Acton, Lord, 75
Acts of Parliament: (1341), 63; (1545), 164; (1552), 164, 183; (1571), 164, 183, 185, 190; (1597), 182; (1601), 268; (1662), 268; (1834), 269, 322
Agriculture, 68–9, 142–54, 230. See also under Land
Alcock Thomas, 267
Almsgiving, condemnation of, 119, 122, 263; a duty, 258–60
America, Calvinism in, 135–9, 226, 237, 317
Amsterdam, 113
Antwerp, ix, 82–5, 88, 90, 95, 96, 113, 172, 180, 181, 298
Archdeacons, jurisdiction of, 60, 64, 166, 290–1, 306
Ashley, Sir William, xiv
Aske, 146
Augsburg, 95
Baillie, 214
Bancroft, Archbishop, 189, 213
Bank, at Geneva, 128; of England, 250–1
Banking, deposit, 180
Barbon, Dr Nicholas, 245–6
Bargaining, equity in, 157, 163, 184, 186, 191, 221–2, 224, 243, 270. See also Prices and Profits
Baxter, Richard, 22, 32, 200, 203, 207, 219–24, 225, 241–2 (quoted), 251, 258, 266, 284
Beggars. See Almsgiving and Vagrancy
Bellarmin, 90
Benvenuto da Imola, quoted, 24
Berthold, Brother, 224
Birmingham, 204
Bishops, 165, 169, 308. See also Commissary, Court of High Commission and Courts, ecclesiastical
Bodin, 91
Böheim, Hans, 91
Bolingbroke, 207
Bossuet, 92
Boston, 136–8
Bourges, 62
Braddon, Lawrence, 311
Bradford, 203
Bristol, 202
Bruges, 83
Bucer, 32, 75, 91, 92, 113, 124, 147, 214–15
Bunyan, 22, 32, 199, 224, 266, 303
Burford, 185
Buridanus, Johannes, 289
Bury, 217
‘Calling’, x, 239–44, 312, 317–18
Calvin, v, vii, ix, 23, 32, 103, 111–39, 147; teaching of, on usury, 91, 92, 134, 184, 215, 216, 232, 238. See also Calvinism
Calvinism, x, 111–39, 232–3; sanctification of economic enterprise by, 47, 113, 116–19, 123, 232, 238; connexion of individualism with, 121, 226, 313; discipline of, vii, 118, 121, 122, 124–39, 214–15, 218, 226, 232, 233, 237, 313; development of, in England, 121, 198; in Scotland, 121, 134–5; in France, 133–4; in America, 135–9, 226, 237, 317; in Holland, 211. See also Calvin and Puritanism
Cambridge, 315
Canon law. See Law, canon
Canonists, 49, 63, 66, 71, 109. See also Law, canon.
Canterbury, 205; archbishop of, 59, 160; Canons of, 165
Capitalism, early appearance of, 29, 38, 93, 225
Carpenters, parliament of, 285
Catholicism, and capitalism, 93, 312
Cattle, loaning of, 65, 159, 185
Charles I, social policy of, 173–8, 210, 235–6, 316–17
Chauvet, 131
Church, medieval, attitude of, to established social order, 68–71; ideals of, 71–4
_______ of England, 140–96: conservatism of, 94, 159–63; ineffectiveness of, 187–96; Puritanism represented in, 198. See also Clergy, Councils (Church), Courts (ecclesiastical), Law (canon), Papacy, Reformation, Religion, and under State
Clarendon Code, 204
_____, Constitutions of, 62
______, Earl of, 177, 204, 248, 250, 319
Class hatred, 31, 38, 131, 149
Classes, Puritan, 213, 214, 217, 314, 315
Clayton, Sir Robert, 319
Clergy, taking of usury by, 42, 58, 64, 156, 166, 167, 287–8, 295; subservience of, 163, 275; return of, to City churches, 204; popular sympathies of, in France, 275. See also Church of England
