530. Arthur W. Frank, Letting Stories Breathe: A Socio-Narratology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 2.

531. Amossy and Herschberg Pierrot, Stéréotypes et clichés, 9–29.

532. Bart Keunen, “Sociological Approaches to Literary Narrative,” in Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory, ed. D. Herman et al., 544–48; Linda J. Morrison, “Sociology and Narrative,” in Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory, ed. D. Herman et al., 548–50.

533. David Herman, “Toward a Socionarratology: New Ways of Analyzing Natural-Language Narratives,” in Narratologies, ed. D. Herman, 218–46.

534. On “narrative competence,” see D. Herman, “Toward a Socionarratology,” 220.

535. D. Herman, “Toward a Socionarratology,” 219.

536. Mark Currie, Postmodern Narrative Theory (London: Macmillan, 1998), 73–95.

537. Currie, Postmodern Narrative Theory, 73.

538. Currie, Postmodern Narrative Theory, 90.

539. In addition to sociolinguistic and political socio-narratology there are sociological investigations that make use of narratological insights; see, for instance, Barbara Czarniawska, A Narrative Approach to Organization Studies (London: SAGE, 1998) and her Narratives in Social Science Research (London: SAGE, 2004). While these investigations are extremely interesting, they do not attempt theorization the way we envisage it in this handbook.

540. Frank, Letting Stories Breathe, 52–54.

541. Bourdieu, Distinction, 97–256.

542. Ansgar Nünning, “Surveying Contextualist and Cultural Narratologies: Towards an Outline of Approaches, Concepts and Potentials,” in Narratology in the Age of Cross-Disciplinary Narrative Research, ed. Sandra Heinen and Roy Sommer (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2009), 48–70 (61).

543. Stanley Fish, Is There a Text in This Class? (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), 147–74.

544. Linda Hutcheon, Irony’s Edge: The Theory and Politics of Irony (London: Routledge, 1994), 18.

545. Frank, Letting Stories Breathe, 53.

546. Frank, Letting Stories Breathe, 54.

547. Frank, Letting Stories Breathe, 14.

548. This distinction also resembles the one between narratives and stories developed in Koschorke, Wahrheit und Erfindung, 30–31. He restricts the first term to “narrative generalizations” (“erzählerische Generalisierungen”) pertaining to “fundamental templates of customary narratives” (“Grundmuster eines gebrauchlichen Narrativs”), whereas “stories” in his terminology refer to “individual narratives” (“individuelle Geschichten”).

549. Anne Harrington, The Cure Within: A History of Mind-Body Medicine (New York: Norton, 2008).

550. Harrington, Cure Within, 24–25 (emphasis added).

551. W. Booth quoted in Frank, Letting Stories Breathe, 13.

552. The phrase “the imaginary anthropology of subjectivism” is used as the title of chapter 2 in Pierre Bourdieu, The Logic of Practice, trans. Richard Nice (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990).

553. Bourdieu, Logic of Practice, 61–66.

554. Astrid Erll and Simone Roggendorf, “Kulturgeschichtliche Narratologie: Die Historisierung und Kontextualisierung kultureller Narrative,” in Neue Ansätze in der Erzähltheorie, ed. Ansgar Nünning and Vera Nünning (Trier: WVT, 2002), 73–113.

555. See also Astrid Erll, “Cultural Studies Approaches to Narrative,” in Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory, ed. D. Herman et al., 88–93.

556. Stephen Greenblatt, “Towards a Poetics of Culture,” in The Greenblatt Reader: Stephen Greenblatt, ed. Michael Payne (Malden MA: Blackwell, 2005), 18–29. An earlier version of this essay appeared in Southern Review 20, no. 1 (1987): 3–15.

557. Stephen Greenblatt, Shakespearean Negotiations: The Circulation of Social Energy in Renaissance England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), 5.

558. Greenblatt, Shakespearean Negotiations, 4.

559. Greenblatt, Shakespearean Negotiations, 5.

560. Greenblatt, Shakespearean Negotiations, 16.

561. The original German phrasing is “Einige Überlegungen zu einer narrativen Theorie der Kulturwissenschaften.” Wolfgang Müller-Funk, Die Kultur und ihre Narrative: Eine Einführung (Wien: Springer, 2008), ix. In the English translation of that work, this is specified as “a narrative theory of culture that is no longer exclusively a narratology in the sense of a standard theory of literature.” Wolfgang Müller-Funk, The Architecture of Modern Culture: Towards a Narrative Cultural Theory (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012), vi.

