Index

• ABC News, 175
• Access to information, 35–36, 199n28
• Achebe, Chinua, 149
• Actor-network theory (ANT), 112–113, 114
• Advance, 140
• Adverbs, journalists’ use of, 83
• Advocacy journalism, 201n6
• Affect, 179–181
• Aftenposten, 6, 133
• Algorithms
• audience identification using, 107
• fact-checking, 176–177
• and financial trading, 144
• limitations of, 126, 129
• narratives produced using, 127
• neutrality of, 132
• in news production, 121, 129, 144, 151
• searching for news using, 125
• Alton Telegraph, 5
• Amazon, 133
• Amazon Alexa, 131
• Amazon Echo, 128, 155
• Amazon Prime, 130, 170
• American Civil Liberties Union, 209n82
• American Newspaper Publishers Association (ANPA), 73
• American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE), 72–73
• America Online (AOL) Seed, 141
• Amplify, 130
• Analytics. See Web analytics
• Anderson, Benedict, 200n4
• Anderson, C. W., 114, 201n4
• Anomaly Tracker, 125
• Anonymous, 159
• ANT. See Actor-network theory
• Antenna, 180
• AOL. See America Online
• AP. See Associated Press
• APIs. See Application programming interfaces
• Apple, 141, 169–170
• Apple iPhone, 152
• Apple Watch, 149
• Application programming interfaces (APIs), 160, 166
• Arab Spring, 172
• Arendt, Hannah, 40, 195n1
• Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes, 38
• Arneson, R., 13
• Articulation work, 112
• Asian American Journalists Association, 84
• Associated Press (AP), 84, 126, 127, 128, 144, 146–147, 153, 168–170, 173, 175
• Associated Press v. All Headline News, 147
• Associated Press v. United States, 32
• Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), 73
• Atlantic, 139
• Attribution, of information, 79
• Audience. See Publics
• Augmented reality, 178
• Automated Insights, 127, 144
• Autonomy. See also Democratic autonomy; Press freedom
• ascriptive, 16
• concept of, 13–14
• descriptive, 16
• in field theory, 51
• free speech as component of, 18–27
• heteronomous, 15
• individual as traditional focus of concept of, 14, 17
• negative freedom as component of, 7, 8, 16, 184
• as negotiation of individual and social-institutional forces, 16, 184, 195n1, 195n3
• positive freedom as component of, 7, 8, 16, 184
• relational nature of, 14–18
• Baker, C. Edwin, 3, 11–12, 21–22, 110
• Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, 117
• Balance, journalistic policy of, 201n8
• Balkin, Jack M., 25
• Barclays Capital v. FlyOnTheWall.com, 147
• Barry, Andrew, 117
• BBC, 158
• BBC News, 148
• BBC World Service, 130
• Beacon, 165
• Beats, 125
• Beck, Ulrich, 17
• Benn, Stanley I., 13, 17
• Bennett, W. Lance, 79
• Berlin, Isaiah, 115
• Bernstein, Basil, 81, 83
• Bernstein, Carl, 1
• Bezanson, Randall P., 31, 39
• Bezos, Jeff, 130, 133, 170
• Bighash, Leila, 121
• Blasi, Vincent, 34
• Bleacher Report, 132
• Blendle, 164
• Bloggers, journalistic status of, 30–31, 62
• Bloomberg News Service, 4–5
• Bly, Nellie, 1
• Boczkowski, Pablo J., 113
• Bollinger, Lee C., 33
• Boston.com, 143
• Bots
• conversational, 127–128, 129, 155
• internet traffic generated by, 156
• pros and cons of, 156
• Boundary objects, 111–112
• Boundary work, 114
• Bourdieu, Pierre, 50–59, 61, 200n1
• Bowker, Geoffrey C., 111
• Boykoff, Jules M., 202n8
• Boykoff, Maxwell T., 202n8
• Branzburg v. Hayes, 35
• Braun, Joshua A., 114
• Breaking News, 151
• Brennan, William, 33, 198n18
• Brewin, Mark W., 68