Cloth industry, 113, 141, 147, 151; capitalism in, 80, 180, 266; distress in, 172, 205, 310; wages in, 177, 287, 316; regulation of, 178, 235, 236, 316; Puritanism in centres of, 202, 203–4, 320; proposed nationalization of, 235. See also Textile workers
Coke, 190
Cologne, 49
Colquhoun, Patrick, 309
Combines, of traders, 67, 97, 104, 286
Commissary, Court of, 65, 166, 295, 306
Commons, enclosure of, 145, 171, 254, 256, 257–8. See also Enclosures
‘Commonwealth men’, 149
Communal movement, 68
Confessors, instructions to, 60
Congregationalism, 198
Consistory, at Geneva, 124, 127–32
Constance, Council of, 112
Consumption, 46, 230, 247, 249
Copyholders, 144, 152, 171, 303
Corn, engrossing of, 130, 131, 171–2, 178, 307, 308. See also Granaries
Councils, Church, 58–9, 63, 66, 290
Court, De la, 206
Court of Arches, 189
_______Delegates, 190
_______High Commission, 166, 190, 191, 212, 214, 236
_______Star Chamber, 144, 178, 212, 307, 316
Courts, ecclesiastical, jurisdiction of, 62–5, 164–7, 189–91, 212, 214, 295, 296; royal, 69, 96. See also the several Courts above-mentioned
Craftsmen, deceits practised by, 37, 134, 293: relations between merchants and, 38, 141, 143, 177, 235; labour of, honourable, 101. See also Gilds and Wage-earners
Cromwell, Oliver, 199, 218, 227 (quoted), 248, 256, 313
Crowley, Robert, 91, 146, 148, 150 and 153 (quoted)
Cunningham, William, xiv, 211, 212 (quoted)
Curia, papal, 59
Currency, depreciation of, 86, 142, 151, 181
Dedham, 217
Depopulation, 150, 152, 176–7, 182, 223, 236, 253, 307, 317. See also Enclosures
D’Ewes, 216–17
Dixey, Prof., 253
Discoveries, x, 77, 79, 83, 95, 96, 140, 312
Downing, Sir George, 250
Duns Scotus, 46
Dutch, virtues of, 211, 251, 267; capital supplied to England by, 248, 250, 319. See also Holland
East Anglia, 177, 178; Puritanism in, 202, 203
_______India Co., 317
Eck, 90
Economic science, development of, 163, 184, 204, 248. See also Economists and Political Arithmetic
Economists, 248; attitude of, towards religious tolerance, 23, 204–5, 206; attitude of, towards poor relief, 265–70, 321. See also Economic science
Edict of Nantes, 205
Education, 146, 147, 148, 159, 217
Elizabeth. See Tudors
Enclosures, 142–50; popular agitations against, 142–3, 145, 148–50, 254, 320; steps taken by Government to suppress, 143, 150, 152, 176–7, 182, 234, 235, 253, 307; attitude of Puritans to, 216, 223, 236, 253–8. See also under Gentry
Engrossers, 51, 52, 66, 127, 143, 145, 168, 172, 178, 194, 238, 307, 308
England, comparison of, with Continent, 21, 29, 66, 80, 140, 230
Erastians, 214
Exchanges, foreign, discussions on, 55, 88, 162, 163, 181, 313; control of, 84, 171, 172, 235, 236, 307, 316; lawfulness of transactions on, 90
Exchequer, Stop of, 224
Exclusion Bill, 203
Excommunication, 42, 57, 58, 59, 64, 125, 129, 147, 165, 166, 213, 293; disregarding of, 163, 191
Fenton, Roger, quoted, 114, 161
Ferrar, Nicholas, 261
Feudalism, 35, 67–70, 231; decline of, 68–9, 151–2, 153. See also Peasants
Figgis, Dr, 19