562. Müller-Funk, Architecture of Modern Culture, vii.

563. Müller-Funk, Die Kultur und ihre Narrative, 12–13.

564. Müller-Funk, Die Kultur und ihre Narrative, 13 (our translation).

565. For Müller-Funk’s critical discussion of Bourdieu’s cultural theory, see Wolfgang Müller-Funk, Kulturtheorie: Einführung in Schlüsseltexte der Kulturwissenschaften (Tübingen: Francke, 2010), 216–36.

566. Müller-Funk, Die Kultur und ihre Narrative, 13 (our translation).

567. Müller-Funk, Die Kultur und ihre Narrative, 14 (our translation).

568. Müller-Funk, Die Kultur und ihre Narrative, 145–67. An adapted English version of this text can be found in Müller-Funk, The Architecture of Modern Culture, 20–41, under the title “The Hidden Narratives: Latency, Repression, Common Sense.”

569. Müller-Funk, Die Kultur und ihre Narrative, 159.

570. Müller-Funk, Die Kultur und ihre Narrative, 164.

571. Müller-Funk, Die Kultur und ihre Narrative, 19 (our translation).

572. Müller-Funk, Die Kultur und ihre Narrative, 14 (our translation).

573. Jerome Bruner, Acts of Meaning (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 12–13.

574. Bruner, Acts of Meaning, 34.

575. Jerome Bruner, “Labov and Waletzky Thirty Years On,” Journal of Narrative and Life History 7, no. 1–4 (1997): 61–68 (67).

576. Bruner, Acts of Meaning, 67–68.

577. Bal, Narratology, 12.

578. Bal, Narratology, 14.

579. Mieke Bal, “Close Reading Today: From Narratology to Cultural Analysis,” in Grenzüberschreitungen, ed. Grünzweig and Solbach, 19–40 (23).

580. Bal, Narratology, 12.

581. Bal’s cultural analysis is not unlike New Historicism, as it “is based on a keen awareness of the critic’s situatedness in the present, the social and cultural present from which we look, and look back, at the objects that are always already of the past, objects that we take to define our present culture.” Mieke Bal, The Practice of Cultural Analysis (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999), 1.

582. Bal, Narratology, x. (The preface to the first edition is included in the third edition cited here.)

583. Alan Nadel, Containment Culture: American Narratives, Postmodernism, and the Atomic Age (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995), 2.

584. Nadel, Containment Culture, xi.

585. Nadel, Containment Culture, 3.

586. Nadel, Containment Culture, 4.

587. Gabriele Helms, Challenging Canada: Dialogism and Narrative Techniques in Canadian Novels (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2003), 3.

588. Helms, Challenging Canada, 4.

589. Helms, Challenging Canada, 7.

590. Helms, Challenging Canada, 7 (emphasis added).

591. Helms, Challenging Canada, 7.

592. Meir Sternberg, “Proteus in Quotation-Land: Mimesis and the Forms of Reported Discourse,” Poetics Today 3, no. 2 (1982): 107–56 (148).

593. Helms, Challenging Canada, 13.

594. Helms, Challenging Canada, 8.

595. See, for example, these works by Ansgar Nünning: “Towards a Cultural and Historical Narratology: A Survey of Diachronic Approaches, Concepts, and Research Projects,” in Anglistentag 1999 Mainz: Proceedings, ed. Bernhard Reitz and Sigrid Rieuwerts (Trier: WVT, 2000), 345–73; “Where Historiographic Metafiction and Narratology Meet: Towards an Applied Cultural Narratology,” Style 38, no. 3 (2004): 352–7; and “Surveying Contextualist and Cultural Narratologies.”

596. Ansgar Nünning, “Wie Erzählungen Kulturen erzeugen: Prämissen, Konzepte und Perspektiven für eine Kulturwissenschaftliche Narratologie,” in Kultur–Wissen–Narration: Perspektiven transdisziplinärer Erzählforschung für die Kulturwissenschaften, ed. Alexandra Strohmaier (Bielefeld: Transcript, 2013), 15–53 (28; our translation).

