1. Fredi Washington, “Entertainment World Fights Jimcro,” People’s Voice, 27 May 1944.
2. “An Interview with Paul Robeson,” Afro-American, 1 March 1958.
3. Benjamin Davis, “A Great Man Writes a Great Book,” Sunday Worker, 6 April 1958.
4. Ossie Davis, interview by St. Clair Bourne for the film Paul Robeson: Here I Stand (Menair Media International, Inc., 1999), transcript provided by St. Clair Bourne.
5. Anna Grimshaw, ed., The C.L.R. James Reader (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), 237.
6. “And Yet He Can’t Travel,” The Worker, 12 January 1958.
7. Susan Curtis, The First Black Actors on the Great White Way (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1998), 21.
8. Philip Foner, ed., Paul Robeson Speaks (New York: Citadel Books, 2002), 118–19.
1. Virginia Mason Vaughan, Othello: A Contextual History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 3–4.
2. Lois Potter, Othello, Shakespeare in Performance Series, ed. J. R. Mulryne and J. C. Bulman (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), 6–8.
3. Carl Woodring, Table Talk Volume II, The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. Kathleen Coburn, vol. 14 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990), 31.
4. John Quincy Adams, “Misconceptions of Shakespeare upon the Stage,” in Notes, Criticism and Correspondence Upon Shakespeare’s Plays and Actors, ed. James Henry Hackett (New York: Carleton, 1863), 224.
5. William Winter, Shakespeare on the Stage (New York: Moffat, Yard and Company, 1911), 252.
6. Ania Loomba, Shakespeare, Race and Colonialism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 111.
7. Celia R. Daileader, “Casting Black Actors: Beyond Othellophilia,” in Shakespeare and Race, ed. Catherine M. S. Alexander and Stanley Wells (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 177.
8. Ian Smith, “Barbarian Errors: Performing Race in Early Modern England,” Shakespeare Quarterly 49 (Summer 1998): 173.
9. Vaughan, 14 and 58; Loomba, 71.
10. Bernard Harris, “Portrait of a Moor,” in Shakespeare and Race, ed. Alexander and Wells, 23.
11. Vaughan, 56; Smith, 175.
12. Loomba, 101.
13. Marvin Rosenberg, The Masks of Othello (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), 200.
14. Paul H.D. Kaplan, “The Earliest Images of Othello,” Shakespeare Quarterly 39 (Summer 1988): 171–86.
15. John E. Bruce, Was Othello a Negro? (New York: privately printed, 1920), 10.
16. “Robeson Talks in London for Audience Here,” New York Herald Tribune, 9 June 1930.
17. Mythili Kaul, Othello: New Essays by Black Writers (Washington DC: Howard University Press, 1997), 18.
18. Rudolph Elie, Jr., “Robeson Gives ‘Othello’ Great Power, Starring in Revival with White Troupe,” Variety, 12 August 1942.
19. “Paul Robeson as Othello: Large Audience Acclaims His American Debut in Role,” The Christian, 11 August 1942.
20. Rosenberg, 1.
21. Charles Shattuck, Shakespeare on the American Stage from the Hallums to Edwin Booth (Washington DC: Folger Shakespeare Library, 1976), 3–5, 16.
22. Potter, 27; Winter, 246–48.
23. Potter, 36–37; Shattuck, 66.
24. Potter, 37; Rosenberg, 70. For more on the riot, see chapter seven in Vaughan.
25. Shattuck, 45–46.
26. Potter, 30–31.
27. Charles B. Lower, “Shakespeare as Black on Southern Stages, Then and Now,” in Shakespeare in the South, ed. Philip C. Kolin (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1983), 199–228.
28. Potter, 29–30.
29. Vaughan, 163.
30. Potter, 45.
31. Vaughan, 168.
32. Lawrence Levine, The Unpredictable Past: Explorations in American Cultural History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 142.
33. Elaine Brousseau, “‘Now Literature, Philosophy, and Thought are Shakespearized’: American Culture and Nineteenth Century Shakespearean Performance 1835–1875,” (Ph.D. diss., University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2003),74.
34. Ibid., 84–88.
35. Ibid., 91.
36. Levine, 171.
37. Ibid., 140.
38. Ibid., 153.
39. Rena Fraden, Blueprints for Black Federal Theatre 1935–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 2.
40. Errol Hill, Shakespeare in Sable (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1984), 77.
41. Errol Hill, “The African Theatre to Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” in A History of African American Theatre, ed. Errol Hill and James Hatch (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 27.
42. Ibid., 82.
43. Ibid., 257.
44. Crisis 3 (March 1912): 198–99.
45. Sister M. Francesca Thompson, “The Lafayette Players 1917–1932,” in The Theatre of Black Americans: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. Errol Hill (New York: Applause Theatre Book Publishers, 1987), 211.
46. Ibid., 220.
47. “Shakespeare All Over the City,” New York Times, 25 April 1916.
48. “Negroes Play Othello First Time Here,” Boston Herald, 9 May 1916.
49. “Tree Hears Negro in Part of OTHELLO,” New York Times, 3 April 1916.
50. The Standard (London), 14 April 1833.
51. The Times (London), 11 April 1833.
52. Hill, Shakespeare in Sable, 17.
53. James Hatch and Errol Hill, “Educational Theatre,” in A History of African American Theatre, ed. Hill and Hatch, 257.
54. Roger D. Abrahams, “Traditions of Eloquence in Afro-American Communities,” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 12 (October 1970): 516.
55. C. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence H. Mamiya, The Black Church in the African American Experience (Durham: Duke University Press, 1990), 277.
56. Paul Robeson, Here I Stand (Boston: Beacon Press, 1988), 25.
57. Lamont H. Yeakey, “A Student Without Peer: The Undergraduate Years of Paul Robeson,” The Journal of Negro Education 42 (Autumn 1973): 502.
58. Marcus H. Boulware, The Oratory of Negro Leaders 1900–1968 (Westport, CT: Negro Universities Press, 1969): 68.
1. Robeson, Here I Stand, 19.
2. Reprinted in Freedom 3 (April 1953): 3.
3. “Paul Robeson’s Shakespearean Debut: Talk with the Negro Othello,” The Era, 21 May 1930.
4. J. Murray Smith, “Paul Robeson on: Was Othello a Negro,” Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
5. “Robeson Talks in London for Audience Here,” New York Herald Tribune, 9 June 1930.
6. “How Paul Robeson Mastered Pronunciation,” The Bulletin, 21 May 1930.
7. Irma Kraft, “Paul Robeson Tells the Story of His Othello,” New York Herald Tribune, 15 June 1930.
8. G. W. Bishop, “Robeson Acclaimed in Othello Role,” New York Times, 20 May 1930.
9. The Bulletin, 21 May 1930.
10. The Era, 21 May 1930.
11. “Was Othello a Negro?” Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
12. Smith, “Paul Robeson on: Was Othello a Negro?”
13. “‘My Ordeal as Othello’: How Paul Robeson Mastered Pronunciation,” Evening Standard, 20 May 1930.
14. The Era, 21 May 1930.
15. James Agate, “The Dramatic World: Mr. Robeson’s Othello,” Sunday Times (London), 25 May 1930.
16. “Mr. Robeson on ‘Othello,’” The Observer, 18 May 1930.
17. “Paul Robeson’s Othello,” Morning Post, 21 May 1930.
18. George Warrington, “At the Theatre,” Country Life, 31 May 1930.
19. “The Negro Othello,” Daily Mail (London), 21 May 1930.
20. “The Negro Othello,” Daily Mail (London), 25 May 1930.
21. “Was Othello a Negro?”; “Paul Robeson Tells How It Feels for a Negro to Play Othello Role,” New York World, 9 June 1930.
