Abbreviations
Place of publication is London, unless otherwise specified.
APC |
Acts of the Privy Council, ed. John Roche Dasent (46 vols, 1890–1964) |
Bernard |
George Bernard, The King’s Reformation (New Haven, 2005) |
BL |
British Library |
Brigden |
Susan Brigden, London and the Reformation (Oxford, 1989) |
Burnet |
Gilbert Burnet, The History of the Reformation of the Church of England, ed. N. Pocock (7 vols, Oxford, 1865) |
CCED |
Clergy of the Church of England database, online at http://theclergydatabase.org.uk/ |
CGF |
J. G. Nichols, ed., Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London (1853) |
CJ |
Commons’ Journals |
CQJ |
J. G. Nichols, ed., The Chronicle of Queen Jane (1850) |
Cranmer |
Thomas Cranmer, Miscellaneous Writings, ed. J. E. Cox (Cambridge, 1846) |
CRP |
Thomas Mayer, ed., Correspondence of Reginald Pole (4 vols, Aldershot, 2002–8) |
CSP |
Calendars of State Papers |
CWE |
Collected Works of Erasmus (Toronto, 1974–) |
Dickens |
A. G. Dickens, The English Reformation (2nd edn, 1989) |
Duffy |
Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, 1400–1580 (New Haven, 1992) |
EHR |
English Historical Review |
Folger |
Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington DC |
Foxe |
John Foxe, Acts and Monuments, various editions (using ‘modern’ page references given in the online edition, www.johnfoxe.org) |
Gee |
Henry Gee and William J. Hardy, eds, Documents Illustrative of English Church History (1896) |
Haigh |
Christopher Haigh, English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society under the Tudors (Oxford, 1993) |
Hall |
Edward Hall, The Union of the two noble and illustre famelies of Lancastre [and] Yorke (1548) |
Hartley |
T. E. Hartley, ed., Proceedings in the Parliaments of Elizabeth I (3 vols, Leicester, 1981–95) |
Haugaard |
William Haugaard, Elizabeth I and the English Reformation (Cambridge, 1968) |
HJ |
Historical Journal |
HMC |
Historical Manuscripts Commission |
JEH |
Journal of Ecclesiastical History |
Liturgies |
Joseph Ketley, ed., The Two Liturgies … in the Reign of King Edward VI (Cambridge, 1844) |
LJ |
Lords’ Journal |
Lloyd |
C. Lloyd, ed., Formularies of Faith put forth by Authority during the Reign of Henry VIII (Oxford, 1856) |
LP |
J. S. Brewer, J. Gairdner and R. H. Brodie, eds, Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII (21 vols in 33 parts, 1862–1910) |
LSG |
James A Muller, ed., The Letters of Stephen Gardiner (Cambridge, 1933) |
MacCulloch |
Diarmaid MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer: A Life (New Haven, 1996) |
Machyn |
J. G. Nichols, ed., The Diary of Henry Machyn (1847) |
Marshall |
Peter Marshall, Religious Identities in Henry VIII’s England (Aldershot, 2006) |
Mears |
Natalie Mears et al., eds, National Prayers: Special Worship since the Reformation, Volume I (Woodbridge, 2013) |
Narratives |
J. G. Nichols, ed., Narratives of the Days of the Reformation (1859) |
ODNB |
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition |
OL |
Hastings Robinson, ed., Original Letters relative to the English Reformation (2 vols, Cambridge 1846–7) |
Parker |
John Bruce, ed., Correspondence of Matthew Parker (Cambridge, 1853) |
Roper |
William Roper, ‘The Life of Sir Thomas More’, in Richard S. Sylvester and Davis P. Harding, eds, Two Early Tudor Lives (New Haven, 1962) |
RSTC |
Revised Short Title Catalogue |
SCJ |
Sixteenth Century Journal |
SP |
National Archives, State Papers |
STAC |
National Archives, records of Star Chamber |
Strype |
John Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials (3 vols, Oxford, 1822) |
Strype, Annals |
John Strype, Annals of the Reformation (4 vols, Oxford, 1824) |
TRHS |
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |
TRP |
P. L. Hughes and J. F. Larkin, eds, Tudor Royal Proclamations (3 vols, New Haven, 1964–9), |
VAI |
W. H. Frere and W. P. M. Kennedy, eds, Visitation Articles and Injunctions of the Period of the Reformation (3 vols, 1910) |
‘Wenlock’ |
‘The Register of Sir Thomas Botelar, Vicar of Much Wenlock’, Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 6 (1883) |
Wilkins |
David Wilkins, ed., Concilia Magna Britanniae et Hiberniae (4 vols, 1737) |
Wriothesley |
Charles Wriothesley, A Chronicle of England, ed. W. D. Hamilton (2 vols, 1875–77) |
ZL |
Hastings Robinson, ed., The Zurich Letters (2nd edn, Cambridge, 1846) |
Preface
1.Edwin Sandys, Sermons, ed. John Ayre (Cambridge, 1841), 49.
2.For discussion of this concept, see Ute Lotz-Heumann, ‘Confessionalization’, in David Whitford, ed., Reformation and Early Modern Europe: A Guide to Research (Kirksville, MO, 2008), 136–57.
3.Folger, L.d.980.
1 The Imitation of Christ
1.David Starkey, Henry: Virtuous Prince (2008), 11–13; William Tyndale, Doctrinal Treatises, ed. H. Walter (Cambridge, 1848), 277.
2.R. W. Scribner, Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany (1987), 5–8, 39–41, 259–62.
3.Berndt Hamm, The Reformation of Faith in the Context of Late Medieval Theology and Piety, ed. Robert J. Bast (Leiden, 2004), 136–42; Steven Ozment, The Reformation in the Cities (New Haven, 1975), 22–8, 49–56; Peter Marshall, The Catholic Priesthood and the English Reformation (Oxford, 1994), 9–13; SP 1/102, 67r.
4.C. A. Sneyd, ed., A Relation, or Rather a True Account of the Island of England (1847), 23; Marshall, Priesthood, 43; Duffy, 100–2.
5.John Bossy, ‘The Mass as a Social Institution, 1200–1700’, Past and Present, 100 (1983), 29–61; Mervyn James, ‘Ritual, Drama and the Social Body in the Late Medieval English Town’, Past and Present, 98 (1983), 3–29; Miri Rubin, Corpus Christi: The Eucharist in Late Medieval Culture (Cambridge, 1991), 243–71; W. H. Hale, ed., A Series of Precedents and Proceedings in Criminal Causes (1847), 53–4; Duffy, 94, 126–7.
6.Duffy, 127; A. H. Thompson, ed., Visitations in the Diocese of Lincoln, 1517–1531 (3 vols, Lincoln, 1940–7), 6.
7.Peter Marshall, Reformation England (2nd edn, 2012), 3–4; Penry Williams, The Later Tudors (Oxford, 1995), 177; David Harris Sacks, ‘London’s Dominion’, in Lena Cowen Orlin, ed., Material London, ca. 1600 (Philadelphia, 2000), 22–3.
8.For what follows, see especially Ronald Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year 1400–1700 (Oxford, 1994), 5–48; Duffy, 11–52.
9.For this concept, see Willem Frijhoff, Embodied Belief: Ten Essays on Religious Culture in Dutch History (Hilversum, 2002).
10.Robert S. Bayley, Notitiae Ludae, or Notices of Louth (1834), 146–7.
11.Katherine French, ‘Parochial Fund-Raising in Late Medieval Somerset’, in French, Gary G. Gibbs and Beat A. Kümin, eds, The Parish in English Life 1400–1600 (Manchester, 1997), 115–32; Beat Kümin, The Shaping of a Community: The Rise and Reformation of the English Parish, c. 1400–1560 (Aldershot, 1996), 103–25; G. W. Bernard, The Late Medieval English Church (New Haven, 2012), 101–3; Paul Whitefield White, Drama and Religion in English Provincial Society, 1485–1660 (Cambridge, 2008), 9–26.
12.David Dymond and Clive Paine, eds, Five Centuries of an English Parish Church; ‘The State of Melford Church’, Suffolk (Cambridge, 2012), 67–71; K. Wood-Legh, ed., Kentish Visitations of Archbishop William Warham and his Deputies, 1511–1512 (Maidstone, 1984), 224; Marshall, Priesthood, 200.
13.Peter Marshall, Beliefs and the Dead in Reformation England (Oxford, 2002), 23–4.
14.Charles Henderson and E. Jervoise, Old Devon Bridges (Exeter, 1938), 92; Duffy, 288–9. The definitive study is R. N. Swanson, Indulgences in Late Medieval England (Cambridge, 2007).
15.Marshall, Beliefs, 22–32; Brigden, 33.
16.Robert Swanson, Church and Society in Late Medieval England (Oxford, 1989), 280–4; Duffy, 141–54; David Crouch, Piety, Fraternity, and Power: Religious Gilds in Late Medieval Yorkshire (York, 2000), 217–18; Caroline Barron, ‘The Parish Fraternities of Medieval London’, in Barron and Christopher Harper-Bill, eds, The Church in Pre-Reformation Society (Woodbridge, 1985), 13–37.
17.Clive Burgess, ‘A Service for the Dead: the Form and Function of the Anniversary in Late Medieval Bristol’, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, 105 (1987), 183–211.