597. A. Nünning, “Surveying Contextualist and Cultural Narratologies,” 62.

598. A. Nünning, “Surveying Contextualist and Cultural Narratologies,” 60–61.

599. A. Nünning, “Wie Erzählungen Kulturen erzeugen,” 27 (our translation).

600. Paul Ricœur, Time and Narrative: Volume 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 52–87.

601. Nünning, “Wie Erzählungen Kulturen erzeugen,” 32 (our translation).

602. Nünning, “Wie Erzählungen Kulturen erzeugen,” 35 (our translation).

603. See Luc Herman and Bart Vervaeck, “Negotiating the Paranoia Narrative: The Critical Reception of Bleeding Edge (2013) by Thomas Pynchon,” Anglia: Zeitschrift für Englische Philologie 134, no. 1 (2016): 88–112.

604. Stephen Greenblatt, “Culture,” in Critical Terms for Literary Study, ed. Frank Lentricchia and Thomas McLaughlin, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 225–32 (230).

605. Greenblatt, “Culture,” 229.

606. Greenblatt, “Culture,” 230.

607. Greenblatt, Shakespearean Negotiations, vii.

608. Greenblatt, Shakespearean Negotiations, 4 (first two quoted phrases), 7, 13.

609. Greenblatt, Shakespearean Negotiations, 12.

610. Patron, Le narrateur, 27ff.

611. Nielsen, “Unnatural Narratology, Impersonal Voices,” 72.

612. Peter Dixon and Marisa Bortolussi, “Text Is Not Communication: A Challenge to a Common Assumption,” Discourse Processes 31, no. 1 (2001): 1–25.

613. For an evolutionary approach to communication as an activity that necessarily implies “shared intentionality,” see Michael Tomasello, Origins of Human Communication (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 2008).

614. Dixon and Bortolussi, “Text Is Not Communication,” 12–15.

615. Greenblatt, “Towards a Poetics of Culture,” 28.

616. Bourdieu, Distinction, 232.

617. Negotiation in the Bourdieu sense of the word resurfaces in Mikko Lehtonen, Cultural Analysis of Texts (London: SAGE, 2000), 130; and in Andreas Wimmer, Kultur als Prozess: Zur Dynamik des Aushandelns von Bedeutungen (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 2005), 13.

618. Korthals Altes, Ethos and Narrative Interpretation, 52–58.

619. Greenblatt quoted in Korthals Altes, Ethos and Narrative Interpretation, 29.

620. Luc Herman and Bart Vervaeck, “Tellability as Cultural Negotiation,” Narrative 17, no. 1 (2009), 111–29; Herman and Vervaeck, “Implied Author.”

621. Korthals Altes, Ethos and Narrative Interpretation, 30.

622. Korthals Altes, Ethos and Narrative Interpretation, 22.

623. Korthals Altes, Ethos and Narrative Interpretation, 249.

624. Bruner, Acts of Meaning, 47.

625. Bruner, Actual Minds, Possible Worlds (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), 149.

626. Bruner, Acts of Meaning, 67.

627. See, for instance, Phelan, Reading People, Reading Plots; Phelan, Experiencing Fiction; and Koschorke, Wahrheit und Erfindung, 237–47.

628. “Narrative Negotiation” is chapter 14 in H. Porter Abbott, The Cambridge Introduction to Narrative, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 194–213.

629. Abbott, Cambridge Introduction to Narrative, 212.

630. See Jahn, “Frames, Preferences, and the Reading of Third-Person Narratives”; D. Herman, “Scripts, Sequences, and Stories”; and Werner Wolf and Walter Bernhart, eds., Framing Borders in Literature and Other Media (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2006).

631. Charles Fillmore, “Frame Semantics,” Linguistics in the Morning Calm: Selected Papers from SICOL-1981, ed. the Linguistic Society of Korea (Seoul: Hanshin, 1982), 111–37; Fillmore, “Frames and the Semantics of Understanding,” Quaderni di Semantica 6, no. 2 (1985): 222–55.

632. Catherine Emmott, “Reading for Pleasure: A Cognitive Poetic Analysis of ‘Twists in the Tale’ and Other Plot Reversals in Narrative Texts,” in Cognitive Poetics in Practice, ed. Joanna Gavins and Gerard Steen (London: Routledge, 2003), 146–59.

633. Maria Stefanescu, “The (Dis)Continuity of Framings,” in Framing Borders in Literature and Other Media, ed. Wolf and Bernhart, 329–40 (330).

