-CoV-1 and, 9–10, 25, 28
travel restrictions, 39–40, 42, 111–112
chloroquine, 172, 173
Christ, Dr. Cara, 244, 268–269
Clemson University, 334
Clinton, Bill and Hillary, 433–434
cloth masks, 84–85, 179–181
colleges and universities, 332–346, 376–377
funding issues for lost revenue, 340–341
housing issues, 344–345
mitigation efforts and obstacles to, 341–342, 344, 345–346
research laboratories, funding during university closures, 334–335
students and mental health issues, 342–344
testing and, 332–334, 337–340
compassionate use authorization (CUA), 410–411
Conway, Kellyanne, 286, 292–293
Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, 107, 161, 185, 307–308, 315, 339–340, 344
Council of Economic Advisers (CEA), 116, 127, 141–142
flawed assumptions about COVID-19 spread and deaths, 155–163, 168–170, 188–189, 260
travel bans and, 213–214, 223
see also Goodspeed, Tyler
Covid Huddle, 270, 289, 304, 377–378, 399, 427
Atlas and, 273, 276, 285, 292, 302
Kushner and, 264, 377, 399
team members and purpose of, 265
Covid-19, generally
Birx tracks news of spread in China, 9–25, 32–33
deaths from, 132, 149, 156, 159, 161–162, 165, 188, 229–230, 290, 299, 324, 355–356, 379, 382, 392, 397, 399–400, 407, 445, 452, 462
Delta variant, 443–444, 446, 456, 460–463
facility-based outbreaks of, 203–205
forecasts and predictions of deaths from, 137–138, 143–144, 146, 148–149, 155–156, 163, 167, 213–214, 260, 299, 301, 380, 382
genetic sequencing of, 21, 109, 154, 170, 435–436, 460, 463
human-to-human transmission of, 14, 16, 20–22
incubation period and, 15–16, 22, 154
naming of, 46
Omicron variant, 446, 455, 462–463
Crozier, William, 226
Cuccinelli, Ken, 112
Cuomo, Mario, 130–131
D
de Blasio, Bill, 130–131
Defense Production Act, 197–198, 213, 227, 264, 419, 453
DeSantis, Ron, 257, 259, 351–352, 355, 374, 380, 455
Deutch, Ted, 207
DeVos, Betsy, 373
DeWine, Mike, 327
Diamond Princess cruise ship, 42–47, 51, 53–54, 56, 76, 77, 98
Dine Safe Ohio, 327
Ducey, Doug, 244–246, 268, 351
Dunn, Dr. Angela, 381–382
Dupuis, Kevin, 316
E
Eastern Carolina University, 333
Ebolavirus, 13, 14, 17, 227, 340, 449
economic issues
of shutdowns, 141–143, 154–156, 158–159, 162
of travel bans and restrictions, 113–117, 155, 160, 161, 223
Edwards, John Bel, 256, 325
elderly persons, 58–59, 76, 78, 89, 185, 249, 290–291, 296, 324, 329, 371, 382, 407, 411–412, 436, 444, 459, 470. See also nursing homes
election of 2020, 282–283, 375, 390–395, 397, 400, 403, 418
Elmhurst Hospital, 144–145, 147, 148
Emanuel, Zeke, 177
emergency use authorizations (EUAs), of FDA, 50–51, 83, 135, 171, 173, 182, 370, 410–411, 414–415, 420
Evers, Tony, 317
F
Farah, Alyssa, 206, 286, 350–351
Fauci, Dr. Anthony, 65, 188–189, 202, 267, 297, 393, 423
Africa and HIV/AIDS, 30, 47, 319
Alexander and, 251
Atlas and, 251, 289, 293–294
Biden administration and, 429
Birx and, 72, 224, 387–388, 435
Birx’s forecast of fatalities, 146–147, 299
character of, 31–32, 417
compassionate use authorization and, 410
data and reluctance to rely on models, 76, 77–78, 140, 171
early reponses to Covid-19, 39, 42
hydroxychloroquine and, 171–172, 174
Navaro and attempt to discredit, 264
postelection strategic plan and, 379