22. “Robeson Talks in London for Audience Here.”
23. The Era, 21 May 1930.
24. “Interview with William Lundell,” Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
25. “Mr. Robeson’s Kisses in ‘Othello,’” Daily Mail (London), 21 May 1930.
26. “Robeson May Alter Othello Role Here,” New York Times, 22 May 1930.
27. “Robeson Talks in London for Audience Here.”
28. Daily Sketch, 21 May 1930.
29. Michael Billington, Peggy Ashcroft (London: John Murray Publishers, Ltd., 1988), 41.
30. “Othello’s Way with a White Wife,” The Star (London), 21 May 1930.
31. C. L. R. James, Letters from London (Port of Spain: Prospect Press, 2003), 83.
32. D. F. Kanaka, “Colour Bar,” Daily Herald (London), 10 April 1934.
33. “Black Othello: No Letter of Protest About Paul Robeson Performance,” Daily Sketch (London), 22 May 1930.
34. Billington, 41.
35. Hannen Swaffer, “Hannen Swaffer Looks at the Theatre,” Daily Express (London), 21 May 1930.
36. The Era, 21 May 1930.
37. “Paul Robeson’s Othello,” Morning Post, 21 May 1930.
38. “Interview with William Lundell.”
39. “‘Othello’ Surprise: Mr. Maurice Browne Suddenly Resigns His Part,” Sunday Dispatch, 8 June 1930.
40. “Interview with Maurice Browne,” Sunday Dispatch, 29 June 1930.
41. “Robeson to Play Othello,” New York Times, 4 September 1929.
42. Eslanda Robeson, Paul Robeson, Negro (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1930), 165.
43. “Negro Othellos,” The Observer (London), 4 May 1930.
44. Sheila Tully Boyle and Andrew Bunie, Paul Robeson: The Years of Promise and Achievement (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001), 222.
45. Eslanda Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
46. “Paul Robeson’s Triumph,” Sunday Express, 25 May 1930.
47. Ellen van Volkenburg, “The Script of Othello as Produced at the Savoy Theatre London, May 19th 1930,” microfilm edition, Promptbook Collection, Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington DC.
48. W. Keith, “A Negro Athlete, Scholar, Singer and Tragedian,” The Star (London), 20 May 1930.
49. “A Negro Artist,” The Times (London), 20 May 1930.
50. John St. Ervine, “Paul Robeson: Negro,” The Observer (London), 25 May 1930.
51. R. S. Pippett, “Book of the Day: Paul Robeson—by His Wife,” Daily Herald (London), 19 May 1930.
52. Paul Robeson, Jr., The Undiscovered Paul Robeson: An Artist’s Journey 1898–1939 (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2001), 170.
53. Eslanda Robeson, Paul Robeson, Negro, 70.
54. Ibid., 163.
55. Ibid., 73.
56. Ibid., 167.
57. Ibid., 151.
58. Ibid., 156.
59. Paul Robeson, Jr., 171.
60. Eslanda Robeson, Paul Robeson, Negro, 171.
61. Paul Robeson, Jr., 173.
62. “American Actor Gets Big Ovation,” Chicago Defender, 24 May 1930.
63. “London Press on Robeson,” Afro-American, 7 June 1930.
64. Pittsburgh Courier, 12 July 1930.
65. Ivan H. Browning, “Ivan Browning Tells of Struggles of Paul Robeson in ‘Othello,’” Pittsburgh Courier, 14 June 1930.
66. “A Black Outlook at the Savoy,” The Bystander, 28 May 1930.
67. “Behind the Footlights: Coloured Player as Othello,” Corydon Times, 5 July 1930.
68. “‘Othello’ at the Savoy,” The Era, 21 May 1930.
69. “Paul Robeson as Othello: A Fine Performance,” Irish Times, 21 May 1930.
70. “The Theatres,” Hampstead Express, 31 May 1930.
71. “Paul Robeson’s English,” Everyman 3 (1930): 546; “Paul Robeson’s New Accent: How It Will Help Him in Othello,” Daily Herald (London), 7 May 1930.
72. “Paul Robeson: A Great Othello,” Newcastle Chronicle, 22 May 1930.
73. Thomas Moult, “A Shakespeare Invasion,” City News, 8 June 1930.
74. “‘Othello’: Mr. Robeson’s Interpretation,” Yorkshire Post, 20 May 1930.
75. “Mr. Paul Robeson’s Othello,” Sporting Life, 23 May 1930.
76. Elizabeth Montizambert, “The London Theatre,” Montreal Gazette, 7 June 1930.
77. “Negro Othello,” Sporting Times, 26 May 1930.
78. “Mr. Paul Robeson: Negro Actor’s Great Success as Othello,” Sheffield Telegraph, 20 May 1930.
79. “London Theatres: Paul Robeson in ‘Othello,’” Scotsman, 21 May 1930.
80. “The Humanities,” Church Times, 23 May 1930.
81. “London Theatres: The Savoy ‘Othello’ Revived,” The Stage, 22 May 1930.
82. “Mr. Robeson’s Othello,” Western Morning News, 22 May 1930.
83. Richard Dyer, Heavenly Bodies: Film Stars and Society (New York: Routledge, 2004), 75.
84. “Paul Robeson as Othello,” Christian Science Monitor, 21 June 1930.
85. C. B. Purdom, “Paul Robeson as ‘Othello,’” Everyman, 29 May 1930.
86. “A Terrifying Othello,” Sunday News, 26 May 1930.
87. “Splendid Robeson,” The Sunday Chronicle, 25 May 1930.
88. “Paul Robeson as Othello,” Eastern Daily Press, 21 May 1930.
89. Purdom, “Paul Robeson as Othello.”
90. Hannen Swaffer, “Hannen Swaffer Looks at the Theatre,” Daily Express, 21 May 1930.
91. “‘Othello’ at the Savoy Theatre,” Birmingham Post, 21 May 1930.
92. “Negro Actor as Othello: Great Triumph for Paul Robeson,” Daily Telegraph, 20 May 1930.
93. “Memorable Othello of Paul Robeson,” The Evening News, 20 May 1930.
94. “Othello and Desdemona,” Sphere, 31 May 1930.
95. “Paul Robeson’s Triumph,” Sunday Express, 25 May 1930.
96. “Mr. Robeson’s Othello,” Daily Chronicle, 20 May 1930.
97. “‘Othello,’” The Sunday Graphic, 25 May 1930.
98. Elizabeth Sprigge, Sybil Thorndike Casson (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1971), 194.
99. “‘Othello,’” Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News, 31 May 1930.
100. J. MacDonald, “Robeson’s Othello,” G. K.’s Weekly, 31 May 1930.
101. “Robeson in ‘Othello,’” Englishman, 9 June 1930.
102. Brown, “The Play: One of Our Conquerors,” The Weekend Review, 24 May 1930.
103. “Changes for the Bad,” The Referee, 25 May 1930.
104. “‘Othello,’” Curtain, 1 June 1930.
105. Ivor Brown, “This Week’s Theatres: ‘Othello,’” The Observer, 25 May 1930.
106. E. A. Baughan, “Robeson as Othello,” Daily News, 20 May 1930.
107. “Terrifying Passion: Paul Robeson Makes Othello a Slow-Witted Creature,” Daily Sketch, 20 May 1930.
108. A. E. Wilson, “Paul Robeson as Othello: Magnificent Performance but More Careful than Inspired,” The Star, 20 May 1930.
109. James Agate, “The Dramatic World: Mr. Robeson’s Othello,” Sunday Times (London), 25 May 1930.
110. Empire News, 25 May 1930.
111. Liverpool Post, 16 May 1930.
112. “A Black Outlook at the Savoy,” The Bystander, 28 May 1930.