• Breyer, Stephen, 197n13
• Briefing.com, 147
• Broadcast era, press freedom during, 100–102
• Broadcasters, government funding of, 38
• Brown, Wendy, 42, 188
• Burger, Warren E., 33
• Bush, George W., 87
• Butler, Judith, 188
• Butsch, R., 101–102
• BuzzFeed, 125, 139, 143, 145, 158, 159, 161, 167, 178
• Calame, Byron, 87
• Callison, Candis, 117
• Cannon, Lou, 82–83
• CAR. See Computer-assisted reporting
• Carey, James W., 81–82
• Carlson, Matt, 9, 122
• Carr, David, 140
• Carvin, Andy, 172
• Cassirer, Ernst, 48–49
• Censorship, 6, 33–35, 133–134, 199n28
• Center for Responsive Politics, 125
• Chafee, Zechariah, Jr., 202n11
• Chartbeat, 137–141, 158
• Chicago Sun-Times, 157
• Chivers, C. J., 172–173
• Christians, Clifford G., 56–57
• Christian Science Monitor, 138
• Circa, 134
• Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 21
• CityBeat program, 125
• ClaimBuster, 176
• Clark, Adele, 150, 188
• Climate change, 116–117
• Cline, Andrew R., 86
• CNN, 128, 130, 159
• Collins, Randall, 13
• Columbia Broadcasting System v. Democratic National Committee, 37
• Columbia University, 138, 152
• Commenters. See Online commenters
• Communications Act, 36
• Communications Decency Act, 37
• Computer-assisted reporting (CAR), 102
• Computers. See Digital era, press freedom during
• Computer-written articles, 127
• Condé Nast, 135
• Content moderation policies, 6, 37, 133
• Contributoria, 165
• Conversational news bots, 127–128, 129, 155
• Cook, Timothy, 59, 62–65, 109
• De Correspondent, 165
• Crawford, Kate, 121
• Cronkite, Walter, 1
• Crowdfunding, 165–166
• Crowdsourcing, 129, 160
• CrowdTangle, 158
• Dahl, Robert A., 14
• Dahlgren, Peter, 108
• Daily Caller, 140
• Daily Signal, 138
• Dallas Morning News, 175
• Darnton, Robert, 85
• Data-centered reporting
• collaborative, 160–161
• infrastructure/architecture for, 102–104, 174–176
• observational function of journalism and, 125–126
• polls/surveys and, 73–75
• Data Store, 126
• Deleuze, Gilles, 112
• Demand Media, 141
• Democratic autonomy
• free speech as component of, 18–20, 23–27
• institutional resources for, 15, 18–19
• listening as essential for, 39–43
• public right to hear as fundamental for, 7, 39–43
• relational nature of, 15
• Detective.io, 175
• Dewey, John, 43, 70–71, 201n4
• Digital era, press freedom during, 102–117
• DiMaggio, P. J., 61
• Dispatch, 152
• Distributed content, 130
• Dollars for Docs, 125
• Domingo, David, 114
• Dow Jones, 147
• Downs, Anthony, 22
• Doxing, 152
• Drones, 126
• Dropbox, 152
• Dworkin, G., 13
• Economist, 150
• Editorializing, 38
• Education. See Journalism schools
• Egeland, Tom, 5–6
• Elitism, 56, 70
• Emerson, Thomas, 26–27
• Emotion, 179–181
• Empathy, 178–179
• Emphas.is, 165
• Engagement, measurement of reader, 138–139
• Enterline, Brenda, 5
• Entman, Robert M., 201n6
• Espionage Act, 27
• Esquire, 133
• Ettema, James S., 82, 86
• European Union, 148
• Evernote, 152
• Explanation, in the social sciences, 48–54
• Facebook, 5–6, 40–41, 127, 129–136, 138–139, 148, 158, 159, 164, 175, 177, 178, 180, 185, 189, 206n37
• Instant Articles, 130, 131, 148
• Live, 130, 143, 170
• News Feed, 138
• Stories to Share, 132
• Trending Topics, 136, 173
• FactCheck.org, 175
• Facts, 171–177
• architectural, 174–176
• collaborative, 172–174
• probable, 176–177
• Fairness doctrine, 36–37, 39
• Fake news, 173–174, 175, 190
• Fallon, Richard H., Jr., 16–17
• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 126
• Federal Communications Commission v. League of Women Voters, 38
• Feminism, 188
• Field theory, 47–59, 61
• Financial Times, 139, 149
• First Amendment
• and free speech, 21, 23–24, 27–28
• and the institutional press, 29–35, 198n19
• and press freedom, 27–28
• public purpose of, 23–24
• right to anonymity, 5
• structural/institutional (affirmative) purpose of, 12, 28, 33–34, 36–37
• FirstDraft, 174
• Fiss, Owen, 24, 196n5
• Florida Star v. B.J.F., 34
• Flower, Mark, 88
• Focus groups, 91–92
• Foley, James, 133
• Forbes, 136, 144, 153
• Foreign news, 178
• Forrest, Wilbur, 72–73
• Foucault, Michel, 195n1
• Fowler, Mayhill, 62
• Fox News, 181
• Frankfurter, Felix, 20
• Freedom. See Autonomy; Negative freedom; Positive freedom
• Freedom of the press. See Press freedom
• Freedom of the Press Foundation, 152
• Free speech
• argument from truth for, 20–23
• autonomy and, 18–27
• democratic autonomy dependent on, 18–20, 23–27
• press freedom in relation to, 27–28, 33
• Supreme Court cases on, 21, 29–30
• Frontline, 178
• Full Fact, 176
• Gallup, G., 74
• Gans, H., 201n4
• Garfinkel, Harold, 13
• Gawker, 140, 161
• Geary, Joanna, 135
• Getty Images, 126
• Giddens, Anthony, 13
• Gitlin, Todd, 80–81
• Gizmodo, 136
• Glasser, Theodore L., 56–57, 82, 86
• Goffman, Erving, 13
• Google, 4, 137, 141, 148, 153, 168–170, 173, 175–176, 185, 190, 206n37
• Accelerated Mobile Pages (AMP), 130, 148, 171
• Google Analytics, 139, 140
• Google Drive, 152
• Google Glass, 121
• Google Home, 128, 130, 155
• Google News, 132, 180
• Gothamist, 125
• Government
• factuality of information provided by, 68–69
• framing of news by, 64, 79–80
• funding provided by, 38, 64
• journalists’ critique of, 79–80
• press activities implicitly involving, 59, 63–64, 200n4
• Gramsci, Antonio, 195n1
• Grasswire, 144
• Greenwald, Glen, 152
• Guardian, 131, 135, 138, 139, 144, 149, 152, 153, 159, 160, 166, 174–175, 177, 178
• Guattari, Félix, 112
• Habermas, Jürgen, 110
• Habitus, 50–52
• Hacks/Hackers, 135
• Haiman, Franklyn S., 20
• Haley, Nikki, 173
• Hallin, Daniel C., 68, 80
• Haraway, Donna, 188
• Harding, Sandra, 188
• Harvard University, 174
• Heartbleed, 153
• Held, David, 14–15
• Heron, Liz, 135
• HoaxBot, 174
• Hocking, William, 202n11
• Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 20
• Hot news doctrine, 146–147
• Huffington Post, 62, 135, 139, 143, 157, 158, 167
• Hughes, Charles Evans, 31
• Hutchins Commission on Freedom of the Press, 73, 90, 202n11
• Indiana University, 174
• Information ideal, 81, 202n9
• Information model of citizenship, 8
• Infrastructural inversion, 111
• Infrastructure, 111
• Institutions, businesses compared to, 198n19. See also Press, as institution
• Intercept, 152
• International News Service, 146
• Interpretive flexibility, 111
• Inverted pyramid, 79
• Investigative reporting, 153
• Irony, 82–83
• ITV, 143
• Johnson, Lyndon B., 84
• Journalism, 114
• Journalism++, 175
• Journalism schools, 71–72, 73, 136, 189
• Journalistic balance, 201n8
• Journalists. See also Metajournalistic discourse; Press
• audiences as conceived/imagined by, 85–94
• defining, 62
• dependence of, on nonjournalists, 8
• diversity of, 84
• independence of, 77
• as individual interpreters, 81–82
• myth of lone/individual/heroic, 1–2, 8, 43, 63
• as professional communicators, 81–82
• public opinion of, 197n17