press and, 133, 216, 221
shutdown and, 121, 122–123, 140–141, 144, 150, 164, 265
surge in 2020 and, 230, 231
testing and, 200–201
travel restrictions, 112–113
Trump and, 281, 367
vaccines and, 406, 412, 413, 416–417, 430
White House Coronavirus Task Force and, 66, 96–99, 195, 273, 275
Florida, 207, 214, 218, 256–257, 281, 351–352, 354–355, 380, 455
Florida State University, 355
flu, seasonal
average yearly deaths from, 52
response model as wrong for Covid-19, 3–4, 11, 38, 49, 51–52, 54, 56–57, 67–68, 70, 74, 78, 81, 92, 97–98
vaccines and, 371, 409–410
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
approved testing sites, 135
emergency use authorizations (EUAs), 50–51, 83, 135, 171, 173, 182, 370, 410–411, 414–415, 420
hydroxychloroquine and, 173
masks and, 181
medications and, 182
vaccines and, 370, 403–405, 411
Frieden, Dr. Tom, 98, 121–123, 136, 177
fully symptomatic spread, of viruses, 15
G
Gallo, Dr. Robert, 31
Gao, George, 18
Gastfriend, Daniel, 100, 143
Gaynor, Pete, 428
genetic sequencing, of Covid-19 virus, 21, 109, 154, 170, 435–436, 460, 463
Georgia, 256–259, 325, 326, 397, 434
Giroir, Dr. Brett, as testing “czar,” 81, 174, 199, 201, 213, 220, 267, 296, 298–299, 308, 316, 333–334, 422–423
Gleason, Amy, 100–101
Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID), 21
Going Underground with Afshin Rattansi, Atlas and, 382–383
Goodspeed, Tyler, 141, 143, 154–162
Gottlieb, Scott, 177
Gray, John, 373–375, 398
Grogan, Joe, 89, 91–92, 121–122, 127, 164, 176, 206
Gupta, Sanjay, 92
H
H1N1 infections, 52–53, 340
Hahn, D. Stephen, 171, 202, 267, 375, 388
Birx and, 188–189, 224, 262, 393
compassionate use authorization and, 410
hydroxychloroquine and, 171, 173, 174–175
masks and, 82, 83, 88
postelection strategic plan and, 379
press briefings and, 133, 216
remdesivir and, 207–208
shutdown’s extension and, 140–141
vaccines and, 283, 369–370, 371, 401, 406, 412, 413, 414–415, 430
White House Coronavirus Task Force and, 137, 273, 275
Hannity, Sean, 56
hantavirus, 323
Harvard Medical School, 167
Harvier, Martin, 307–308
Hassett, Kevin, 154–162
health care workers
masks and, 83–84
prioritization of initial vaccine doses and, 406–408, 412, 420
Health and Human Services (HHS), 18, 39, 52, 56, 71–72, 89, 176
Community Profile of, 304–305, 427, 438
Indian Health Service and, 308, 322
masks and, 180–181
tests and, 50, 80, 135, 296
tacking of pandemic and, 205–207
travel and, 47
vaccines and, 228
see also Azar, Alex
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 76
Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), 320
Herbert, Gary, 381
herd immunity
Alexander and, 250–251
Atlas and, 249–250, 252, 255, 274, 286, 290–293, 296, 301, 303, 329, 354, 380
flu vaccines and, 409–410
measles and mumps and, 252–253
mitigation issues and, 254–255
threshold numbers and, 253–256
vaccines and, 254–255, 441
ways to achieve, 252–254
Hicks, Hope, 116, 212, 286, 363
higher education. See colleges and universities
HIV-AIDS, 14, 24, 26–28
asymptomic spread and, 15–17, 53
Atlas and, 250, 255
behavioral changes to control spread of, 35–37, 257–258, 409–410
Bush administration and, 357–358, 360–361
Pelosi and, 276–277