113. Sprigge, 193.
114. “Theatre: A Negro Othello,” Lady, 29 May 1930.
115. Alan Parsons, “Mr. Paul Robeson’s Othello,” The Daily Mail, 20 May 1930.
116. “In the Limelight: Too Much Reserve in ‘Othello’ Command Performances,” Sunday Pictorial, 28 May 1930.
117. James Agate, “The Dramatic World: Mr. Robeson’s Othello.”
118. Herbert Farjeon, “The London Stage: Mr. Paul Robeson’s Othello,” The Graphic, 31 May 1930.
119. George Warrington, “At the Theatre,” Country Life, 31 May 1930.
120. “The Theatres: Ol’ Man Othello,” Truth, 28 May 1930.
121. M. Willson Disher, “Greenroom Gossip: Robeson’s Othello,” The Scotsman, 31 May 1930.
122. Eslanda Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
123. Billington, 37.
124. Sheridan Morley, Sybil Thorndike: A Life in the Theatre (London: Wiedenfeld and Nicolson, 1977), 98.
1. Interview reprinted in Foner, 123–27.
2. “Paul Robeson’s Velvet Voice in Sheffield,” The Daily Independent, 20 January 1934.
3. Time, 28 August 1933.
4. Article reprinted as: Paul Robeson, “What I Want From Life,” in Paul Robeson Tributes and Selected Writings, ed. Roberta Yancy Dent (New York City: Paul Robeson Archives, Inc., 1976), 55–59.
5. Article reprinted as: Paul Robeson, “Primitives,” in Dent, 59–64.
6. Paul Robeson, “The Culture of the Negro,” The Spectator (London), 15 June 1934.
7. Paul Robeson, “Negroes—Don’t Ape the Whites,” Daily Herald (London), 5 January 1935.
8. Ibid.
9. Article reprinted as: Paul Robeson, “Thoughts on the Colour Bar,” in Foner, 82–84.
10. Ibid., 84.
11. Sterling Stuckey, “‘I Want to Be African’: Paul Robeson and the Ends of Nationalist Theory and Practice 1914–1945,” Massachusetts Review 17 (Spring 1976): 81–138.
12. Dyer, 69.
13. C. L. R. James, “Paul Robeson: Black Star,” in C. L. R. James: Spheres of Existence (Westport, CT: Lawrence Hill & Co., 1980), 260–61.
14. Alain Locke, ed., The New Negro (New York: Touchstone Books, 1997), 4.
15. Ibid., 19.
16. Ibid., 23.
17. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk in Three Negro Classics, ed. John Hope Franklin (New York: Avon Books, 1965), 387.
18. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Gift of Black Folk, ed. Herbert Aptheker (Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization Limited, 1975), 320.
19. Stuckey, 82.
20. Claude McKay, A Long Way from Home (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1970), xi.
21. Ibid., 349.
22. Wayne Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance (New York: Schocken Books, 1987), 254.
23. Robeson, “Negroes—Don’t Ape the Whites.”
24. Dent, 59.
25. Robeson, “Negroes—Don’t Ape the Whites.”
26. Locke, 4.
27. Paul Robeson Live at Carnegie Hall: The Historic May 9, 1959 Concert (Santa Monica: Vanguard Records, 1987).
28. Paul Robeson, “Here’s My Story,” Freedom 3 (June 1953): 11.
29. Foner, 71–72.
30. Grimshaw, 222.
31. Ibid., 234.
32. James, “Paul Robeson: Black Star,” 257.
33. Grimshaw, 230.
34. James, “Paul Robeson: Black Star,” 256.
35. Robert A. Hill, “In England 1932–38,” in C. L. R. James: His Life and Work, ed. Paul Buhle (New York: Allison and Busby, 1986), 73.
36. James, “Paul Robeson: Black Star,” 261–62.
37. Michelle Stephens, Black Empire: The Masculine Global Imaginary of Caribbean Intellectuals in the United States 1914–1962 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005), 221.
38. James, “Paul Robeson: Black Star,” 256.
39. Grimshaw, 236.
40. “Two Great Negroes,” The People (London), 22 March 1936.
41. Grimshaw, 6.
42. Anna Grimshaw, “Notes on the Life and Work of C. L. R. James,” in C. L. R. James: His Life and Work, 13.
43. Grimshaw, Reader, 230.
44. Kent Worcester, C. L. R. James: A Political Biography (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996), 36.
45. Stephens, 218.
46. Ibid., 220.
47. “Two Great Negroes.”
48. M. Willson Disher, “Mr. Paul Robeson’s Thrilling Part,” Daily Mail (London), 17 March 1936.
49. “Toussaint L’Ouverture at the Stage Society,” The New Statesman and Nation, 21 March 1936.
50. No title, Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
51. “The Theatre,” The Keys 2 (April–June 1936): 68.
52. “Robeson Calls for Aid to Negroes Defending Democracy in Spain,” Negro Worker 7 (June 1937): 1–2.
53. Foner, 120.
54. “News Items,” The Keys 5 (January–March 1938): 71.
55. Robeson, Here I Stand, 51–52.
56. Dent, 74–75; Foner, 118–19.
57. Robeson, Here I Stand, 53.
1. Constantin Stanislavsy, Creating a Role, trans. Elizabeth Reynolds Hapgood (Methuen, NY: Theatre Arts Books, 1988), 35.
2. Nathaniel Buchwald, “Paul Robeson in Othello,” Morning Freiheit, 23 October 1943.
3. Margaret Webster, Don’t Put Your Daughter on the Stage (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972), 88.
4. Quoted in H. L. Brock, “The Taming of the Bard,” New York Times, 30 January 1944.
5. Milly S. Barranger, Margaret Webster: A Life in the Theater (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004), 135.
6. Margaret Webster, Shakespeare Without Tears (New York: Premier Books, 1957), 162.
7. Ibid., 176.
8. Margaret Webster, “Pertinent Words on his Moorship’s Ancient,” New York Times, 17 October 1943.
9. Webster, Shakespeare Without Tears, 178–80.
10. Foner, 145.
11. Ibid., 145–46.
12. Grimshaw, Reader, 246 and 231.
13. Foner, 163–64.
14. Webster, Don’t Put Your Daughter on the Stage, 107.
15. Margaret Webster, “Robeson and Othello,” Our Time 3 (June 1944): 5.
16. Webster, Don’t Put Your Daughter on the Stage, 106.
17. Martin Duberman, Paul Robeson: A Biography (New York: Ballantine Books, 1989), 263.
18. Webster, “Robeson and Othello.”
19. Webster, Don’t Put Your Daughter on the Stage, 107.
20. Barranger, 133.
21. Margaret Webster, Promptbook for Othello, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, Billy Rose Theatre Collection, New York.
22. Margaret Webster and John Haggot, typescript for Othello, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, Billy Rose Theatre Collection, New York.
23. Margaret Webster, “Shakespeare and the Modern Theatre,” Margaret Webster Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington DC.
24. “Othello Costume Inventory,” Margaret Webster Papers.
25. Margaret Webster, “Shakespeare and the Modern Theatre,” 22–23.
26. Robert van Gelder, “Robeson Remembers,” New York Times, 16 January 1944.
27. Margaret Webster, letter dated 9 July 1942, Margaret Webster Papers.
28. Margaret Webster, letter dated 30 July 1942, Margaret Webster Papers.
29. Uta Hagen, interview by St. Clair Bourne for the film Paul Robeson: Here I Stand (Menair Media International, Inc., 1999), transcript provided by St. Clair Bourne.
30. Margaret Webster, letter dated 14 August 1942, Margaret Webster Papers.
31. “Robeson as Othello,” New York Times, 16 August 1942.
