Chapter 1
The natural environment of the Mediterranean lands: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 4, 5.
Life in early Latium: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 15, 31, 32.
Etruscan civilization: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 19, 21, 25, 26, 34, 35, G. Barker and T. Rasmussen, The Etruscans (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers LTD, 1998) p. 80–84, S. Moscati Tarquinia, “An Etruscan city-state” in Vanished Civilizations (Sydney: Readers Digest, 1983), p. 126, 129, 131, 133.
Legend and myths of the founding of Rome: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 29, 35, 40, Trip Edward, The Meridian Handbook of Classical Mythology (New York: New American Library, 1988), p. 513–517.
Rome under the Etruscans : Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome p. 32, 33, 39, 41, 42, 45, 56, S. Moscati, Tarquinia, “An Etruscan city-state” in Vanished Civilizations, p. 129, 130, 132, 133, H. Delbrück Warfare in Antiquity (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990) p. 259, 260.
Etruscan and early Roman wars in Italy: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome p. 26, 55, 70–72, M. Bunson A Dictionary of the Roman Empire (New York: Oxford University, 1991), p. 264, P. Wilcox and T. Rafael Barbarians against Rome (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2000), p. 8.
Chapter 2
Primary Sources:
Plutarch, “The Life of Camillus.” Plutarch’s Lives, translated by Bernadotte Perrin (London: William Heinemann Ltd, 1959), XIV 2, XVII 1–6, XVIII, XIX, XXII.1,2,5,6, XXIII, XXVII, XXVIII, XXIX 4, 5., Dio, Roman History, translated by Earnest Cary (London: William Heinemann LTD., 1914), XIV113.4, 113.5, 114.1–4, 115.3–7, 116.7, Livy, The History of Rome, Volume V, translated by Roberts Canon, XXXV-XLIX., Polybius, The Histories, translated by W.R. Paton (London: William Heinemann LTD., 1967), Book I.
Secondary Sources:
On the origins of the Celts and their arrival into Europe: Cary M. and H. H. Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 13, 14, 72, 73, Kimmig W. “The Heuneburg” in Vanished Civilizations, p. 134–136, J. Campbell The Masks of God: Occidental Mythology (New York: Penguin Books. 1982), p. 293, P. Wilcox and T. Rafael, Barbarians Against Rome, p. 53, 54, 56, Norman J.G. Pounds, An historical geography of Europe (London: Cambridge University Press), p. 48, Barry Cunliffe, “Iron Age Societies in Western Europe and Beyond, 800–140 BC, in Prehistoric Europe, ed. B. Cunliffe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993) p. 358, 361, M. Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 140, J. Strayer and others. The Mainstreams of Civilization (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969), p. 12, 13.
Early Roman and Gallic armies: Wilcox and Rafael, Barbarians Against Rome p. 25, 28, 58, 59, 61, 64–72, N Sekunda and others, Caesar’s Legions. The Roman Soldier 753 BC to 117 AD (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2000), p. 48, 49, Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome p. 52, 53, 73, notes p. 590, Fuller J.F.C., The Decisive Battles of the Western World. Volume I. (London: Paladin Grafton Books, 1988), p. 117, 118.
The political and military consequences of the Roman losses to the Gauls: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome p. 72, 84, 85, Sekunda and others, Caesar’s Legions, the Roman Soldier 753 BC to 117 AD, p. 37, Cunliffe, “Iron Age Societies in Western Europe and Beyond, 800–140 BC,” in Prehistoric Europe, p. 365–367.
The battle of the Allia and the sack of Rome: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 73, 74, 590 Note 17, Ellis, Celt and Roman: The Celts In Italy, p10.
The Celts in Greece and Asia Minor: T. Taylor, Thracians, “Scythians and Dacians, 800 BC–AD 300” in Prehistoric Europe, p. 399, 401, also T. Newark Celtic Warrior (Poole: Blandford Press, 1986) and H. Bengston History of Greece (Ottawa: The University of Ottawa Press, 1988)
The continuing struggle between Celts, Romans and Etruscans for north Italy: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 72, 85, 87, 93 and S. Moscati “Tarquinia, An Etruscan city-state” in Vanished Civilizations, p. 133, The Celtic Dollberg Fortress: Gemeinde Nonnweiler, Terrex gGmbH, Projekt Ringwall von Otzenhausen. “Virtueller Rundweg.” Keltischer Ringwall Otzenhausen, keltenring-otzenhausen.de.