634. Derek Matravers, Fiction and Narrative (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 102ff.

635. D. Herman et al., Narrative Theory, 102.

636. Brian Richardson, “U.S. Ethnic and Postcolonial Fiction: Toward a Poetics of Collective Narratives,” in Analyzing World Fiction: New Horizons in Narrative Theory, ed. Frederick Luis Aldama (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011), 3–16 (8–13).

637. Hilary P. Dannenberg, “Narrating Multiculturalism in British Media: Voice and Cultural Identity in Television Documentary and Comedy,” in Analyzing World Fiction: New Horizons in Narrative Theory, ed. Frederick Luis Aldama (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011), 75–90 (78).

638. Helms, Challenging Canada, 5.

639. David B. Morris, “Narrative, Ethics, and Pain: Thinking with Stories,” in The Role of Narrative in Medical Ethics, ed. Rita Charon and Martha Montello (New York: Routledge, 2004), 200–223 (216).

640. Katrin Amian, Rethinking Postmodernism(s): Charles S. Peirce and the Pragmatist Negotiations of Thomas Pynchon, Toni Morrison, and Jonathan Safran Foer (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2008), 10.

641. Amian, Rethinking Postmodernism(s), 28.

642. David Herman, “Toward a Socionarratology: New Ways of Analyzing Natural-Language Narratives,” in Narratologies, ed. D. Herman, 218–46 (239).

643. Bernard S. Jackson, “Narrative Theories and Legal Discourse,” in Narrative in Culture: The Uses of Storytelling in the Sciences, Philosophy, and Literature, ed. Christopher Nash (London: Routledge, 1990), 23–51 (48).

644. Czarniawska, Narrative Approach to Organization Studies, 9.

645. Anastasia Christou, Narratives of Place, Culture and Identity: Second-Generation Greek-Americans Return “Home” (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2006), 40.

646. Page, Literary and Linguistic Approaches, 186.

647. Homi K. Bhabha, ed., Nation and Narration (London: Routledge, 1990), 4.

648. Koschorke, Wahrheit und Erfindung, 359 (our translation).

649. Mark Freeman, “Response to Commentaries on ‘Charting the Narrative Unconscious: Cultural Memory and the Challenge of Autobiography,’” in Considering Counter-Narratives: Narrating, Resisting, Making Sense, ed. Michael Bamberg and Molly Andrews (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2004), 341–49 (344).

650. Kristin Veel, Narrative Negotiations: Information Structures in Literary Fiction (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009).

651. Veel, Narrative Negotiations, 9.

652. Veel, Narrative Negotiations, 10.

653. Veel restricts herself to three types of metaphoric organizations. From before information and computer technology (ICT) times these are the novel as archive, as network, and as game. The ICT versions of these three forms of narrative negotiations are the novel as database, as hyperlink, and as computer game.

654. The phrase comes from a chapter title in Jean-Pierre Faye, ed., Introduction aux langages totalitaires: Théorie et transformations du récit, 2nd ed. (Paris: Hermann, 2003), 77–87.

655. We paraphrase the title of the section “Circulation: Signes économiques, récits idéologiques,” in Faye, Introduction aux langages totalitaires, 81–83.

656. Faye, Introduction aux langages totalitaires, 82 (our translation).

657. Jeffrey Williams, Theory and the Novel: Narrative Reflexivity in the British Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 8.

658. David Herman, “Narrative Ways of Worldmaking,” in Narratology in the Age of Cross-Disciplinary Narrative Research, ed. Heinen and Sommer, 71–87 (84).

659. Sandra Heinen, “The Role of Narratology in Narrative Research across the Disciplines,” in Narratology in the Age of Cross-Disciplinary Narrative Research, ed. Heinen and Sommer, 193–211 (200).

660. Vilma Hänninen, “A Model of Narrative Circulation,” Narrative Inquiry 14, no. 1 (2004): 69–85 (73).

661. Hänninen, “Model of Narrative Circulation,” 73, 74.

662. Hänninen, “Model of Narrative Circulation,” 76.

663. Hänninen, “Model of Narrative Circulation,” 77, 79.

664. N. Katherine Hayles, How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 21–22.

665. D. Herman, Basic Elements of Narrative, 59.

666. This might be compared to Jean-François Lyotard’s analysis of the pragmatics of narrative knowledge in his chapter of that title from his book The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 18–23. In it he discusses the “transmission of narratives,” and especially of “popular narratives,” as a self-legitimizing process that structures our way of thinking: “Narratives [ . . . ] define what has the right to be said and done in the culture in question, and since they are themselves a part of that culture, they are legitimated by the simple fact that they do what they do” (23). For a discussion of the link with Lyotard’s “metanarratives,” see Richard Rorty, “Habermas and Lyotard on Postmodernity,” Praxis International 4, no. 1 (1984): 32–44.