18.Marshall, Beliefs, 14–15, 19–20, 24–5; The Interpretacyon and Sygnyfycacyon of the Masse (1532), C1v; Robert Whiting, Local Responses to the English Reformation (Basingstoke, 1998), 71–2; Dives and Pauper (1534), 266v–268r.
19.Duffy, 8; A. N. Galpern, ‘The Legacy of Late Medieval Religion in Sixteenth-Century Champagne’, in C. Trinkaus and H. O. Oberman, eds, The Pursuit of Holiness in Late Medieval and Renaissance Religion (Leiden, 1974), 149.
20.F. W. Weaver, ed., Somerset Medieval Wills 1501–30 (1903), 72. See, e.g., J. Weaver and A. Beardwood, eds, Some Oxfordshire Wills Proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, 1393–1510 (Oxford, 1958), 96; J. Raine, ed., Testamenta Eboracensia … Vol. V (Durham, 1884), 33.
21.Here begynneth a Lytel Boke that speketh of Purgatorye (?1531), A1r.
22.Marshall, Beliefs, 41–6; Brigden, 389n.
23.G. Marc’hadour, ‘Introduction’, in Thomas More, The Supplication of Souls, ed. F. Manley et al. (New Haven, 1990), lxx; N. F. Blake, ‘Caxton, William (1415x24–1492)’, ODNB; ‘Worde, Wynkyn de (d. 1534/5)’, ODNB.
24.Duffy, 68–87, 209–32.
25.Jo Ann Hoeppner Moran, The Growth of English Schooling, 1340–1548 (Princeton, 1985), 18–20; Sneyd, Relation, 23; Richard Rex, Henry VIII and the English Reformation (2nd edn, Basingstoke, 2006), 88–91.
26.BL, Harley MS 651, 194v–196v; Thomas More, A Dialogue Concerning Heresies, ed. T. M. C. Lawler et al. (New Haven, 1981), 95–6; Diarmaid MacCulloch, Suffolk and the Tudors (Oxford, 1986), 143–6; Richard Rex, ‘Wentworth, Jane [the Maid of Ipswich] (c.1503–1572?)’, ODNB. There is uncertainty about the girl’s Christian name: it is given as Anne in a Protestant source of the 1550s.
27.Henry Ellis, ed., The pylgrymage of Sir Richard Guylforde to the Holy Land, AD 1506 (1851), 23; Warwickshire Record Office, CR1998/Box 73/2. For suggestions of disengagement from the parish church, see Colin Richmond, ‘Religion and the Fifteenth-Century English Gentleman’, in R. B. Dobson, ed., The Church, Politics and Patronage in the Fifteenth Century (Gloucester, 1984), 193–203.
28.J. T. Fowler, ed., Rites of Durham (Durham, 1902), 94–6; Diana Webb, Pilgrimage in Medieval England (2000), 72–7; Eamon Duffy, ‘The Dynamics of Pilgrimage in Late Medieval England’, in Colin Morris and Peter Roberts, eds, Pilgrimage: The English Experience from Becket to Bunyan (Cambridge, 2002), 164–77.
29.Christine Peters, Patterns of Piety: Women, Gender and Religion in Late Medieval and Reformation England (Cambridge, 2003), 97–102; Ronald Finucane, Miracles and Pilgrims (London, 1977), Part II; Duffy, 178–81; Wendy R. Larson, ‘Maternal Patronage of the Cult of St Margaret’, in Mary C. Erler and Maryanne Kowaleski, eds, Gendering the Master Narrative (New York, 2003), 94–104.
30.Peter Heath, ‘Urban Piety in the Later Middle Ages’, in R. B. Dobson, ed., The Church, Politics and Patronage in the Fifteenth Century (Gloucester, 1984), 214; Richard Pfaff, New Liturgical Feasts in Later Medieval England (Oxford 1970); Duffy, 44–6, 260–1; Robert Lutton, Lollardy and Orthodox Religion in Pre-Reformation England (London, 2006), 69–70; William Smith, The Use of Hereford: The Sources of a Medieval English Diocesan Rite (Aldershot, 2015), 689–92; Eamon Duffy, ‘Religious Belief’, in Rosemary Horrox and W. Mark Ormrod, eds, A Social History of England 1200–1500 (Cambridge, 2006), 338–9.
31.Peters, Patterns, 62–5; Hugh Latimer, Sermons and Remains, ed. G. E. Corrie (Cambridge, 1845), 364; Webb, Pilgrimage, 97–9; Richard Suggett, ‘Church-Building in Late Medieval Wales’, in R. A. Griffiths and P. R. Schofield, eds, Wales and the Welsh in the Middle Ages (Cardiff, 2011), 186.
32.Norman P. Tanner, The Church in Late Medieval Norwich, 1370–1532 (Toronto, 1984), 99; Vanessa Harding, The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670 (Cambridge, 2002), 225–6; Lutton, Lollardy, 69–80; Peter Marshall, ‘Catholic Puritanism in Pre-Reformation England’, British Catholic History, 32 (2015), 431–50.
33.Maximilian von Habsburg, Catholic and Protestant Translations of the Imitatio Christi, 1425–1650 (Farnham, 2011), 89–94, 278–9; Michael K. Jones and Malcolm G. Underwood, The King’s Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort (Cambridge, 1992), 184–5.
34.D. F. S. Thomson and H. C. Porter, eds, Erasmus and Cambridge (Toronto, 1963), 148.
35.Thomson and Porter, Erasmus, 148–9; The Poems of Desiderius Erasmus, ed. C. Reedijk (Leiden, 1956), 303; The Colloquies of Erasmus, ed. C. R. Thompson (Chicago and London, 1965), 285–310.
36.John Colet’s Commentary on First Corinthians, ed. and tr. Bernard O’Kelly and Catherine A. L. Jarrott (New York, 1985), 165.
37.Thomson and Porter, Erasmus, 18.
38.Richard Rex, ‘The New Learning’, JEH, 44 (1993), 26–44.
39.CWE, II, 122.
40.Erasmus, Praise of Folly, ed. A. Levi, tr. B. Radice (Harmondsworth, 1971), 126–30, 152–75.
41.Thomas More, Utopia, ed. George M. Logan and Robert M. Adams (Cambridge, 1989), 66, 101, 86.
42.Thomas More, In Defense of Humanism, ed. D. Kinney (New Haven, 1986), 285–9.
43.See, e.g., Susan Boynton and Diane J. Reilly, eds, The Practice of the Bible in the Middle Ages: Production, Reception and Performance in Western Christianity (New York, 2011).
44.James D. Tracy, Erasmus of the Low Countries (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1996), 61–2.
45.CWE, II, 213; Maria Dowling, Humanism in the Age of Henry VIII (Beckenham, 1986), 20–1.
46.John C. Olin, ed., Christian Humanism and the Reformation: Selected Writings of Erasmus (3rd edn, New York, 1987), 97–108.
47.Erika Rummel, Erasmus (2004), 74–9; R. J. Schoeck, Erasmus of Europe: The Prince of the Humanists (Edinburgh, 1993), 187–8; Tracy, Erasmus, 108–9.
48.CWE, VI, 948.
49.Richard Marius, Thomas More (1984), 145–51; CWE, IV, 115–16; J. B. Trapp, Erasmus, Colet and More: The Early Tudor Humanists and their Books (1991), 73–4.
50.CWE, IV, 44–5.
51.S. Thompson, ‘Fitzjames, Richard (d. 1522)’, ODNB; Peter Iver Kaufman, The ‘Polytyque Churche’: Religion and Early Tudor Political Culture, 1485–1516 (Macon, GA, 1986), 66–8.
52.Tracy, Erasmus, 120; John A. F. Thomson, The Early Tudor Church and Society (1993), 48.
53.Margaret Harvey, ‘Reaction to Revival: Robert Ridley’s Critique of Erasmus’, in Kate Cooper and Jeremy Gregory, eds, Revival and Resurgence in Christian History (Woodbridge, 2008), 77– 86 (quotation at 85).
54.Thomson and Porter, Erasmus, 182, 187, 190, 194; Tracy, Erasmus, 121; CWE, VI, 316–17.
55.More, Humanism, 130–49; Craig W. D’Alton, ‘The Trojan War of 1518: Melodrama, Politics, and the Rise of Humanism’, SCJ, 28 (1997), 727–38.
56.See J. I. Catto and Ralph Evans, eds, The History of the University of Oxford. Volume II: Late Medieval Oxford (Oxford, 1992); D. R. Leader, A History of the University of Cambridge. Volume 1: The University to 1546 (Cambridge, 1988).
57.Malcolm Underwood, ‘John Fisher and the Promotion of Learning’, in Brendan Bradshaw and Eamon Duffy, eds, Humanism, Reform and the Reformation (Cambridge, 1989), 25–46; David Knowles, The Religious Orders in England: III The Tudor Age (Cambridge, 1959), 161–2, 470.
58.John Venn, Biographical History of Gonville and Caius College (Cambridge, 1897), 21–2; Leader, Cambridge, 279, 287.
59.J. R. Lander, Government and Community: England, 1450–1509 (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 123; Statutes of the Colleges of Oxford … Corpus Christi College (Oxford, 1853), 50–1.
60.D’Alton, ‘War’, 733–4.
61.Dowling, Humanism, 26; Jonathan Woolfson, ‘Croke, Richard (1489–1558)’, ODNB; CWE, V, 225.