Financiers, medieval attitude to, 36, 45; international, rise of, 56–7, 82, 83, 84–5, 87–9, 93; attitude of Swiss reformers to, 112–13, 116. See also Usury
Firmin, 269
Flanders. See Low Countries
Flavell, John, 318
Fletcher of Saltoun, 263
Florence, 29, 49, 62, 285, 288, 312
Foley, Thomas, 251
Fondaco Tedesco, 78
Food supplies, control of, 177, 234, 235, 260. See also Corn
Foxe, 165
France, 65, 86, 235, 248, 266, 275, 287; peasantry in, 69, 70, 141, 156; Calvinism in, 133–4, 203, 237. See also Lyons and Paris
Franciscans, 31, 65; Spiritual, 68
Frankfurt, 39, 85, 95, 118, 286
Franklin, Benjamin, 237
Free cities, 68
Freiburg, 95
Friars. See Mendicant Orders
Froissart, 31
Froude, 18
Fruiterers, of London, 66–7
Fuggers, The, 88–9, 90, 91, 96, 97, 99, 109, 194, 298
Gay, Prof., 151
Geiler von Kaiserberg, 97
Geneva, 112, 113, 121, 123, 124–32, 133, 135, 214, 215, 226, 232, 233, 302
Genoa, 59
Gentry, opposition of, to prevention of enclosures, 150, 152, 182, 236, 253, 255, 256–7, 304; attitude of, to commercial classes, 208–9
George, Lloyd, quoted, 18
Germany, v, 40, 65, 78, 86, 97, 248, 286; peasantry in, 69, 70, 91, 96, 97, 100, 102, 141, 144, 156, 297; trade and banking business of, 78, 80, 84, 85, 88, 95–7, 99, 312; Reformation in, 89, 91, 92–3, 95–110, 118, 146
Gilds, 39–41, 65, 79, 96, 141, 142, 144, 286, 295, 304
Glasgow, 237
Goldsmiths, 248
Gregory VII, 32
Gresham, Sir Richard, 145
_______, Sir Thomas, 22, 148, 181, 182
Grindal, Archbishop, 165
Hale, Sir Matthew, 261
Halifax, 204
Hamilton, John, 293
Hammond, Mr and Mrs, 31
Harrington, 180
Harris, Walter, 267
Harrison, 268
Hartlib, Samuel, 262
Hatfield Chase, 178
Haugs, The, 88
Heming, Nicholas, 160, 161 (quoted)
Henry of Langenstein, quoted, 48, 53–4
Herberts, The, 145
Hipler, 97
Hobbes, 31
Hochstetters, The, 88, 97, 298
Holland, 21, 208; wars and commercial rivalry of England with, 20, 248, 250, 266, 318–19; religious developments in, 23, 206, 211, 226; economic progress of, x, 23, 204, 211, 216, 230, 312; controversy in, about usury, 134, 237; emigration of Dissenters to, 310. See also Dutch and Low Countries
Holland, Lord, 236
Honorius of Augsburg, 285
Hooker, Richard, 170, 174, 233
Houblon, James and John, 250
House of Commons, 148, 182, 183, 191, 262
_______Lords, 254
Hutten, 97
Imhofs, The, 88
Independents, 121, 212, 214, 218, 250
Indifferentism, 30, 31, 32, 274
Individualism, rise of, 24, 27, 35, 75, 84, 90, 146, 167, 170, 176, 178–96, 218, 226, 233, 234, 248, 252, 253, 260, 313; deduction of, from teaching of reformers, 93, 99, 121, 226. See also under Puritanism
Industrial Revolution, 31, 196
Interest, ‘pure’, 54; lawful, 90, 299; rate of, 128, 131, 132, 136, 158, 164, 166, 184, 319. See also Interesse and Usury
Ireland, 230, 267, 322; Church of, 165
Ireton, 256
Iron industry, 202, 220, 251, 322
Italy, v, 22, 65, 68, 82; medieval capitalism in, 93, 95, 312; wage-earners in, 38–9, 50, 286; financiers of, 42, 56, 83, 88, 141; canonists of, 66; economic position of, 77, 80, 230. See also Florence and Venice