32. Joyce Dana, “Paul Robeson Magnificent in ‘Othello’ at Cambridge,” Boston Evening American, 11 August 1942.
33. Margaret Williamson, “‘Othello’ in August,” Christian Science Monitor, 28 August 1942.
34. “Robeson Stars as Othello at Cambridge,” Boston Daily Globe, 11 August 1942.
35. “Paul Robeson Makes First U.S. Appearance as Othello at Cambridge Theater,” Boston Traveler, 11 August 1942.
36. “‘Othello’ at Brattle Hall,” Harvard Crimson, 12 August 1942.
37. Elinor Hughes, “Paul Robeson’s ‘Othello,’” Boston Herald, 11 August 1942.
38. “Paul Robeson as Othello: Large Audience Acclaims His American Debut in Role,” The Christian, 11 August 1942.
39. Rudolph Elie, Jr., “Robeson Gives ‘Othello’ Great Power, Starring in Revival with White Troupe,” Variety, 12 August 1942.
40. “A Negro Othello,” Pittsburgh Courier, 5 September 1942.
41. New York Times, 16 August 1942.
42. Boston Daily Globe, 11 August 1942.
43. The Christian, 11 August 1942.
44. Owen Dodson, “Hampton Critic Reviews ‘Othello’; Calls Play Race Angle Non-Existent,” People’s Voice, 5 September 1942.
45. Elliot Norton, “Robeson ‘Othello’ Was Something to See,” Boston Sunday Post, 16 August 1942.
46. Quoted in Duberman, 265.
47. Ralph Warner, “Paul Robeson Creates an Immortal Othello up in Cambridge,” Sunday Worker, 16 August 1942.
48. Webster, Don’t Put Your Daughter on the Stage, 112–3.
49. Margaret Webster, letter dated 14 August 1942, Margaret Webster Papers.
50. Margaret Webster, letter dated 16 August 1942, Margaret Webster Papers.
51. “Robeson Concert Dates Delay Broadway Othello,” People’s Voice, 29 August 1942.
52. Susan Specter, “Margaret Webster’s ‘Othello’: The Principal Players Versus the Director,” Theater History Studies 6 (1986): 101; Janet Barton Carroll, “A Promptbook Study of Margaret Webster’s Production of Othello” (Ph.D. diss., Louisiana State University, 1977), 30–31.
53. Margaret Webster, letter dated 12 August 1943, Margaret Webster Papers.
54. “Ferrers Quit ‘Othello,’” New York Times, 17 August 1943.
55. Margaret Webster, letter dated 25 August 1943, Margaret Webster Papers.
56. Sam Zolotow, “Changes in ‘Othello,’” New York Times, 27 August 1943.
57. Margaret Webster, letter dated 29 August 1943, Margaret Webster Papers.
58. Hagen, interview by St. Clair Bourne.
59. Ibid.
60. Webster, Don’t Put Your Daughter on the Stage, 117.
61. “William Shakespeare and the Theatre Guild,” Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
62. Ely Silverman, “Margaret Webster’s Theory and Practice of Shakespearean Production in the United States 1937–1953” (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1969).
63. Llewellyn Ransom, “Question of the Week,” People’s Voice, 6 May 1944.
64. Margaret Webster, letter dated 20 October 1943, Margaret Webster Papers.
65. John Chapman, “A Black Man as Othello,” Sunday News (New York), 24 October 1943.
66. Louis Kronenberger, “Going to the Theater,” PM, 30 October 1943.
67. New York Post, 20 October 1943.
68. “The Moor Holds the Record,” New York Herald Tribune, 5 March 1944.
69. Rosamond Gilder, “Broadway in Review,” Theatre Arts (December 1943): 700.
70. Robert Garland, “Theatre Guild Production Directed by Margaret Webster Opens Here,” New York Journal American, 20 October 1943.
71. Ward Morehouse, “‘Othello’ as Done by Guild and Miss Webster Provides Exciting Evening,” New York Sun, 20 October 1943.
72. Howard Barnes, “The Theaters,” microfilm edition of Claude A. Barnett Papers, Part 3, Series D, Reel 5, Frame 471.
73. Wilella Waldorf, “‘Othello’ and the Dramatic Renaissance of the Theatre Guild,” New York Post, 23 October 1943.
74. New York Post, 20 October 1943.
75. Lewis Nichols, “Robeson as Othello,” New York Times, 24 October 1943.
76. Lewis Nichols, “The Play in Review,” New York Times, 20 October 1943.
77. Variety, 27 October 1943.
78. Burton Rascoe, “Guild’s ‘Othello’ a Triumph,” New York World Telegram, 20 October 1943.
79. E. C. Sherburne, “Paul Robeson as Othello,” microfilm edition of Claude A. Barnett Papers, Part 3, Series D, Reel 5, Frame 741.
80. Richard P. Cooke, “Robeson’s Othello,” Wall Street Journal, 23 October 1943.
81. Edwin Schallert, “New Othello Sensational at Biltmore,” Los Angeles Times, 23 January 1945.
82. Carl Diton, “Broadway Likes Paul Robeson in ‘Othello,’” Chicago Defender, 30 October 1943.
83. Ruth Rolen, “Lotta Hugs and No Kisses in Paul Robeson’s Portrayal of Othello,” Chicago Defender, 16 October 1943.
84. “Star’s Portrayal of the Moor Rated Best of Them All,” Pittsburgh Courier, 30 October 1943.
85. W. E. B. Du Bois, “As the Crow Flies,” Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
86. J. A. Rogers, “Rogers Says: In Shakespeare’s Day Negroes Were Called Moors,” Pittsburgh Courier, 13 November 1943.
87. Dan Burley, “Paul Robeson as Othello Strikes Big Blow at Intolerance,” New York Amsterdam News (Brooklyn/Queens edition), 30 October 1943.
88. Reprinted in Freedom 5 (April 1955).
89. Mike Gold, “A Genius and the People Merge at Shubert in ‘Othello,’” Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
90. Samuel Sillen, “The Discussion of Othello,” Daily Worker, 9 November 1943.
91. Samuel Putnam, “Paul Robeson’s Great Othello,” Sunday Worker, 24 October 1943.
92. Bernard R. Boxill, “Self-Respect,” in Blacks and Social Justice (1984; rvsd. Lantham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1992), 195.
93. Frederick Douglass, “The Claims of the Negro Ethnologically Considered,” in Negro Social and Political Thought 1850–1920, ed. Howard Brotz (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1966), 229.
94. W. E. B. Du Bois, “Criteria for Negro Art,” in African American Literary Theory, ed. Winston Napier (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 23.
95. Ossie Davis, interview by St. Clair Bourne for the film Paul Robeson: Here I Stand (Menair Media International, Inc., 1999), transcript provided by St. Clair Bourne.
96. Otis Guernsey, Jr., “The Playbill: Paul Robeson Is an Othello Ready Made,” New York Herald Tribune, 17 October 1943.
97. Boxill, 195.
98. Joyce Dana, “Paul Robeson Magnificent in ‘Othello’ at Cambridge,” Boston Evening American, 11 August 1942.
99. “The Moor Holds the Record,” New York Herald Tribune, 5 March 1944.
100. Dyer, 136.
101. Doris Allen, “Singer Finds Moor Role in Othello Exhausting,” Rochester Times-Union, 3 October 1944.
102. P. L. Prattis, “Why Has Robeson Been Called One of the World’s Greatest Intellects?” Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
103. Ashton Stevens, “Stevens Finds ‘Othello’ Spectacular—But,” Chicago Herald-American, 11 April 1945; Ashton Stevens, “The Quicker, the Better,” Chicago Herald-American, 15 April 1945.