see also PEPFAR (President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief)
Hoelscher, Doug, 226
hospitals
data and, 75–76, 102–106
financial incentives for COVID-19 diagnoses, 165–166
overcrowding of, 130, 135
remdesivir and, 205–206
reopening plans, 178
Hutchinson, Asa, 327
hydroxychloroquine, 171–175, 379, 393
I
ID NOW tests, 308, 364
Idaho, 321–322
immunity
need for research into dynamics of, 457, 471
protective immunity, 369, 421, 459, 470
sterilizing immunity, 368–369, 421
waning of natural immunity, 254, 440–441, 460
zoonotic viruses and, 13–14
see also herd immunity
Indian Health Service (IHS), 309–310, 312, 314, 321–322
Indiana, 241, 327
influenza
Spanish influenza pandemic (1918), 19–20, 86, 324
see also flu, seasonal
Inslee, Jay, 88–90
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 394
Iowa, 203, 299, 311
Italy
lockdowns in, 117, 138
usefulness of data from, 74, 78, 95, 139–140, 148, 156–158, 163–164
Ivey, Kay, 256, 327, 366
J
Janssen/Johnson and Johnson, 410, 430
January 6 insurrection, 424–427
Japan
data from, 77–78, 88
early RNA test for Covid-19, 44
masks and, 181, 394
see also Diamond Princess cruise ship
Jernigan, Dr. Dan, 98
Johns Hopkins University, global tracking data of, 28–29, 106, 137, 164, 335
Justice, Jim, 245, 266, 323, 432
K
Kadlec, Dr. Bob, 71, 80–81, 207–208, 377
Kan, Derek, 116, 143, 154, 160, 183, 209
Kellogg, Keith, 168
Kemp, Brian, 256–257, 259
Kentucky, 259, 299, 432
Kessler, David, 304–305, 383–384, 387, 401, 427
Kikwete, Jakaya, 65
Kolata, Gina, 167
Kudlow, Larry, 111, 115–117, 157, 161, 315, 380
Kulldorff, Dr. Martin, 292
Kushner, Jared
Atlas and, 254, 263, 276, 302, 303, 354, 383
Birx and, 209, 230, 231, 232, 265, 386, 395, 398, 428, 435
Covid Huddle and, 264, 377, 399
economic issues and, 141–142, 158
masks and, 163, 212, 246
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) and, 269
Operation Warp Speed and, 227
postelection strategic plan and, 381
remdesivir and, 206
travel ban and, 116
Trump’s disinfectant remarks and, 192–193
vaccines and, 227, 370, 414
L
Ladapo, Dr. Joseph, 292
Lancet, 167, 172
Leading Age Oklahoma, 331–332
Liddell, Chris, 206, 264
Lindell, Mike, 193
Louisiana, 128, 218, 245, 256, 325–327
Louisiana State University, 326, 334
Lujan Grisham, Michelle, 238, 242–243
Lynfield, Ruth, 317
Lyons, Chip, 304
Lyons, Derek, 154, 179, 183
M
Magufuli, John, 65
malaria, 26, 30, 79, 171–172, 227, 357
Malaysia, masks and, 82–83, 163
Malcolm, Jan, 317
Mango, Paul, 264, 378
Marsh, Dr. Clay, 323
masks and masking
Atlas and, 271–272
benefits of wearing, 36, 398
future pandemics and, 457–458, 462, 464, 471–472
health care workers and, 83–84
HIV/AIDS and, 36
initial shutdown to slow the spread and, 118
lack of domestic producers of, 81–83
muddled CDC guidance on, 84–86, 118, 179–185, 239, 394, 443–444, 457
N95 and KN95 masks, 36, 81–84, 180–181, 457, 462, 471–472
reopening plans and, 179–183, 186
SARS-CoV-1 and, 36, 45
states and, 239, 330, 331, 351
testing of efficacy of, 180–181
Trump and, 179, 212, 224, 366–367
women and, 247, 311
McCance-Katz, Dr. Elinore, 237, 342–343
McEnany, Kayleigh, 206, 286
McGuffee, Tyler Ann, 208, 248, 249, 282–283, 302, 352, 362, 364, 378, 389
McMaster, Henry, 265
