The relative ease of life in Cilicia and Northern Syria, making treaties, securing and garrisoning towns only too willing to open their gates, was interrupted when news came of the plague that had struck the region of Antioch, first cleaving through the port of St Simeon, killing a large party of newly arrived German knights come to join the Crusade, soon to spread up the road to the city itself.
If the lowly died in droves it was not a malaise to spare the mighty, for one of the victims was Adémar de Monteil, Bishop of Puy and that presaged a possible crisis, given Robert, Duke of Normandy, had moved his troops out of the city, which left the Apulian garrison of the citadel isolated and at risk of falling to disease.
Returning south, Bohemund, regardless of his concerns, had to be cautious in his progress, holding back – he later discovered his fellow magnates had adopted the same ploy – till the deadly fever had run its course and no more deaths were being reported from its effects.
That allowed them to re-enter Antioch and resume what was bound to be a more troubled negotiation regarding the next phase of the campaign, given the man who had held the peace between the factions was no longer present. It also allowed these princes to consider what had changed regarding their circumstances and assess what that implied for the future.
If the Apulians had indulged in a peaceful attempt to control the territories to the north the same could not be said of Raymond of Toulouse. In company with Robert of Flanders he had attacked the Muslim town of Albara, an ancient settlement, now fortified, surrounded by the near intact remains of both the Greeks and Romans who had occupied it in times past.
There, it transpired, he did great slaughter, sparing no one who was unwilling to convert to Christianity, his boast that he and Robert had shed the blood of many thousands and had also provided the slave markets of Antioch with so many souls of every age and sex that prices had collapsed.
Godfrey de Bouillon returned to the city with his numbers enhanced by the support from his brother Baldwin of Edessa, yet nothing had changed in his demeanour: he still hankered after the relief of Jerusalem with as much fervour as he had demonstrated previously and there remained about him that air of patent honesty which made him trusted whenever he chose to speak.
There was little doubt that the loss of the papal legate complicated matters. After a Mass was said for Adémar’s soul, they assembled once more in the old Governor’s Palace, the obvious need being unchanged: for an acknowledged leader to take control of the march to Jerusalem. Raymond was still by far the man with the most strength in terms of men and money and might have secured that had he not been so previously high-handed and now so boastful of his exploits in taking Albara after a short and bloody siege, as well as crowing of the massacre he had inflicted after his victory.
The town he had garrisoned, but more than that he had installed that which Bohemund had sought for Antioch: a Latin bishop who, if he had been consecrated by the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, John the Oxite, nevertheless made it plain that he owed his allegiance to Rome. Every mosque in Albara was converted to become a place of Christian worship, which allowed Raymond to show himself as a representative of the true faith, which would sit well with the Pope should matters regarding leadership remain unresolved.
He was once more parading the Holy Lance around Antioch to raise his standing amongst the faithful, and was again employing bribery to seduce lances and long-serving captains away from his peers, this while he made no attempt to hide his supposition that the command was his by right; never men to willingly bow the knee they would not accede to presumption where even persuasion would have struggled.
Bohemund would not have stood against him if the debate had been open: the notion of getting the man who blocked his control of Antioch marching away with the light of salvation in his eyes was a tempting one. Yet he could not make his position plain for fear of being too direct regarding his own ambitions, not that they were in any way secret. But what might be known in such an arena as the Council of Princes could not be baldly stated: it was enough for the other princes that he did not put himself forward for them to know his mind.
If no one was prepared to accede to Toulouse he was unwilling to acknowledge the only other candidate, Godfrey of Bouillon, and in amongst all this Antioch was still a running sore that both main protagonists realised could only be settled by that which was anathema to men supposedly crusading on behalf of the Holy Cross.
To the despair of the many pilgrims, whose numbers were now swollen by new and doubly eager arrivals transported to St Simeon, the date set for the march to Jerusalem slipped by: with no leader there could be no Crusade, while again, and for the same reasons as previously – the burden of supply for a large army as well as the risk of some incident sparking fighting between the Apulians and Provençals – the various armed contingents were obliged to disperse.
Once more the Count of Taranto moved north, but stopped short of going all the way back to Cilicia, the situation being too febrile. Yet he maintained about him a seeming air of confidence. No one who knew him, especially Tancred, who was closest of all, could be sure whether it was genuine or contrived.
‘Matters will resolve themselves. Even if still divided, my fellow princes cannot just delay and allow things to fester. They must move south or disperse back to their homes.’