104. Robert Pollak, “‘Othello’ Is All They Said About It in NY,” Chicago Times, 11 April 1945.
105. John Cottrell, Laurence Olivier (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1975), 337.
106. Allen, “Singer Finds Moor Role in Othello Exhausting”; “Robeson Foresees Social Advancement after War,” Vancouver News-Herald, 11 January 1945; Foner 161.
107. Paul and Eslanda Robeson FBI File, report dated 6 July 1945.
108. Margaret Marshall, “Drama,” The Nation, 30 October 1943, 507–508.
109. Miles Jefferson, “The Negro on Broadway—1944,” Phylon 6 (1945): 42–52.
110. Langston Hughes, “Simple Sees ‘Othello,’” Chicago Defender, 3 June 1944.
111. C. L. R. James, “‘Othello’ and ‘The Merchant of Venice,’” in C. L. R. James: Spheres of Existence (Westport, CT: Lawrence Hill & Co., 1980), 141–50.
112. Anna Grimshaw, ed., Special Delivery: The Letters of C. L. R. James to Constance Webb 1939–1948 (London: Blackwell Publishers, 1996), 90.
113. Ibid.
114. Margaret Webster, letters dated 17, 19, 23, 26 February 1944, Margaret Webster Papers.
115. Uta Hagen, interview by St. Clair Bourne.
116. Margaret Webster, letter dated 10 October 1943, Margaret Webster Papers.
117. Margaret Webster, “Robeson and Othello.”
118. Uta Hagen, interview by St. Clair Bourne.
119. Louis Lytton, no title, Margaret Webster Papers.
120. Eslanda Robeson, Paul Robeson, Negro, 89.
121. John K. Hutchens, “Paul Robeson,” Theatre Arts (October 1944): 579–85.
122. Webster, Daughter, 108–109.
123. Hutchens, 581.
124. Robeson, Here I Stand, 15.
125. Barranger, 135.
126. Stanislavsky, 8.
127. Ibid., 9.
128. Jerome Beatty, “America’s No. One Negro,” in microfilm edition of Claude A. Barnett Papers, Part 3, Series D, Reel 5, Frames 636–40.
129. Robert van Gelder, “Robeson Remembers,” New York Times, 16 January 1944.
130. Stanislavsky, 49.
131. Constantin Stanislavsky, Building a Character (New York: Routledge, 1949), 73.
132. Stark Young, “Othello,” The New Republic, 1 November 1943, 622.
133. “No ‘Othello’ Jimcro for Paul Robeson,” People’s Voice, 8 July 1944.
134. Marvel Cooke, “Headlines and Footlights,” People’s Voice, 15 July 1944.
135. Uta Hagen, interview by St. Clair Bourne.
136. Paul Robeson, “Here’s My Story,” Freedom 1 (September 1951).
137. “Robeson to Play Shakespearean Role at Rally for Ben Davis, Jr.,” Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
138. Alexander Baron, “Actors Are Citizens,” New Theatre 5 (April 1949): 2–3.
139. Foner, 151.
140. Mela Underwood, “Joe and Uta,” Collier’s, 20 May 1944, 21.
141. Fredi Washington, “Fredi Says,” People’s Voice, 25 August 1945; “End of Race Hate Held Vital to UN,” New York Times, 13 April 1946.
142. “Robeson Tells Artists Socialism Is Here,” People’s Voice, 12 January 1946.
143. Barranger, 155.
144. Margaret Webster, “Plea for a Rebirth of the Theatre,” New York Times, 25 November 1945.
145. Richard Hays, “Paul Robeson Acclaimed in Drama at Met,” Seattle Times, 26 December 1944.
146. Hutchens, 585.
147. V. Rogov, “Othello in the American Theatre,” Literatura I Iskustvo, 2 September 1944. Translation in Margaret Webster Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington DC.
148. Paul Robeson, “Preface for Ira Aldridge for Shevchencko Anniversary,” Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
1. Zora Neale Hurston, “Characteristics of Negro Expression,” in African American Literary Theory, ed. Winston Napier (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 31.
2. New Africa 2 (November 1943): 2.
3. Paul Robeson, “American Negroes in the War: Address Delivered by Paul Robeson at the New York Herald Tribune Forum on Current Problems November 16, 1943,” distributed by the Anti-Discrimination Committee of the Indiana State CIO.
4. Langston Hughes, “The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain,” in African American Literary Theory, ed. Winston Napier (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 30.
5. W. E. B. Du Bois, “Criteria of Negro Art,” in African American Literary Theory, ed. Winston Napier, 23.
6. Michael Denning, The Cultural Front (New York: Verso, 1996), 115.
7. Joe Bostic, “Encores I’d Enjoy Immensely,” People’s Voice, 31 March 1945.
8. New York Times, 18 August 1940.
9. “Concert and Opera Asides,” New York Times, 17 January 1943.
10. Denning, 132.
11. People’s Voice, 22 May 1943.
12. “Wallace Assures Russia Priority,” New York Times, 9 November 1942; Paul and Eslanda Robeson F.B.I. File, report dated 8 December 1942; “‘I am anti-fascist’—Robeson,” People’s Voice, 14 November 1942.
13. Foner, 123.
14. “Manhattan Vignettes,” Wall Street Journal, 25 September 1942.
15. New York Times, 6 September 1942.
16. Nell Dodson, “Corny Direction Aids ‘Tom’ in Protest Film,” People’s Voice, 3 October 1942.
17. Wendell Green, “No More Hollywood—Robeson,” in microfilm edition of Claude A. Barnett Papers, Part 3, Series D, Reel 5, Frame 549.
18. “Robeson Hits Hollywood,” New York Times, 23 September 1942.
19. Nell Dodson, “Corny Direction Aids ‘Tom’ in Protest Film.”
20. “Question of the Week,” People’s Voice, 14 February 1942.
21. “Double Victory Rally Backs Ben Davis Jr.,” New York Amsterdam News, 30 October 1943.
22. W. E. B. Du Bois, “Closing Ranks Again,” New York Amsterdam News, 14 February 1942; W. E. B. Du Bois, “The Negro and the War,” New York Amsterdam News, 9 May 1942.
23. Amiri Baraka, “Paul Robeson” (paper delivered at the International Conference on Paul Robeson: His History and Development as an Intellectual, Lafayette College, Easton, PA, 2005), 25.
24. Foner, 151.
25. “Cox Retracts Admissions’ on Betting, Gets New Hearing Before Landis Today,” New York Times, 4 December 1943.
26. “A Tribute to Paul Robeson,” souvenir program dated 23 January 1945, Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
27. Souvenir program dated 24 February 1945, Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
28. Chicago Defender, 21 April 1945.
29. “Robeson to Solo on Overseas Tour,” People’s Voice, 23 June 1945; “Robeson Breaks USO Color Rule,” People’s Voice, 4 August 1945.
30. Robert Dillner, “Robeson Troupe Scores Smash at Ingolstadt,” Ninth Division News (Ingolstadt, Germany), 25 August 1945.
31. Frank Godden, “GI’s in Paris Inspired as Robeson Sings, Talks,” in microfilm edition of Claude A. Barnett Papers, Part 3, Series D, Reel 5, Frame 551.
32. “Paul Robeson Tenth to Win Lincoln Award,” People’s Voice, 20 February 1943.
33. “Paul Robeson Gets Hamilton Degree,” New York Times, 22 January 1940.
34. “You Truly Are the People’s Artist,” reprinted in Freedom 5 (April 1955).
35. Pittsburgh Courier, 17 October 1944; People’s Voice, 12 May and 20 October 1945; “Field Lauds Negro Achievement in Presenting Spingarn Award to Robeson,” in microfilm edition of Claude A. Barnett Papers, Part 3, Series D, Reel 5, Frame 550.