Jacquerie, 69
John XXII, Bull of, 68
John of Salisbury (quoted), 35, 37, 285
Joint-stock enterprise, 180
Jones, Rev. David, 245
Journeymen. See Wage-earners
Justices of the Peace, usurers dealt with by, 168, 172–3; regulation of markets by, 177; closing of public-houses by, 218; administration of poor laws by, 177, 235, 261; administration of orders against enclosures by, 176, 253
Keane, Robert, 136–8
Knox, John, 23, 32, 123, 126 (quoted), 135, 213
Laissez faire, 122
Lancashire, Puritanism in, 203, 214, 320. See also Bury
Land, 141–54; purchase of, by nouveaux riches and speculation in, 96, 144–5, 148–9, 180, 208, 255; mortgaging of, 112, 172. See also Enclosures, Landlords, Pasture farming, Property, Rents
Landlords, oppressions of, 62, 145, 150, 152, 153, 160, 168, 171, 176, 222–3, 235, 237, 293; ecclesiastical, 68, 70–1, 144, 149. See also Peasants and Rents
Latimer, 23, 32, 91, 146, 149, 150, 253, 255, 260, 271, 281
Laud, 23, 32, 121, 140, 174–9, 191, 205, 210, 212, 235, 236, 253, 307
Laurentius de Rudolfis, 22, 284
Law, canon, 22, 70, 74, 90, 169; rules of, as to usury, 24, 49–66, 103, 104; discredit of, 75, 148, 163, 191; continued appeal to, 90, 94, 162–7. See also Canonists
_______, civil, 164
_______, natural, 51–2, 73, 183, 195
Law, John, 251
_______, William, 194
Leach, A. F., 148
Leadam, 151
Lease-mongers, 148
Leonard, Miss, 177
Linen industry, 147
Loans, charitable, 65, 159, 168, 260–1, 296. See also Interest and Usury
Locke, 20 (quoted), 25, 183, 192, 248, 256
Lollards, 61
London, 39, 63, 64, 65, 66, 112, 145, 261; money-market in, 85, 141, 180; Nonconformity in, 113, 203, 204, 213, 214, 242, 250; fire of, 204, 220; bishop of, 41, 65, 166, 287
Low Countries, 65, 80, 81, 82–3, 86, 230, 296; early capitalism in, 29, 38, 93, 285, 312; wage-earners in, 38, 50, 285. See also Antwerp and Holland
Luchaire, A., 42
Luther, v, 23, 32, 48, 89–110, 112, 113, 115, 124, 239–40, 263, 291
Lyndwood, 66
Lyons, 85, 86, 128; Poor Men of, 31; Council of, 58
Machiavelli, 21, 25, 90, 187, 312
Maidstone, 205
Maitland, 164
Major, 115
Malynes, G., 181
Manning, B. L., 32
Marx, Karl, viii, 48, 120, 266
Massachusetts, 135–6
Melanchthon, 91, 101, 115, 162
Mendicant orders, 31, 101, 107, 239
Mercantilism, 43, 89, 113, 147, 236, 249
Merchant Adventurers, 78, 83, 84
Merchants. See Traders
Middle classes, rise of, 21, 95, 96, 103, 119, 180, 207–8, 233, 266; Calvinism and Puritanism among, 120, 122, 190, 202–11, 230, 263, 313; qualities of, 120, 208, 211, 230; humbler, outlook and economic position of, 168, 207, 242, 311
Middlemen. See Traders
Mill, J. S., 242
Mines, of New World, 78; of Europe, 78, 85, 88; capitalism in working of, 80, 180
Monarchy, paternal. See Charles I and Tudors
Monasteries, loans by, 65, 296; relief of beggars by, 101, 123, 263; dissolution of, 143–6, 149, 231; income of, 303
Moneylenders. See Financiers, Interest, Usury
Money-market. See Exchanges, Financiers, and under London.
