Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
abortion services, xxvii
abstinence, xiv, xviii, 86–92, 220
abstinence-only programs, xviii, 132
Abu-Odeh, Desiree, xxii
abusive relationships, 208, 233–37
ongoing, 235
accountability, 139–42, 189, 249
of alcohol and pornography industries, 258
alcohol use and, 140–42
peer groups in protection from, 191
sexual assault and, 220, 229
accusations:
believability of, 189
false, see false accusations
investigations and judicial procedures in, 215–20
achievement, as sexual project, 148–52
adjudication, xi, xxiii–xxiv, xxv, xxvii, xxxiii, 202, 216–17, 244, 256
Adolescent Family Life Act of 1981 (“chastity” program), xviii
adulthood, transitioning to, 35–38
advancement, sex and, xiv
adversarial process, 215–16
affirmative action, 53
affirmative consent, x, xxv, 15, 19, 61, 115–16, 123, 130, 133, 169, 264
ambiguity of, 150
assault and, 133
legal aspects of, 116, 121
African Americans, see Blacks
Against Our Will: Women and Rape (Brownmiller), xxii
age, xii
consent and, 25
disparities in, 230–32, 240, 250
and status, 184
aggressive incarceration, 261
AIDS/HIV, xviii, 112, 226
alcohol taxes, 263
alcohol use, xi, 4, 6, 10–12, 26, 63–83, 102, 110, 160, 170–72, 177, 205, 244
accountability and, 140–42
African American students and, 139–40
in alternative spaces, 79
appropriate, 59
avoidance of, 155
caring for friends in, 65–66
consent and, 19, 21, 143, 162–63
current rates vs. previous generations, 67–68
death and, 192
double standard in, 212
drugs and, 160–61, 168
education about, 252
environments for, 70–73
as escape, xv
fraternities and, 183, 185–86
gender and, 75
geographies for, 70–73
heavy, xv, 22, 61, 67, 69, 73, 79, 85, 155, 169, 199, 226–27, 248, 257, 262, 263
by high school students, 71–72, 75, 158
as introduction to college life, 27
at Latino event, 50, 53
legal age for, 70–73, 273
lowered inhibitions in, 144
“male aggression” and, 67–68
memory loss and, 171, 178, 195–96, 205–7, 246–47
at parties, 57
as prohibited in sororities, 75
rates of, 66
repercussions for, 55
restrictions on, 263
risks of, 141–42, 147
sexual assault and, 61–62, 69, 200, 206, 209–10, 246, 257, 263
by sexual assault victims, 21–22, 177–79, 217
in sexual encounters, see drunk sex
for social connectedness, 64–65, 82–83
social risks of, 66–69
spaces for, 185
stress and, 64
underage, xii, 24, 63, 65–66, 71–72, 191
vodka, 127, 168, 242
vulnerability and, 202
whiteness and, 79
see also binge drinking; intoxication
Alma Mater (statue), 35, 56
ambulances, 65–66, 69
American College Health Association, 37
American Sociological Review, xxiii
anal sex, 122, 135–36
Animal House (film), 64, 73
anonymous sex, 83, 85, 111, 125, 160, 164
anti-feminist attitudes, 233
Antioch College, xxv
anxiety, 37, 64, 101, 109–10, 158, 159, 160, 162
rates of, 37
apps:
Facebook, 56, 104, 106, 242
“Facebook famous,” 238–40
Grindr, 90, 98, 111
hookup apps, 105, 110, 180
Instagram, 56
“swiping right,” 105, 108
Tinder, 16–17, 87, 90, 105, 108–9, 118, 233
asexuality, 104, 151, 201, 220, 247
Asian students, 111, 124, 129
alcohol use by, 75
discrimination against, 54
assault, use of term, 226
assumed consent, 33, 113, 144, 168
athletes, 35–36, 46, 138
prestige and, 74, 236, 248
sexual assaults committed by, 217
attorney advisors, 213
“Baby, It’s Cold Outside” (song), 92
“Bacchanal,” 128
Back to School (film), 64
“bad girl” image, 24–25, 105
early roots of, 24
bad sex, 82, 93, 155, 181, 225, 259
Barnard College, xxii–xxiii, xxxi–xxxii, 54, 70, 87, 101
BDSM
choking, 165, 167
clubs, 166, 180
defiance, as real vs. sexual scenario, 166–68
sexual submissiveness, 129–30, 167–68
submissive sex, 167–68
Beauty and the Beast, 92
binge drinking, 63, 73–75, 153
at black colleges, 73–74
celebrated in movies, 64
deaths from, 67
defined, 67
gender, ethnic, and racial patterns of, 75
birth control, xviii, xxvii, 86–87, 155
bisexual students, 40, 97, 98–99, 100, 111, 119, 135, 136
Black colleges, binge drinking rates at, 73–74
Black fraternities, 138
Black men, xxx, 205
accused of rape, xxi
Columbia population of, 243
fear of, xxiii
Black students:
in adjustment to Columbia, 137–40
alcohol use by, 139–40
Blacks, 44, 78
discrimination against, 54
self-deprecation of, 138
stigmatization of, 139
as victims, 206
Black Students Organization, 79, 140, 198
Black women, ix, xxi, 86, 141, 244
blow jobs, see oral sex
body language, 14–15, 19
as consent, 122, 135
in saying “no,” 15–16
Brownmiller, Susan, xxii
built environment, xix
bullying, 253–54
prevention efforts in, 253–54
shaming in, 24–25
Butler Library, 80
bystander intervention programs, 9, 191, 193–98, 242, 243
caffeine, 113
Calle 13, 51, 55
campus crime, xxiv
campus geography, 33
finding a place in, 47–53
Manhattan House, 54
private spaces, 53, 186
public spaces, 186
Q House, 54
in sexual assault, 34–62
Writers House, 54
campus sexual assault, historical perspective of, xxii
caring, 97, 124, 222–23
for friends, 118
lack of, 93–94, 100, 104, 105
see also sensitivity
Casa Latina, 48, 54
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), xiii, 67, 82
Chin, Matthew, 128
“choice architecture,” xi–xii
Christian student groups, 100, 101, 180
cisgender, defined, 4, 99, 133, 136–37
civil rights movement, xxii
“Clarence Thomas future,” 141
“clean water” analogy, xi
Clery Act (1990), xxiv
Clinton, Bill, xviii
coeducational institutions, founding and growth of, xxii
coercion, 17, 114, 148–52, 164, 197, 245
in consent, 229, 241
in police procedure, 218
“collective efficacy,” defined, 262
“College Alcohol Intervention Matrix,” 263
college costs, 264
college life:
adjustment challenges in, 46, 47
alcohol use in culture of, 83
collective emotional burden of, 37–38
feelings of precariousness in, 137–38
independence as goal of, 35–38
intensity of, 34–35