667. David Herman, discussion under “Narrative Values, Aesthetic Values,” in D. Herman et al., Narrative Theory, 171.

668. Astrid Erll, “Narratology and Cultural Memory Studies,” in Narratology in the Age of Cross-Disciplinary Narrative Research, ed. Heinen and Sommer, 212–27 (224).

669. See Franco Moretti, ed., The Novel: Volume 1, History, Geography, and Culture, and Volume 2, Forms and Themes (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006).

670. Bakhtin, Dialogic Imagination; Mikhail M. Bakhtin, Speech Genres and Other Late Essays, trans. Vern W. McGee, ed. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986).

671. Abbott, Cambridge Introduction to Narrative, 136.

672. Birgitte Norlyk, Marianne Wolff Lundholt, and Per Krogh Hansen, “Corporate Storytelling,” in Handbook of Narratology, ed. Hühn et al., 105–14 (106).

673. Norlyk, Lundholt, and Hansen, “Corporate Storytelling,” 110.

674. For an overview of theories on narrative identity formation, see Michael Bamberg, “Identity and Narration,” in Handbook of Narratology, ed. Hühn et al., 241–52. The performative aspects are underlined in Kristin M. Langellier and Eric E. Peterson, Storytelling in Daily Life: Performing Narrative (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004). For an exemplary work on narrative therapy, see Martin Payne, Narrative Therapy: An Introduction for Counsellors, 2nd ed. (London: SAGE, 2006).

675. For climate change, see Annika Arnold, Climate Change and Storytelling: Narratives and Cultural Meaning in Environmental Communication (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).

676. Christian Salmon, Storytelling: Bewitching the Modern Mind, trans. David Macey (London: Verso, 2010), 21–23.

677. For example, Paul McDonald, Storytelling: Narratology for Critics and Creative Writers (London: Greenwich Exchange, 2014); Stephen Denning, The Leader’s Guide to Storytelling: Mastering the Art and Discipline of Business Narrative (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2005); Jeffrey A. Kottler, Stories We’ve Heard, Stories We’ve Told: Life-Changing Narratives in Therapy and Everyday Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).

678. Ruth Page and Bronwen Thomas, eds., New Narratives: Stories and Storytelling in the Digital Age (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011), 2.

679. Christopher Nash, ed., Narrative in Culture: The Uses of Storytelling in the Sciences, Philosophy and Literature (London: Routledge, 1990), xi.

680. Gottschall, Storytelling Animal.

681. Jonathan Gottschall and David Sloan Wilson, eds., The Literary Animal: Evolution and the Nature of Narrative (Evanston IL: Northwestern University Press, 2005).

682. Brian Boyd, “Evolutionary Theories of Art,” in Literary Animal, ed. Gottschall and Sloan, 147–76 (151).

683. Brian Boyd, On the Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition, and Fiction (Cambridge MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009), 130.

684. Marie-Laure Ryan, “Postmodernism and the Doctrine of Panfictionality,” Narrative 5, no. 2 (1997): 165–87.

685. See, for example, Hans Bertens, The Idea of the Postmodern: A History (London: Routledge, 1995). In this section we are primarily dealing with the postmodernism that is closely connected to poststructuralism and deconstructionism.

686. Lyotard, Postmodern Condition.

687. Currie’s Postmodern Narrative Theory, cited earlier, was published in 1998.

688. See, for example, Jacques Lacan, “The Insistence of the Letter in the Unconscious,” in Modern Criticism and Theory, ed. David Lodge, trans. Jan Miel (London: Longman, 1988), 79–106; White, Metahistory; and Bhabha, Nation and Narration. Along the same lines, Steven Cohan and Linda Shires use the poststructuralist approach to integrate the study of ideology and culture with classical narratology; see their Telling Stories: A Theoretical Analysis of Narrative Fiction (London: Routledge, 1988).