Monopolies. See Patents
Monopolists, denunciations of, 50–1, 91, 97, 102, 104–5, 127, 221
Monts de Piété, 55, 65, 296, 317
More, Sir Thomas, 83, 143, 144
Mosse, Miles, 160, 162, 164 (quoted)
Mullins, Archdeacon, 306
Netherlands. See Holland
New England, Calvinism in, 135–8
New Model Army, 219
Nicholas III, 42
North, Sir Dudley, quoted, 248
Notre-Dame, Cathedral of, 42, 288
O’Brien, G., xiv
Owen, Robert, 269
Oziander, 92
Paget, 150
Paley, 281
Pallavicino, 181
Papacy, avarice and corruption of, 41–2, 94, 99, 101, 119; financial relations of, 42, 57, 290
Papillon, Thomas, 250
Papists, unaptness of, for business, 206; charity of, 232, 263, 317
Paris, 39, 85, 90, 128, 133, 157, 160, 287; bishop of, 42
Parish, loans by, 65, 159, 296; organization of, 159, 305
Parker, Bishop, quoted, 204
Parliament, Levellers’ demands for reform of, 254
_______, Long, 179, 191, 236, 253, 255
‘Parliaments’ of wage-earners, 39, 285–6
Partnership, profits of, lawful, 54, 290; fictitious, 60, 291
Pasture farming, 141, 142, 144, 145, 147, 150, 176, 182. See also Enclosures
Paterson, William, 250–1
Peasants, associations among, 39; harshness of lot of, 69; revolts of, 69, 70, 80, 148–50, 254, 297; revolts of, in Germany, 69, 70, 91, 97, 102, 144, 150, 297; emancipation of, 68–70, 78–9, 96, 141, 151; comparison of, with peasantry of France and Germany, 70, 96, 141, 156; calling of, praised, 101. See also Jacquerie and Landlords
Peckham, Archbishop, 42
Pecock, Bishop, 61, 66, 108, 292, 297
Penn, William, 191
Pennsylvania, 237
Pepys, 204
Petty, Sir William, xi, 206, 248, 249 (quoted)
Piccarda, 30
Pilgrimage of Grace, 146
Political Arithmetic, 24, 189, 192, 204, 248. See also Economic science
Pollexfen, Henry, 267
Poor, 193; relief of, 91, 101, 122–3, 146, 149, 159, 165, 196, 238, 258, 269–70; investment for benefit of, 134, 185, 302; legislation re relief of, 135, 260, 262–3, 269–70, 322; administration of laws for relief of, 172, 177, 178, 235, 261–2; right of, to relief, 262, 269; relief of, to be deterrent, 268, 322; able-bodied, employment of, 172, 260, 261, 262, 268. See also Almsgiving, Poverty, Vagrancy
_______ Law Commissioners, 268, 322
Poverty, attitude of Swiss reformers to, 114, 122–3, 139; attitude to, in eighteenth century, 193, 309; attitude of Puritans to, 229, 232, 241, 253, 257–70; medieval attitude to, 258–9, 320; causes of, 260, 262, 264, 268, 322. See also Poor
Presbyterianism, 121, 198, 203, 207, 212, 214–15, 217, 233, 250, 314. See also Puritanism
Prices, rise in, 23, 80, 85, 89, 91, 142, 143, 181, 184; just, doctrine as to, 30, 40, 49, 52–4, 91, 103–5, 157, 160, 216, 221–2, 223, 243, 266, 287, 289, 315, 322; control of, 53–4, 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 136–8, 147, 148, 171–2, 177, 182, 260, 317; opposition to control of, 182, 234, 308, See also Bargaining
Privy Council, activities of, 170–3, 176–7, 260
Profits, medieval doctrine as to, 44, 47–8, 55, 113; attempted limitation of, in New England 135–8. See also Traders
Property, theories as to, 44–5, 112, 151–4, 192–3, 255–6, 258, 260
Prophesyings, 201
Public-houses, closing of, 218
Puritanism, xii, 197–270; quarrel between monarchy and, 20, 212, 234–6, 316–17; medieval, 31; discipline of, 121–2, 135–8, 190, 212–18, 233, 313; theology of, 121, 227–9; connexion of individualism with, 121, 135, 212–13, 218, 226, 229–37, 252–3, 264, 269–70, 313; divergent elements in, 198, 212, 233, 313; sanctification of business life by, 199, 201, 229–30, 232, 238–52, 269; geographical distribution of, 202–4; connexion of, with capitalism, 209, 211, 312–13. See also Calvinism, Presbyterianism, and under Middle Classes, Poverty, Riches, and Usury