Meadows, Mark, 209, 267, 276, 282, 378, 386, 398
Atlas and, 274–275, 302, 383
Birx’s reports to governors and, 352–353
economic data and, 158, 160
infected with Covid-19, 400
leaks and, 262, 388, 391–392
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) and, 269
postelection strategic plan and, 381
remdesivir and, 206, 207, 208
as Trump’s chief of staff, 154–155, 160, 165, 206, 208, 264, 274
vaccines and, 370, 414, 424
measles and mumps (MMR) vaccine, 252–253
Meissner, Dr. Cody, 292
Messonnier, Dr. Nancy, 23, 98
Michigan, 187–188, 316, 397
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), 3, 11–12, 13, 17, 38
mildly symptomatic spread, of viruses, 15–16, 20–21, 43, 51, 166
Millennials, and ability to communicate slowing the spread, 133–134
Miller, Katie, 164, 165, 193, 206
Miller, Stephen, 111, 154, 164–165, 281–282, 388
Minnesota, 187, 306–307, 310–311, 316–319
Mississippi, 217, 218, 256, 325–326
Missouri, 281, 339
Mnuchin, Steve, 111–117, 155, 157, 161, 276, 315
Moderna, 227, 370, 405–406, 410–411, 420, 430, 446
monoclonal antibody treatments, 362, 367, 371, 423, 442, 455, 467, 470
Montana, 395–396
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), of CDC, 269
Morgenstern, Brian, 264
motorcycle rally, in South Dakota, 378–379
Mulvaney, Mick, 60
Murphy, Phil, 238
Murthy, Vivek, 427
N
National Guard, 220, 330–331, 388, 420, 430, 436–437, 471
National Hospital Security Network (NHSN), 102–104
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). See Fauci, Dr. Anthony
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 13, 39, 48, 163–164, 174, 180–181, 220, 322–323, 334, 343, 419, 447–448, 458, 472
National Security Council (NSC), 28, 70–71
native Americans. See tribal nations
natural immunity, waning of, 254, 440–441, 460
Navarro, Peter, 154, 171, 173–174, 264
Nebraska, 203, 329
New Hampshire, 337
New Jersey, 129, 169, 188, 238, 261, 307
New Mexico, 226, 227, 235, 238, 242–243, 248, 307, 325
New York City and State, 104, 128–132, 138–139, 144–145, 147, 169, 173, 188, 203, 219, 435
New York Times, 13–14, 18, 144, 167, 261–264, 276
Newsom, Gavin, 243–244, 351
Nkengasong, Dr. John, 59–60
Noem, Kristi, 354, 378–379
North Carolina, 219, 420
North Carolina State University, 333
North Dakota, 238, 412, 423, 432
Northam, Ralph, 266
Notaristefani, Carlo de, 228
nursing homes
residents of, 58, 89, 93, 105–106, 136, 153, 164, 185–186, 197, 220, 249, 254, 290–291, 330–331, 341, 441, 446, 458–459
staff at, 186, 227
vaccines and, 404, 406, 408, 410–411
O
Obama, Barack and administration of, 4, 53, 98, 389, 454
Obenshain, Tucker, 226, 373, 398, 432, 435
O’Brien, Robert, 422
Office of the Staff Secretary (Staff Sec), 179, 285, 303, 356, 376
Ohio, 327, 399
Ohio State University, 435
Oklahoma, 242, 281, 310–312, 319, 331
Oklahoma State University, 435
O’Malley, Devin, 164–165, 193
Operation Warp Speed (OWS), 227–228, 253, 283, 368, 399, 404–406, 415, 419, 432. See also vaccines
Oregon, 336
Ortagus, Morgan, 264
Oz, Dr. Mehmet, 171, 193
P
pandemics, lessons for handling in future, 412, 438–473
CDC and community health, 466–469
data’s value and predictable patterns, 438–439, 459–465, 468–473
diverse population issues and, 450–452
laboratory testing, 438