689. Daniel Punday sees this embeddedness as the materiality of the text with which he means not only language but also material reality as evoked in the stories told about it. If a novel brings up a Victorian woman or uses a cathedral as its setting, this woman and this cathedral are already embedded in other narratives, for instance, for the reader. Punday considers “this extra-textual object of reference as always already involved in other narratives.” Daniel Punday, Narrative after Deconstruction (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003), 143.

690. Punday states that “[t]he tension between these two qualities of discourse [openness and totality] is an inherent part of the post-deconstructive turn to narrative. As I have suggested, what attracts critics to narrative is its ability to be ambiguously deconstructive. Deconstruction is seen by critics variously as too much concerned with textual slippage or too much enamored with inescapable textual laws. [ . . . ] Narrative seems to accept both textual indeterminacy and totality while bringing this conflict to the surface and—most importantly—suggesting that these two might be resolved productively.” Punday, Narrative after Deconstruction, 7. As Punday repeatedly shows (25–26), this tension is also inherent in deconstruction itself. His so-called “post-deconstructive” theory of narrative is in fact “loosely deconstructive” (140); it proves a seamless fit for a deconstruction that does not see reality as a text but rather as a continuous tension between reality and text. Only Punday’s emphasis on re-integration and a new totality could somehow be called postdeconstructive.

691. Gibson, Towards a Postmodern Theory of Narrative, 212–35.

692. Currie, Postmodern Narrative Theory, 54–61.

693. Paul de Man, Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism (London: Methuen, 1971).

694. Gibson, Towards a Postmodern Theory of Narrative, 236–74.

695. Currie, Postmodern Narrative Theory, 113. This theoretical attention for derailment fits the concrete narrative deregulation that is often called typical of postmodern narrative strategies. See, for example, Michael Roemer, Telling Stories: Postmodernism and the Invalidation of Traditional Narrative (Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1995).

696. Ursula K. Heise, Chronoschisms: Time, Narrative, and Postmodernism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 40.

697. Heise, Chronoschisms, 23–47.

698. Heise, Chronoschisms, 26; Joseph Francese, Narrating Postmodern Time and Space (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997), 107–9.

699. Punday refers to Lyotard, among others, when he is talking about “simultaneous and heterogeneous temporalities.” Punday, Narrative after Deconstruction, 54.

700. Elana Gomel, Postmodern Science Fiction and Temporal Imagination (London: Continuum, 2010).

701. Gomel, Postmodern Science Fiction, 29.

702. Gibson, Towards a Postmodern Theory of Narrative, 179–84.

703. Following Derrida, postmodern narratology holds that repetition precedes the sign and that therefore there is not first an abstract sign (for example, a phoneme) that is then approached and staged in endless repetitions. See, for example, Jacques Derrida, “Speech and Phenomena” and Other Essays on Husserl’s Theory of Signs, trans. David B. Allison (Evanston IL: Northwestern University Press, 1973). In the literary theory of American deconstruction, this view on repetition has been developed by J. Hillis Miller, Fiction and Repetition: Seven English Novels (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982).

704. Punday, Narrative after Deconstruction, 113–15.

705. This view can be traced back to Derrida’s concept of “dissemination” (the spatial dispersion of meanings), which is inherent in différance (the endlessly delayed attribution of meaning). See, for example, Jacques Derrida, “Différance,” Margins of Philosophy, trans. Alan Bass (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 1–28.

706. “The ongoing transformation of one space into another” is the description of postmodern space offered in Punday, Narrative after Deconstruction, 76. He relies on Edward Soja’s famous Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory (London: Verso, 1989), 222–48.

707. The rhizome is an underground stem or root system that puts out lateral shoots and thus produces a network without a center and without a fixed starting point. See “Introduction: Rhizome,” in Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), 3–25. For an application within the postmodern interpretation of narrative, see Punday, Narrative after Deconstruction, 129–30.

708. Francese, Narrating Postmodern Time and Space, 107, 155.

709. Punday, Narrative after Deconstruction, 39.

710. Punday, Narrative after Deconstruction, 80–81.

711. Andrew Hock-soon Ng, Dimensions of Monstrosity in Contemporary Narratives: Theory, Psychoanalysis, Postmodernism (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 24.

712. Ng, Dimensions of Monstrosity, 43.

713. Ng, Dimensions of Monstrosity, 64.

714. Punday develops this idea with the help of Derrida’s views on “the rhetorical topos and the physical site” as geographical and physical space. Punday, Narrative after Deconstruction, 33.