Quarter Sessions. See Justices of the Peace
Rabelais, 87
Rationalism, medieval, 31
Reformation, relation of, to changes in social theory, vii, viii, xii, 28, 32, 75–6, 90, 92–5, 98–102, 146, 158–63
Regensburg, 95
Religion, sphere of, all-embracing, vii, 18–19, 21–3, 26–7, 30, 32–48, 71–4, 90, 92–5, 99–100, 152–3, 155–79, 186, 220–1, 224–5, 272, 273, 275, 279 (see also under Traders); economic and social activities excluded from province of, vi–vii, 18, 19–27, 30–1, 100, 106–10, 178–9, 180–96, 220–1, 225, 236–7, 252–3, 271–81; wars of, 20, 128. See also Asceticism, Calvinism, Indifferentism, Presbyterianism, Puritanism, Reformation, Tolerance
Rent-charge, 54, 55, 104, 185, 290
Rents, control of, at Geneva, 125; raising of, 128, 145, 150, 157; Baxter’s teaching re, 223, 224
Rhode Island, 237
Riches, medieval attitude to, 44–5, 47–8, 66, 278, 297; attitude of Calvinists and Puritans to, 139, 229–30, 238, 264–5; modern attitude to, 280. See also Financiers and Traders
Ridley, Thomas, quoted, 190
Robertson, H. M., x
Root and Branch Petition, 310
Rotenburg, 95
Rouen, 85
Royal African Company, 248, 319
St Ambrose, 258
St Andrews, 135; archbishop of, 62
St Antonino, 22, 30, 44, 45 (cited), 53, 98, 224, 284, 288, 289
St Augustine, 59
St Bernard, 42
St Léon, Martin, 40 (quoted), 286, 287
St Thomas Aquinas, 30, 33 (quoted), 44, 45, 39–40 (quoted), 48, 51 (quoted), 52, 70, 157, 162, 200, 224, 258, 299
Salerno, archbishop of, 59
Salisbury, bishop of, 160; mayor of, 218
Sanderson, Bishop, 191
Sandwich, 205
Schoolmen, v, 22, 28, 30, 32, 43–8, 52–3, 89, 92, 153, 157, 160, 162, 186, 200, 224. See also St Antonino and St Thomas
Schools, 148, 196, 304. See also Education
Schulze-Gaevernitz, 211
Scotland, 121, 134–5, 213; Commissioners from, 214
Scriveners, 180
Self-interest, harmony of needs of society with, 26, 37, 183, 194, 195, 244, 257, 271
Serfdom, 35, 68–7, 100, 102–3, 297. See also Peasants
Seville, 85
Shaftesbury, Earl of, 248
Shaw, W. A., 214
Sheep-grazing. See Pasture farming
Sigismund, Emperor, Reformation of, 40, 97, 287
Silver, of America, 78, 81, 83, 140; of Europe, 88
Sion, monastery of, 145
Slave-trade, 188
Smiles, Samuel, 251
Smith, Adam, 24, 25, 48, 195, 252
_______, Sir Thomas, 164
Smiths, of London, 64, 285–6, 295
Social Democratic movement, 218–19
Society, functional theory of, 26, 35–8, 102, 106, 153, 173–4, 175, 192, 194, 253; modern conception of, 26, 35, 192, 194
Somerset, Duke of, 124, 151, 304
South Sea Bubble, 194
Spain, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86, 93; financiers of, 90
Speculation. See Engrossers
Speenhamland, 262
Starkey, 143
State, relation between Church and, 20–3, 33, 80, 100, 110, 132, 163, 169–70, 174–5, 176, 178–9, 215, 273; Locke’s conception of, 20, 183, 192; unitary, 39, 286; Distributive, 101, 155
Steele, Richard, 239–40 and 241 (quoted), 242–4, 249, 264
Stockwood, Rev. J., quoted, 263
Strafford, Earl of, 210, 212, 235
Strassburg, 85
Stubbes, Philip, 215
Summae, 30, 32, 43, 219. See also Schoolmen
Swift, Dean, 206
Switzerland, 88, 208; Reformation in, 111–33, 146, 263. See also Geneva
Synods, French, 133