Chapter 3
Primary Sources:
Polybius, The Histories, Book II. 14–34, Livy, The History of Rome, XXXV, XXXVI.
Secondary Sources:
The Samnite, Etruscan, Pyrrhus and Gallic wars: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 84, 87–96, 121–123, Moscati, Sabatino, “Tarquinia, An Etruscan city-state”, in Vanished Civilizations, p. 133, Paul McDonnell, The Battle of Telamon (part 2) 225 BC, Ancient Warfare Magazine, karwansaraypublishers.com, 2013.
Vulnerability of Roman armor: Adrian K.Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War 100 BC–200 AD (Oxford: Claredon Press. 1998), p. 220.
The Celtic Warrior: Wilcox and Trevino, Barbarians Against Rome, p. 54, 58–61, 68, 70–74, 95.
Legion symbols: Sekunda and others, Caesar’s Legions. The Roman Soldier 753 BC to 117 AD, p. 27.
Roman colonies: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 102.
First and Second Punic War: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 116, 125, 136, 137, John King, Kingdoms of the Celts (London: Blandford, 2000) p. 77.
Roman conquest of Cisalpine Gaul: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 139, 140, Peter Berresford Ellis, The Celtic Empire (London: Constable, 1990), p. 38–43.
Macedonian Wars: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 151, 154, 155.
Early Celtic culture: Cunliffe, “Iron Age Societies in Western Europe and Beyond, 800–140 BC, in Prehistoric Europe, p. 361, King, Kingdoms of the Celts, p. 15, 18, 61, 62.
Germanic Celtic interactions: Ellis, The Celtic Empire, p. 41, Gemeinde Nonnweiler, Terrex gGmbH, Projekt Ringwall von Otzenhausen, “Gaius Julius Caesar - de bello gallico,” Keltischer Ringwall Otzenhausen, keltenring-otzenhausen.de.
Chapter 4
Primary Sources:
Appian, Appian’s Roman History, translated by Horace White (London: William Heinemann, 1912), Book VI (the Spanish Wars). X.58–62, 65, XI.63–66, XII.67–75, Dio. Roman History, XXII.73, 78 and Polybius, The Histories, XXXIV.5, XXXV.1.
Cultures of Spain: Wilcox and Trevino, Barbarians Against Rome, p. 99–102, 104, Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 124.
Rome in Spain and the Viriathus wars: Wilcox and Trevino, Barbarians Against Rome, p. 108–115, Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 141–143, Cunliffe, Iron Age Societies in Western Europe and Beyond, 800–140 BC, in Prehistoric Europe, p. 370, Simon. J. Keay, Roman Spain (University of California Press, 1988) p. 26, 33.
Spanish Armor and Weapons: Wilcox and Trevino, Barbarians Against Rome, p. 131–138.
The Gladius: Sekunda and others, Caesar’s Legions. The Roman Soldier 753 BC to 117 AD, p. 60.
Chapter 5
Primary Sources:
Appian, Appian’s Roman History, Book VI:IX 48, 49, XIII 80–83, XIV 84–89, XV 90, Dio, Roman History, XXIII.79, Livy, The History of Rome, translated by Canon Roberts, 1927, Books XXXII.1,7, 28, Plutarch, Greek and Roman Lives, translated by John Dryden (Minola: Dover Publications, 2005), p 194, Plutarch, Plutarch’s Lives, Volume IV, translated by John Langhorne and William Langhorne (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1871), p. 39, Polybius, The Histories, Book XXXV.4.
Secondary Sources:
Hispanic tribes: Wilcox and Trevino, Barbarians Against Rome, p. 99, 100.
Numantine Wars: Wilcox and Trevino, Barbarians Against Rome, p. 115–119, 129–131, Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 145, 146.