62.Richard Rex, ‘Melton, William (d. 1528)’, ODNB; James K. McConica, English Humanists and Reformation Politics (Oxford, 1965), 90–2; Underwood, ‘Fisher’, 25, 30; Leader, Cambridge, 289, 313–14; 252; J. E. B. Mayor, ed., Early Statutes of the College of St John (Cambridge, 1859); Peter Gwyn, The King’s Cardinal (1990), 343–4; Hugh Aveling and W. A. Pantin, eds, The Letter Book of Robert Joseph (Oxford, 1967), xxxiv.
2 Lights of the World
1.STAC.2, 2/267; The Orcharde of Syon (1519), B6v, T6v; John Fisher, The English Works, ed. J. E. Mayor (1876), 179; Craig W. D’Alton, ‘The Suppression of Heresy in Early Henrician England’, University of Melbourne PhD Thesis (1999), 26–7.
2.John Gleason, John Colet (Berkeley, CA, 1989), 181–4, dates the sermon to 1510, a revision accepted by Haigh, 9–10, but convincingly rebutted by D’Alton, ‘Suppression’, 50.
3.J. H. Lupton, Life of John Colet (1887), 293–304; Christopher Harper-Bill, ‘Dean Colet’s Convocation Sermon and the Pre-Reformation Church in England’, in Peter Marshall, ed., The Impact of the English Reformation 1500–1640 (1997), 17–37; Robert Swanson, Church and Society in Late Medieval England (Oxford, 1989), 27–82; John A. F. Thomson, The Early Tudor Church and Society (1993), 139–87; Felicity Heal, Reformation in Britain and Ireland (Oxford, 2003), 59–80; G. W. Bernard, The Late Medieval English Church (New Haven, 2012), 68–86.
4.Brigden, 58; Peter Heath, English Parish Clergy on the Eve of the Reformation (1969), 81–2.
5.Lucy Wooding, Rethinking Catholicism in Reformation England (Oxford, 2000), 36; Marshall, 157–65.
6.Peter Marshall, The Catholic Priesthood and the English Reformation (Oxford, 1994), 99, 176; Christopher Harper-Bill, The Pre-Reformation Church in England 1400–1530 (1989), 50–1; Bernard, Church, 69; K. Wood-Legh, ed., Kentish Visitations of Archbishop William Warham and his Deputies, 1511–1512 (Maidstone, 1984), 47; Heath, Clergy, 56.
7.Stephen Lander, ‘Church Courts and the Reformation in the Diocese of Chichester, 1500–58’, in Rosemary O’Day and Felicity Heal, eds, Continuity and Change: Personnel and Administration of the Church in England 1500–1642 (Leicester, 1976), 223–4.
8.Susan Brigden, ‘Tithe Controversy in Reformation London’, JEH, 32 (1981), 285–301; Haigh, 45–6; Bernard, Church, 154–5; Marshall, Priesthood, 231.
9.Helen Parish, Clerical Celibacy in the West, c. 1100–1700 (Farnham, 2010); P. S. and H. M. Allen, eds, Letters of Richard Fox (Oxford, 1929), 151; Marshall, Priesthood, 144–5; Heal, Reformation, 76–9.
10.J. R. Lander, Government and Community: England, 1450–1509 (Cambridge, MA, 1980), 120; Maria Dowling, Fisher of Men: A Life of John Fisher (Basingstoke, 1999), 50–1; Peter Gwyn, The King’s Cardinal (1990), 312–13.
11.Tim Cooper, The Last Generation of English Catholic Clergy (Woodbridge, 1999), 77–91; Peter Marshall, The Face of the Pastoral Ministry in the East Riding, 1525–1595 (York, 1995), 19–20; Michael Zell, ‘Economic Problems of the Parochial Clergy in the Sixteenth Century’, in Rosemary O’Day and Felicity Heal, eds, Princes and Paupers in the English Church 1500–1800 (Leicester, 1981), 25–9; John Pound, ‘Clerical Poverty in Early Sixteenth-Century England’, JEH, 37 (1986), 389–96.
12.Andrew A. Chibi, Henry VIII’s Bishops (Cambridge, 2003), 26–9; D. G. Newcombe, ‘Stanley, James (c.1465–1515)’, ODNB; Jonathan Hughes, ‘Audley, Edmund (c.1439–1524)’, ODNB.
13.Peter Marshall, ‘The Dispersal of Monastic Patronage in East Yorkshire, 1520–90’, in Beat Kümin, ed., Reformations Old and New (Aldershot, 1996), 124–34; James E. Oxley, The Reformation in Essex to the Death of Mary (Manchester, 1965), 263.
14.Heath, Clergy, 33; Margaret Bowker, The Henrician Reformation: The Diocese of Lincoln under John Longland 1521–1547 (Cambridge, 1981), 44, 79–80; J. J. Scarisbrick, ‘Warham, William (1450?–1532)’, ODNB (who doubts the archdeacon of Canterbury was Warham’s son); MacCulloch, 108–9 (who suspects he was); Dowling, Fisher, 61–2.
15.Steven Gunn, ‘Edmund Dudley and the Church’, JEH, 51 (2000), 521–4.
16.J. J. Scarisbrick, The Reformation and the English People (Oxford, 1984), 166–7; Marshall, Priesthood, 196–9; Diarmaid MacCulloch, Suffolk and the Tudors (Oxford, 1986), 175.
17.Heath, Clergy, 93–103; Marshall, Priesthood, 88–9; Heal, Reformation, 62–4; Susan Wabuda, Preaching during the English Reformation (Cambridge, 2003), 107–22; Robert Whiting, The Blind Devotion of the People: Popular Religion and the English Reformation (Cambridge, 1989), 239–40; Barrie Dobson, ‘English Monastic Cathedrals in the Fifteenth Century’, TRHS, 6th ser. 1 (1991), 151–72.
18.William Langland, Piers the Ploughman, ed. J. F. Goodridge (Harmondsworth, 1959), 120–1; William Lyndwood, Provinciale, ed. J. V. Bullard and H. C. Bell (1929), 20–1, 26; Marshall, Priesthood, 90–1; Wabuda, Preaching, 33; Whiting, Devotion, 237–8.
19.Dowling, Fisher, 87; James Raine, ed., The Fabric Rolls of York Minster (Durham, 1858), 258; The Book of Margery Kempe, ed. Lynn Staley (Kalamazoo, MI, 1996), 52, 58, 61.
20.John Alcock, [Sermon on Luke VIII] (Westminster, ?1497), B4v; Brigden, 72; Hall, 60r–v.
21.J. Raine et al., eds, Testamenta Eboracensia: a Selection of Wills from the Registry at York (1300–1551), Vol. V (Durham, 1884), 61; Brigden, 72–3; Wabuda, Preaching, 21, 47–52, 64, 166–7, 177; Whiting, Devotion, 237–8.
22.Dowling, Fisher, 72–89; Wabuda, Preaching, 68–72; The imytacyon and folowynge the blessed lyfe of our moste mercyfull Sauyour cryste, tr. William Atkinson (1517), B6v; Diues [and] paup[er] (1493), P6v–7r.
23.A. G. Ferrers Howell, S. Bernardino of Siena (1913), 218–19; Richard Whitford, A Werke for Housholders (1530), D4r–v.
24.James G. Clark, ‘The Religious Orders in Pre-Reformation England’, in Clark, ed., The Religious Orders in Pre-Reformation England (Woodbridge, 2002), 6–7.
25.David Knowles and R. Neville Hadcock, Medieval Religious Houses, England and Wales (Harlow, 1971).
26.Penn Szittya, The Antifraternal Tradition in Medieval Literature (Princeton, 1986); G. Geltner, The Making of Medieval Antifraternalism: Polemic, Violence, Deviance, and Remembrance (Oxford, 2012).
27.Philip Hughes, The Reformation in England (3 vols, 1950–4), I, 57–8; David Knowles, The Religious Orders in England III: The Tudor Age (Cambridge, 1959), 62, 74–5; Thomson, Church, 198–206; Benjamin Thompson, ‘Monasteries, Society and Reform in Late Medieval England’, in Clark, Orders, 184–9; John Alcock, An exhortacyon made to Relygyous systers in the tyme of theyr consecracyon (Westminster, 1497), 5v–6r.
28.Clark, ‘Orders’, 16–24; Joan Greatrex, ‘After Knowles: Recent Perspectives in Monastic History’, in Clark, Orders, 35–47; David N. Bell, ‘Monastic libraries: 1400–1557’, in Lotte Hellinga and J. B. Trapp, eds, The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, Volume 3, 1400–1557 (Cambridge, 1999), 229–54; Roger Bowers, ‘The Almonry Schools of the English Monasteries, c. 1265–1540’, in Benjamin Thompson, ed., Monasteries and Society in Medieval Britain (Stamford, 1999), 176–222; Knowles, Orders, 21–7; Bernard, Church, 179.
29.LP, IV (2), 4692; Thomas Starkey, A Dialogue between Pole and Lupset, ed. T. F. Mayer (1989), 99, 103–4, 133–4; Bowker, Reformation, 17–28.
30.Alcock, Exhortacyon, A2v; Barry Collett, ed., Female Monastic Life in Early Tudor England (Burlington, VT, 2002); Dowling, Fisher, 56–7; Cecilia A. Hatt, ed., English Works of John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester (Oxford, 2002), 350–400.
31.Gwyn, Wolsey, 464–70, 477–9; Knowles, Orders, 162; Martin Heale, Monasticism in Late Medieval England, c. 1300–1535 (Manchester, 2009), 43.