• Kant, Immanuel, 13–14
• Keller, Bill, 87
• Kelty, Christopher M., 115
• Kennedy, Anthony, 37
• Kerner Report, 84
• Kickstarter, 165
• Kik, 128, 143
• Knight Foundation, 128, 178
• Knight-Mozilla News Technology partnership, 114
• Knight-Mozilla OpenNews, 135
• KPCC radio, 150
• Kreiss, Daniel, 114
• Labor, hybrid forms of, 134–137
• Lacey, Kate, 21, 43
• Language, 177–178
• Lasswell, Harold, 202n11
• Latour, Bruno, 112–113
• Law, John, 113
• Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez, 38
• Letters to the editor, 85–86
• Lewin, Kurt, 49, 200n1
• Lewis, Seth C., 114
• Library of Congress, 146
• Lichtenberg, Judith, 25, 76
• Liddle, Celeste, 133
• Liminal press, 121, 134–135
• Line, 158
• Lipari, Lisbeth, 83
• Lippmann, Walter, 68–71, 200n4
• Listening, democratic value of, 39–43
• Loosen, Wiebke, 161
• Los Angeles Times, 127, 150, 157, 163, 164
• MacCallum, Gerald C., Jr., 16
• Marres, Nortje, 116
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 174
• Materiality, of journalism, 114–115
• McClure’s Magazine, 74–75
• McKenna, Kate, 86
• McQuail, Denis, 56–57
• Mead, George Herbert, 48
• Media Ratings Council, 138
• Meerkat, 143
• Meiklejohn, Alexander, 23–26, 33, 198n18
• Memelike formats, 131–132
• Mental Floss, 132
• Metajournalistic discourse, 9, 122–123
• Metrics. See Web analytics
• Meyer, M. J., 13
• Meyer, Philip, 102
• Miami Herald, 149
• Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo, 37
• Mic, 158
• Microsoft, 129
• Mill, John Stuart, 14, 20
• Mindich, David T. Z., 68
• MinnPost, 167–168
• Mobile news apps, 121, 128
• Mol, Annemarie, 118
• Le Monde, 176
• Morse, Samuel, 64
• Motherboard, 157
• Mother Jones, 131
• Murrow, Edward R., 1
• Museums, 18–19
• Narrative Science, Quill system, 127, 144
• National Association of Black Journalists, 84
• National Association of Hispanic Journalists, 84
• National Institute for Computer-Assisted Reporting (NICAR), 102
• National Journal, 158
• National Public Radio (NPR), 131, 139, 143–144, 157, 160, 166
• Native advertising, 166–168
• Native American Journalists Association, 84
• NBC, 128
• NBCUniversal, 126
• Near v. Minnesota, 28, 37
• Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart, 34
• Neely, W., 13
• Negative freedom (freedom from)
• as component of autonomy, 7, 8, 16, 184
• press freedom conceived as, 2, 4, 46–47, 53, 59, 63, 65, 78, 92, 96–97, 117
• Netflix, 129
• Networked press. See also Networked press freedom; Press
• alignments of journalistic and nonjournalistic enterprises in, 129–134
• finances of, 162–171
• infrastructure of, 8, 9, 108–119, 187–188
• publics created by, 8–9, 110, 115–119, 123, 182, 187–190
• self-understanding of, 122–181
• Networked press freedom. See also Networked press; Press freedom
• affect, 179–181
• alignments, 129–134
• analytics, 137–142
• audiences, 155–162
• defense of, 186–187
• examples of, 4–6
• facts and sociotechnical construction of truth, 171–177
• labor, 134–137
• nature of, 6, 109
• observation, 125–127
• production, 127–129
• resemblances, 177–179
• revenue, 162–171
• security, 151–155
• self-descriptions of, 122–181
• sociotechnical dimensions of, 110–119, 121–181
• timing, 142–151
• Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 165
• New institutionalism, 59–65
• New Matilda, 133
• Newsbeat, 137
• Newsbound, 150
• NewsDiffs, 145
• NewsFreed, 165
• NewsHour, 161
• NewsLynx, 138–139