local leadership and, 465
masks and, 457–458, 462, 464, 471–472
need for studies of vaccine hesitancy, 449–457
politics and, 450, 453–454
summary of issues, 475–481
testing’s importance, 443–444, 454–457, 461, 470, 472–473
PCR (nucleic acid) test, 77, 107, 198–199, 201, 338–339, 454
Pelosi, Nancy, 276–277, 279
Pence, Mike, 170, 194, 207
Atlas and, 293, 302–303
Birx and, 69–70, 72–73, 92, 161, 164, 209, 265, 270, 273, 354, 395, 415–418, 433
certification of election results and, 418
colleges and universities and, 332, 340
election of 2020 and, 223
January 6 insurrection, 426
leaks and, 261–262, 263
masks and, 82, 301, 365
op-ed in Wall Street Journal, 217–218
shutdown to slow the spread and, 117–128, 131–132
shutdown’s extension and, 146, 147
state-specific mitigation approach and, 219, 230–232, 260, 289, 354
testing and, 197–198
travel restrictions and, 111, 116–117
vaccines and, 413, 429
White House Coronavirus Task Force and, 397–398, 453–454
Pence, Mike Jr., 416
Pennsylvania, 245, 267, 338
PEPFAR (President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief), 42, 46, 47, 59–61, 319, 322, 454
Birx and, 2, 13, 68, 168, 210, 224, 467, 469
CDC and, 87
creation of, 28
Rice and Bushes and, 357–361
scope of program, 26–27, 30, 59, 79
Zaidi and, 59
Perna, Gustave F., 228, 404–406, 431
Pfizer, 370, 405–406, 410–411, 414–415, 420, 430, 446
Philadelphia, PA, 267, 338
Plymouth State University, 337, 339
Polowczyk, Rear Adm. John, 206, 207, 228, 377
Pottinger, Matthew
asks Birx to become spokesperson for response to Covid-19, 1–2, 33–34, 37–38, 60–61, 65–66, 76
background of, 32–33
Biden transition and, 422
Birx’s reliance on, 72
concerns about Trump administration’s response to Covid-19, 2, 38–39, 54–55, 66, 68–69, 93
masks and, 36, 67–68
role in Trump administration, 1, 32–33
travel restrictions and, 116
Pottinger, Yen, 32–35, 38–39, 54, 60–63
PPE production and supply, 2, 60, 81–84, 93, 163, 174, 178, 189, 196, 257, 331, 351, 455, 472
presymptomatic spread, of viruses, 15–17, 23, 44, 50–51, 179, 315
protective immunity, 369, 421, 459, 470
Q
Quillian, Natalie, 427
R
Rader, John, 248–249, 251
Raimondo, Gina, 238
Redd, Dr. Steve, 80–81, 101–102, 121
Redd, John, 207
Redfield, Dr. Robert, 101, 188–189, 202, 224, 257, 267, 281, 299, 375, 387–388, 393
Africa and, 30, 31, 47–48
Atlas and, 251, 289
Biden administration and, 429
Diamond Princess cruise ship, 54
early reponses to Covid-19, 18, 39, 42, 54, 72
hydroxychloroquine and, 174
pandemic data and, 73–74, 76, 77–78, 87–88, 171
postelection strategic plan and, 216, 379
press briefings and, 133
reopening plans and, 177
shutdown to slow the spread and, 125, 127
shutdown’s extension and, 140–141, 144
surge in 2020 and, 219–220
testing and, 200, 296, 297–298, 354
travel restrictions, 112–113
vaccines and, 401, 406, 409, 412, 413, 416–417, 430
White House Coronavirus Task Force and, 66, 96–99, 273, 275
Reeves, Tate, 256, 326
remdesivir, 205–208, 241, 362, 371, 377, 423, 470
reopening plans, 176–188
gating criteria for states and, 177–178, 183–184, 186–188
groups involved in planning, 176–179
mask guidance issues, 179–183, 186
testing and, 184–186, 330
Rhode Island, 238