Tancred slowly shook his head; the real point did not have to be stated: time was on Bohemund’s side, and if his nephew was of the opinion it was a less than gallant way to behave, he kept that to himself – he was still dependant on his uncle as his liege lord and that would remain the case until the purpose of the Crusade was reestablished.
‘That they will never do, Uncle – return home having failed, I mean. To do so would gain them nothing but the kind of ridicule heaped on Count Hugh.’
That made Bohemund laugh so loud his horse shied beneath him. With shipping now plying regularly to and from Europe, news had swiftly been borne to Syria of the way Vermandois had been greeted when he returned to France, which he had chosen to do from Constantinople rather than rejoin the Crusade. News of the victory at Antioch had preceded him, as had the name of the true victor, which led to his claims of personal leadership being treated as what they were, downright falsehoods.
Far from being cheered, as he had anticipated, Vermandois had been howled at by the mob as a coward, a liar and a deserter of the Cross. Denied the expected crowns of laurel, his surcoat was instead, it was reported, regularly decorated with clods of horseshit whenever he attempted to ride out, so much so that he never did so without a strong escort of personal retainers. If not clods of ordure, scorn was a fate that had also befallen Stephen of Blois, likewise back in his domains. If any of the other magnates even contemplated such a course, the way these two men had been received as inglorious failures was enough to kill off such a notion.
‘Prepare the men to move at once!’ For a man so normally confident in his demeanour, regardless of circumstance, Bohemund was clearly agitated and was obliged, as his nephew looked at him hard, to add his reasons. ‘Raymond has outwitted us.’
Further explanation had to wait until they were saddled and moving south as fast as their mounts could bear; sure he could leave matters to sort themselves out – that time was his friend – had led Bohemund to underestimate Raymond of Toulouse, who had proved he was not lacking in the kind of cunning for which the de Hautevilles were famed.
Aware that he could not take control of the walls of Antioch, and most assuredly not the citadel, while being utterly determined to deny control to the Count of Apulia, he had decided to secure for himself those regions essential for the supply of food to the city. The Ruj Valley, where he was already in control, was very much that, but only a part of the agricultural belt that fed such a major urban centre.
Antioch needed all that could be harvested from many different areas to keep healthy both the citizenry and any garrison, not to mention, as of now, the mass of newly arrived pilgrims waiting for the military elements of the Crusade to proceed south. Raymond had moved his lances from Albara, with a horde of Holy Lance-adoring pilgrims, on to a hugely fertile plateau called the Jabal as-Summaq.
This was an area the Crusaders, with Bohemund as joint commander with Robert of Flanders, had sought to exploit during their own siege when matters of supply became critical, only to suffer a major reverse, the mounted lances forced to abandon every cart they had with them, as well as the mass of food they had gathered over several weeks and the drovers who controlled their teams of oxen.
Worse had been the need to desert the milities who had accompanied the cavalry to carry out the work of gathering those supplies, which often amounted to exhorting them painfully from the farmers who had hidden food they needed to survive. Caught in open country and taken totally unawares by a Turkish army marching to the relief of Antioch, faced with archers on horseback in overwhelming numbers who they could not outrun, under leaders who lacked the mounted forces required to impose a check on the enemy, it became a bloody massacre.
After the fall of Antioch a knight called Raymond Pilet had detached himself from the Crusade, much in the manner earlier adopted by Baldwin of Edessa, and set off for the same purpose as that reprobate – namely to line his pockets and capture a fief that he could hold as his own. In that he had failed miserably, losing most of his lances and barely surviving the adventure. A fertile plateau it may be but Jabal as-Summaq was, for the Crusaders, also something of a graveyard.
That still rendered a tempting prospect for someone as powerful as Toulouse: no map was required to see that if his Provençal lances kept possession of the Bridge Gate at Antioch and thus access to the coast, then add to that the whole arc of territory that covered the southern approaches and thus deny Bohemund any of its produce, he could make holding the city without his acquiescence close to untenable.
‘I saw his gaze as being on Jerusalem but I should have realised that when he massacred and enslaved all those Muslims in Albara it was for a reason.’
If both Tancred and Bohemund had wondered at that bloodthirsty act, they had not been alone. It had been a tenet of the Crusade, for the very sound reason that it made tactical sense, not to make war on the non-combatant Muslim population outside the need to forage, which often involved inherent cruelties.