32.Gwyn, Wolsey, 270–4; LP, IV, 414; Heale, Monasticism, 127, 135–6; John Longland, Ioannis Longlondi Dei gratia Lincolnien[sis] Episcopi, tres conciones (1527), C1r–v.
33.Gwyn, Wolsey, 270–1; Thomson, Church, 206–7; James G. Clark, The Benedictines in the Middle Ages (Woodbridge, 2011), 308–9; Knowles, Orders, 35–51.
34.Gwyn, Wolsey, 265–6, 272–3, 316–23, 329–30, 471–2.
35.Keith Brown, ‘Wolsey and Ecclesiastical Order: The Case of the Franciscan Observants’, in S. J. Gunn and P. G. Lindley, eds, Cardinal Wolsey: Church, State and Art (Cambridge, 1991), 219–38.
36.Bert Roest, ‘Observant Reform in Religious Orders’, in Miri Rubin and Walter Simons, eds, Christianity in Western Europe c. 1100–c. 1500 (Cambridge, 2009), 446–57; Henry A. Jeffries, The Irish Church and the Tudor Reformations (Dublin, 2010), 36.
37.J. H. Elliott, Imperial Spain, 1469–1716 (Harmondsworth, 1970), 104; Jeremy Catto, ‘Franciscan Learning in England, 1450–1540’; Michael Robson, ‘The Grey Friars in York, c. 1450–1530’, in Clark, Orders, 97–104, 109–19; Nelson H. Minnich, ‘Prophecy and the Fifth Lateran Council (1512–1517)’, in Marjorie Reeves, ed., Prophetic Rome in the High Renaissance Period (Oxford, 1992), 63–87.
38.Clark, Benedictines, 310–11.
39.Swanson, Church, 274; Norman P. Tanner, The Church in Late Medieval Norwich, 1370–1532 (Toronto, 1984), 64–6; R. N. Swanson, Religion and Devotion in Europe, c. 1215–c.1515 (Cambridge, 1995), 113–15; Duffy, chs 6–7; Mary C. Erler, Women, Reading and Piety in Late Medieval England (Cambridge, 2002).
40.Thomas Betson, Here begynneth a ryght profytable treatyse (Westminster, 1500), A2r; Here begyn[n]eth the medled lyfe compyled by mayster Water [sic] Hylton (1530); C. Annette Grisé, ‘The Mixed Life and Lay Piety in Mystical Texts Printed in Pre-Reformation England’, Journal of the Early Book Society, 8 (2005), 97–124; Alexandra da Costa, Reforming Printing: Syon Abbey’s Defence of Orthodoxy 1525–1534 (Oxford, 2012), 52–79, 143–63.
41.Whitford, Werke, A2v–B1v; J. T. Rhodes, ‘Syon Abbey and its Religious Publications in the Sixteenth Century’, JEH, 44 (1993), 11–25; Alexandra da Costa, ‘John Fewterer’s Myrrour or Glasse of Christes Passion and Ulrich Pinder’s Speculum Passionis’, Notes and Queries, 56 (2009), 27–9; da Costa, Printing, 41–2.
42.Brigden, 73–4; Roper, 198; Knowles, Orders, 222–8; A. G. Dickens, ed., Clifford Letters of the Sixteenth Century (Durham, 1962), 62–3.
43.Michael Sargent, ‘The Transmission by the English Carthusians of some Late Medieval Spiritual Writings’, JEH, 27 (1976), 225–40; Thomas More, In Defense of Humanism, ed. Daniel Kinney (New Haven, 1986), 271; The Pomander of prayer (1530), A1r-v; Emily Richards, ‘Writing and Silence: Transitions between the Contemplative and the Active Life’, in Robert Lutton and Elisabeth Salter, eds, Pieties in Transition (Aldershot, 2007), 163–79; James McConica, English Humanists and Reformation Politics (Oxford, 1965), 38; Glyn Coppack, ‘“Make straight in the desert a highway for our God”: Carthusians and Community in Late Medieval England’, in Janet Burton and Karen Stöber, eds, Monasteries and Society in the British Isles in the Later Middle Ages (Woodbridge, 2008), 169–73.
44.R. B. Dobson, Durham Priory 1400–1450 (Cambridge, 1973), 125–31; Nancy Bradley Warren, Spiritual Economies: Female Monasticism in Later Medieval England (Philadelphia, 2001), 66; Knowles, Orders, 260–4; Barbara Harvey, Living and Dying in England 1100–1540: The Monastic Experience (Oxford, 1993), 149–53.
45.Knowles, Orders, 266–7; Allison Fizzard, ‘Retirement Arrangements and the Laity at Religious Houses in Pre-Reformation Devon’, Florilegium, 22 (2005), 63; Marilyn Oliva, The Convent and Community in Late Medieval England (Woodbridge, 1998), 127; Harvey, Living, 179–209.
46.A. G. Dickens, Late Monasticism and the Reformation (1994), 50, 51–2, 53, 54–5, 57, 68; Neil S. Rushton, ‘Monastic Charitable Provision in Tudor England’, Continuity and Change, 16 (2001), 9–44.
47.Bernard, Church, 166–7; Claire Cross, ‘The Origins and University Connections of Yorkshire Religious, c. 1480–1540’, in Peter Biller and Barrie Dobson, eds, The Medieval Church: Universities, Heresy and the Religious Life (Woodbridge, 1999), 271–91; Knowles, Orders, 64; Oliva, Convent, 52–61; Bernard, Church, 166–7; Paul Lee, Nunneries, Learning, and Spirituality in Late Medieval English Society (Woodbridge, 2001), 57–67.
48.SP 1/35, 48r; 1/34, 240r–v.
49.Robert Whiting, ‘Local Responses to the Henrician Reformation’, in Diarmaid MacCulloch, ed., The Reign of Henry VIII (Basingstoke, 1995), 206; Bernard, Church, 178; Bowker, Reformation, 48; David Palliser, The Reformation in York, 1534–1553 (York, 1971), 2; Andrew D. Brown, Popular Piety in Medieval England (Oxford, 1995), 29, 44, 35; Vanessa Harding, ‘Burial Choice and Burial Location in Later Medieval London’, in Steven Basset, ed., Death in Towns (1992), 122–4; Tanner, Norwich, 108, 189.
50.Thomson, Church, 222–3; Warwickshire Record Office, CR 1998/Box 52; Robert N. Swanson, ‘Mendicants and Confraternity in Late Medieval England’, in Clark, Orders, 121–41.
51.Whiting, Devotion, 119; Janet E. Burton, Monastic and Religious Orders in Britain, 1000–1300 (Cambridge, 1994), 243–5; James G. Clark, ‘Religion and Politics in English Monastic Towns’, Cultural and Social History, 6 (2009), 277–96; Robert S. Gottfried, Bury St Edmunds and the Urban Crisis, 1290–1539 (Princeton, 1982), 215–36; Jeanette Martin, ‘Leadership and Priorities in Reading during the Reformation’, in Patrick Collinson and John Craig, eds, The Reformation in English Towns 1500–1640 (Basingstoke, 1998), 115–16.
52.Dickens, Monasticism, 155; Sean Field, ‘Devotion, Discontent, and the Henrician Reformation: The Evidence of the Robin Hood Stories’, Journal of British Studies, 41 (2002), 6–22; A. J. Pollard, Imagining Robin Hood (Abingdon, 2004), 111–33.
53.Peter Happé, ‘Heywood, John (b. 1496/7, d. in or after 1578)’, ODNB; RSTC 3545, 3546, 3547, 3547a; A. Barclay, The Ship of Fools, ed. T. H. Jamieson (2 vols, 1874), II, 61.
54.John Skelton, The Complete English Poems, ed. John Scattergood (1983), 268–9; Brigden, 76–7; John Heywood, A dialogue conteinyng the nomber in effect of all the prouerbes in the englishe tongue (1546), C4r; Thomas More, A Dialogue Concerning Heresies, ed. T. M. C. Lawler et al. (New Haven, 1981), 296–7.
55.Brigden, 76–8; John Scattergood, ‘Skelton, John (c.1460–1529)’, ODNB; Nicholas Orme, ‘Barclay, Alexander (c.1484–1552)’, ODNB; Sebastian Brandt, The shyppe of fooles, tr. Henry Watson (1509), A2v.
3 Head and Members
1.George Cavendish, The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey, ed. R. S. Sylvester and D. P. Harding (New Haven, 1962), 17; J. H. Lupton, Life of John Colet (1887), 193–8.
2.John Alcock, [Sermon on Luke VIII] (Westminster, ?1497), C6r.
3.Phillip H. Stump, The Reforms of the Council of Constance (1414–1418) (Leiden, 1994).
4.A theme largely absent, e.g., from Duffy, and from J. J. Scarisbrick, The Reformation and the English People (Oxford, 1984).
5.LP, I, 1048, 1083 (5), 1170; William E. Wilkie, The Cardinal Protectors of England (Cambridge, 1974), 45; Nelson E. Minnch, ‘Erasmus and the Fifth Lateran Council’, in Jan Sperna Weiland and Willem T. Frijhoff, eds, Erasmus of Rotterdam: The Man and the Scholar (Leiden, 1988), 46–60.
6.Diarmaid MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe’s House Divided 1490–1700 (2003), 88.
7.D S. Chambers, Popes, Cardinals and War (2006), 110–33.