loneliness, 3, 6, 36, 47, 204
making connections in, 36
male-dominated, 188
onset of, 64
sex as element of, 92
stratification systems in, 70–73
stresses and challenges of, 45, 84
transitioning to, 34–37, 40, 110, 137, 146, 238, 264–65
college projects, xvi, 212, 219, 238, 260, 268
“never-say-no” as, 231–32
College Walk, 65, 92
Columbia College, xxxi–xxxii, 41
acceptance rate of, 44
Columbia Queer Alliance, 198
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, xxxi–xxxii, 41
Columbia Spectator, xxii
Columbia University, ix, xii, xxii–xxiii, xxiv, xxviii, xxix, xxxi, 25, 70
ambulances at, 66
challenge of, 35
diverse community of, 38–44, 72, 119–20, 172, 214
gender ratio at, xxxii, 184
New York City location of, 197
orientation programming of, 41–46, 63
racial, ethnic, and sexual composition of, 41–42, 119–20
rules for alcohol use at, 185–86
sexual assault investigations by, 216–17
student enrollment at, 175
white orientation of, 53–54, 78–80, 244
work-hard, party-hard culture at, 56–57, 80
see also specific schools
community, sex education responses to, 269
competitive colleges, 45
complainants, defined, 215
“compliance officers,” 75, 185
condom use, xviii, 132, 155, 159, 168–69, 190, 239
foregoing of, 68
Congress, U.S., xxi
Democratically controlled, xviii
consensual sex, x, xiii, xxxii–xxxiii, 114–15, 162
nonverbal cues for, 126
verbalization in, 121–22, 144
consent, xxxiii–xxxiv, 26, 32–33, 112, 113–45, 157, 161, 218, 229, 249, 258, 267, 270
affirmative, see affirmative consent
age and, 25
alcohol use and, 19, 21, 143, 162–63
ambiguity of, 150–51, 256
assumed, 33, 113, 144, 168
coercion and, 229, 241
Columbia’s policy on, 121
communication challenges in, 164–65
community standards for, 157
conversation in, 118–19
drug use and, 117–18, 161
and fear of false accusations, 141–45
fear of misinterpreting, 116, 139
gendered sexual scripts in, 124–29
implied, 126, 128, 130, 135, 168, 169
incapability of, 169–70
intoxication and, 11, 83–84, 117–18, 120–21
knowledge vs. action in, 114
lack of, 147–48
legal definition of, 83–84
in LGBTQ community, 133–37
LGBTQ vs. heterosexual practice of, 137
men’s inability to, 195
nonverbal, 126
nonverbal strategies for, 122
physical presence taken for, 114–16, 121
properties of, xxix
as recognition of partner’s humanity, 111
respect and, 249–50
in rough sex, 165–68
sexual agency vs., 8
sexual geography and, 115–16
shaped by social harmony, 190
sobriety in, x
as socially produced, 116–17
tacit signals for, 123
vegetarianism and, 222
verbalization of, 26, 121–23, 142
warning signs in, 152
see also consensual sex; nonconsensual sexual contact
consent education, 127
counseling, after rape, 2–3
Counseling and Psychological Services, 45
criminal justice, xxiv
“cuffing,” defined, 93
cutting, 49
dance assault, ix–x
“date rape,” use of term, xxii
dating:
on-line, 16–17, 87, 90, 108–9, 118, 233
traditional, 111
“Dear Colleague” letter, xxiv
Dear White People (film), 268
denial, 203–12
rationales for, 211–12
deportation, threat of, 38
of LGBTQ vs. heterosexual students, 272
rates of, 37
Descartes, René, 57
disciplinary action, 66
discrimination:
against LGBTQ community, 54
racial and ethnic, 53–54
sexual assault as, xxv
diversity, 39–40, 46, 72, 262
Columbia’s embrace of, 38–44
in Latino community, 52
orientation for, 42–43
of student body, 214
Dodge Fitness Center, 34–35
Dominican students, 52
“don’t ask, don’t tell” policies, 154
dorms, dorm life, 87–89, 240
alcohol use and, 70–71, 138
sexual geography of, 88–89, 98, 175–76, 259
sexual restrictions of, 87, 92–93, 161
suites in, 54, 55
see also roommates, sexual geographies
“downgrading,” 190
drinking, see alcohol use
drinking games, 71
drop outs, after sexual assault, 201
drugs, xi, xviii, xxxiii, 12, 30–32, 57, 72, 76, 102, 105, 110, 147, 186, 248, 263
alcohol use and, 160–61, 168
consent and, 117–18, 161
cocaine, 57, 76–77, 156, 168, 186, 248, 263
in high school, 156, 158
rape, xxxiii, 4, 10
drunk driving, 170
as metaphor for sexual assault, 272–73
“drunk friend” scenario, 11
drunk sex, 80–85, 87-88, 91, 108, 110–11, 114, 123, 139, 146, 154, 160, 162, 164, 201, 206, 212, 229, 238–39
consent and, 122–23
sexual assault and, 244
see also alcohol use
East Asian Studies library, 106
“ecological model,” xi
economic inequality, xviii–xx, xxvi, 40, 45–46, 53, 69, 71–73, 139, 214, 245, 249, 263, 267
educational inequality, xviii–xix, xxiv, 267
Education Department, U.S., Office for Civil Rights, xxiv
“el Grito,” 51, 74–75
elite colleges, as spaces for cultural encounters, 39–40
emergency room, cost of, 66
emotional anesthesia, 108
emotional avoidance, 93–94
emotional connection, 100
as sexual project, 91, 94–95, 97–98, 124–25, 129, 269
“catching feelings,” 97, 197
emotional manipulation, 241–42
emotions:
crushes, 197
detachment, 211
disassociation, 221
embarrassment, 94–95, 108, 210, 233
empathy, 273
homesickness, 64
regrets, 28, 61–62, 81–82, 223–24
rejection, fear of, 97, 108, 110
relief, 103
sadness, 6, 226
self-absorption, 151
self-blame, 5, 7, 8, 32, 187, 189, 204–5, 207, 226–27
self-criticism, 234–35
self-disgust, 210
self-doubt, 207, 238
self-possession, 204
sexual anxieties, xiv
sexual entitlement, 30
sexual shame, 83, 85
shame, xii, xv, xix, 85, 92, 101, 205, 207, 208, 233, 236, 272
Empire State Building, 97
entitlement, 30, 77, 239, 248
to sexual satisfaction, 31–32
erotic fiction, 59, 62
ethnic isolation, 3–4
ethnicity, in sense of place, 49–52
ethnography, x–xi, xxviii, xxxi, 9, 232, 276, 278, 287
ex-boyfriends, 9
“excellent sheep” narrative, 45
exclusivity, 77
exercise, 264
externalities, defined, 257
extracurriculars, 85
South Asian cultural groups, 198
sports, sports teams, 35–36, 46, 74, 236, 248, 261
“fact-checking,” 89
fake IDs, 6, 10, 65, 69, 80, 139, 155, 168