The Spanish wars in general: Cunliffe, Iron Age Societies in Western Europe and Beyond, 800–140 BC, in Prehistoric Europe, p. 370, Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 141, 143.
Scipio and Carthage: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 149.
The natural history of Spain: Nick Lloyd, “Iberia Nature, A guide to the environment, climate, wildlife, geography and nature of Spain,” iberianature.com.
Chapter 6
Primary Sources:
Livy, The History of Rome, Volume 3, XXII.33, Volume 4, XXXI.10, XXXII.31, Volume 5, XXXIII.37, XXXIV.48, XXXV.3–5, 11, XXXVI. 38–40.
Secondary Sources:
Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 13, 140, 210, 211, Cunliffe, Iron Age Societies in Western Europe and Beyond, 800–140 BC, in Prehistoric Europe, p. 370, Cunliffe, “The Impact of Rome on Barbarian Society, 140 BC–AD 300,” in Prehistoric Europe, p. 415, Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire, p. 265.
Chapter 7
Primary sources:
Plutarch, “The Life of Marius,” Plutarch’s Lives, XI.2–8, XIV 1–2, XV 4–5, XVI-XIX 2–7, XX 1–6, XXI 1–4, XXII 1–3, XXIII 1–6, XXIV 2–4, XXV 4–5, 7, XXVI 1–5, XXVII 1–6, Plutarch, Greek and Roman Lives, p. 194, Tacitus, The Agricola and Germania, translated by H. Mattingly and S.A. Handford (Ontario: Penguin Books, 1987), p. 131,132, Annaeus Florus, Epitome of Roman History, Book I., translated by E.S. Forster (London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1925), XXXVIII. 3,7–11,14,16–21, Appian, Appian’s Roman History, XIII, Livy LXIII, LXV, LXVII, Dio, Roman History, XVII, Strabo, The Geography of Strabo, translated by Jones L. Horace (London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1923), 4.4.3, Frontinus, The Stratagems and the Aqueducts of Rome (London: William Heinemann, 1925), II. II.8, II.IV.6, Orosius, The Seven Books of History against the Pagans, translated by Roy J. Deferrari (Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1961) p. 234–237, Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul, translated by S.A. Handford (London: Penguin Books, 1982), VII.77, Sallust, Catiline’s Conspiracy, the Jugurthine War, Histories, translated by William W. Batstone (Oxford: University Press, 2010) 63. p. 94.
Secondary Sources:
The Cimbri and Teutones, Celts or Germans: Theodor Mommsen, The History of Rome, Volume III (London: Macmillan and Co., 1901) p. 431, Wilcox and Trevino, Barbarians Against Rome, p. 50–51, 86, Malcolm Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians (New York: Dorset Press, 1988), p. 3–4, Tacitus, The Agricola and Germania, Introduction X, King, Kingdoms of the Celts, p. 66, Ellis, The Celtic Empire, p. 121, J.N.G. and W.F. Ritchie, “Warriors and Warfare,” in The Celtic World, edited by Miranda J. Green, (London: Routledge, 1995), p. 606, 607, Jurgen Malitz, Die Historien des Poseidonius (Munich: C.H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1983), p. 204–205.
Cimbri and Teutones migration and battles: P.A. Kildahl, Caius Marius (New York: Twayne Publishers Inc., 1968) p. 100, Wilcox and Trevino, Barbarians Against Rome, p. 83–86, Cunliffe, “The Impact of Rome on Barbarian Society, 140 BC-AD 300,” in Prehistoric Europe, p. 416, 425, Duruy, The History of Rome and the Roman People, p. 490–492, Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 217–219, W.E. Heitland, The Roman Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1909), p. 364, 375, Mommsen, The History of Rome, Volume III, p. 433–437, 445, 448, 450, 451.
Barbarian Equipment: Wilcox and Trevino, Barbarians Against Rome, p. 16, Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians, p. 99.
Barbarian fighting tactics: Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War. 100 BC–AD 200, p. 50, Mommsen, The History of Rome, Volume III, p. 432.
Cimbri war dogs: Stanley Coren, Die Intelligenz der Hunde (Reinbeck: Rowohlt Verlag GmbH., 1997), p. 185.