• News on Demand, 150
• News production, constraints and affordances concerning, 77–81, 89, 127–132, 134–137, 159–162
• NewsRight, 169
• New Yorker, 150, 152
• New York Magazine, 143
• New York Times, 75, 84, 87, 125–128, 130, 131, 135–136, 139, 140, 143–144, 149, 153, 158–161, 167, 170, 178, 179
• New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 33, 37, 198n18
• New York Times Co. v. United States, 34
• New York World, 125
• 9to5Mac (news site), 141
• NoFlyZone, 126
• No-fly zones, 126
• NOLA Media Group, 5
• Nordenstreng, Kaarle, 56–57
• Norton, Quinn, 152
• NPR. See National Public Radio
• Nudity, in images, 6
• Obama, Barack, 62
• Objectivity
• bracketing of publics as means of achieving, 85–94
• institutionalization of, 65, 68–76
• origins of value of, 68
• routines and rituals for promoting, 76–85
• Observation, 125–127
• Olivia, 161
• Ombudsmen, 86–87
• Omniture, 137
• Online commenters, 5, 154, 157–158
• Padgett, John F., 200n1
• Page, Larry, 206n37
• Paid content, 166–168
• Pariser, Eli, 174
• Park, Robert E., 201n4
• Parks, Lisa, 124
• Parsely, 137
• Partnerships, in networked press, 130, 169–171
• PastPages, 145
• Paywalls, 163–164, 170–171
• Pell v. Procunier, 35
• Pentagon Papers, 34
• Peterson, Theodore, 201n4
• Petre, Caitlin, 140
• Piano Media, 164, 171
• Pickard, Victor, 90, 201n4
• Plesner, Ursula, 114
• Pocono Medical Center, 5
• Pocono Record, 5
• Political observatories, 126
• PolitiFact, 175
• Politwoops, 146
• Polls, public opinion, 73–75
• Popular Science, 157, 158
• Positive freedom (capacity to)
• as component of autonomy, 7, 8, 16, 184
• press freedom conceived as, 82, 92–93, 95–97
• public right to hear as, 43
• Post, Robert C., 24, 26, 196n5
• Postal Act, 64
• Powell, Walter W., 61, 200n1
• Powers, Matthew, 114, 134
• Press. See also Journalists; Networked press; Press freedom
• Bourdieu’s field theory applied to, 53–59
• creation of conditions for listening and silence by, 42–43
• current situation of, 96, 185–186, 190–191
• defining, 45, 95
• and diversity, 84
• field concept applied to, 47–49, 53–59
• functions of, 56–57
• government implicated in activities of, 59, 63–64, 200n4
• as institution, 29–39, 198n19
• market model of, 87–90
• mezzo-level analysis of, 47–48
• new institutionalist theory of, 59–65
• objectivity as value of, 65, 68–76, 78–83
• organizational routines and rituals of, 64, 76–85
• preconceived notions of news and stories, 80–81
• professionalism of, 71–75, 166
• public opinion of, 197n17
• public relations compared to, 71
• Press freedom. See also Journalists; Networked press freedom; Press
• broadcast era, 100–102
• as conceptual/analytical tool, 2–3, 7, 65, 183
• in contemporary context, 96–97, 118–119
• defined, 3, 46, 65–67
• digital era, 102–117
• field theory of, 53–59, 62
• free speech in relation to, 27–28, 33
• individual heroism associated with, 1–4, 43, 63
• media reform movement affecting, 90–91, 202n11
• myth associated with, 1–4
• as negative freedom, 2, 4, 46–47, 53, 59, 63, 65, 78, 92, 96–97, 117
• objectivity as criterion for evaluating, 65, 68–94
• organizational routines and rituals as aid to, 76–85
• as positive freedom, 82, 92–93, 95–97
• possibilities for, 118–119, 200n1
• public right to hear as rationale for, 12, 33–34, 38, 46, 188–190
• publics as criterion for evaluating, 85–94, 183–184, 187–190
• publics in relation to, 2–4, 183–184