procuring of, 71
false accusations, 139–45
frequency of, 143, 215
race based, 139–42
family:
impact on partners from, 179–80
peers as substitute for, 107–8
sex education in, 269
sexual conversations avoided by, 165
sexual identity shaped by, 235
sexual messages from, xv, xx, 85, 270
transition away from, 84–85
see also parents
fear:
of being killed, 4, 244
of false accusations, 141–45
of misunderstanding consent, 116, 139
of pregnancy, xvii, xxvi–xxvii, 158
of prison, 162
of rejection, 97, 108, 110
of reporting sexual assault, 207
of sex, xvii, xix, 62, 85, 92, 94, 102, 103, 112, 158, 172–73, 142
of sexually transmitted infections, xvii, xxvi–xxvii, 158
female students, sexual assault rate for, xxii
“feminazis,” 233, 235
femininity, rejection of, 151
feminist fraternities, 188
feminist movements, of 1960s and 70s, 8
feminists, xxv, 193, 261
feminist writing, xii
Fetty Wap, 52
films, 136, 183, 286
Fine, Michelle, 127
firearm injuries, 82
“first kiss” stories, 97–98
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 67
flashbacks, 223
flirting, xix, 10, 199, 206
fluid identity, 42
focus groups, xxix, 277, 278, 281–82
forcefulness, ix
fraternities, xx, 6, 36, 48, 50, 71, 73, 75, 181, 182, 194, 198, 229–30, 248, 261
aggressive atmospheres of, 134
alcohol use and, 183, 185–86
charters of, 186
control of space by, 77
diversity in, 74
feminist or gender-egalitarian, 188
formals, 56
growing diversity in, 78–79
legal boundaries of, 191–92
liability for, 73
low-status, 188, 189
mentors in, 125
mixers, 183–84, 186–87
personal liability in, 192
rape and, 187–89
rape stigma of, 189
“rapey” reputation of, 187–88
rules and regulations for, 75–76
sexual assault facilitated by, 6–7, 184–85
as sexual space, 232
as “special interest” spaces, 54
status hierarchy of, 73–75, 182–85, 188, 189, 194
white, 74
Fraternity Gang Rape (Sanday), xxiii, 74
fraternity parties, 57, 75–80, 175, 228–29
finding partners as aim of, 182–87
public vs. private spaces at, 186
rules for alcohol use at, 185–86
see also parties, partying
frathouse rape, 6, 8
frat houses, ownership in, 182–83
freshman fall, 69, 104, 106, 138, 238
freshmen, 64, 70
sexual assault rates of, xiii
social and sexual challenges of, 185
space restriction for, 89
friends:
as ambivalent in support, 217
effect of sexual assault on, 225
rape by, 9–12, 202, 203
as supportive and protective, 190, 206–7, 210, 260
see also peers
friendship network, proscription against sex within, 107–8
friends with benefits, 86–87
“frog-in-hot-water” analogy, 149
gaslighting, defined, 26
“gay,” misuse of term, 43–44
gay identity, xiv, 10, 40, 43, 99
gay men, 240
disregard for orientation of, 148–52
in fraternities, 184, 188
in heterosexual encounter, 148–52
rape of, 209
use of term, 226
see also homosexuality, homosexuals; LGBTQ youth/students
gay-straight alliance, 250
gender:
in authorities’ response to sexual assault, 23
inequality, xii, xxi, 96, 228–51, 262
and power disparities, 143–45, 228–51
gender assumptions, 23–24
gender-based sexual scripts, 124–29, 136, 142–45, 172, 212, 271
in aftermath of sexual assault, 219
in preventive protection, 195
gender-based violence, xxi, 230
gendered domination, 254
gendered prestige structures, 236
gender-egalitarian fraternities, 188
gender equality, xxiii–xxiv
gender identities, xiv, xxx, 18, 262
emerging, 269–70
masculinity and femininity in, 151
of research subjects, xxx–xxxi
gender-neutral restrooms, xxvii
gender-nonconforming students, xii, 127
as virgins, 92
see also LGBTQ youth/students; specific orientations
genderqueer students, 242
gender transitioning, 18
“generation snowflake,” 45
geographies, 15, 27
for alcohol use, 70–73
campus, see campus geography
coffee shops, 53
defined, xx
of partying, 70
sexual context of, see sexual geographies
spatial dynamics, xx
“ghosting,” 11, 89, 209
Gilbert, Louisa, xxxi, 13, 208, 244
Girls (TV show), 99
“good guy/predator” dichotomy, 152–53
Good Samaritan policies, 66
Greek-life, see fraternities; sororities
groping, 192, 195
group dynamics, in status hierarchy, 194–95
guilt, 101, 205
gun death rate, 82
hand jobs, 95, 106, 181
“handles,” 71
hard liquor, 71, 76, 127, 168, 242
prohibited at frat parties, 185–86
Harvard University, xxxi, 45, 73
hazing, 73
Health Services, 2
“he said/she said,” xxxiii
heteronormative, 189
heterosexual men:
in aftermath of sexual assault, 212
cisgender, 230
heterosexuals, 83, 99
percentage of heterosexuals in the SHIFT survey, 42
heterosexual sex, 116, 148–49, 229–30
consent in, 127, 137
lack of reciprocity in, 96
men’s responsibility in, 143–45
“hidden curriculum,” 267
high school(s):
alcohol use in, 71–72, 75, 158
drug use in, 156, 158
high achievers in, 119
parties in, 118
sex education in, 86, 127
status in, 181
Hillel (campus center for Jewish student life), 36, 198
Hirsch, Jennifer S., xxxi, 164, 268, 271
credentials of, xxvii–xxviii
historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs), 73–74
HIV/AIDS, xii, 112, 226
HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), 98
homecoming, 75
homelessness, of students, 39–40
homophobia, 68, 78, 189, 236, 237
homosexuality, homosexuals, ix, x, xiv, 43, 49, 56, 78, 90, 98, 99, 112, 136, 148, 236, 240
coming out as, 98
consent practices of, 135
family unacceptance of, 38–39
religion and, 101
sexual encounters of, 94–95
stereotypes of, 78
see also LGBTQ youth/students; specific orientations
hookup culture, 95
hookups, 11, 13–14, 23, 27, 28, 57, 60, 61, 64, 81, 82, 85, 89, 93, 98, 99, 108, 110–11, 112, 114, 120, 125, 129, 142, 178, 179, 181
alcohol use in, 83
casual sex, 16, 92, 112
one-sided, 95–96
rules for, 105
use of term, 13
hotlines, 247
HSV-1, transmission of, 233–35
human papillomavirus vaccine, xxvii
“hunting grounds,” xxiii
hypersexualization, racial, 244