715. Punday, Narrative after Deconstruction, 128–31.

716. See, for example, Barry Smart, Postmodernity (London: Routledge, 1993).

717. David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989), 155–58.

718. See, for example, Lyotard, Postmodern Condition; Jean Baudrillard, The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures (Thousand Oaks CA: SAGE, 1998); Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991). Punday offers a brief summary of these theories and connects them with postmodern time-space in Narrative after Deconstruction, 87–106.

719. See, for example, Jacques Derrida, “White Mythology: Metaphor in the Text of Philosophy,” New Literary History 6, no. 1 (1974): 5–74; Paul de Man, Allegories of Reading: Figural Language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke, and Proust (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979); and Harold Bloom, A Map of Misreading (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975). For a brief overview of the deconstructionist’s attention to metaphor, see Vincent B. Leitch, Deconstructive Criticism: An Advanced Introduction (London: Hutchinson, 1983), 45–54.

720. Edgar Allan Poe, “Berenice,” in Selected Tales, ed. Julian Symons (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 18–25. See also Lacan’s previously cited essay, “Insistence of the Letter in the Unconscious.”

721. Marie Bonaparte, The Life and Works of Edgar Allan Poe: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation, trans. John Rodker (London: Imago, 1949), 213–19.

722. Mark Currie uses the term “cultural schizophrenia” in Postmodern Narrative Theory, 96–113. His analysis is based on Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem, and Helen R. Lane (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983); and Deleuze and Guattari, Thousand Plateaus.

723. That phrase constitutes the alternate or secondary title to Jameson, Postmodernism, as well as the title of the first chapter (1–54).

724. Patrick O’Neill, Fictions of Discourse: Reading Narrative Theory (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 23–26, 107–31.

725. O’Neill, Fictions of Discourse, 58.

726. Thus Gibson’s readings of Robert Louis Stevenson and Samuel Beckett sometimes remain very traditional. When dealing with The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Gibson speaks about “the voice of a third person narrator in a first person narrative.” His conclusion is, “Another opposition has broken down: that between narrator and narrated, I and he.” Gibson, Towards a Postmodern Theory of Narrative, 140. Such a reading perfectly fits Genette’s theory. When Gibson analyzes the monster in Beckett, he largely reduces it to a classical reading of the textual image of the body. He discusses Beckett’s preference for the crippled and aging body as an attack on traditional “anatomo-politics” (262), but this is saying little more than that the body in Beckett’s work deviates from the dominant body image.

727. For a critical discussion of this presupposition, see Brian McHale, “Against Nature,” Partial Answers 16, no. 2 (2018): 251–61. Fludernik’s reply, in which she sticks to the continuity thesis, can be found within her article “Towards a ‘Natural’ Narratology Twenty Years After,” Partial Answers 16, no. 2 (2018): 329–47 (332–35).

728. Fludernik, Towards a “Natural” Narratology, xii. The most important Labovian source for Fludernik is William Labov, Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972).

729. “In recent years new developments in linguistics have introduced the term ‘natural’ to designate aspects of language which appear to be regulated or motivated by cognitive parameters based on man’s experience of embodiedness in a real-world context. The term features as a label in the Austrian linguistic school of Natürlichkeitstheorie (‘theory of naturalness’).” Fludernik, Towards a “Natural” Narratology, 17.

730. Fludernik, Towards a “Natural” Narratology, 31.

731. Culler, Structuralist Poetics, 134, quoted in Fludernik, Towards a “Natural” Narratology, 31.

732. Fludernik, Towards a “Natural” Narratology, 43.

733. Fludernik, Towards a “Natural” Narratology, 44.

734. Fludernik, Towards a “Natural” Narratology, 45.

735. See Fludernik, “Towards a ‘Natural’ Narratology Twenty Years After,” 341–43, where she clarifies this point in reaction to Marco Caracciolo, “Posthuman Narration as a Test Bed for Experientiality: The Case of Kurt Vonnegut’s Galápagos,” Partial Answers 16, no. 2 (2018): 303–14, both appearing in the same journal issue.

736. Fludernik, Towards a “Natural” Narratology, 26.

737. Dan Shen, “Two Conceptions of Experientiality and Narrativity: Functions, Advantages, and Disadvantages,” Partial Answers 16, no. 2 (2018): 263–70.