• rationale for, 1, 11–12
• relational basis of, 8, 61–62, 64–65, 73
• social media and, 105–110
• sociotechnical factors in, 100–119
• Supreme Court cases on, 7–8, 12, 27–39
• Press+, 171
• Professionalization of press, 71–75, 166
• Professional organizations, 72–73, 135
• Project Lightning, 130
• Promoted stories, 166–168
• ProPublica, 125–126, 127, 136, 152, 160–161, 166, 175
• Public Broadcasting Act, 38
• Public interests, 36–39, 53. See also Public right to hear
• Public journalism, 91–92
• Public libraries, 19
• Public opinion
• on journalists, 197n17
• Lippmann’s theory of, 69–71
• polling of, 73–75
• on the press, 197n17
• Public relations, 71
• Public right to hear
• collective nature of, 41, 42–43
• concept of, 3–4
• democratic autonomy dependent on, 7, 39–43
• fairness doctrine and, 36
• individual information choices and, 199n31
• media reform (1940s) motivated by, 90–91
• as positive freedom, 43
• press freedom grounded in, 12, 33–34, 38, 46, 188–190
• press structures and, 36–39
• publics grounded in, 4
• security issues associated with, 155
• Publics. See also Public right to hear
• in broadcast era, 101–102
• collaboration with, 159–162
• commodification of, 164–165
• consumer model of, 87–90
• in digital era, 103–104
• engagement with, 156–159
• information model of, 8
• journalists’ conceptions of, 85–94, 155
• networked press as creator of, 8–9, 110, 115–119, 123, 182, 187–190
• press freedom in relation to, 2–4, 183–184
• revenue generated from, 163–166
• right to hear as fundamental for, 4
• security and identity issues for, 153–155
• social media’s construction of, 105–106
• sociomateriality of, 116–118
• Web analytics tracking behavior of, 137–142
• Public schools, 18
• Push notifications, 144
• QuakeBot, 127
• Quartz, 128, 144, 150, 155, 167, 180
• Quora, 173
• Ransquawk, 147
• Reader representatives. See Ombudsmen
• Reagan, Ronald, 82
• Real time, 143–145
• Reddit, 149, 157, 161, 167
• Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 36–37, 39
• Re-Engage, 128
• Reich, Zvi, 70
• Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 37
• Reporting circles, 91
• Reuters, 151, 157, 158, 177. See also Thompson Reuters
• Revenue, for networked press, 162–171
• commodification of readers, 164–165
• crowdfunding, 165–166
• journalistic expertise as source of, 166
• partnerships, 169–171
• paywalls, 163–164, 170–171
• sponsored content, 166–168
• Right-to-be-forgotten legislation, 148
• Right to hear. See Public right to hear
• Rorty, Richard, 18
• Ryfe, D. M., 201n4
• SafeSource, 153
• San Francisco Chronicle, 140
• Sartre, Jean-Paul, v
• Saxbe v. Washington Post Co., 35
• Scalia, Antonin, 197n13
• Scanlon, Thomas, 19
• Schauer, Frederick, 19, 29–31
• Schmidt, Jan-Hinrik, 161
• School Restraints, 125
• Schramm, Wilbur, 201n4
• Schudson, Michael, 7, 57, 58, 68, 69, 95, 109, 126, 178
• Science and technology studies (STS), 111, 113–114, 187–188
• Scoopshot, 177
• Secret, 154
• SecureDrop, 152
• Security, in networked press environment, 151–155
• Sedition Act, 28
• Self-reflexivity, 15
• Shield laws, 5, 35, 154, 198n26
• Siebert, Fred Seaton, 201n4
• Silence, 42
• Silicon Valley, 187
• Silverstone, Roger, 42, 121
• Simhony, Avital, 195n3
• SimpleReach, 158
• Sky News, 144
• Slack messenger, 128
• Slate, 164
• Snapchat, 132, 148, 170
• Discover, 130
• Snopes, 175
• Snowden, Edward, 152