Career of Marius and legion reforms: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 213, Kildahl, Caius Marius, p. 102–108, H.H. Scullard, From Gracchi to Nero (London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1976) p. 59, Peter Salway, A History of Roman Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 21, Stephan Dando-Collins, Legions of Rome (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2010) p. 28, 73.
Legions on the march: Peter S.Wells, The Battle that Stopped Rome, (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2003), p. 131, 137, 138.
Chapter 8
Primary Sources:
Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul, I.1–31, 35, 40, Plutarch, The Life of Julius Caesar, Plutarch’s Lives, XVIII, Appian, Appian’s History of Rome, Book IV.XV.
Secondary Sources:
On Caesar : J.F.C. Fuller, Julius Caesar, Man, Soldier, and Tyrant (New Jersey: Da Capo Press, 1965), p. 49–50, 53, 56, 70–71,102, Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire, p. 66–67, Cary and Scullard p. 248–249, Allan Langguth, A Noise of War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), p. 140–141, J. Strayer and others, The Mainstreams of Civilizations (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World. 1969), p. 70–71.
The Helvetii and Gaul at the time of Caesar : Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 259, Fuller, Julius Caesar, Man, Soldier, and Tyrant, p. 98, 100, Cunliffe, “The Impact of Rome on Barbarian Societies, 140 BC–AD 300, in Prehistoric Europe, p. 420, 421, Andres Furger-Gunti, Die Helvetier: Kulturgeschichte eines Keltenvolkes p. 118ff, Encyclopedia Britannica, Geneva History, britannica.com.
The Boii : Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 93, 139, Cunliffe, “Iron Age Societies in Western Europe and Beyond, 800–140 BC”, in Prehistoric Europe, p. 364–365, 425.
Roman Society: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 299–310, Salway, A History of Roman Britain, p. 20–21.
The Helvetii campaign: Langguth, A Noise of War, p. 162–163, Hans Delbrück, Warfare in Antiquity, translated by Walter J. Renfroe, Jr. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1975) p. 470–478, Fuller, Julius Caesar, Man, Soldier, and Tyrant, p. 102–103, 106.
Caesar’s Army: Kildahl, Caius Marius, p. 102, 105–106, Langguth, A Noise of War, p. 161.
The Celts in combat: Fuller, Julius Caesar, Man, Soldier, and Tyrant, p. 99, J.N.G. and Ritchie, Warriors and Warfare in the Celtic World, ed. Miranda J. Green (London: Routledge, 1995), p. 55.
Chapter 9
Primary Sources:
Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul, translated by S.A. Handford (London: Penguin Books, 1982), I.31–37, 39, 40–43, 45–54, IV. 2, 3, VI.10, 28, 29 Tacitus, The Agricola and Germania, Germania, 4–6, 10, 17, 38, Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, translated by Robert Graves (London: Penguin Books, 1989), I. 43, Plutarch, Greek and Roman Lives, translated by John Dryden (Minola: Dover Publications, 2005) p. 337, 338, Orosius, The Seven Books of History against the Pagans, VI., Cicero, De Divinatione, translated by David Wardle (Oxford: Claredon Press, 2006), 1.41.
Secondary Sources:
Population of Germania and Gaul: Pounds, A Historical Geography of Europe, p. 115, Fuller, Julius Caesar, Man, Soldier, and Tyrant, p. 97.
Germania in Caesar’s time: Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians, p. 34.
German legends: Eugen Hollerbach, Father Rhine tells his Sagas, (Köln: Rahmel-Verla GmbH, 1985) p. 7.
German tribal culture, weapons and equipment: Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians, p. 85, 101–103, Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire, p. 397.
Germans in Gaul and Caesar’s campaign versus Ariovistus : Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 259, Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire, p. 28, 397, T. Rice Holmes, The Roman Republic and the Founder of the Empire (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923), p. 34, 35, Delbrück, Warfare in Antiquity, p. 481, Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul, Introduction p. 16, 24, 25, Tacitus, The Agricola and Germania, Introduction p. 31.
Romans on campaign: Sekunda and others, Caesar’s Legions. The Roman Soldier 753 BC to 117 AD, p. 106, 109.