But outright butchery was different: enemy soldiers were routinely killed and often made to suffer before they died, that being a reciprocal part of fighting a determined enemy who rarely spared a Christian who fell into their hands. Raymond had, at Albara, broken that convention and it could only have been to spread terror.
‘And now he is moving to besiege Ma’arrat an-Numan, where that terror will prove to be a powerful weapon. It may fall to him for fear of what resistance might mean.’
The city stood on the road between Aleppo and Damascus as well as crossing an old and well-used trading route to the interior and was a wealthy centre of commerce with a mixed Muslim Armenian population. It was reputed to have strong walls, but if mighty Antioch had failed to keep out the Crusaders, then Ma’arrat an-Numan, a much less formidable fortress, would struggle to do so.
Taken, it would finish off the arc of possession that Raymond was seeking to the south of Antioch, giving him a solid line of both land and supply routes from the coast deep into the interior. Given its strategic importance, Bohemund could no more grant him the sole right to that city than Raymond of Toulouse would give him clear title to his own claims.
The country through which they marched, for all its fruitfulness, showed the ravages already of a passing army, with much of the place stripped of food, and given it was now November there was not going to be time for that to be replenished before the next harvest. A peasantry who had suffered before was called upon to feed another transient force of rapacious soldiers, that rendered doubly vicious by what had been extracted from them already, for no delay could be allowed lest the Apulians arrive too late and they must, when they made their goal, to have any security, do so with food of their own.
Throughout the march they came across bands of pilgrims, some on their way from Antioch intent on joining with the man and the holy relic they saw as holding the key to their future. Other pilgrims, and more numerous, began to appear when they got closer to Ma’arrat an-Numan, ragged-looking figures seeking food, for when it came to sustenance the fighting men outside the city were a priority, which left the non-combatants to very much fend for themselves. No succour could be given these unfortunates regardless of their lamentations; the Apulians ignored their pleas with the same disregard as would the men with whom they had set out.
If it was relief to find that Raymond and his army were still camped outside the walls, it was equally obvious that the arrival of this new force was unwelcome and not just by the men in command. Knights and lances who fought for plunder, faced with a prosperous city they fully expected to capture, saw the addition of more lances and milities as a possible dilution of what they might gain from the eventual sack, so it came as no surprise they were greeted with a rate of catcalls, insults and demands that they be gone.
Against that, the forces of Raymond and Robert of Flanders, who had come with him, were making little headway against the Muslim part of the population, determined to resist for the very good reason that they were only too aware of the cost of failure. In terms of professional soldiers what they faced was apparently small, a few dozen at best, who formed the governor’s personal retainers, which should have made the siege a formality, but the opposite was the case.
The city, it seemed, was strong in the desire to resist. Having been offered terms of surrender and turned them down there was no other fate awaiting the Muslim inhabitants of Ma’arrat an-Numan than the ravages of a successful siege. If the lesson of Albara had failed to get them to open their gates, it still had an effect; it made the citizenry that formed the bulk of those opposing them doubly tenacious in defence. Raymond’s terror had worked against, not for him.
Raymond refused to even talk to Bohemund, indeed he did not even exit from his pavilion when his banners appeared and his horns were blown, so it fell to a reluctant Robert of Flanders to explain the situation. The first assaults, made with hastily constructed ladders, had failed, added to which, with the numbers available, it had been impossible to close off Ma’arrat an-Numan from the surrounding hinterland, which obviated the possibility of starving them out.
Bohemund made the point that with his Apulians engaged the situation was now altered, though there were other concerns that he was quick to broach. ‘How well supplied are you, Robert?’
The lack of eye contact that question produced was answer in itself; it took no great genius to see that if the country the Apulians had marched through to get here was practically bare of supply, and the pilgrims who had flocked to follow Raymond and his Holy Lance were scrabbling for food, then the likelihood existed of such a situation being spread in all directions to the whole plateau, and that would not only be due to the extra numbers the area now needed to support.
The siege would not have come as a surprise to the inhabitants of Ma’arrat an-Numan. With Albara in Crusader hands their city stood to be next; they would have been active in filling their storerooms, and sense dictated they would have also destroyed much of that which they could not transport into the city so as to deny sustenance to their approaching enemy.
It took little time for a besieging army, even just trailing with it the normal level of camp followers, to take what was shortage of provender to a situation where it became dearth. The addition of thousands of pilgrims made that many times worse, a situation that had arisen outside Antioch the previous year where the Crusade, both fighters and non-combatants, had come close to actual starvation.