• Social media. See also Bloggers, journalistic status of
• news production affected by, 135–136
• partnership of the press with, 130, 158–159
• press freedom and, 105–110, 158–159
• security issues for, 154–155
• sponsored content on, 168
• timing of news affected by, 143–149
• truth and factuality issues, 172–176
• Society of Professional Journalists, 84
• Sociotechnical concepts
• enumerated, 111–113
• in networked press, 110–114
• Sources
• expertise and authority of, 78–79
• protection of, 5, 35, 152–155, 198n26
• South Florida Sun Sentinel, 4–5
• Speech. See also Free speech
• market-based theory of, 20–23
• regulation of, 19
• Spokesman-Review, 5
• Sponsored content, 166–168
• Sports Illustrated, 167
• Spot.us, 165
• Spundge, 144
• Star, Susan Leigh, 111, 188
• Starbucks, 170
• Statistical techniques, 73–75, 102–104. See also Data-centered reporting
• Stereotyping, 69
• Stewart, Potter, 32, 198n19
• Stone, I. F., 1
• Storyful, 173
• Story ideal, 81, 202n9
• StoryTracker, 145
• StrongBox, 153
• Structuration, 13
• Structured data, 127
• Suchman, Lucy, 188
• Sunday Times, 149
• Sunlight Foundation, 146
• Swartz, Aaron, 152
• Syrian Electronic Army, 153
• Tablet, 158
• Tabloid journalism, 201n6
• Tacoma News Tribune, 147
• Tailoring
• of news for consumers, 128
• of stories for technologies, 131
• Tarbell, Ida, 1
• Tay (bot), 129
• Technology. See Sociotechnical concepts
• Technology Review (MIT), 140
• TheStreet.com, 140
• Thompson Reuters, 144
• Time, of news production and consumption, 142–151
• anticipation, 150–151
• archives, 145–146
• delays, 146–147
• infrastructures, 147–149
• reader rhythms, 149–150
• real time, 143–145
• Time.com, 150
• Time Inc., 141
• Timeline, 146
• Times (London), 149
• Tinypass, 171
• Tor network, 152
• Trading zones, 114
• Translation, 177–178
• Trump, Donald, 170, 190
• Truth, 20–23, 171–177, 190
• Tuchman, Gaye, 78–79
• Tumblr, 132, 158
• Turner, Fred, 114
• Turner Broadcasting System v. Federal Communications Commission, 37
• Twelve Thirty Six, 149
• Twitter, 130–132, 135, 144, 146, 148–149, 151, 153, 158, 164, 168, 173, 174, 180, 189
• Moments, 130
• Periscope, 143
• Uber, 150
• United Airlines, 4–5
• United States Geological Survey, 127
• Unity, 84
• University of Texas at Arlington, 176
• University of Washington, 147, 152
• UpVoted, 157
• Upworthy, 131
• USA Today, 139, 158, 160, 166
• U.S. Constitution, 23
• Usher, Nikki, 114
• U.S. News & World Report, 145
• U.S. Supreme Court
• on free speech, 21, 29–30
• interpretive approaches of, 197n13
• on press freedom, 7–8, 12, 27–39
• on proprietary news access, 146
• and public right to hear, 12
• Ut, Nick, 5, 133
• Values in design, 112
• The Verge, 131, 140, 157, 158, 178
• Virtual reality, 155, 178
• Vox, 131, 135, 149
• VoxEurop, 177
• Wajcman, Judy, 188
• Wall Street Journal, 131, 135, 143, 159, 164
• Ward, Stephen J. A., 68, 101, 102
• Washington Post, 126, 127–128, 130, 133, 140, 150, 167, 169, 170, 176, 177
• Web analytics, 137–142
• Web archives, 145–146, 148
• WeChat, 158
• The Week, 157
• Weiss, Amy Schmitz, 114
• Wells, Ida B., 1
• WhatsApp, 158
• Whisper, 154
• Whistleblowers, 152
• White, Robert A., 56–57
• Wikipedia, 149
• Willis, Derek, 125
• WNYC, 160, 178
• Woodward, Bob, 1
• Wordsmith platform, 127, 129, 144
• Yik Yak, 158
• Young, Iris Marion, 40
• Zelizer, Barbie, 108
• Zucker, Lynne G., 60
• Zuckerberg, Mark, 206n37
• Zuckerman, Ethan, 178