identity goals, 212
illegal drugs, xi
immigrant students, responsibilities of, 38
impersonal sex, 92–93, 105, 112, 160
implied consent, 126, 128, 130, 168
in LGBTQ community, 135
signals for, 169
incarceration, racial and ethnic factors in, 69
in-crowd, 186
independence, 110
indirect language, 122
institutional social risks, 202
insurance, 192
Internet:
prevention programs on, 264
sexual landscape of, 16–17, 87, 89–90, 108–9, 118, 167, 233
as source of sex education, 132
internships, 160
interracial dating, 141
intervention, in assault prevention, 191, 272
distraction strategy, 10, 194
reactive intervention, 196
refusal skills training, 266
intimacy, 180–81
sex and, 160
as sexual project, 95
victims’ issues with, 220–21
see also emotional connection
intimate partner violence, 120, 200–201, 233, 237, 258
intoxication, ix, 1–2, 4, 5–6, 10–12, 57, 60, 102, 108, 120, 138, 147, 153, 242, 248
in American college culture, 64–66, 69, 73
blackouts and, 80, 123, 156, 178–79, 206–7, 209, 246–47
blanking out in, 22–23
consent and, 11, 83–84, 117–18, 120–21, 122–23
disparities in, 240
drunk sex and, 80–85, 87–88, 91, 108, 110–11, 114, 122–23, 139, 146, 154, 160, 162, 164, 201, 206, 212, 229, 238–39, 244
faulty memory and, 171, 178, 195–96, 205–7, 246–47
to incapacitation, 177–78
loss of consciousness in, 209
manifestations of, 123
and sexual aggression, 134
in sexual assault, 61–62, 244, 258
see also alcohol use, substance use
investigations, 207, 244
isolation, 3, 6, 36, 47, 204
“it” fraternities, 182
“It’s on Us” campaign, xxiv
Jazz House, 48
judgment, xv
justice, 214, 259–60
justification, for sexual assault, 30
“Just Say No” campaign, xvii–xviii
“keggers,” 183
kegs, prohibited at fraternity parties, 185–86
Khan, Shamus, xxxi, 226, 245, 268
credentials of, xxviii
King’s College, 40
kinky sex, 129–30, 166
kissing, 122, 125, 147, 197
as social greeting, 164
unwelcome, 170–71, 172
Koss, Mary, xxiii
language:
disparaging, 237
in sex education, 269
for sexual assault, xii
“Latino frats,” 50
Latino/Latina students, 3–4, 49–52, 54, 55, 119
alcohol use by, 74–75
Columbia population of, 243
Latino music, 52
legacy, 141
lesbian students, 40, 99
LGBTQ lounge, 48
LGBTQ youth/students, xiv, xxii, xxix, 36, 40, 42, 44, 98–99, 112, 127, 133, 136, 172, 218, 249, 259, 271–72
consent and, 133–37
discrimination against, 54
diverse population of, 133
isolation of, 240–41, 243
lack of sex education for, xviii
marginalization of, 135
rape and, 200
risk of assault for, xviii
sense of social belonging for, 240
sex education for, xxvii, 270
sexual assault of, 220, 240–43, 258
sexual assault rates for, xxvi, 133–34, 174
sexual citizenship of, xxvii
stigma against, 243
transgender gay men, 133
vulnerability of, 230
see also specific orientations
“lifecourse perspective,” xvi
life projects, 100, 212, 256, 262
examples of, xvi
Low Library, 56, 94
lying, 147
MacKinnon, Catharine, xxv
Mailman School of Public Health, xxvii
makeup sex, 91
making out, 13, 122
“male aggression,” alcohol use in, 67–68
male students, see men
mandated reporting, 264
manipulation, 197
manual stimulation, xiv
marijuana use, 12, 30–32, 76, 104, 151, 168, 186, 209, 243
marriage, 100, 179, 269
advancing age of, xvii
decreasing rates of, xvii
engagement, 101
as life project, 100
rape in, 254
sex delayed until, 101
masculine bravado, 77–78
masculine prestige, 261
masculinity:
“metro” men, 76
“noble shit” guys, 194–95
matchmakers, 179–80, 195
mediation, 260
Mellins, Claude Ann, x, xii, xxxi, 219
memory, 12, 178, 195–96, 212
alcohol use and, 171, 178, 205, 206–7, 246–47
trauma and, 216
men:
in bystander interventions, 193
cisgender, 4, 133, 136–37
commitment to consent by, 115
“creepy,” 193–94
hierarchy of, 236–37
high-stake, 106
misperception about sex and, 23–24
most desirable, 238–40
perceived as predators, xxv–xxvi
power dominance of, 184
presumed responsible for sexual assault, 142–45
as protective, 8
in securing consent, 126
sex education roles of, 271
sexual agency of, 124–29, 245
sexual assault rates for, 146
as sexual assault victims, xxii, xxvi, 20–25
space controlled by, 262
as virgins, 92, 94–95, 102–3, 131, 158–59
women’s sense of obligation to, 30
women’s sexual assault of, 20–25
menstruation, 148
mental health, 6, 47–48, 226, 262
clinical services for, 264
depression, 153, 160, 162, 200, 204, 211, 226
promotion of, 264–65
suicidal ideation, 162, 211
suicide, 204, 271
“method of perpetration,” 4
methodology, of authors, xxviii–xxxii, 275–89
#MeToo movement, 8, 268
Mexican independence celebration, 49–52, 74–75
mockery, 107
Model Penal Code, 254
Model UN, 36
monogamy, 109
mutual, 269
morality, moral questions, xv–xvi, 112
morning-after pills, 107, 155
movies, binge drinking celebrated in, 64
Ms., xxiii
multiple assailants, 178
murder, threat and fear of, 244
NAACP, xxi
naiveté, 26–28
National Center for the Prevention and Control of Rape, 257
National Institute of Mental Health, 257
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 257, 263
National Institutes of Health, 257
New Student Orientation, 238
New York, N.Y., challenges of, 46–47
New York Post, xxix
“no-fault reporting,” 173
“no hard alcohol” policy, 185–86
nonbinary students, 40
“nonconsensual penetrative sexual contact,” xxviii–xxix
nonconsensual sex, 204
nonconsensual sexual contact, xxviii, 5, 8, 9, 13, 119, 148, 166, 190, 195, 203, 204, 211, 223–25, 242, 259
ambiguity in, 224
intoxication in, 11
penetrative, see rape
touching in, 206
nonverbal communication, 137
consent strategies in, 153
“not under my roof,” limitations of, 270
Obama, Barack, xviii
Obama administration, xxiv
Oberlin College, xxii
objectification:
of others, 40, 41, 174
of sex partners, xvi, 19, 100, 106, 145, 147, 149, 151
obligatory sex, 30, 156, 174, 232