8.Cathy Curtis, ‘Richard Pace on Pedagogy, Counsel and Satire’, University of Cambridge PhD thesis (1996); Aysha Pollnitz, Princely Education in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge, 2015), 70–1 (reasserting the case for Erasmus’s authorship); CWE, VIII, 242.
9.T. F. Simmons, ed., The Lay Folks Mass Book (1879), 74–5; Diues [and] paup[er] (1493), n3v; The Ordynarye of crystyanyte or of crysten men (1502), H7r; Duffy, 58, 65, 159, 238–9.
10.R. N. Swanson, Indulgences in Late Medieval England (Cambridge, 2007); Pamela Neville-Sington, ‘Press, Politics and Religion’, in Lotte Hellinga and J. B. Trapp, eds, The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, Volume 3, 1400–1557 (Cambridge, 1999), 584.
11.George B. Parks, The English Traveler to Italy: Volume 1, The Middle Ages (to 1525) (Rome, 1954), 337–82; John A. F. Thomson, ‘“The Well of Grace”: Englishmen and Rome in the Fifteenth Century’, in R. B. Dobson, ed., The Church, Politics and Patronage in the Fifteenth Century (Gloucester, 1984), 107; Judith F. Champ, The English Pilgrimage to Rome (Leominster, 2000), 52.
12.Michael Mullett, Martin Luther (2004), 46–7; A sermon of Cuthbert Bysshop of Duresme (1539), B8v–C1r.
13.For the following, see Thomson, ‘“Well”’, 99–114; Thomson, The Early Tudor Church and Society (1993), 32–9, 234–7; Felicity Heal, Reformation in Britain and Ireland (Oxford, 2003), 24–7; Peter D. Clarke, ‘Petitioning the Pope: English Supplicants and Rome in the Fifteenth Century’, in Linda Clark, ed., The Fifteenth Century (Woodbridge, 2012), 41–60; Clarke, ‘Canterbury as the New Rome: Dispensations and Henry VIII’s Reformation’, JEH, 64 (2013), 20–44.
14.Charles Donahue, Law, Marriage and Society in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge, 2007), 28–30.
15.Thomson, Church, 235.
16.S. B. Chrimes, Henry VII (1972), 66, 241, 78–9, 330–1; C. S. L. Davies, ‘Bishop John Morton, the Holy See, and the Accession of Henry VII’, EHR, 102 (1987), 2–30; Wilkie, Protectors, 12–13; James Gairdner, ed., Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII (2 vols, 1861–3), I, 94–5.
17.Our holy fadre the Pope Innocent the. viij. To the p[er]petuall memory of this here after (1486); Chrimes, Henry, 331.
18.J. Wickham Legg, ‘The Gift of the Papal Cap and Sword to Henry VII’, Archaeological Journal, 57 (1900), 183–203; R. L. Storey, The Reign of Henry VII (1968), 184–5; Thomas S. Freeman, ‘“Ut Verus Christi Sequester”: John Blacman and the Cult of Henry VI’, in Linda Clark, ed., Of Mice and Men: Image, Belief and Regulation in Late Medieval England (Woodbridge, 2005), 127–42; Peter I. Kaufman, ‘Henry VII and Sanctuary’, Church History, 53 (1984), 465–76.
19.Champ, Pilgrimage, 57–8; Davies, ‘Morton’, 18–19; CSP, Venetian, I, no. 577; Wilkie, Protectors, 17–27, 28–31; Brian Newns, ‘The Hospice of St Thomas and the English Crown 1474–1538’, Venerabile, 21 (1962), 161; Parks, Traveler, 364.
20.Kenneth Pickthorn, Early Tudor Government: Henry VII (Cambridge, 1934), 178; Storey, Henry, 82–5.
21.D. S. Chambers, ‘Bainbridge, Christopher (1462/3–1514)’, ODNB; Kenneth M. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571): Volume 3 (Philadelphia, 1984), 124; Richard J. Schoeck, ‘The Fifth Lateran Council’, in G. F. Lytle, ed., Reform and Authority in the Medieval and Reformation Church (Washington, 1981), 107; J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII (1968), 26–9; Lucy Wooding, Henry VIII (2nd edn, Abingdon, 2015), 74.
22.LP, I, 842; Scarisbrick, Henry, 33–4.
23.LP, II, 967, 1418, 1456, 1928.
24.SP 1/14, 255r–258r. Long-term political and constitutional importance is emphasized by Thomas F. Mayer, ‘Tournai and Tyranny: Imperial Kingship and Critical Humanism’, HJ, 34 (1991), 257–77, and ‘On the Road to 1534: The Occupation of Tournai and Henry VIII’s Theory of Sovereignty’, in Dale Hoak, ed., Tudor Political Culture (Cambridge, 1995), 11–30. More sceptical views: C. S. L. Davies, ‘Tournai and the English Crown, 1513–1519’, HJ, 41 (1998), 1–26; G. W. Bernard, The Late Medieval English Church (New Haven, 2012), 41–3.
25.Wilkie, Protectors, 89–96; Peter Gwyn, The King’s Cardinal (1990), 85–6, 95–6.
26.Roper, 235; Thomas Malory, Le Morte D’Arthur, ed. Janet Cowen (2 vols, Harmondsworth, 1969), I, 167–71; Anthony Goodman, ‘Henry VII and Christian Renewal’, in Keith Robins, ed., Religion and Humanism (Oxford, 1981), 125; Jon Whitman, ‘National Icon: The Winchester Round Table and the Revelation of Authority’, Arthuriana, 18 (2008), 33–65.
27.Christopher Harper-Bill, The Pre-Reformation Church in England 1400–1530 (1989), 13–14; Bernard, Church, 22–3.
28.Robert Swanson, Church and Society in Late Medieval England (Oxford, 1989), 116–18; Steven Gunn, ‘Edmund Dudley and the Church’, JEH, 51 (2000), 515–18; G. R. Elton, ed., The Tudor Constitution (Cambridge, 1960), 62–3; Celsus Maffeus, Celsi Veronensis dissuasoria (1505); Thomson, Church, 31; J. J. Scarisbrick, ‘Clerical Taxation in England, 1485–1547’, JEH, 11 (1960), 41–54.
29.John A. F. Thomson, Popes and Princes 1417–1517 (1980), 152–3; Thomson, Church, 29–30; Swanson, Church, 80–2; Kenneth Carleton, Bishops and Reform in the English Church, 1520–1559 (Woodbridge, 2001), 7–9.
30.Rosemary O’Day, The Longman Companion to the Tudor Age (1995), 107–8.
31.Thomson, Church, 46–60; Haigh, 9–11; Stephen Thompson, ‘The Bishop in his Diocese’, in Brendan Bradshaw and Eamon Duffy, eds, Humanism, Reform and the Reformation: The Career of Bishop John Fisher (Cambridge, 1989), 250; Stephen Thompson, ‘The Pastoral Work of the English and Welsh Bishops, 1500–1558’, University of Oxford, D.Phil thesis (1984), 9–19.
32.M. M. Condon, ‘Ruling Elites in the Reign of Henry VII’, in Charles Ross, ed., Patronage, Pedigree and Power in Later Medieval England (Gloucester, 1979), 111; Margaret Bowker, ‘Smith, William (d. 1514)’, ODNB; Roper, 200; P. S. and H. M. Allen, eds, Letters of Richard Fox, 1486–1527 (Oxford, 1929), 82–3;Dowling, Fisher, 54.
33.On this, and for the following, see Gwyn, Cardinal, 265–353; S. J. Gunn and P. G. Lindley, ‘Introduction’, in Gunn and Lindley, eds, Cardinal Wolsey: Church, State and Art (Cambridge, 1991), 1–53; Richard Rex, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, Catholic Historical Review, 78 (1992), 607–14; Sybil M. Jack, ‘Wolsey, Thomas (1470/71–1530)’, ODNB.
34.LP, III, 600.
35.Thomson, Popes, 74–5.
36.Erika Rummel, Jiménez de Cisneros: on the Threshold of Spain’s Golden Age (Tempe, AZ, 1999).
37.Gwyn, Cardinal, 49–50.
38.Eric Ives, The Common Lawyers of Pre-Reformation England (Cambridge, 1983).
39.R. M. Helmholz, Roman Canon Law in Reformation England (Cambridge, 1990); Ralph Houlbrooke, Church Courts and the People during the English Reformation 1520–1570 (Oxford, 1979), 7–54.
40.Swanson, Church, 140–90; Thomson, Church, 74–90; Harper-Bill, Pre-Reformation, 55–63; John H. Baker, The Oxford History of the Laws of England: Vol. VI, 1483–1558 (Oxford, 2003), 237, 242–3; Margaret Bowker, ‘Some Archdeacons’ Court Books and the Common’s Supplication Against the Ordinaries’, in D. A. Bullough and R. L. Storey, eds, The Study of Medieval Records (Oxford, 1971), 282–316; Richard Wunderli, London Church Courts and Society on the Eve of the Reformation (Cambridge, MA, 1981).
41.John Guy, ‘Thomas Cromwell and the Intellectual Origins of the Henrician Revolution’, in Alistair Fox and John Guy, eds, Reassessing the Henrician Age (Oxford, 1986), 165.
42.Swanson, Church, 184–5; P. R. Cavill, ‘“The Enemy of God and His Church”: James Hobart, Praemunire, and the Clergy of Norwich Diocese’, Journal of Legal History, 32 (2011), 127–50; Wilkins, III, 583–5.