36. Duberman, 301.
37. Robert Alan, “Paul Robeson: The Lost Shepard,” Crisis 58 (November 1951): 569–73; Roy Wilkins, “Robeson Speaks for Robeson,” Crisis 56 (May 1949): 137; Walter White, “The Strange Case of Paul Robeson,” Ebony (February 1951).
38. Joe Powers and Mark Rogovin, “Paul Robeson Rediscovered: An Annotated Listing of His Chicago History from 1921–1958” (Chicago: Columbia College Chicago Paul Robeson 110th Birthday Committee, 2000), 15.
39. Russell McLaughlin, “Big Audience Attends Paul Robeson’s Recital,” Detroit News, 1 February 1943.
40. People’s Voice, 5 January and 12 January 1946.
41. Daily Worker, 5 June 1946.
42. “Oppression of Negroes in South Africa,” New York Post, 4 June 1946.
43. PM, 15 May 1946; New York Herald Tribune, 5 June 1946; New York Times, 3 June 1946; New York Post, 4 June 1946.
44. Paul Robeson, “Address by Paul Robeson Madison Square Garden Rally, June 6th,” Paul Robeson Collection, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York.
45. “Williams Alleges ‘Terrorism’ in South,” New York Times, 19 September 1946.
46. New York Times, 23–24 September 1946; Foner, 174–76, 528.
47. Chicago Defender, 28 September 1946; Foner, 529.
48. “Robeson to Leave Stage,” New York Times, 27 January 1947.
49. Jack Goodman, “Robeson Quits Formal Concert Field,” New York Times, 16 March 1947.
50. Paul Robeson, “Speech of Paul Robeson at Rally of Council on African Affairs, Friday, April 25th, 1947,” Paul Robeson Collection, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York.
51. Honolulu Observer, 12 March 1948.
52. “Paul Robeson Thrills Panamanians,” People’s Voice, 28 June 1948.
53. W. E. B. Du Bois, “Du Bois Asks: What Is Wrong With the United States?” National Guardian, 9 May 1955.
54. News release from the Council on African Affairs dated 11 May 1949, Matt N. and Evelyn Graves Crawford Papers, Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
55. New York Times, 21 April 1949.
56. Speech made by Paul Robeson at the Congress of the World Partisans of Peace translated from French by W. W. Smith, Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
57. “Robeson Assails Stettinius,” New York Times, 21 April 1949.
58. Duberman, 341–42.
59. David L. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century 1919–1963 (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2000), 544–45.
60. “Robeson as Speaker for Negroes Denied,” New York Times, 25 April 1949.
61. Wilkins, “Robeson Speaks for Robeson,” 137.
62. “Negroes and Whites Hit Robeson’s ‘Negro Won’t Fight Russia’ Talk,” in microfilm edition of Claude A. Barnett Papers, Part 3, Series D, Reel 5, Frames 559–60.
63. Walter White, “A Reaction to Robeson,” New York Tribune, 1 May 1949.
64. New York Times, 9 and 19 July 1949.
65. Daily Worker, 11 and 19 July 1949.
66. Reprinted in Daily Worker, 14 July 1949.
67. Jackie Robinson with Alfred Duckett, I Never Had It Made (New York: G. P. Putnam and Sons, 1972), 96.
68. Paul Robeson, “For Freedom and Peace” (New York: Council on African Affairs, 1949), 13–14.
69. Louise Thompson Patterson, “Paul Robeson,” Louise Thompson Patterson Papers, Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Other firsthand accounts consulted: “Eyewitness to Peekskill, USA” (White Plains, NY: Westchester, NY, Westchester Committee for a Fair Inquiry into the Peekskill Violence, October 1949); Howard Fast, Peekskill, USA: A Personal Experience (New York: Civil Rights Congress, 1951).
70. Howard Fast, “Howard Fast’s Eyewitness Account of Fascist Mob’s Attack,” Daily Worker, 30 August 1949.
71. Joseph North, “Lynch Mob Runs Amok at Robeson Concert,” Daily Worker, 28 August 1949.
72. “Turning Point to Robeson,” New York Times, 31 August 1949; “Robeson to Sing in Peekskill This Sunday,” Daily Worker, 2 September 1949.
73. “25,000 Hear Robeson at Peekskill,” Daily Worker, 5 September 1949.
74. Thompson Patterson, 4; “Cops Help Peekskill Mob Attack on Homegoing Busses and Cars,” Daily Worker, 6 September 1949.
75. Paul Robeson, “My Answer,” reprinted in “Eyewitness to Peekskill.”
76. Thompson Patterson, 5–7.
77. “6000 Jam Church, Crowd Street to Hear Robeson Speak, Sing in Chicago,” in microfilm edition of Claude A. Barnett Papers, Part 3, Series D, Reel 5, Frame 577.
78. Thompson Patterson, 8.
1. Paul Robeson, “Here’s My Story,” Freedom 2 (April 1952): 5.
2. John Pittman, “Mr. Freedom, Himself,” The Worker Magazine, 15 April 1951.
3. Paul Robeson, “Statement by Paul Robeson, March 3, 1954,” Paul Robeson Collection, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York.
4. W. A. Hunton, “The Council on African Affairs Answers Attorney General Brownell,” Matt N. and Evelyn Graves Crawford Papers, Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
5. Spotlight on Africa 12 (January 1953): 1; Spotlight on Africa 12 (December 1953): 1; Spotlight on Africa 14 (January 1955): 10.
6. “African Affairs Council Dissolves,” Daily Worker, 20 June 1955.
7. Hollis Lynch, “Black American Radicals and the Liberation of Africa: The Council on African Affairs 1937–1955,” (Ithaca, NY: Africana Studies and Research Center, 1978), 52.
8. “Paul Robeson Birthday Concert Tour,” Freedom 2 (May 1952): 6. For example: New York Times, 26 April 1952; The Voice (San Francisco), 23 May 1952; San Francisco Examiner, 22 May 1952; Denver Post, 4 May 1952; Milwaukee Sentinel, 30 May 1952; Cleveland Plain Dealer, 7 May 1952.
9. Flyer in Paul Robeson Collection, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York.
10. “The Paul Robeson 1954 Tour,” Paul Robeson Collection, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York.
11. Freedom 1 (March 1951): 1; Freedom 1 (September 1951): 1; Freedom 2 (May 1952): 1.
12. Freedom 2 (June 1952): 1.
13. Freedom 3 (May 1953).
14. Pittsburgh Courier, 19 April 1958.
15. Paul Robeson, Here I Stand, chapter one.
16. Foner, 40.
17. Pittsburgh Courier, 9 March 1957.
18. “What Makes Him Tick?: Paul Robeson,” Afro-American, 8 March 1958.
19. W. E. B. Du Bois, In Battle for Peace (New York: Masses and Mainstream, 1952), 179.
20. Freedom 2 (December 1952): 8.
21. Duberman, 409.
22. Robeson, Here I Stand, 3–4.
23. Paul and Eslanda Robeson FBI File, reports dated 6 February and 20 June 1958.
24. Saunders Redding, “Book Review,” Afro-American, 15 March 1958.
25. Benjamin Davis, “A Great Man Writes a Great Book,” Sunday Worker, 6 April 1958; Philip Bonosky, “The Education of Paul Robeson,” Sunday Worker, 4 May 1958.
26. Sunday Worker, 16 March 1958.
27. Sunday Worker, 6 and 20 April 1958.
28. Pittsburgh Courier, 3 May 1958.
29. “Robeson Files Suit Against Secretary of State Acheson for Return of Passport,” in microfilm edition of Claude A. Barnett Papers, Part 3, Series D, Reel 5, Frame 583.
30. Luther Huston, “Passport Cases Irk Government,” New York Times, 1 January 1956.
31. State Department press release dated 24 May 1952, in microfilm edition of Claude A. Barnett Papers, Part 3, Series D, Reel 5, Frames 601–603.