Office of Gender-Based Misconduct, 161
Old School (film), 64
“one-party” state, 142
one-time encounters, 16
online pre-matriculation prevention programing, 264
opportunistic sex, 60, 61
opportunity structure, defined, 89
oral contraceptives, 86
oral sex, 13, 95, 99, 102, 104, 118, 145, 150, 208, 233–34, 241
as sexual compromise, 28–29
oral stimulation, xiv
orgasm gap, 95
orgasms, 58, 96, 118, 210, 222
orientation programs, 41, 45–46, 63
New Student Orientation, 238
purpose of, 42–43
for sexual assault prevention, 264–65
painful sex, 93, 159
panic attacks, 162
parents, 100, 112
guiding role of, xxvi–xxvii
impact on sexuality by, 158
open communication with, 270–71
sex education responsibility of, 269–71
in support for victims of assault, 270–71
see also family
Parks, Rosa, xxi
participant observation, xxix–xxx
parties, partying, 57, 64, 75–80, 108, 140, 168, 175, 205, 228–29, 238, 246, 258
aggressive atmospheres of, 134
drinking in preparation of, 80–81
finding partners as aim of, 182–87
by genderqueer students, 242
geography of, 70
in high school, 118
for social connectedness, 56–57, 64
partnerships, as life project, 100
“party arrangements,” 76
party monitors, 75
peer networks, 85, 247
influence of, 190–98
in producing and interpreting campus sexual assaults, 182
in selection of sexual partners, 182–85
in sexual assault prevention, 192–93
sexual exploitation by, 177–85
sexual power of, 231–32
peers, xvi, 106
in consent, 116
effect of sexual assault on, 225
pressure from, xviii
protection of, 231
sexual encounters engineered by, 190, 237, 258
as substitute family, 178–79, 198
as supportive in processing of sexual assault, 219–20, 260
penetration, xxviii, 7
penis, in transgender sex, 18
perpetrators, perpetration, of sexual assaults, 146–74
accountability of, 220, 229
alcohol as risk for, 170
caricatures of, 157
consequences for, 161–65
continuum of, 156
distinction between act and identity in, 152–53, 209
in emotional responses to interviews, 156–57
by fraternity members, 185
help and support for, 261–62
history of, 154
as pariahs, 192
perspective of, 153–57
prevention strategies for, 261
rates of, 261
as social acquaintances, 208
social consequences for, 178
sociopathic, 255
as transformative, 162–63
as unaware, 8, 211
victims concerns for, 173, 208–9
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996) (“welfare reform”), xviii
phone sex, 91
physical pain, 135
physical unattractiveness, 116
Plan B, 2, 155
pleasure, xiv, xvi, xxi, 100, 129, 223
diverse meanings of, 115
experienced in rape, 200
landscapes of, 58–63
as sexual project, xiii, 91, 95, 100, 111
women as source of, 95–96
police, policing, 213, 262
rape reported to, 200
sexual assault involvement of, 216–18
policy change, 253–54
“political correctness,” 236
pornography, xvi, 112, 165–68, 174
literacy classes, 268
as source of sex education, 59, 85, 165–68, 174, 257–58
young people’s use of, 268
post-assault procedures, xi
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 223
poverty, 39, 40
and educational inequality, xviii–xix
spaces of, 72
power, xii, 241, 262
activation of, 249
forms and dynamics of, 230
gender and, 143–45
having vs. exercising, 241
as possession, 249
privilege and, 250
social fluidity of, 230
social position of, 249
power disparities, 187, 227
mitigation of, 250
multiple factors in, 247–51
for upperclassmen, 265
power imbalance, 213–14
predators, xi, 173, 273
pregaming, 177, 183
defined, 71
pregnancy, 107
fear of, xvii, xxvi–xxvii, 158
prevention of, xviii, 96, 112
pregnancy tests, 196
premarital sex, as discouraged, xviii
pressure, 186, 197, 218, 240
by police, 218
prestige, xxi
masculine, 261
prevention, of sexual assault, xii, xiii, 153, 185, 191, 253, 261, 264, 265–73
adjudication and punishment vs., xxv
bystander intervention programs and, 9, 193–98, 242–43
denial and, 211
four major opportunities for, 262–63
moral commitment to, 192
peer networks in, 192–93
programs for, 9–10, 244, 264
punishment vs., 263
“smoke him up” strategy, 194
student organizations in, 192–93
three grounding concepts for, xiii–xxi
Princeton University, 45, 73
privilege, 45, 80, 117–18, 138–39, 154, 168, 213–14
power and, 250
as protection, 191
proactive intervention, 196
Prohibition, 71
promiscuity, in self-identity, 232–37
pronoun use, non-gendered, xxxi, 3–4, 42
public safety, 213
punishment, xxv, 262
prevention vs., 263
queer identity, xiv, 39, 90, 99, 112, 127, 136, 172, 250
use of term, xxxi
see also homosexuality, homosexuals; LGBTQ youth/students
queer women of color, 133–34
race, xii, xxv, 74–75, 172, 243–45, 248
racial diversity, 262
racial domination, xxi, 254
racial inequality, xxi, xxvi, 116, 230, 249
racial violence, 54
racism, 237
legal and judicial bias and, 74
veiled, 78–79
rape, xiii, 1–2, 258
accusations of, 154
after effects of, 2–3
ambiguity of, 150, 163
assault vs., 61
avoidance of, 229
counseling after, 2–3
denial of, 211
of drunken victim, 178–79
at early age, 24–25
economic impact of, xiii
emotional pressuring as, 18–19
family support in, 2
fraternities and, 187–89
by friends or partners, xxiii, 9–12, 200, 202, 203, 208
legal description of, 254
multiple assailants in, 178
peer support and, 2–3
physical force in, 4–5, 9, 231
pleasure experienced in, 9, 200
procedure for aftermath of, 218
racial component of, xxi–xxii
rate of, xxiii
reporting of, 200
sex education and rates of, 266
shared scenarios for, 4
by social acquaintance, 199
traumatization by, 201
use of term, xxviii–xxix, xxxiii
violent, 219, 247
virginity and, 228
see also sexual assault
rape crisis centers, 211
“rape culture,” 173–74, 255
rape drugs, xxxiii, 4, 10
rape victims, emotional support for, 45
“rapey” fraternities, 91–92, 114, 173, 187–88, 192, 194–95, 196–97
rapists, as pariahs, 192