43.R. L. Storey, Diocesan Administration in Fifteenth-Century England (2nd edn, York, 1972), 29–32; Ralph Houlbrooke, ‘The Decline of Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction under the Tudors’, in Rosemary O’Day and Felicity Heal, eds, Continuity and Change: Personnel and Administration of the Church in England 1500–1642 (Leicester, 1976), 240–1; Gunn, ‘Dudley’, 514–15; Cavill, ‘“Enemy”’, 148.
44.Edmund Dudley, The Tree of Commonwealth, ed. D. M. Brodie (Cambridge, 1948), 41.
45.E. W. Ives, ‘Crime, Sanctuary and Royal Authority under Henry VIII: the Exemplary Sufferings of the Savage Family’, in M. S. Arnold et al., eds, On the Laws and Customs of England (Chapel Hill, NC, 1981), 296–320; Gregory O’Malley, The Knights Hospitaller of the English Langue 1460–1565 (Oxford, 2005), 174–5 (noting that by 1520, the priory’s privilege of sanctuary had effectively been lost); Bradin Cormack, A Power to Do Justice: Jurisdiction, English Literature, and the Rise of Common Law, 1509–1625 (Chicago, 2007), 76–8; Bernard, Church, 37–9.
46.Swanson, Church, 149–53; Bernard, Church, 34–5; P. R. Cavill, ‘A Perspective on the Church–State Confrontation of 1515: The Passage of 4 Henry VIII, c. 2’, JEH, 63 (2012), 655–70.
47.Alcock, [Sermon on Luke VIII], C4r–v, C6r.
48.Gwyn, Cardinal, 45; Cavill, ‘“Enemy”’, 129–32
49.Gunn, ‘Dudley’, 515–16; J. B. Trapp, ‘Urswick, Christopher (1448?–1522)’, ODNB; J. B. Trapp, Erasmus, Colet and More: The Early Tudor Humanists and their Books (1991), 13–29.
50.J. P. Cooper, ‘Henry VII’s Last Years Reconsidered’, HJ, 2 (1959), 124–5; Wilkins, III, 651; Houlbrooke, ‘Decline’, 240–1.
51.Lupton, Colet, 298; Gwyn, Cardinal, 46; P. R. N. Carter, ‘Taylor, John (d. 1534)’, ODNB; Richard J. Schoeck, ‘Common Law and Canon Law in the Writings of Thomas More: The Affair of Richard Hunne’, in Stephan Kuttner, ed., Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Medieval Canon Law (Vatican City, 1971), 239.
52.Arthur Ogle, The Tragedy of the Lollards’ Tower (Oxford, 1949), 140–3; J. Duncan M. Derrett, ‘The Affairs of Richard Hunne and Friar Standish’, in Thomas More, The Apology, ed. J. B. Trapp (New Haven, 1979), 225–7; John C. Olin, ed., The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola (2nd edn, New York, 1992), 56–64 (quotation at 64).
53.The following paragraphs draw on the discussions of the case by Derrett, ‘Hunne’; S. F. C. Milsom, ‘Richard Hunne’s Praemunire’, EHR, 76 (1961), 80–2; John Fines, ‘The Post-Mortem Condemnation for Heresy of Richard Hunne’, EHR, 78 (1963), 523–31; Schoeck, ‘Law’, 237–54; Richard Wunderli, ‘Pre-Reformation London Summoners and the Murder of Richard Hunne’, JEH, 33 (1982), 218–24; Brigden, 98–103; Gwyn, Cardinal, 34–41; Haigh, 76–80; Bernard, Church, 1–16.
54.Peter Heath, English Parish Clergy on the Eve of the Reformation (1969), 153–6; Peter Marshall, The Catholic Priesthood and the English Reformation (Oxford, 1994), 186–7; Margaret Harvey, ‘Some Comments on Northern Mortuary Customs in the Later Middle Ages, JEH, 59 (2008), 272–80; Will Coster, ‘Tokens of Innocence: Infant Baptism, Death and Burial in Early Modern England’, in Bruce Gordon and Peter Marshall, eds, The Place of the Dead: Death and Remembrance in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 2000), 272–3.
55.Peter Iver Kaufman, ‘Polydore Vergil and the Strange Disappearance of Christopher Urswick’, SCJ, 17 (1986), 79–80.
56.More, Apology, 126; Thomas More, A Dialogue Concerning Heresies, ed. T. M. C. Lawler et al. (New Haven, 1981), 318, 326–7.
57.Thomas More, Letter to Bugenhagen. Supplication of Souls. Letter against Frith, ed. Frank Manley et al. (New Haven, 1990), 132–3.
58.LP, II, 215.
59.Gwyn, Cardinal, 39–40; E. Jeffries Davis, ‘The Authorities for the Case of Richard Hunne’, EHR, 30 (1915), 483–4; More, Dialogue, 318.
60.Davis, ‘Hunne’, 477–8.
61.Andrew A. Chibi, ‘Standish, Henry (c.1475–1535)’, ODNB. For what follows, Derrett, ‘Hunne’, 227–37; Gwyn, Cardinal, 47–50; LP, II, 1313; Gwyn, Wolsey, 47.
62.Schoeck, ‘Law’, 241.
63.LP, II, 1313.
64.SP 1/12, 16r–19r.
65.Ogle, Tower, 151–2.
66.Ogle, Tower, 153.
67.Compare Dickens, 13, with Scarisbrick, Reformation, 47 and Haigh, 82–3.
68.G. R. Elton, Reform and Reformation: England 1509–1558 (1977), 56; LP, II, 1532; Henry Maynard Smith, Pre-Reformation England (1938), 66–7; Heath, Clergy, 124–5.
69.Peter Cunich, ‘Kidderminster, Richard (c.1461–1533/4)’, ODNB; Nicholas Orme, ‘Veysey, John (c.1464–1554)’, ODNB; Andrew A. Chibi, ‘Standish, Henry (c.1475–1535)’, ODNB.
70.Thomas More, Utopia, ed. George M. Logan and Robert M. Adams (Cambridge, 1989), 102.
71.BL, Cotton MS Tiberius E VIII, 89. For a variety of views on the dating of the revisions, see Walter Ullman, ‘This Realm of England is an Empire’, JEH, 30 (1979), 179; Haigh, 82; Pamela Tudor-Craig, ‘Henry VIII and King David’, in Daniel Williams, ed., Early Tudor England (Woodbridge, 1989), 187–9; Mayer, ‘Tournai’, 257n. On balance, a time in the late 1520s or 1530s seems most likely.
72.Roper, 235.
4 Marvellous Foolishness
1.SP 1/12, 17v–18r; J. H. Lupton, Life of John Colet (1887), 298.
2.See particularly R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society (2nd edn, Oxford, 2007); The War on Heresy: The Battle for Faith and Power in Medieval Europe (2012).
3.R. N. Swanson, Catholic England (Manchester, 1993), 35–8; G. W. Bernard, The Late Medieval English Church (New Haven, 2012), 216–31.
4.John Alcock, [Sermon on Luke VIII] (Westminster, ?1497, STC 285), C1v. This was a formula produced in the twelfth century by the ecclesiastical jurist Gratian: Andrew E. Larson, The School of Heretics: Academic Condemnation at the University of Oxford, 1277–1409 (Leiden, 2011), 5–6.
5.John Mirk, Instructions for Parish Priests, ed. E. Peacock (1868), 22–4.
6.CWE, II, 189; John A. F. Thomson, The Later Lollards 1414–1520 (Oxford, 1965), 237–8.
7.Richard Rex, The Lollards (Basingstoke, 2002), xii, 75–6; Mary Dove, The First English Bible (Cambridge, 2007).
8.Thomson, Lollards, 20–30, 68–72, 117–38, 173–90; Norman Tanner, ed., Heresy Trials in the Diocese of Norwich, 1428–1431 (1977).
9.The term is Anne Hudson’s: The Premature Reformation (Oxford, 1988), 121.
10.Thomson, Lollards, 47–8, 134; Rosemary C. E. Hayes, ‘Goldwell, James (d. 1499)’, ODNB; D. G. Newcombe, ‘Mayhew, Richard (1439/40–1516)’, ODNB.
11.Stephen Thompson, ‘The Pastoral Work of the English and Welsh Bishops, 1500–1558’, University of Oxford, D.Phil thesis (1984), 125; Margaret Aston, Lollards and Reformers (1984), 257.
12.Norman Tanner, ed., Kent Heresy Proceedings 1511–12 (Stroud, 1997), ix–xii; Craig D’Alton, ‘Heresy Hunting and Clerical Reform: William Warham, John Colet, and the Lollards of Kent, 1511–1512’, in Ian Hunter, John C. Laursen and Cary J. Nederman, eds, Heresy in Transition: Transforming Ideas of Heresy in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Aldershot, 2005), 103–14; D’Alton, ‘The Suppression of Heresy in Early Henrician England’, University of Melbourne PhD Thesis (1999), 25–47. The term ‘abjuratio magna’ was coined by the first major historian of Lollardy, John Foxe: Foxe (1583), 842.
13.J. Patrick Hornbeck, ‘Wycklyffes Wycket and Eucharistic Theology: Cases from Sixteenth-Century Winchester’, in Mishtooni Bose and Hornbeck, eds, Wycliffite Controversies (Turnhout, 2011), 279–94; Thomson, Lollards, 49–51, 170–1; D’Alton, ‘Suppression’, 90–1; Brigden, 86–106.