ribonucleic acid (RNA), 21, 44, 65, 77
Rice, Condoleezza, 357, 360
Rubin, Dr. David, 236–237, 338
S
San Diego State University, 379
SARS-CoV-1, 3, 13
China’s handling of, 9–10, 25, 28
M. Pottinger and, 33
masks and, 36, 45
social distancing and, 37
United States and, 19, 28
virulence of, 17–18
SARS-CoV-2. See Covid-19
Schuchat, Dr. Anne, 98, 127, 251
seasonal flu. See flu, seasonal
Seattle, Washington, 23, 88–91, 93
sentinel testing, 178, 184–185, 230–231, 239, 255, 350, 423, 456
Shahpar, Dr. Cyrus, 427–428
Short, Marc, 209, 282, 378, 386
Atlas and, 275, 276, 302, 383
Birx and, 216, 261, 265, 267–268, 301–302, 397, 400
Birx’s reports to governors and, 350–351, 373
CEA data and, 158
leaks and, 388
MMWR report and, 269
New York Times and Birx, 261
as Pence’s chief of staff, 69, 70–71, 73, 146, 301, 365
postelection strategic plan and, 381
press and, 194
shutdown to slow the spread, 121, 126, 127
shutdowns’ extension and, 146, 147
states and, 259, 266, 398
testing and, 364
travel restrictions, 111, 116
Washington Post leak and, 386–387
White House Coronavirus Task Force and, 70–71
shutdown, of country
economic issues, 141–143, 154–156, 158–159, 162
initial 15 days to stop the spread, 117–128
mental health of students and, 237, 342–343, 448
planning for, 96–99, 104
shutdown’s extension and, 129–151
Trump’s change in attitude toward, 152–163, 177, 188–189, 251, 278, 285–286, 389
see also reopening plans
Slaoui, Dr. Moncef, 227–228, 283, 405
Smith, Brad, 232, 264, 339, 378, 399, 435
social distancing, Covid-19 and, 118, 138, 179, 182, 187, 196, 243, 256, 371–373
colleges and universities and, 333, 336, 345
tribal nations and, 311, 314–315
White House staff and, 282–283, 366
social distancing, SARS-CoV-1 and, 37
South Carolina, 214, 265, 325, 337, 340, 344, 348
South Dakota, 203, 354, 378–379, 464
South Korea, 20, 22–23, 78, 86, 89, 113, 132
Spanish influenza pandemic (1918), 19–20, 86, 324, 416
Stanford University, 166, 167
State of the Union (television program), 276–279
states, generally
Birx and Zaida visit, 225–232, 235–247, 248, 256–259, 266–269, 299, 325–346, 385–386, 390, 460–461
CDC and “voluntary” versus “mandatory” reporting, 106–107
gating criteria for reopening and, 177–178, 183–184, 186–188
shutdown to slow the spread and, 120–121, 129–132
shutdown’s extension and, 129–132
surge in 2020 and, 202–231
Trump and excess mortality statistics, 355–356
vaccine distribution and, 404, 406
wastewater analysis and, 326–327, 334
see also specific states
states, Birx’s reports to governors of, 258–260, 347–350
administration’s editing and censoring of, 352–353, 373–376, 377, 379–380, 412
creation of, 221–222
sterilizing immunity, 368–369, 421
Stony Brook University, 341–342
students, mental health issues of, 237, 342–343, 448
sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). See Covid-19; SARS-CoV-1
“surface transmission” theory, of virus spread, 77
Swan, Jonathan, 280–281
Sweden, 301
swine flu, 52
symptomatic testing, 135, 339
T
Tennessee, 281, 299, 345, 432
tests and testing, 67, 70
Atlas and, 255, 271, 295–299, 350, 351, 353–355
benefits for understanding Covid-19’s spread, 185–186
Biden and, 388, 453, 465
CDC guidance, 199–201, 295–301, 308, 315, 330, 338–340, 350–354, 359