32. “Fact Sheet on the Paul Robeson Passport Case,” Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
33. Robeson, Here I Stand, 63.
34. Ibid., 64–69.
35. Ibid., 71.
36. Lloyd Brown, “Lift Every Voice for Paul Robeson” (New York: Freedom Associates, 1951), 12–13.
37. Paul Robeson, “The Real Issues Behind the Denial of Robeson’s Passport,” Daily Worker, 17 October 1955.
38. Daily Worker, 19 April 1955.
39. Spotlight on Africa 14 (April 1955): 18.
40. Robeson, Here I Stand, 46.
41. Worcester, 144.
42. Ibid., 55.
43. C. L. R. James, Mariners, Renegades and Castaways: The Story of Herman Melville and the World We Live In (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2001), 145.
44. Ibid., 138.
45. Ibid., 157.
46. Ibid., 158.
47. John Pittman, “Mr. Freedom, Himself,” The Worker Magazine, 15 April 1951.
48. William Patterson, ed., We Charge Genocide: The Crimes of Government Against the Negro People (New York: International Publishers, 1971), xiv.
49. Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs 1935–1960 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 202–203.
50. Patterson, xvi.
51. Freedom 2 (February 1952).
52. “Patterson, Robeson Hit Effort to Cripple Defense Organizations,” Daily Worker, 28 February 1955.
53. “Dissolution Voted by Civil Rights Congress,” Daily Worker, 9 January 1956.
54. Freedom 2 (March 1952): 1.
55. Paul and Eslanda Robeson FBI File, report dated 22 January 1952.
56. “Robeson Show Jams Border Traffic,” Vancouver Sun, 19 May 1952.
57. “Robeson Heckled at Peace Arch Concert,” Vancouver Sun, 17 August 1953.
58. Paul Robeson: The Peace Arch Concerts (Naperville, IL: Folk Era Records, 1998).
59. Charlotte Pomerantz, ed., A Quarter Century of Unamericana (New York: Marzani and Munsell, Inc., 1963), 74.
60. Foner, 432.
61. Ibid., 427, 421.
62. Ibid., 416, 436.
63. Ibid., 433.
64. “Un-Americans Cite Robeson as He Blasts Racism,” Daily Worker, 13 June 1956.
65. “40,000 Hear Robeson Sing,” People’s World, 20 May 1952.
66. Freedom 5 (May–June 1955): 1.
67. Daily Worker, 10 January 1955.
68. Daily Worker, 13 May 1955.
69. Tim Shopen, “Paul Robeson Sings, Talks, Acts; Sees Peace Basis in Culture,” Swarthmore Phoenix, 3 May 1955.
70. Daily Worker, 18 August 1955.
71. Harold Schonberg, “Paul Robeson Sings, Lectures in First City Recital in 11 Years,” New York Times, 10 May 1958.
72. Joseph North, “Robeson Triumphs Here,” Sunday Worker, 18 May 1958.
73. Paul Robeson Live at Carnegie Hall: The Historic May 9, 1958 Concert (Santa Monica: Vanguard Records, 1987).
74. Pittsburgh Courier, 31 May 1958.
75. Kate Baldwin, Beyond the Color Line and the Iron Curtain: Reading Encounters Between Black and Red 1922–1963 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2002), 308.
76. Harold Keith, “Paul Robeson States His Case,” Pittsburgh Courier, 22 February 1958.
1. “100th Season Quells Once and For All the Cry ‘Ridiculous,’” Stratford-upon-Avon Herald, 3 April 1959.
2. Stephen Watts, “Stratford Fete,” New York Times, 29 March 1959.
3. Don Cook, “Robeson’s Othello at the Home Park,” Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
4. Cedric Belfrage, “The Spectator: Robeson at Stratford,” National Guardian, 20 April 1959.
5. Daily Worker (NY), 21 November 1955 and 22 February 1956.
6. Daily Worker (NY), 6 June 1956.
7. Daily Worker (NY), 16 February 1956.
8. Reynolds News (London), 26 May 1957; Daily Worker (London), 29 May 1957.
9. “A Welcome for Paul,” Birmingham Evening Dispatch, 16 March 1959.
10. Eslanda Robeson, undated letter to Claudia Jones, Claudia Jones Memorial Collection, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York.
11. Quoted in Duberman, 475.
12. “Robeson Aims at Middlebrow,” Auckland Star (New Zealand), 17 October 1960.
13. John Williamson, “London Gives Hero’s Welcome to Paul Robeson,” The Worker (Sunday), 20 July 1958.
14. Cedric Belfrage and James Aronson, Something to Guard: The Stormy Life of the National Guardian (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978), 234 and 240.
15. Eslanda Robeson, “Paul Robeson Sings at St. Paul’s Cathedral,” in microfilm edition of Claude A. Barnett Papers, Part 3, Series D, Reel 5, Frames 491–92.
16. “Fans Mob Robeson Outside St. Paul’s,” Daily Mail, 13 October 1958.
17. Tony Richardson, The Long Distance Runner: An Autobiography (New York: William Morrow Co., 1993), 129.
18. Ibid., 129–30.
19. “Promptbook from Othello, 1959, Shakespeare Memorial Theatre,” Shakespeare Centre Library, Stratford-upon-Avon, U.K.
20. M. St. Clare Byrne, “The Shakespeare Season at the Old Vic, 1958–59 and Stratford-upon-Avon, 1959,” Shakespeare Quarterly 10 (Autumn 1959): 553.
21. Clippings in microfilm edition of Claude A. Barnett Papers, Part 3, Series D, Reel 5, Frame 691.
22. Program from Othello, Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, 1959, Shakespeare Centre Library, Stratford-upon-Avon, U.K.
23. W. A. Darlington, “Robeson’s Performance in ‘Othello’ is Hailed by Stratford Playgoers,” New York Times, 12 April 1959.
24. “Sensitive ‘Othello’ by Paul Robeson at Stratford Centenary,” Wolverhampton Express and Star, 8 April 1959.
25. “A First ‘First Night’ on the Spur of the Moment,” Warwickshire Advertiser, 10 April 1959.
26. Birmingham Mail, 8 April 1959.
27. “Robeson as the Moor Dominates the Show,” Daily Worker (London), 9 April 1959.
28. “Hundredth Festival,” Leamington Spa Courier, 10 April 1959.
29. “‘Othello’ Curtain Calls,” Shakespeare Centre Library, Stratford-upon-Avon, U.K.
30. Daily Mirror, 8 April 1959.
31. Telegrams in Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
32. “The Century at Stratford,” Daily Express, 8 April 1959.
33. “‘Happy Birthday’ for Robeson on Greatest Night of Career,” Stratford-upon-Avon Herald, 10 April 1959.
34. Mervyn Jones, “Robeson the Great,” Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
35. Edmund Gardner, “A Mighty Spectacle but Not a Truly Great Production,” Stratford-upon-Avon Herald, 10 April 1959.
36. Charles Graves, “Paul Robeson’s Othello Mature and Noble,” Scotsman, 9 April 1959.
37. W. A. Darlington, “Two U.S. Actors Star on British Stage,” New York Times, 8 April 1959.
38. Felix Barker, “Robeson Kills an Illusion,” Daily Herald, 8 April 1959.
39. J. C. Trewin, “‘Othello’ at Stratford,” Birmingham Post, 8 April 1959.
40. “The Othello of a Lifetime,” Birmingham Mail, 8 April 1959.
41. “This ‘Othello’ a Personal Triumph for Paul Robeson,” Coventry Evening Telegraph, 8 April 1959.
42. “Paul Robeson’s Majestic Moor,” Evesham Journal, 10 April 1959.