14.Thompson, ‘Bishops’, 126; Thomson, Lollards, 90–4; John F. Davis, Heresy and Reformation in the South East of England 1520–1559 (1983), 57–65; Bernard, Church, 211–15.
15.For procedures in heresy trials, see Thomson, Lollards, 220–36; Ian Forrest, The Detection of Heresy in Late Medieval England (Oxford, 2005), 197–206.
16.Norman Tanner, ‘Penances Imposed on Kentish Lollards by Archbishop Warham 1511–12’, in Margaret Aston and Colin Richmond, eds, Lollardy and the Gentry in the Later Middle Ages (Stroud, 1997), 229–49; Shannon McSheffrey and Norman Tanner, eds and tr, Lollards of Coventry, 1486–1522 (2003), 7–11, 79, 85–6, 94, 242.
17.J. F. Davis, ‘Lollard Survival and the Textile Industry in the South-East of England’, in G. J. Cuming, ed., Studies in Church History (Leiden, 1966), 191–201.
18.Tanner, Kent, xviii; McSheffrey and Tanner, Coventry, 25.
19.Brigden, 96–8; Foxe (1583), 184; Andrew Hope, ‘Lollardy: the Stone the Builders Rejected’, in Peter Lake and Maria Dowling, eds, Protestantism and the National Church in Sixteenth-Century England (1987), 2–6; Derek Plumb, ‘The Social and Economic Status of the Later Lollards’, in Margaret Spufford, ed., The World of Rural Dissenters 1520–1725 (Cambridge, 1995), 103–31, 132; McSheffrey and Tanner, Coventry, 27–31.
20.McSheffrey and Tanner, Coventry, 144–5; Andrew Hope, ‘The Lady and the Bailiff: Lollardy among the Gentry in Yorkist and Tudor England’, in Aston and Richmond, Gentry, 250–277; Shannon McSheffrey, Gender and Heresy: Women and Men in Lollard Communities, 1420–1530 (Philadelphia, 1995), passim, against the drift of Margaret Aston, Lollards, 49–70, and Claire Cross, ‘“Great Reasoners in Scripture”: the Activities of Women Lollards, 1380–1530’, in D. Baker, ed., Medieval Women (Oxford, 1978), 359–80.
21.Hudson, Premature, 467, 478; Margaret Aston and Colin Richmond, ‘Introduction’, in Gentry, 14; Thomson, Lollards, 82, 85–6. ‘Rich’ seems a more accurate translation of ‘locupletes’ than Thomson’s ‘trusty’. Cf. Brigden, 97. Other cases of Lollard clergy: McSheffrey, Gender, 146; Thomson, Lollards, 49; Norman P. Tanner, The Church in Late Medieval Norwich, 1370–1532 (Toronto, 1984), 163.
22.Foxe (1583), 853; Brigden, 94; Hope, ‘Lady’, 250–1.
23.McSheffrey and Tanner, Coventry, 29, 41, 77, 104, 109 127, 139, 160; Hudson, Premature, 113; Foxe (1583), 854, 857.
24.Strype, I (2), 52–3.
25.Derek Plumb, ‘A Gathered Church? Lollards and their Society’, in Spufford, ed., Dissenters, 154–6; Hudson, Premature, 464–6; Brigden, 104–6; Foxe (1583), 839–40, 854.
26.Anne Hudson, Lollards and their Books (1985), 165–80.
27.Tanner, Kent, 19–21.
28.McSheffrey and Tanner, Coventry, 154. R. G. Davies, ‘Lollardy and Locality’, TRHS, 6th ser., 1 (1991), 191–212 is the best discussion of the social dynamics of Lollardy in its local settings.
29.For such ‘secret sayings’, Foxe (1583), 843; McSheffrey and Tanner, Coventry, 127.
30.Tanner, Kent, xviii–xix, 45–6.
31.A variation on R. G. Davies’s celebrated conclusion that ‘if Wyclifism was what you knew, Lollardy was who you knew’: ‘Locality’, 212.
32.McSheffrey and Tanner, Coventry, 73; Tanner, Kent, 19.
33.Foxe (1583), 801, 827, 831, 854, 858, 861; Margaret Aston, ‘Lollards and the Cross’, in Fiona Somerset, Jill C. Havens and Derrick G. Pitard, eds, Lollards and Their Influence in Late Medieval England (Woodbridge, 2003), 113; McSheffrey and Tanner, Coventry, 66, 71; Tanner, Kent, 65, 67.
34.Thomson, Lollards, 112; Tanner, Kent, 65; Hudson, Premature, 285; Foxe (1583), 853–4.
35.Margaret Aston, England’s Iconoclasts (Oxford, 1988), 124–32; Tanner, Kent, 53; Foxe (1583), 799, 843; McSheffrey and Tanner, Coventry, 66, 72, 96, 104, 151, 160, 199, 235.
36.Tanner, Kent, 52–3, 54; Hudson, Premature, 281–90; McSheffrey and Tanner, Coventry, 21; Hornbeck, ‘Wycket’; J. Patrick Hornbeck, What is a Lollard? Dissent and Belief in Late Medieval England (Oxford, 2010), 90–103 (to which I am indebted for the phrase ‘local theologies’); Hope, ‘Lady’, 260.
37.Thomson, Lollards, 80; Hudson, Premature, 148, 149–50, 468; BL, Harley MS 421, 17v–18r; Foxe (1583), 1009.
38.Tanner, Kent, 6, 20, 47, 55; Foxe (1583), 854; McSheffrey and Tanner, Coventry, 218.
39.Foxe (1583), 854; McSheffrey and Tanner, Coventry, 160. The editors argue (29) that this implies Cook was hostile to Lollardy, but it might as easily suggest she was a cautious sympathizer. For hiding of books, ibid., 208, 218, 245, 248, 260, 263–4, 267, 270, 274.
40.McSheffrey and Tanner, Coventry, 189, 153; Hornbeck, ‘Wycket’, 284, 286; Foxe (1583), 857.
41.J. A. F. Thomson, ‘Knightly Piety and the Margins of Lollardy’, in Aston and Richmond, Gentry, 95–111; Plumb, ‘Status’, 121–6; Bernard, Church, 217–18.
42.K. Wood-Legh, ed., Kentish Visitations of Archbishop William Warham and his Deputies, 1511–1512 (Maidstone, 1984), 207.
43.Plumb, ‘Church?’, 132–3; McSheffrey, Gender, 73. Robert Lutton, Lollardy and Orthodox Religion in Pre-Reformation England (London, 2006), 170–1, 194–5 postulates in addition a degree of active sympathy among the orthodox with Lollard calls for reform.
44.Foxe (1583), 852–3; Hope, ‘Lollardy’, 4.
45.Foxe (1583), 839, 842, 859; McSheffrey, Gender, 94–5; Hope, ‘Lady’, 250–77; Strype, I (2), 55–6.
46.Foxe (1583), 850.
47.Foxe (1583), 859, 1008. For some of the complexities of the case, and a possible liaison between Cottismore and the priest, see McSheffrey, Gender, 114–16.
48.Foxe (1583), 1008–9.
49.Robert L. Williams, ‘Aspects of Heresy and Reformation in England 1515–1540’, University of Cambridge, PhD thesis (1976), 10.
50.Foxe (1583), 838, 853.
51.Foxe (1583), 799, 827.
52.Foxe (1583), 838; W. H. Hale, ed., A Series of Precedents and Proceedings in Criminal Causes (1847), 8–9; Wood-Legh, Visitations, 283.
53.Aston, Iconoclasts, 142; Margaret Aston, Faith and Fire: Popular and Unpopular Religion, 1350–1600 (1993), 231–260.
54.BL, Harley MS 421, 28r–v.
55.Hudson, Premature, 480; Plumb, ‘Status’, 124–5; Davies, ‘Locality’, 206; Hope, ‘Lady’, 255, 264; Foxe (1583), 842.
56.Robert Lutton, ‘Heresy and Heterodoxy in Late Medieval Kent’, in Sheila Sweetinburgh, ed., Later Medieval Kent 1220–1540 (Woodbridge, 2010), 178–9; Lutton, Lollardy, esp. 140–95; David Lamburn, The Laity and the Church: Religious Developments in Beverley in the First Half of the Sixteenth Century (York, 2000), 11–16.
57.Hudson, Premature, 172; Aston, Lollards, 263.
58.McSheffrey, Gender, 70; Foxe (1583), 827, 851.
59.Aston, Lollards, 208–12; Shannon McSheffrey, ‘Heresy, Orthodoxy and Vernacular Religion, 1480–1525’, Past and Present, 186 (2005), 64–7. On the Kalendar of Shepherds, see Duffy, 50–1, 365–6. A forthcoming Cambridge doctoral thesis by Morgan Ring argues for some ambivalence towards the status of imagery and pilgrimage in the Golden Legend.
60.Sabrina Corbellini, ‘Instructing the Soul, Feeding the Spirit and Awakening the Passion: Holy Writ and Lay Readers in Medieval Europe’, in Bruce Gordon and Matthew MacLean, eds, Shaping the Bible in the Reformation (Leiden, 2010), 15–40; Andrew Gow, ‘Challenging the Protestant Paradigm: Bible Reading in Lay and Urban Contexts of the Later Middle Ages’, in T. J. Hefferman and T. E. Burman, eds, Scripture and Pluralism (Leiden, 2005), 161–91; James Simpson, Reform and Cultural Revolution (Oxford, 2002), 434–40.
