Dates and events for the life of Muḥammad are fraught with difficulties; therefore, dates are here given according to al-Zuhrī’s calculations.
After 558 (?) |
The “Elephant Troop” and Abrahah, king of Ḥimyar, march against Mecca to destroy the Kaaba |
608 (?) |
Muḥammad receives his first revelation atop Mount Ḥirāʾ |
622, Sept. |
Muḥammad’s Hijrah from Mecca to Medina |
624, Mar. |
Battle of Badr |
624, Sept.–Oct. |
Expulsion of the Jewish clan al-Naḍīr from Medina |
625, Mar.–Apr. |
Battle of Uḥud |
627, Feb.–Mar. |
Battle of the United Clans/the Trench |
628, Feb.–Mar. |
Treaty of Ḥudaybiyah |
630, 3 Jan. |
Muḥammad’s Conquest of Mecca |
632, 27 May |
Muḥammad’s Death |
644, Nov. |
Assassination of the second caliph ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb |
656, June |
Assassination of the third caliph ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān |
656–61 |
The Great Civil War (al-fitnah al-kubrā) |
The Battle of the Camel between ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib and ʿĀʾishah bint Abī Bakr, al-Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwām, and Ṭalḥah ibn ʿUbayd Allāh |
|
657, July |
The Battle of Ṣiffīn between ʿAlī and Muʿāwiyah ibn Abī Sufyān |
661, Jan. |
Assassination of ʿAlī |
661–750 |
The Umayyad Caliphate |
680–92 |
Second Civil War—the Marwānid Umayyads emerge victorious over their Zubyarid rivals |
685–705 |
Caliphate of ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān |
723–43 |
Caliphate of Hishām ibn ʿAbd al-Malik |
742 |
Ibn Shihāb al-Zuhrī dies |
744–50 |
Third Civil War ensues after the assassination of al-Walīd II, leading to the rise of Abbasid dynasty of caliphs |
754–75 |
Caliphate of Abū Jaʿfar al-Manṣūr |
768 |
Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq dies |
770 |
Maʿmar ibn Rāshid dies |
827 |
ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Ṣanʿānī dies |