Chapter 10
Primary Sources:
Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul, I.1, 38, 54, II.1–35, III.1, 7, IV.21, Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, p. 42, Plutarch, Greek and Roman Lives, p. 338, 339, Orosius, The Seven Books of History against the Pagans, p. 245.
Secondary Sources:
The Belgae and Celtic culture: Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire, p. 55, Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul, Introduction by Handford, p. 15, Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War. 100 BC–AD 200, p. 55, Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 258.
The Belgae Campaign: Fuller, Julius Caesar, Man, Soldier, and Tyrant, p. 109–114, Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul, Notes, p. 229, Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire, p. 49, Delbrück, Warfare in Antiquity, p. 490–492.
Belgae and Celtic Weapons and Armor: Wilcox and Trevino, Barbarians against Rome, p. 65–72.
Caesar’s Army: Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul, Appendix II. p. 242, Fuller, Julius Caesar, Man, Soldier, and Tyrant, p. 92–95, 134, Judson p. 19–21, Delbrück, Warfare in Antiquity, p. 488, Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War. 100 BC–AD 200, p. 197–198, 201–202, 216, 218–221.
The marching camp and a legionary’s equipment: Sekunda and others, Caesar’s Legions. The Roman Soldier 753 BC to 117 AD, p. 107–108, Stephen Dando-Collins, Legions of Rome, p. 69.
On Caesar : Fuller, Julius Caesar, Man, Soldier, and Tyrant, p. 53–54, Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire, p. 67, 429.
Crassus and the Maritime tribes: Fuller, Julius Caesar, Man, Soldier, and Tyrant, p. 115.
The metalwork of the Treveri : Gemeinde Nonnweiler, Terrex gGmbH, Projekt Ringwall von Otzenhausen, “Ironworking,” Keltischer Ringwall Otzenhausen, keltenring-otzenhausen.de.
Chapter 11
Primary Sources:
Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul, III. 8–29, IV 1–19. Plutarch, Greek and Roman Lives, p. 340, Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, p. 23, 24.
Secondary Sources:
On the Campaign against the Maritime tribes: Fuller, Julius Caesar, Man, Soldier, and Tyrant, p. 115–118, Jimenez, Ramon L., Caesar against the Celts. New York: Sarpedon, 1996, p. 81.
The Usipetes and Tencteri : Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul, Notes 23.
Chapter 12
Primary Sources:
Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul, IV.20, 22–38, V. 1–5, 8, 9–23., Plutarch, Greek and Roman Lives, p. 340, 341, Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, p. 24.
Secondary Sources:
Caesar in Britain: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 262, Fuller, Julius Caesar, Man, Soldier, and Tyrant, p. 121–124, Lloyd Laing, Celtic Britain (New York: Biblo and Tannen. 1961), p. 37, Salway, A History of Roman Britain, p. 93.
Roman Warships: Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire, p. 387.
Chapter 13
Primary Sources:
Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul, V.24, 26–58, VI. 1–10, 29–43, VII.1–8, 13–62. Plutarch, Greek and Roman Lives, p. 341, Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, p. 24.
Secondary Sources:
On the Gallic revolt: Fuller, Julius Caesar, Man, Soldier, and Tyrant, p. 127–146.
The Treveri Dollberg stronghold: Gemeinde Nonnweiler, Terrex gGmbH, Projekt Ringwall von Otzenhausen, “Virtueller Rundweg,” Keltischer Ringwall Otzenhausen, keltenring-otzenhausen.de.
Chapter 14
Primary Sources:
Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul, V.24, 26–58, VI. 1–10, 29–43, VII.1–8, 13–62, Plutarch, Greek and Roman Lives, p. 342, Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, p. 24.
Secondary Sources:
On the Gallic revolt: Fuller, Julius Caesar, Man, Soldier, Tyrant, p. 127–146.
On Vercingetorix : King, The Kingdoms of the Celts, p. 122–131.
