BCE and CE are the abbreviations most often used in this volume and deserve a special note. BCE stands for “before the common era,” CE means “of the common era.” “Common” means accepted by all, including non-Christians. The traditional abbreviations BC (“before Christ”) and AD (“anno Domini” or “in the year of the Lord”) are too denominational; moreover, in countries such as China, they are meaningless.
| ADC |
Analytic Dictionary of Chinese & Sino-Japanese
(see Karlgren 1923/1973) |
| b. |
born |
| BCE |
before the common era |
| CE |
of the common era |
| CT |
Taoist canon, according to K. Schipper’s Concordance |
| d. |
died |
| EB |
Encyclopaedia Britannica |
| ER |
Encyclopedia of Religion, ed. by M. Eliade, 1967 |
| FECED |
Far East Chinese-English Dictionary, Taipei, 1992 |
| fl. |
flourished (refers to the active years of an author) |
| HCDR |
Harper Collins Dictionary of Religions, 1995 |
| HNT |
Huai-nan-tzu (text) |
| MWT |
Ma-wang-tui |
| PRC |
People’s Republic of China |
| r. |
reigned (refers to reign period of an emperor or empress) |
| TPC |
T’ai-p’ing ching (Great Peace Scripture) |
| TT |
Tao-tsang (Taoist Canon) |
| TTC |
Tao-te ching |
| AAr |
Asian Art |
| AAS |
Association of Asian Studies |
| ACQ |
Asian Culture Quarterly |
| AM |
Asia Major |
| ArA |
Artibus Asiae |
| AS |
Asiatische Studien |
| BCAS |
Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars |
| BMFEA |
Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities |
| BSYS |
Bulletin of Sung and Yuan Studies |
| BUA |
Bulletin de l’Université de l’Aurore |
| BTS |
Buddhist and Taoist Studies, |
| |
vol. 1 (M. Saso & D. Chappel, eds., 1977) |
| |
vol. 2 (D. Chappell, ed., 1987) |
| CC |
Chinese Culture (Taipei) |
| CEC |
Cahiers d’Etudes Chinoises |
| CEA |
Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie |
| CF |
Ching Feng |
| CS |
Chinese Studies |
| CSP |
Chinese Studies in Philosophy |
| EB |
Encyclopaedia Britannica |
| EC |
Early China |
| ER |
Encyclopedia of Religion |
| FT |
Facets of Taoism (Welch & Seidel, eds.) |
| HHYC:CS |
Han-hsueh yen-chiu: Chinese Studies (Taipei) |
| HJAS |
Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |
| HR |
History of Religions |
| IPQ |
International Philosophical Quarterly |
| JAAR |
Journal of the American Academy of Religion |
| JAH |
Journal of Asian History |
| JAOS |
Journal of the American Oriental Society |
| JAS |
Journal of Asian Studies |
| JCP |
Journal of Chinese Philosophy |
| JCR |
Journal of Chinese Religions |
| JCS |
Journal of Chinese Studies |
| JHI |
Journal for the History of Ideas |
| JHKB RAS |
Journal of the Hong Kong Branch, Royal Asiatic Society |
| JMS |
Journal of the Mongolia Society |
| JNCB RAS |
Journal of the North China Branch, Royal Asiatic Society |
| JOS |
Journal of Oriental Studies |
| JOSA |
Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia |
| JRAS |
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |
| MS |
Monumenta Serica |
| NDGNVO |
Nachrichten der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens |
| OA |
Oriental Art |
| OE |
Oriens Extremus |
| PEW |
Philosophy East and West |
| RHR |
Revue de l’histoire des religions |
| RPOA |
Religion und Philosophie in Ost-Asien (Naundorf, ed. 1985) |
| RR |
Review of Religion |
| RRCS |
Religion and Ritual in Chinese Society (A. Wolf, ed., 1974) |
| RS |
Religious Studies |
| RSR |
Religious Studies Review |
| RT |
Religious Traditions |
| SCEAR |
Studies in Central and East Asian Religions |
| SM |
Studia Missionalia |
| SSCRB |
Society for the Study of Chinese Religions Bulletin |
| SUNY |
State University of New York (Press) |
| TMLT |
Taoist Meditation and Longevity Teachings (L. Kohn, ed., 1989) |
| TP |
T’oung Pao |
| TR |
Taoist Resources |
| TS |
T’ang Studies |
| TT-RCT |
The Turning of the Tide—Religion in China Today (J. Pas, ed., 1989) |
| TTS (1,2) |
Taoist and Tantric Studies, vols. 2 and 3 (M. Strickmann, ed., 1983) |
| WTB |
Westliche Taoismus-Bibliographie/Western Bibliography of Taoism (K. Walf, ed., 1992) |
| CMTT |
Chien-ming Tao-chiao tz’u-tien [Explanatory Dictionary of Taoism], by Huang Hai-te & Li Kang-pien. Chengtu: Szechuan University Press, 1991. |
| CTCT |
Cheng-t’ung Tao-chiao ta tz’u-tien [Encyclopedia of Taoism] (2 vols.), by Yang Feng-shih. Taipei: Yi-ch’un Publishing Co., 1989. |
| TCS |
Tao-chiao shou-tz’e [Manual of Taoism], edited by Li Yang-cheng. Cheng-chou, China: Ku-chi Publishing Co., 1993. |
| TCTT-1 |
Tao-chiao ta tz’u-tien [Encyclopedia of Taoism], by Li Shu-huan, Taipei: Chü-liu Publishing Co., 1979. |
| TCTT-2 |
Tao-chiao ta tz’u-tien [Encyclopedia of Taoism], compiled by Kuan Chih-t’ing & Li Yang-cheng. Beijing: Taoist Association of China & Suchou: Taoist Association of Suchou, 1994. |
| TMSC |
Taiwan miao shen-chuan [Biographies of Taiwan Temple Deities], Touliu, Taiwan: Hsin-t’ung Bookstore, 1979. |
| TPK |
Ta-pai-k’o ch’uan-shu [Great Encyclopedia of China] (vol. “Religion”). Beijing & Shanghai: Great Encyclopedia of China Publishing Co., 1988. |
| TTTY |
Tao-tsang t’i-yao [Essentials of the Taoist Canon], Jen Chi-yü, general editor. Beijing: Social Sciences Publishing Co., 1991. |