development plans, 107–108
expansion of testing sites, 135
financial incentives for COVID-19 diagnoses, 165–166
future pandemics and, 443–444, 454–457, 461, 470, 472–473
in Georgia, 257
Giroir and 81, 174, 199, 201, 213, 220, 267, 296, 298–299, 308, 316, 333–334, 422–423
hospitals and, 165
influenza-like illness (ILI) and Covid-like illness (CLI), 103
lack of private test developers, 78–81, 134–135
mitigation needed in addition to, 365–366
need for increased testing in 2020, 197–199
as pillar of effective response to viruses, 21
reopening plans and, 184–186, 330
sentinel testing, 178, 184–185, 230–231, 239, 255, 350, 423, 456
tribal nations and, 308–309
Trump and, 197–199, 212–214, 215, 229, 280–281, 298–301
see also specific tests
Texas, 165, 214, 226–227, 238–245, 248, 281, 352, 360, 423, 434–435
Texas A&M University, 341
3M, 82, 88
travel restrictions, economic issues of, 113–117, 155, 160, 161, 223
tribal nations, 203, 306–324, 468
attitude toward, in Washington DC, 318–319
community and, 323–324
health issues and comorbidities, 307–308, 312–313
high fatality rates, 307
historic treatment and culture of, 312–314, 318–319
mitigation efforts and obstacles to, 306, 309–312, 313–314, 316–318, 319–322
testing and, 308–309
vaccines and, 404
Troye, Olivia, 69–71, 121–122, 125
Trump, Donald J. and administration of, 31, 38, 47, 96–97
atmosphere in White House, 64, 278, 388–389
Axios and, 280–281
Birx refutes Atlas’ assertions during meeting with, 284–288
Birx’s appearance on State of the Union and, 277–279
Birx’s first meeting with, 1–5
CDC and voluntary versus mandated reporting, 108–109
Chera and, 145, 147–148
“disinfectant” and sunshine remarks of, 189–194, 216, 357, 393
economic issues and, 110–116, 221–222, 224, 393
hydroxychloroquine and, 171–175
leaks and staff, 63, 208, 217, 263, 387–394
masks and, 179, 212, 224, 366–367
mathematical assumptions differing from Birx’s, 154–163
mentions disbanding White House Task Force, 195
Obama pandemic plan and, 53
overly optimistic messages about COVID-19, 39, 55–56, 58–59, 229, 351, 355–356
political concerns of, 209, 215, 223, 282–283, 294, 298–299, 358–359
positive test for Covid-19, admission to Walter Reed Hospital, and recovery, 362–363, 366–367, 368, 370–373, 376
postelection focus of, 390–395, 397, 400, 403, 418
shutdown, change in attitude regarding and “never again” comment, 152–163, 177, 188–189, 251, 278, 285–286, 389
shutdown, to slow the spread of Covid-19, 121–128
South Dakota and, 379
staff and lack of masking, 363–365, 400
states and reopening plans, 186–188
testing and, 197–199, 212–214, 215, 229, 280–281, 298–301
undermining of public health case for seriousness of virus, 164–170
vaccines and, 305, 419, 454
U
Unified Command Group, 453–454
United States
Covid-19 deaths in, 132, 149, 156, 159, 161–162, 165, 188, 229–230, 290, 299, 324, 355–356, 379, 382, 392, 397, 399–400, 402, 407, 445, 452, 462
first confirmed Covid-19 case in, 23
SARS-1 and, 19
security around White House in early 2021, 425–427
University of Alabama, 336, 344
University of Chicago, 138
University of Connecticut, 334
University of Kentucky, 341, 342
University of Minnesota, 22