‘I have no appetite for a repeat of that,’ Bohemund said, using the pun to lighten his point, given he was reminding a man who had shared that foul period with him of what they had suffered, ‘which is what we might face if we spend the whole winter engaged in this siege.’
‘Then,’ Robert replied, making no attempt to hide his irritation, ‘a man would be entitled to wonder at your being here.’
‘He would if he did not already know.’
Such a sharp comment made the Count of Flanders uncomfortable, which Bohemund took as a positive sign: if he had hitched his star to Raymond of Toulouse it was not without his being able to discern his motives, which were no more chivalrous than those of the Count of Taranto. Yet he was still inclined to be distant, there being, for instance, no indication of any plan that Raymond might have or where the Apulians could position themselves to be the most effective as an addition to the siege, leaving Bohemund to make his own dispositions based on what he could observe.
If being entirely cut off disheartened the inhabitants of Ma’arrat an-Numan it was not immediately obvious; more for the sake of prestige than any real hope of success Bohemund, himself employing hastily constructed ladders, opened an assault against the walls opposite where he had pitched his pavilion, only to be swiftly repulsed; his men were good fighters and they were brave, but they were not what they needed to be, Gods of antiquity with wings to fly.
The whole city, its walls broken into sections with towers, was surrounded by a deep ditch, a dry moat, which made getting any climbing equipment to the walls so slow as to render the attempt doubly hazardous, extending the time that the attackers were exposed to all the usual tools of defence: archery in the approach and retreat, boiling oil and cast-down rocks when actually close enough to the masonry to raise their ladders. Not one of them made it more than a halfway ascent, so it made sense to quickly call the attack off, it being a probe that looked likely to be too expensive.
Having made that demonstration and shown he was here for a purpose, Bohemund expected that Raymond would be obliged to soften his stand and call him to a conference to coordinate any future tactics; he waited in vain and his own pride would not allow that he abase himself by making an open approach.
Even Robert of Flanders seemed inclined to do no more than exchange the minimum of words needed to retain some element of contact and he certainly made no attempt to pass on what the Count of Toulouse might be thinking and contemplating, not that there was any activity to speak of; it was as if by ignoring them he could wish the Apulians away.
‘Perhaps when our bellies are swollen with hunger it will dent his arrogance,’ Bohemund ranted, loud enough to be overheard by many, as he rode through the Provençal lines, paying no heed to the glares he received, this to give Raymond a chance to relent. ‘Or maybe he seeks the shame of having us all retire with our honour besmirched.’
‘I doubt he can hear you, Uncle, his pavilion is too far off.’
‘He will hear me by proxy, Tancred, for my words will be reported to his ears before we are out of sight of that damned Occitan banner.’
‘And they will serve to moderate his behaviour?’
The irony in that question was not hidden; Tancred was sure that his uncle was allowing the behaviour of Raymond to cloud his judgement about what was militarily necessary, which was a rare thing and stood to demonstrate how the dispute over Antioch had got under the normally impenetrable de Hauteville skin. The reply, when it came, was a deep and unpleasant growl.
‘I await what you are sure to tell me, that you have a better notion of how to shake the dolt into action.’
‘If I had, would I be permitted to act upon it?’
‘What do you mean?’
‘Simply this, that your own pride is so injured that you may see me talking to Raymond as a betrayal.’
Tancred waited for a reply, but in vain; all he got was a broody silence, which encouraged him to think he had penetrated Bohemund’s anger enough to engage his mind to think in those areas that were of more import: to augment that he reprised the need for haste, due to potential hunger as well as the fanaticism of citizen defenders.
‘Their hope is that hunger will drive us away.’ Still there was no response. ‘And perhaps that is what Raymond wishes also, that we Apulians will be obliged to retire to Antioch for the sake of our bellies, for we have with us only that which we scourged on the way.’
‘As long as Toulouse is here, so are we.’
‘Which is as I expected, but Raymond will not act without he is pushed to do so and you lack the means to make him.’
The tone softened; Bohemund’s brain was working. ‘What are you suggesting?’
‘That I try to shift him?’
‘How?’
‘By creating the fear you might beat him to breaching the walls by your superior knowledge of siege warfare. After all, you got into Antioch before he did and for that he has never forgiven you. If he has troubled dreams they will be made up of such an anxiety.’
For the first time in days Bohemund was able to laugh. ‘By the saints, Tancred, you have your grandfather’s cunning.’