4. This is not, of course, the river known to the ancients by that name which flowed into the Black Sea, but either a tributary of the Araxes or the Araxes itself, which flows into the Caspian. The name Phasians, in the ‘Phasian land’ of which we hear in an. ancient geographer, survives in modern Pasinler on the river Araxes.

5. The government of the Spartan state lay with the so-called Spartiates, the Peers, whose principal, almost entire, concern was with training for and conducting war. To this end young Spartiates were put through an education system of astonishing severity which included being encouraged to steal and being whipped for stealing so unsuccessfully as to get caught. Cf. Plutarch, Life of Lycurgus 17, and H. Michell, Sparta, p. 177f.