Primary Sources:
Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul, I. 36, 47, IV.2, 13, 15, VI.13, 21, 26, VII. 62, 63, 65–89, VIII.1–49, Dio, Roman History, XLIII., Florus, Epitome of Roman History, I.XLV, Plutarch, Greek and Roman Lives, p. 343, Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars. I. 25, 39, 49, 51, Tacitus, The Agricola and Germania, G. 4, 6, 43, 45.
Secondary Sources:
Gallic and German Swords: Wilcox and Trevino, Barbarians Against Rome, p. 71.
German retainers and bodyguards: Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War. 100 BC–AD 200, p. 70, 71, Fuller, Julius Caesar, Man, Soldier, and Tyrant, p. 134.
German cavalry and weapons: Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians, p. 98, 99, 101.
Caesar’s cavalry and army: Jeremiah McCall, The Cavalry of the Roman Republic, (New York: Routledge, 2002) p. 100, 101, Caesar, The Conquest of Gaul, Appendix p. 242.
Caesar vs. Vercingetorix : Delbrück, Warfare in Antiquity, p. 498, 499, 503, 504, Fuller, Julius Caesar, Man, Soldier, and Tyrant, p. 146–158.
End of the revolt: Fuller, Julius Caesar, Man, Soldier, and Tyrant, p. 164.
The aftermath: Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire, p. 44–46, 66, 67, 104, 429.
Chapter 16
Primary Sources:
Dio, Roman History, LIV 21, 32–34, 36, LV 1,2, 6–8, Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, p. 65, 66, 82, 98, 115, 118 (Tiberius, 9), 186, 215 (Nero, 4), 185 (Claudius, 1), Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome, I. 63, Tacitus, The Agricola and Germania, G.31, 35, 36, Strabo, The Geography of Strabo, VII.1.
Secondary Sources:
Augustus and his Imperial policies: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 317, 320, 324, 331–336, 338, 347, Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire, p. 8, 100, 169.
Roman Society in the first Century: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 300–306, 339, Christopher Kelly, The Roman Empire, A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006) p. 1, Kluver Reymer, Im Zentrum Der Macht, Geo Epoche Nr. 54 (Hamburg: Gruner + Jahr AG & Co, 2012), p. 31, Peter S.Wells, The Battle that Stopped Rome, (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2003), p. 57, 58.
The Legions: Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire, p. 229, Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 338, 339, Stephen Dando-Collins, Legions of Rome, p. 18–22, Ross Cowan, Roman Legionary 58 BC-AD 69 (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003) p. 12, 13.
Augustus’ Germany policy: Fuller, The Decisive Battles of the Western World, Volume I, p. 171, G. P. Baker, Tiberius Caesar, (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1928), p. 52, 53, T. Mommsen, A History of Rome under the Emperors (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 108, 109.
Rhaetia and Pannonian campaigns: Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire, p. 310, 356, E.S. Shuckburgh, Augustus (London: T.Fisher Unwin, 1905) p. 181–183, Wells, The Battle That Stopped Rome, p. 154.
Drusus in Germania: Fuller, The Decisive Battles of the Western World, p. 172, Baker, Tiberius Caesar, p. 57–61, 92, Wells, The Battle that Stopped Rome, p. 89, 90. Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire, p. 263.
Tiberius in Germania: Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire, p. 416, 417, Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians, p. 17, Baker, Tiberius Caesar, p. 95, 96, Wells, The Battle That Stopped Rome, p. 158–160.
The nature of the Roman conquests in Germania: Delbrück, Barbarian Invasions, p. 52, 58–60, 61, 91, Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 335.
Maroboduus: Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire, p. 263, Baker, Tiberius Caesar, p. 94, 97, 98.
Pannonian insurrection: Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire, p. 310, Fuller, The Decisive Battles of the Western World, Volume I, p. 173, 174, Baker, Tiberius Caesar, p. 99–107, Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 337.
Germanic lifestyles: The Germanic Tribes, DVD directed by Alexander Hogh (West Long Branch: Kultur, 2009) Part I. Chapter 5, 6, 7, 9 Part II. Chapter 5, Bury, The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians p. 6, 7.
Roman Settlements in Germania: Jona Lendering, “Oberaden”, “Haltern”, Livius, Articles on Ancient History, livius.org.