738. Maria Mäkelä, “Toward the Non-Natural: Diachronicity and the Trained Reader in Fludernik’s Natural Narratology,” Partial Answers 16, no. 2 (2018): 271–77. For Fludernik’s response, printed in the same journal issue, see Fludernik, “Towards a ‘Natural’ Narratology Twenty Years After,” 336–37.

739. Fludernik, Towards a “Natural” Narratology, 26.

740. Fludernik, Towards a “Natural” Narratology, 27.

741. Fludernik, Towards a “Natural” Narratology, 30.

742. Viktor Shklovsky, Theory of Prose, trans. Benjamin Sher (Elmwood Park IL: Dalkey Archive Press, 1991), 6–14.

743. Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, 2nd rev. ed., trans. and rev. Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G. Mar (London: Continuum, 2004), 305–6.

744. Fludernik, Towards a “Natural” Narratology, 34.

745. For instance: “The development of the realist novel therefore reflects a process of recuperation in the act of reading which starts out with a full instantiation of natural frames and ends with the narrativization of inherently non-natural frames. This process will be repeated again and again to apply to increasingly less recuperable kinds of texts, and the process of narrativization will become a highly sophisticated instrumentarium of cognitive adaptation.” Fludernik, Towards a “Natural” Narratology, 177.

746. Jonathan Culler, “Naturalization in ‘Natural’ Narratology,” Partial Answers 16, no. 2 (2018): 243–9. See also Fludernik, “Towards a ‘Natural’ Narratology Twenty Years After,” 329–47 (esp. 332).

747. Fludernik, “Towards a ‘Natural’ Narratology Twenty Years After,” 339.

748. The relevance of Fludernik’s theory for such a diachronic narratology is discussed in Karin Kukkonen, “The Curse of Realism: Cognitive Narratology and the Historical Dimension,” Partial Answers 16, no. 2 (2018): 291–302.

749. Jan Alber, Stefan Iversen, Henrik Skov Nielsen, and Brian Richardson, “Unnatural Narratives, Unnatural Narratology: Beyond Mimetic Models,” Narrative 18, no. 2 (2010): 113–36.

750. Alber et al., “Unnatural Narratives,” 115.

751. Alber et al., “Unnatural Narratives,” 114.

752. Alber et al., “Unnatural Narratives,” 126.

753. Jan Alber, Unnatural Narrative: Impossible Worlds in Fiction and Drama (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2016), 14.

754. Brian Richardson, Unnatural Narrative: Theory, History, and Practice (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2015), 3.

755. Jan Alber, Stefan Iversen, Henrik Skov Nielsen, and Brian Richardson, “What Is Unnatural about Unnatural Narratology? A Response to Monika Fludernik,” Narrative 20, no. 3 (2012): 371–82 (373).

756. Alber, Unnatural Narrative, 38.

757. Monika Fludernik, “How Natural Is ‘Unnatural Narratology’; or, What Is Unnatural about Unnatural Narratology,” Narrative 20, no. 3 (2012): 357–70 (363).

758. Alber et al. “What Is Unnatural,” 372–74.

759. Maria Mäkelä, “Heavy Flies: Disproportionate Narration in Literary Realism,” in The Grotesque and the Unnatural, ed. Markku Salmela and Jarkko Toikkanen (Amherst NY: Cambria Press, 2011), 137–59 (137).

760. Mäkelä, “Heavy Flies,” 150.

761. Fludernik, “How Natural Is ‘Unnatural Narratology,’” 364.

762. Fludernik, “How Natural Is ‘Unnatural Narratology,’” 365.

763. Alber, Unnatural Narrative, 47–48.

764. Alber, Unnatural Narrative, 36.

765. Alber, Unnatural Narrative, 46.

766. For instance, Brian Richardson lists a number of “unnatural values” (such as drawing attention to the constructedness of narratives or opposing commonsense narratives). See his “What Is Unnatural Narrative Theory?,” in Unnatural Narratives—Unnatural Narratology, ed. Jan Alber and Rüdiger Heinze (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2011), 23–40 (esp. 38).

767. Richardson, “What Is Unnatural Narrative Theory?,” 33.

768. Richardson, Unnatural Narrative, 21.

769. Alber et al., “What Is Unnatural,” 374.

770. Richardson, Unnatural Narrative, xvi–xvii.

771. Richardson, Unnatural Narrative, 65–66.

772. Richardson, Unnatural Narrative, 45.