Reagan, Ronald, xvii–xviii
“red zone,” 238
relationships, xiv–xv, 85, 119
abusive, see abusive relationships
relationship sex, 91
relationship violence, 233, 237
religion, 189
church, 138
Jewish students/Orthodox Jews, 79, 101
Muslim students, 48
Simchat Torah, 79
religious conversion, experience of, 101
religious identities, 100, 101
as sexual project, 101
religious institutions, 269
input on partners from, 179
sex education role of, 271–72
religious structures, 36
religious students, 36, 42, 64, 79, 100, 101, 112
reputation, 27, 81–82, 190–91, 193, 194, 212
ruin of, 157
research assistants, xxx
research subjects, xxvii–xxxiii
privacy concerns for, xxx
respect, xvii
respondents, 215
Revenge of the Nerds (film), 64
“risk management office,” 192
“risk officers,” 185
risk-taking, 77
roommates, 12–13, 57, 89, 92, 98, 161, 240
mismatched, 138–39
tension among, 208
rough sex, consent in, 165–68
safe words, 167
Sanday, Peggy Reeves, xxiii, 74
Santelli, John, xxxi, 265, 283, 285
Sarvet, Aaron, 226, 245
“satisficing,” defined, 111
Saturday Night Live (TV show), xxv
Scarlet Teen (website), 132
School Daze (film), 268
School of General Studies, xxxi–xxxii
Scottsboro Boys, xxi
selective colleges, 44–45
self-determination, lack of regard for, 152, 176–77
self-discovery, sex and, xiv
self-identity, 235
in aftermath of sexual assault, 225–27
asserted through sexual projects, 100
sexual accusation and, 161–62
self-realization, 174
self-reconstruction, 152
self-worth, 140–41
senior year, sexual assault rates of among those surveyed, xiii
sensitivity, 59–60, 62
to partner’s needs, 96–97, 124–25, 135, 141–42, 172, 222–25
“serious sex,” 91
sex, see sexual encounters
sex crimes investigators, 215
sex education, 202
abstinence in, 86, 88, 132
advice for parents and caregivers, 269–70
age-appropriate, xviii
fear-based, 86, 158, 172–73
gender-based scripts in, 262, 271
governmental legislative responsibility for, 266–68, 273
in high school, 86, 127
institutional and organizational responsibility in, 271
Internet as source of, 132
LGBTQ-inclusive, xviii, xxvii, 136
personal pursuit of, 132
pornography as source of, 59, 85, 165–68, 174, 257–58
in pre-college curricula, 267–68
for sexual abuse prevention, 265–73
shortcomings and limitations of, x, xvii–xviii, 43, 59, 61–62, 88, 96, 103, 127, 132–33, 136, 164, 165, 172–73, 174, 234, 255–56, 257–58, 266–67
teachable moment about, 164
sex education film festivals, 268
sexism, 237
sexual abstinence, see abstinence
sexual agency:
consent vs., 8
right to, xvi–xvii
sexual aggression, 193
normalization of, 134
sexual and reproductive health services, 267
sexual assault, 1–33, 262
accountability for, 189
accusation of, 115, 139–45
aftermath of, xi, xxiii–xxiv, 199–227, 244
alcohol use and, 61–62, 69, 206, 209–10, 257, 263
ambiguity of, 157, 174
archetypes of, 3
campus geography in, 34–62
challenges in addressing of, 255–56
college life introduction to, 1
college rates of, 265–66
as committed by “normal” people, 8
consequences of, 215
defined, xxviii–xxix, 205–6, 210
denial in aftermath of, 203–12
economic impact of, xiii
ecosystems of, xii
evolving perception of, 254–55
false accusations of, 139–45
force in, 153
framed as “worst thing ever,” 204
frequency of, xiii
by friends or intimate partners, 157, 177–85, 208–9
of gay men, 39
history of, xxii
with intimate history, 8, 10
investigation and adjudication of, 244
justice for, 214, 259–60
justification for, 30
lack of caring in, 111–12
landscapes of, 60–62
language for, xii, 226
legal definition of, 254
of LGBTQ students, xviii, 39, 133, 240–43, 258, 272
LGBTQ vs. heterosexual perception of, 133–34
low reporting rates of, 178
mandated reporting of, 264
of men, 20–25, 39, 87, 146
men’s denial of, 246
minimization of, 200, 219–20
misperception of, 261
multiple, 114, 121, 216, 219, 230–31, 238
multiple assailants in, 178
new approach to, ix–xxxiv
ongoing consequences of, 220–27
opportunity structures for, 182, 193
peer groups as protection from accountability for, 191
peer support in, 260
perceived as “learning experience,” 27–28
perception of, 143–45, 148
perpetrators of, see perpetrators, perpetration
physical force in, 14
predictors for, 153
prevention strategies for, see prevention
properties of, 3
by protectors, 196
as public health problem, xi
race and, xxi–xxii, xxv–xxvi, 206, 243–45
rape vs., 61
rates of, xii–xiii, xxvii, xxxii–xxxiii, 57, 219
rates of physical force in, xxxiii
recounting of, 206
reporting of, xxvii, 173, 201–2, 206–8, 214–20, 259–60
reputation in, 190–92
responsibility for, 142–45, 255–56
sex vs., 91–92
sleeping, 29–30
social context of, xix, 92, 204, 229
social roots of, xi–xii, xiii, 249
societal responsibility for, xxvi, 20, 255–56
by strangers, 99
survivors of, see survivors; victims
touching as, 29–30, 123, 170–72, 205, 244, 258
unintentional, 116
unrecognized, 8, 153
unreported, 165, 173, 187, 189, 199, 202, 209, 212–14, 248
varied reactions to, 199–203
victims’ emotional response in aftermath of, 259–60
vulnerability to, 81, 83
by women, 87, 146–52, 199–200, 212, 230, 245–47
see also rape
sexual assault activism, xxi–xxv
sexual assault forensic exams, 178, 218
sexual assault legislation, xxiii–xxvii
sexual assault prevention, see prevention
sexual assault research, xxiii
historical perspective of, xxii–xxiii
sexual autonomy, 26
Sexual Citizens (Hirsch and Khan), mission of, ix–xxxiv
sexual citizenship, xiii, xiv, xvi–xix, xx, xxxiv, 3, 17, 117, 144, 253–73
defined, xvi
denial of, xvii, 85, 111–12, 136
equality in, 251
ignoring of, 20
lack of respect for others’, 148–49, 153, 239
policy change for, 253–54
positive and expansive sense of, 129–33
programs for, 239
promotion of, xxvii
reclaimed after sexual assault, 221