University of Mississippi (Ole Miss), 335, 344, 345
University of New Hampshire, 337, 344
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 333
University of Pennsylvania. See UPenn/CHOP forecasting model
University of South Carolina, Columbia, 149, 334, 340, 344, 345
University of Southern California, 166
UPenn/CHOP forecasting model, 236–237, 239, 240, 243–245, 265, 268, 272, 286, 290, 299, 301, 338, 380
USA Today, 264
Utah, 307, 381
V
vaccines
for measles, mumps, and rubella, 252–253
for seasonal flu, 371, 409–410
vaccines, for Covid-19
breakthrough infections and, 441, 445–447, 458, 462
bridge to, 367–368
CDC and, 219–222, 226, 228, 319, 404–409, 420, 429–432, 435, 443–445, 448–449
distribution issues, 403–406, 415
early plans for development of, 92–93
emergency use authorizations and, 410–412, 414–415
in Georgia, 258
given to former presidents, 433–434
herd immunity and, 254–255, 441
immune response issues and, 419–421
mitigation measures needed in addition to, 412–421, 440–445
as pillar of effective response to viruses, 21, 52
prioritization of initial doses, 406–408, 412, 420
protection offered by, 368–371
roll outs of, 429–432
vaccine hesitancy and, 371, 408–410, 449–457
waning immunity and, 440–441, 445–446, 458
what they can and cannot do, 447, 452–453
see also Operation Warp Speed (OWS)
Van Kerkhove, Dr. Maria, 211
Vanderbilt University Hospital, 377
Verma, Seema, 81, 106, 133, 170, 185–186, 200, 289–291, 295, 299
Virginia, 187, 266–267, 299
Virginia Tech, 335
viruses, generally
human-to-human transmission of, 14, 16, 20–22
types, spread, and containment of, 15–17, 77
zoonotic viruses, 13–14, 15, 17, 52, 170
Vitek, Chuck, 101, 137
W
Wall Street Journal, 217–218
Walsh, Erin, 28–29, 32, 33
Walter Reed Army Medical Center
Birx and, 10, 12–13, 31–32, 93
Trump and, 212, 362, 366–367, 372, 376
Walz, Tim, 316
Washington Post, 18
Birx memo leaked to, 384–389, 390–393, 396, 398
Washington State, 88–89, 136, 154, 336. See also Seattle, Washington
wastewater analysis, states and understanding of community spread, 326–327, 334
West Virginia, 432
White House Coronavirus Task Force (WHTF)
accomplishments of, 196, 359
Atlas and, 275–276, 298–299, 302, 358–359, 376, 382
Azar and, 42, 60, 65, 71
Birx as response coordinator, 1–2, 62–63
Birx’s early preparation and concerns about prior plans, 42, 63–69
Birx’s team at, 101–102, 137
early lack of detailed CDC data, 73–76, 86
European travel ban, 110–116
Fauci and, 66, 96–99, 195, 273, 275
loss of Trump’s attention, 188–189
Pottinger urges Birx to join, 1–2, 33–34, 37–38, 65–66, 76
refocusing of Trump plan, 91–99
reopening plans and, 176–177
shutdown to slow the spread, 117–128
shutdown’s extension, 129–151
Trump mentions disbanding of, 195
vaccine development and, 92–93
Wisconsin, 317, 397
Woodward, Bob, 58–59
Wright, Dr. Craig, 31
Wyoming, 320–322
Z
Zaidi, Irum
Atlas and, 249
CEA data and, 161
data and, 74, 76, 98, 137, 203, 207, 359
masking and, 364–365
modeling and, 139, 143
PEPFAR and, 59
travel to states, 226, 232, 235–247, 248, 256–259, 299, 325–346, 352, 384, 390, 432
White House Coronavirus Task Force and, 100
Zients, Jeffrey, 427
Zika, 12
zoonotic viruses, 13–14, 15, 17, 52, 170