Deforestation in the Roman Empire: K.J.W. Oosthoek, “The Role of Wood in World History”, Environmental History Resources, eh-resources.org.
Chapter 17
Primary Sources:
The main primary sources for the Teutoburger battle are Dio, Roman History, Book LVI Chapters 18–24, Velleius C. Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History, translated by Frederick W. Shipley (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1924) Book II, Chapters, 72, 117–120, and Florus, Epitome of Roman History, II.XXX., Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome, Books I, II, XIII, Tacitus, The Agricola and the Germania, G.7, 11, 18, 25, Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, II.23, 25, III.17–20, Strabo; The Geography of Strabo, Book VII., Frontinus, The Stratagems and the Aqueducts of Rome, II.IX.4.
Secondary Sources
Arminius’ background: Fuller, The Decisive Battles of the Western World, Volume I, p. 175, Baker, Tiberius Caesar, p. 105, The Germanic Tribes, DVD, Part I, Chapter 2.
Varus’ background: Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire, p. 112, 113, 238, 400, 439, Fuller, The Decisive Battles of the Western World, Volume I, p. 174, Wells, The Battle That Stopped Rome, p. 33, 80–83.
The Teutoburg Forest campaign: Tony Clunn, Major, “Give me back my Legions,” Osprey Military Journal, Volume 3, Issue 4, p. 31–40, Delbrück, The Barbarian Invasions, p. 69–90, Wells, The Battle That Stopped Rome, p. 26, 27, 99, 111, 123, 124, 138, 139, 142, 143, 165, 166, 183–185, 189–193, McNally, Teutoburg Forest 9 AD, p. 32, 33, 37–39, 50, 66, 70, 72, 82, 84, Stephan Dando-Collins, Legions of Rome, p. 235, 239
The Roman Army: Sekunda and others, Caesar’s Legions. The Roman Soldier 753 BC to 117 AD, p. 104–109, Mommsen, A History of Rome under the Emperors p. 113, Wells, The Battle That Stopped Rome, p. 20, 21, 25, 102, Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire, p. 230, Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War. 100 BC–AD 200, p. 291, McNally, Teutoburg Forest 9 AD, p. 18–19, Stephen Dando-Collins, Legions of Rome, p. 22, 40–43, 66–68, 177, Ross Cowan, Roman Legionary 58 BC-AD 69, p. 13.
Trade between Germans and Romans: Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians, p. 15–17.
Settlements and lifestyle in Germania: Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians, p. 38–52, 65, 66, Germanic Tribes, DVD, Part I. Chapters 5, 6.
German weapons and armor: Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians, p. 99, McNally, Teutoburg Forest 9 AD, p. 23–25.
Consequences of the battle and comparison of the Republican versus the Imperial Army recruits: Mommsen, A History of Rome under the Emperors, p. 113–115, Sekunda and others, Caesar’s Legions. The Roman Soldier 753 BC to 117 AD, p. 61, 62.
Chapter 18
Primary Sources:
Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome, I, II, Tacitus, The Agricola and The Germania, p. 103, 132, Strabo, The Geography of Strabo, VII. 1, Suetonius, The Lives of the Twelve Caesars, II, III.
Germanicus’ career: Bunson, A Dictionary of the Roman Empire, p. 180.
Germanicus and Arminius : Delbrück, The Barbarian Invasions, p. 97–130, Wells, The Battle That Stopped Rome, p. 204–209, Stephen Dando-Collins, Legions of Rome, p. 265.
The battle of Long Bridges: Stephen Dando-Collins, Legions of Rome, p. 261–165.
The origin of the Twenty-first and Twenty-second legions: Mommsen, A History of Rome under the Emperors, p. 114.
Deployment of Roman legions in the Empire: Cary and Scullard, A History of Rome, p. 339.
The Roman army and the Praetorian Guard: Boris Rankov, The Praetorian Guard, (London: Osprey 1997), p. 30–32, 49, Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War. 100 BC–AD 200, p. 15–18, Stephen Dando-Collins, Legions of Rome, p. 75, 265.
Roman Triumphal Marches: Stephen Dando-Collins, Legions of Rome, p. 81–81.