recognizing and respecting others’, 172, 174, 198, 251, 258, 262, 267, 269, 273
sexual assault as denial of, 111–12
variability in, 239
well-developed sense of, 166
sexual confidence, 5
sexual consent, see consent
sexual discovery, as sexual project, 147
sexual dominance, 129–30, 167–68
sexual encounters, xi, xxxii–xxxiii, 262
age of onset of, xvii–xix
alcohol use and, 80–85, 88, 177, 229, 242
ambivalence in, 8–9, 11
anonymous and impersonal, 83, 85, 111, 125, 160
bad, 82, 93, 155, 181, 225, 259
categorizing of, 91, 116
changing one’s mind in, 5
communication in, 222–23
competition in, 104–6, 147
as conquest, 180–81
consensual, x, xiii, xxxii–xxxiii, 114–15, 121–22, 126, 144, 162
to counteract stress, 109–10
current rates of, vs. former generations, 105
dangers of, 112
as dirty, xvii
engineered by peers, 190, 237, 258
expectation of, 154–55
experienced as assault, 143–45
fear and, 62, 102, 142
first heterosexual, 148–49
as games, 172
giving in to, 15–18, 19
health consequences of, 68
implied interest in, 122
without intercourse, 104–5
intercourse in, 13
interesting spaces for, 106
joking about, 40–41
kinky, 129–30, 166
lack of communication and guidance about, xv–xvi, xix, xxvi–xxvii, 25–26, 28, 62, 158–65, 172, 173, 174, 247
landscapes for pleasure vs. assault in, xiv, 58–62
legislation on, 179
as life skill, 266
low expectations of, 111
meaningful, 16
misperception of, xxxiii, 11
mixed messages about, 112
multiple, 90, 101
negative response in, 29–30
notions of time in, 128
numbers of, xiv
obligatory, 156, 174, 232
one-time, 16
outside of relationships, xv
painful, 93, 159
passive acceptance of, 15–18
peer evaluation of, 106–7
as play, 148
pleasurable, xiii, xv
pressuring for, 17, 18–19, 33
reciprocal enjoyment in, 96
recording of, 142
recklessness in, 99
recounting of, 180–81, 189
in relationship context, 119
retrospective view of, 11
risks of, 107
romantic, 124–25
rough, 165–68
satisfying, xxxii–xxxiii
saying “no” to, 2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14–15, 17, 19, 21, 25, 27, 31, 33, 120–21, 128, 144–45, 149, 153, 165–68, 200, 203, 208, 210, 222, 228–29, 231, 241, 256, 270
sense of obligation in, 30, 156, 174, 232
vs. sexual assault, 91–92
of sexual assault survivors, 220–27
as sharing, 15
social consequences of, 161–65
social context of, 175–98
social risks of, 108
for status, 105–7
with strangers, 125
unwanted, 170, 200
uses of, 86–112
weird, 156, 173
women as agents in, 149
sexual experience, 248
disparities in, 233–37, 240
negative, 225
in retrospect, 7
as sexual project, 1, 5, 93, 98, 100, 101–3, 108, 115, 124–25, 147
sexual geographies, xiii, xix–xxi, xxxiv, 3, 14, 21, 85, 117, 229, 231, 239, 243, 256
alcohol use and, 263
bars, sense of place in, 48
campus, xx
club scene, 28
consent and, 115–16
control over space in, 248
creating safe spaces in, 258–62
defined, xix
in dorms, 87–89
“floor-cest,” 108
four opportunities for development of, 262–63
“hall-cest,” 108
living spaces, 48
online world, as sexual landscape, 16–17, 87, 89–90, 108–9, 118, 132, 167, 233
party spaces, 70, 259
Pot Luck House, 54
sexual assault and, 243–45
as sexual opportunity spaces, 176–77, 239–40, 259
shifting context of, 176
vulnerability and, 87, 144
sexual harassment, xxv
sexual health, 90–91
Sexual Health Initiative to Foster Transformation (SHIFT) research project, ix–xiii, xxviii, xxxii–xxxiii, 13, 170, 245, 256
ethnographic component of, xxviii, 128
focus of, 90–91
men in, 21
research strategy of, x–xi
survey of, see SHIFT survey
sexual identities, xiv, 230, 262
isolation and, 3–4
of research subjects, xxx–xxxi
testing of, 98
see also specific sexual orientations
sexual illiteracy, xii, xix
sexual inexperience, 26–28, 94–95, 239
sexuality:
discomfort with, 226–27
ease and comfort with, 131
government involvement in, xviii
parents’ impact on, 158
rejection of, 151
space and, xix–xx
sexual literacy, xii
sexually transmitted infections (STIs), xviii, 86, 98, 107, 158
fear of, xvii, xxvi–xxvii, 158
prevention of, 96
sexual marketplace, 181
sexual openness, 119
sexual opportunity, 60–61, 89
engineered by friends, 176–77
geographies for, 239–40, 258–63
sexual predators, 152
sexual projects, xiii–xvii, xx–xxi, xxxiv, 3, 5, 17, 85, 86–112, 117, 144, 212, 219, 235, 248, 256, 258, 268, 269
bragging, 103–7, 150, 180, 189
competition, xiv, 104–6, 147
conquest, 180–81
defined, xiv
emotional connection as, 91, 97–98, 124–25, 129
expression of preferences and desires in, 119
feeling desired, 148
fun as, 5
group, 182
impressing others as, 91, 103–4, 111, 124–25
intimacy and emotional connection as, 28
linking emotional and physical intimacy as, 125
long-term relationships as, 86
loss of virginity as, 6, 99, 105
morality and, 269
negatively articulated, 103
ongoing connection as, 11
physical pleasure, 95
pleasure as, 91, 95, 100, 111
popularity as, 6
power as, 238
range of, 250–51
self-aggrandizement, 148–52
self-definition as, 91, 98–101
self-interest in, 273
sexual experience as, 1, 5, 93, 98, 100, 101–3, 108, 115, 124–25, 147
skill as, 91, 111
as status projects, 115, 181
sexual ranking, 181
“sexual risk avoidance,” xviii
sexual self-determination, xvi–xvii, xviii, xxi, 15–18, 144
right to, 15, 19–20
vocabulary of, 17
sexual shame, 83, 85
sexual skill, 92
as sexual project, 91, 111
sexual space, see sexual geographies
sexual violence, xxix, 254
by intimate partners, 200–201
public health approach to, 258
racialized societal basis of, xxii
sexual vocabulary, 11, 160, 163
shaming, 24–25, 196–97, 238
SHIFT survey, xxxi, 8, 42, 62, 67, 83, 123, 153, 155, 185, 190, 206, 208, 219, 226, 244, 245, 265–66
recommendations of, 253–73
sibling sex abuse, 178
Sixteen Candles (film), 91
slavery, sexual context of, 73, 254
sleep, xi
sleep spaces, xii, xx
conflict in, 12–13
smoking, 68, 124, 170, 253, 255