43. Cecil Wilson, “A Hell for Leather Othello,” Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
44. Mike Myson, “‘Wonder Great as My Content,’” Daily Worker (London), 13 April 1959.
45. Shirley Graham, “Praise Heaped on Robeson for London ‘Othello’ Role,” Pittsburgh Courier, 20 June 1959.
46. “Othello by Candlelight,” The Statesman, 18 April 1959.
47. Byrne, 552.
48. Neville Miller, “A Miracle of Mechanics,” South Wales Argus, 9 April 1959.
49. Mike Myson, “Robeson’s So Welcome Return to ‘Othello,’” Daily Worker (London), 6 April 1959.
50. Anthony Carthew, “Robeson Has Sell-Out for ‘Othello,’” Daily Herald, 4 April 1959.
51. Don Cook, “Robeson’s Othello at the Home Park,” Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
52. Quoted in Baldwin, 303.
53. W. Alphaeus Hunton, “Press Release on Stratford Othello,” Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
54. Anthony Carthew, “Robeson Best ‘Othello’ I’ve Seen,” Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
55. Philip Hope-Wallace, “Paul Robeson’s Othello at Stratford,” Manchester Guardian, 9 April 1959; “Paul Robeson’s Moving Othello at Stratford, The Stage and Television Today, 9 April 1959; Michael Mac Llammoir, “Shakespeare, Ibsen and Ibsen,” Observer (London), 12 April 1959.
56. “Miscasting Handicaps Robeson’s Othello,” London Times, 8 April 1959.
57. Charles Graves, “Paul Robeson’s Othello Mature and Noble,” Scotsman, 9 April 1959.
58. Sally Beauman, The Royal Shakespeare Company: A History of Ten Decades (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 232.
59. “Paul Robeson Gives Superb Performance of Othello,” Glasgow Herald, 9 April 1959.
60. “Robeson’s ‘Othello’ Stands Alone Triumphantly Alone,” Leamington Spa Courier, 10 April 1959; “‘Othello’ at Stratford,” Berrows Worcester Journal, 10 April 1959.
61. Mike Myson, “Moor of Great Magic,” Daily Worker (London), 8 April 1959.
62. John Thompson, “Othello Finds an Al Capone Villain,” Paul Robeson Collection, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington DC.
63. “Paul Robeson Is a Moving Othello,” Warwickshire Advertiser, 10 April 1959.
64. “‘Othello’: Music Cues Rehearsal,” Shakespeare Centre Library, Stratford-upon-Avon, U.K.
65. Norman Holbrook, “Robeson Rescue That Nearly Came Off,” Evening Dispatch, 8 April 1959.
66. Christine Cartwright, “Othello Shocks the Purists,” The Mercury, 12 April 1959.
67. Desmond Pratt, “Centenary ‘Othello’ Triumph for Director,” Yorkshire Post, 9 April 1959.
68. Peter Rodford, “Robeson at Stratford,” Western Daily Press (Bristol), 9 April 1959.
69. “This ‘Othello’ a Personal Triumph for Paul Robeson,” Coventry Evening Telegraph, 8 April 1959.
70. Michael Hand, “Robeson’s Othello,” Oxford Mail, 8 April 1959.
71. J. C. Trewin, “‘Othello’ at Stratford,” Birmingham Post, 8 April 1959.
72. “Sensitive ‘Othello’ by Paul Robeson at Stratford Centenary,” Wolverhampton Express and Star, 8 April 1959.
73. Byrne, 552.
74. Richardson, 130.
75. Cecil Wilson, “A Hell for Leather Othello.”
76. “Robeson Returns in Othello,” Chicago Defender, 8 April 1959.
77. “Paul Robeson Wows England as ‘Othello,’” Pittsburgh Courier, 18 April 1959; “Robeson Acclaimed,” Afro-American, 18 April 1959.
78. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois (New York: International Publishers, 1968), 11, 409.
79. W. Alpaeus Hunton, “Press Release on Stratford Othello.”
80. Shirley Graham, “Praise Heaped on Robeson for London ‘Othello’ Role,” Pittsburgh Courier, 20 June 1959.
81. “Robeson Gets Great Welcome,” Daily Worker (London), 20 April 1959.
82. “Rally Assails H-Bomb,” New York Times, 29 June 1959.
83. New York Times, 2, 4, 10 August 1959.
84. Eslanda Robeson, letter to Claude Barnett dated 13 October 1959 in microfilm edition of Claude A. Barnett Papers, Part 3, Series D, Reel 5, Frame 497.
85. Eslanda Robeson, letter to Claude Barnett dated 2 December 1959 in microfilm edition of Claude A. Barnett Papers, Part 3, Series D, Reel 5, Frame 500.
86. Eslanda Robeson, letter to Claude Barnett dated 24 October 1959 in microfilm edition of Claude A. Barnett Papers, Part 3, Series D, Reel 5, Frame 498.
87. Eslanda Robeson, undated letter to Claudia Jones, Claudia Jones Memorial Collection.
88. “The Paul Robeson Charm Remains,” Liverpool Daily Post, 11 May 1960.
89. Ernest Bradbury, “Paul Robeson’s Recital Varied and Memorable,” Yorkshire Post, 29 April 1959.
90. “Robeson Returns to Thrill Again,” The Journal (Newcastle, U.K.), 15 March 1960.
91. Owen Jensen, “He Transcends the Rules: Paul Robeson is a Truly Great Artist,” Evening Post (Wellington, NZ), 21 October 1960.
92. “Robeson’s Political Creedo: Marx Still Suits Him,” New Zealand Herald (Auckland), 18 October 1960.
93. “Ol’ Man River,” The West Australian, 3 December 1960.
94. “Opera House to ‘Open’ for Paul,” Daily Telegraph (Sydney), 9 November 1960.
95. “Ol’ Man River Triumphed,” New Zealand Herald (Auckland), 19 October 1960.
96. Russell Bond, “Captivated by Paul Robeson,” The Dominion (Wellington, NZ), 21 October 1960.
97. Anthony Carthew, “Robeson Has Sell-Out for Othello,” Daily Herald (London), 4 April 1959.
98. Bob Leeson, “‘I’ll Be There’ Pledge by Robeson,” Daily Worker (London), 14 January 1960.
99. Shirley Graham, “Praise Heaped on Robeson for London ‘Othello’ Role,” Pittsburgh Courier, 20 June 1959.
100. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, 284.
1. Michael Thelwell, “The August 28th March on Washington: The Castrated Giant,” in Duties, Pleasures, and Conflicts: Essays in Struggle (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1987).
2. Lewis, 570.
3. Eslanda Robeson, “The March on Washington from a Distance,” in microfilm edition of Claude A. Barnett Papers, Part 3, Series D, Reel 5, Frames 508–14.
4. Peter Kihss, “Robeson Ends Self Exile,” New York Times, 23 December 1963; Earl G. Talbott, “Robeson Ends U.S. Exile,” Detroit News, 23 December 1963.
5. New York Times, 23 December 1963.
6. “Welcome Home, Paul Robeson,” Freedomways 4 (Winter 1964): 7.
7. Paul Robeson, “‘Thank God Almighty, We’re Moving,’” Afro-American, 5 September 1964.
8. Daily Worker (London), 26 April 1965; Amsterdam News, 1 May 1965; Afro-American, 8 May 1965.
9. “Mr. Paul Robeson: Welcome Home,” Liberator 5 (June 1965): 4.
10. Duberman 528.
11. Speech reprinted in: The Editors of Freedomways, Paul Robeson: The Great Forerunner (New York: International Publishers, 1998), 292–95.
12. Doug Archer, “2000 Hail Paul Robeson at Freedomways Tribute,” The Worker (Sunday), 2 May 1965.