Taunton, 204
Taylor, Jeremy, 160 (quoted), 190
Tenures, military, abolition of, 256
Textile workers, of Flanders and Italy, 38–9, 285; of Paris, 287. For England, see under Cloth industry
Tolerance, religious, 23–4, 122, 126, 178–9, 197, 204–6
Tories, 206
Townsend, Rev. J., 309
Trade, flourishing of, under religious tolerance, 23–4, 197, 204–6; free exercise of, 179; foreign, increase of, 141, 180, 231; balance of, 184, 245, 248. See also Traders
Traders, medieval attitude to, 31, 36, 44–8, 49–50, 113; relations between craftsmen and, 38, 141, 143, 177, 235; sanctification of occupation of, 47, 113–14, 116–20, 123, 199, 201, 229–30, 232, 238–52, 270; frauds and extortion of, 62, 113, 127, 133, 134, 147, 157, 160, 293, 302; Luther’s attitude to, 101; growth of power of, 141, 142; purchase of land by, 145, 208, 255; breakdown of State control of, 182–3, 235. See also Bargaining, Prices, Profits, Trade
Travers, W., 213
Troeltsch, Prof., v, xiv, 100, 211, 312
Tucker, Dean, 24, 195, 197 (quoted), 309
Tudors, social policy of, 168–74, 234, 260, 263, 268
Udall, J., 213
Ulm, 95
Unwin, Prof., 177
Usher, R. G., 202
Usury, controversy on, 91, 92, 155–68, 181–7; teaching of medieval Church on, 30, 49–52, 54–66; practising of, on large scale, in Middle Ages, 41–2, 56–7, 180; restitution of profits of, 42, 59, 61; enforcement of prohibition of, 49–50, 57–65, 127, 129, 132, 135, 164–7, 168, 172–3, 190, 194, 236, 237, 291, 292, 293, 306; prevalence of, 50–1, 156; popular denunciations of, 51, 91, 142–3, 156–8; certain transactions not regarded as, 54–5, 104, 185, 216, 217, 289–90; ecclesiastical legislation re, 24, 58–9, 63, 65–6; secular legislation re, 63, 158, 164, 183–4, 185, 190–1; devices for concealment of, 58, 60, 65, 291; attitude of reformers to, in Germany, 91, 92, 103, 104, 109; in Switzerland, 91, 92, 112–16, 125, 128–32, 184–5, 215, 216; in France, 134, 302; Puritan attitude to, 209, 213, 215–17, 222, 224, 231–2, 237, 245, 250, 266, 314, 315, 317. See also Interest, Loans, and under Clergy
Utrecht, University of, 237
Vagrancy, 101, 172, 217, 260, 262, 263, 267, 268. See also Almsgiving and Poor
Venice, 78, 80, 83, 85, 96, 128, 312
Vienne, Council of, 58
Villeinage. See Serfdom.
Virtues, economic, 114, 119, 123, 227–51, 269, 270
Vives, 122
Voltaire, 208
Wage-earners, small number of, 39, 50, 142, 156, 207, 266, 286; organizations of, 39, 286–7; attitude of economists to, 266–8. See also Wages
Wages, withholding of, 62, 222, 293; regulation of, 136, 171, 177, 178, 234, 235, 287, 316; payment of, in truck, 157, 177, 235. See also Wage-earners
Wallas, Graham, 25
Wamba, 99
Warburton, 195
Ward, Sir Patience, 250
Warwick, Earl of, 150
Washerne, 145
Wealth. See Production and Riches Weber, Max, v, vii–xii, xiv, 211, 312–13, 315, 318
Wentworth, 177–8
Wesley, 194
Westminster Assembly, 23, 214, 217
Whalley, ecclesiastical court of, 65
_______, Major-General, 256, 320
Whitby Abbey, 145
Whole Duty of Man, The, 194–5
Widows and orphans, usury for benefit of, 185, 232
Williams, Roger, 136
Wilson, Thomas, 160, 162, 164 (cited), 182, 233, 315
Winstanley, Gerrard, 121 (quoted), 254
Witt, John de, 206
Woodrow, Rev. Robert, quoted, 237
Woollen industry. See Cloth industry
Works, good, 117, 119, 237, 240, 264, 317
Wyclif, 31, 37–8 (quoted), 39–40, 51 (quoted), 52, 286
Yarranton, A., 251
Yorke, Sir John, 145
Young, Arthur, 268
Younge, R., quoted, 264