smoking prevention, 263
sober sex, 87, 91, 119
sobriety, 209, 241
in aftermath of rape, 220–21
commitment to, 28
in consent, x
fear of false accusations and, 141–42
social citizenship, respect for others’, 272
social cliques, xii
social continuation, 225
social desirability bias, defined, 115
social distance, 90
social diversity, respect for, 172
social failure, 207
social hierarchy, 46, 154
social identity, for “bad girls,” 24–25, 105
social inequality, xii, 119–20, 213–14, 233, 239
in aftermath of sexual assault, 218–19
college privilege in, 66, 69
low end of hierarchy of, 236–37
see also wealth; wealthy students
social isolation, 3, 36, 47, 109–10, 160–61
of LGBTQ students, 240–41, 243
socializing, xi
social justice movements, 222
social justice work, 242
social power, 213
social relationships, 85
social risk, 68, 201–3
risks, alcohol use and, 141–42, 147
social rupture, 225
social status, see status
social stratification, 45–46
socioeconomic status, xii
sociopathic perpetrators, 255
sororities, 48, 53, 82, 154, 232
banning of, xx
as “dry,” 75
hierarchy of, 230
high status, 183–84
restriction of alcohol use by, 185
as “special interest” spaces, 54
sorority crush party, 97–98
space, sexual context of, see sexual geographies
“special interest” spaces, 54–55
as exclusive, 55
status, xii, xiv, xvi, 115, 181, 184, 194–95, 213, 237, 248
stereotypes:
African American, xxi, xxiii, 129
gay, 78
“stranger rape,” 8
strangers, predatory, 10
stress, xi, xii, 83–84, 137–45, 160, 212, 264
alcohol use and, 64
reduction of, 84
sex as coping mechanism for, 109–10
“structural stigma,” 272
student activism, xxiv–xxv
student activities
crew, 236
Gaming Society, 180
identity-based groups, 189, 198
Korean Students Association, 180
marching band, 47
Poetry Society, 199, 201
student housing, 70
see also dorms, dorm life
student organizations, 36, 180, 212
in sexual assault prevention, 192–93
students of color, xxix, 90, 218, 243–44, 259
see also specific racial and ethnic groups
substance use, 262
addiction, 226
blackout drunk, 80, 123, 156, 178–79, 206–7, 246–47
“brownout” drunk, 123
“cava’d,” 66
incapacitation, 13–14, 169–70
legal drugs, xi
psychotropic medication, 37
substance use disorder, 221
tranquilizers, 160
use of term, xi
summer jobs, 84, 104
“superpredators,” misconceptions of, xxv–xxvi
survivors, 203
identity of, 259
parental support for, 270–71
sexual encounters of, 220–27
use of term, 204–5, 226
survivors’ services, xxiv
“Take Back the Night” marches, xxii
Taylor, Recy, xxi
team sports, 35–36, 46, 74, 261
teasing, ambiguity of, 166–67
temporary sexual partners, 107
Thaler, Richard, xii
therapy, 174
therapy dogs, 84, 264
“they” pronoun, 3
Title IX (1972), xxiii–xxiv
toxic masculinity, xi, 173–74, 255
transgender identity, 18–19, 42, 99
transgender students, 136
sexual assault of, 240–43
transitioning of, 241
transgender women, 18–19
trans identity, xiv
transitional kinship networks, 179
“Trap Queen,” 52
trauma:
alcohol use and, 216
denial of, 209–10
impact of, 215–16
post-assault, 201
uncertainty, 37–38
unconsciousness, 7
“Under1Roof” program, 41, 45
underage drinking, xii, 24, 63, 65–66, 71–72, 191
Undergraduate Advisory Board, 91, 276, 278
undocumented immigrants, 38–39, 49
Uniform Drinking Age Act (1984), 70–71
unwanted sexual touching, 29–30, 123, 170–72, 205, 258
race and, 244
upperclassmen, 229
power disparities for, 265
“U up?” text, x, 93, 122, 289
value systems, xv
verbal abuse, 17, 31–33, 233, 235
verbalization, 144–45, 258
of consent, 26, 123, 142
difficulty in, 15–18
lack of, 143
in LGBTQ community, 136–37
of men’s desires, 129–33
of sexual desires, 120–21
veterans, xxxi
victims, 91
in aftermath of assault, 199–203
alcohol use of, 217
assault history of, 155–56
denial in, 203–12
in emotional responses to interviews, 156
grooming of, 10
identity as, 203
ongoing consequences for, 220–21
personal losses of, 217
post-rape procedure for, 218
recognition and repair for, 173
self-blame by, 187, 189
sexual autonomy of, 254
as “that girl,” 202–3
as unheard, 202, 217–18
use of term, 226
victimization, alcohol as risk for, 170
see also survivors
victims’ rights advocates, xxxiii
victims’ services, xxiv
violence, 172
gender-based, xxi, 230
by intimate partners, 120, 200–201, 233, 237, 258; see also abusive relationships
rape and, 219, 247
see also sexual violence
Violence Against Women Act (1994), xxiv
virginity, x, 59, 92, 94–95, 105, 131, 235, 270
loss of, 6–7, 60, 92–93, 99, 102–3, 105, 124–25, 158–59, 172, 228, 231, 270
vulnerability, 33, 37, 226, 235, 237, 238, 248, 249
alcohol use and, 202
of LGBTQ students, 230
sexual geography and, 87, 144
spatial dimension of, 87
Wall, Melanie, xxxi, 283
Walsh, Kate, xxxi, 153, 185, 283
Wamboldt, Alexander, 191, 289
wealth, 76, 77
privilege of, 71–73
wealthy students, 76, 77, 81, 104, 141, 158, 197, 242, 248, 263, 267
man-cave of, 248
power and privilege of, 80, 117–18, 138–39, 154, 168, 213–14
prestige of, 236
welfare reform, xviii
whisper network, 195
white heterosexual students, 53, 69, 73–78, 79, 80, 83, 117–18
Wilson, Patrick, xxxi, xxxii, 284
wine, 175–76, 183
frat use of, 76
“wine nights,” 79
“wingmen,” 180, 195, 246
women, 259
aggressive, 171, 205
in asking for consent, 120–21
attractiveness of, 107
disparagement of, 77–78, 81–82
in fraternity parties, 71
gendered expectations of, 232
low sexual expectation of, 96
moralistic division of, 24–25
perceived as in need of protection, 8
perceived as victims, xxvi
respect for, 171
selected for mixers, 183–84, 186–87
sexual agency of, 193
sexual assault by, xxvi, 146–52, 199–200, 212, 230, 245–47
sexual confidence in, 5
as source of male pleasure, 95–96
transgender, 18–19
as virgins, 92, 159, 172, 228, 231
see also female students
working-class students, 218, 236