61.Thomas More, A Dialogue Concerning Heresies, ed. T. M. C. Lawler et al. (New Haven and London, 1981), 314–16; F. A. Gasquet, The Old English Bible and Other Essays (1897), 121–34; Rex, Lollards, 76; Dove, Bible, 38–40, 44–55.
62.Gail McMurray Gibson, The Theater of Devotion: East Anglian Drama and Society in the Late Middle Ages (Chicago, 1989), 28–30; Aston and Richmond, ‘Introduction’, in Gentry, 19. After his death, Cook was rumoured to have been a member of the ‘sect’, yet he was in office during, and apparently co-operated with, the episcopal crackdown of 1486: McSheffrey and Tanner, Coventry, 189, 315.
63.Greg Walker, Persuasive Fictions (Aldershot, 1996), 133; Brigden, 102, 107.
64.Lectionaries contain full texts of the readings, while capitularia are reference aids giving the opening and closing words of the lesson: Matti Peikola, ‘The Sanctorale, Thomas of Woodstock’s English Bible, and the Orthodox Appropriation of Wycliffite Tables of Lessons’, in Bose and Hornbeck, Controversies, 163–4.
65.Dove, Bible, 61–7; Hudson, Premature, 198–9; Christopher de Hamel, The Book: A History of the Bible (2001), 166–7.
66.Hamel, Book, 187, noting such suppression was eminently possible: some mainstream Lollard texts do not survive in a single copy.
67.McSheffrey and Tanner, Coventry, 31–2; McSheffrey, ‘Heresy’, 61–2.
5 Converts
1.CWE, V, 327; Richard Rex, ‘The Friars in the English Reformation’, in Peter Marshall and Alec Ryrie, eds, The Beginnings of English Protestantism (Cambridge, 2002), 38.
2.CWE, VIII, 261, VI, 392, VII, 283, 313; LP, III, 640.
3.F. Madan, ed., ‘The Daily Ledger of John Dorne, 1520’, in Collectanea, Oxford Historical Society (1885), 71–178; Margaret Bowker, The Henrician Reformation: The Diocese of Lincoln under John Longland, 1521–1547 (Cambridge, 1981), 58–9.
4.Richard Rex, ‘The Early Impact of Reformation Theology at Cambridge University’, Reformation and Renaissance Review, 2 (1999), 41–2; Maria Dowling, Fisher of Men: A Life of John Fisher (Basingstoke, 1999), 109–10.
5.Foxe (1583), 1216.
6.The Anglica Historia of Polydore Vergil, ed. Denys Hay, Camden Soc., 54 (1950), 277; Manuscripts of Shrewsbury and Coventry Corporations [etc]: Fourth report, Appendix: Part X (1899), 48; SP 1/22, 207r.
7.Diana Webb, Pilgrimage in Medieval England (2000), 243.
8.Maria Dowling, Humanism in the Age of Henry VIII (Beckenham, 1986), 41.
9.LP, III, 1210, 1234; Richard Rex, ‘The English Campaign against Luther in the 1520s’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser. 39 (1989), 87–8.
10.Strype, I (2), 20–5.
11.Cecilia A. Hatt, ed., English Works of John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester (Oxford, 2002), 52–3, 85; RSTC 10894, 10894.5, 10895.
12.Henry Ellis, ed., Original Letters (4 vols, 1827), I, 286–8.
13.Erwin Doernberg, Henry VIII and Luther (1961), 17–19; David Bagchi, Luther’s Earliest Opponents (Minneapolis, 1991), 123–8; Rex, ‘Campaign’, 98–9; Gergely Juhász, ‘Henry VIII, Assertio Septem Sacramentorum’ (Cat. Entry 18), in Tyndale’s Testament, ed. Paul Arblaster et al. (Turnhout, 2002), 73–4.
14.Henry VIII, Assertio Septem Sacramentorum, ed. and tr. Louis O’Donovan (New York, 1908), 202–4, 216, 234–6, 312–14; Roper, 234–5; Rex, ‘Campaign’, 87; J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII (1968), 112–13.
15.Martin Luther, Contra Henricum Regem Angliae (Wittenberg, 1522), extracts collated and translated in John Milner, Letters to a Prebendary (1801), 288.
16.LP, III, 3270; Rex, ‘Campaign’, 100–1.
17.Thomas More, Responsio ad Lutherum, ed. John H. Headley (New Haven, 1969), 11, 198–9.
18.Rex, ‘Campaign’, 89, 97; Thomas More, Letter to Bugenhagen, Supplication of Souls, Letter Against Frith, ed. Frank Manley et al. (New Haven, 1990), 399, 15, 17.
19.Dowling, Fisher, 65; Foxe (1583), 1008; Fisher, Works, 77.
20.John Ryckes, The ymage of loue (1525), E1v. See E. Ruth Harvey, ‘The Image of Love’, in Thomas More, A Dialogue Concerning Heresies, ed. T. M. C. Lawler et al. (New Haven and London, 1981), 729–59.
21.Foxe (1583), 1099.
22.Compare Donald D. Smeeton, Lollard Themes in the Reformation Theology of William Tyndale (Kirksville, MO, 1986) with Richard Rex, ‘New Light on Tyndale and Lollardy’, Reformation, 8 (2003), 143–71.
23.Foxe (1583), 1100.
24.Foxe (1583), 1099.
25.Tyndale’s Old Testament, ed. D. Daniell (New Haven, 1992), 4–5.
26.Strype, I (2), 363–8; Foxe (1583), 1020–1.
27.BL, Cotton MS Vespasian C III, 211v–212r.
28.Elizabeth Vandiver et al., eds, Luther’s Lives (Manchester, 2002), 181–2.
29.David Daniel, The Bible in English (New Haven, 2003), 133–9; Allan K. Jenkins and Patrick Preston, Biblical Scholarship and the Church (Aldershot, 2007), chs 4–5.
30.[The New Testament] (Worms, 1526), facsimile edition (Bristol, 1862), Tt1v–Tt2r.
31.[William Barlow], A proper dyaloge, betwene a gentillman and a husbandman (Antwerp, 1530), A7v; William Tyndale, The Obedience of a Christen man (Antwerp, 1528), 63v; Tyndale, ‘To the Reader’, in [The Pentateuch] (Antwerp, 1530); William Roye, A Brefe Dialoge bitwene a Christen Father and his stobborne Sonne, ed. Douglas H. Parker and Bruce Krajewski (Toronto, 1999), 99.
32.Tyndale, Obedience, 129v.
33.More, Dialogue, 285.
34.A. W. Pollard, ed., Records of the English Bible (1911), 124.
35.More, Dialogue, 284–90, 512–16; The Confutation of Tyndale’s Answer, ed. L. A. Schuster et al. (New Haven, 1973), 143–5; Supplication, 161.
36.More, Dialogue, 368; William Barlow, A dyaloge describing the originall grou[n]d of these Lutheran faccyons (1531), X3r; Strype, I (2), 366; Tyndale’s New Testament, ed. David Daniell (New Haven, 1995), 391–428.
37.Richard Rex, The Theology of John Fisher (Cambridge, 1991), 158–61; More, Dialogue, 337–8; Henry VIII, A copy of the letters (1527); Wilkins, III, 727–37; TRP, I, 196; Barlow, Dyaloge, A3v.
38.More, Responsio, 89; Confutation, 225–7, 254–9, 800, 805–12; The Apology, ed. J. B. Trapp (New Haven, 1979), 13.
39.William Tyndale, An Answer to Sir Thomas More’s Dialogue, ed. Henry Walter (Cambridge, 1850), 24–30; Tyndale, Expositions and Notes, ed. Henry Walter (Cambridge, 1849), 100.
40.A compendious olde treatyse (Antwerp, 1530), A1v; Tyndale, Answer, 168.
41.An exhortation to the diligent studye of scripture, made by Erasmus Roterodamus, tr. William Roye (Antwerp, 1529).
42.LP, IV, 995, misdated to 1525.
43.LP, IV, 1962. Foxe (1583), 1217, suggests five ‘Steelyard men’ abjured, but records of examination survive for only four. Fisher, Works, 145–74.
44.James P. Lusardi, ‘The Career of Robert Barnes’, in More, Confutation, 1369–70; LSG, 166.
45.Foxe (1583), 1216; P. R. N. Carter, ‘Bilney, Thomas (c.1495–1531)’, ODNB.
46.Robert Barnes, A supplicatyon (Antwerp, 1531), 23r–35v; A supplicacion (1534), F1r–H1r.
47.Lusardi, ‘Career’, 1371–1382.
48.LSG, 166; Barnes, Supplicacion (1534), F1r–v. Fisher may have been suggesting that, as purveyors of meat, butchers had a vested interest in abolishing distinctions between feast days and fast days.
49.Fisher, Works, 147.
50.Hugh Latimer, Sermons and Remains, ed. G. E. Corrie (Cambridge, 1845), 332–3.
51.Ethan Shagan, Popular Politics and the English Reformation (Cambridge, 2003), 6–7.
52.BL, Harley MS 421, 11r–v, 17r–18r.
53.Strype, I (2), 63–5.
54.Strype, I (2), 55, 56, 60–2.
55.Strype, I (2), 54–5; BL, Harley MS 421, 35r. Hilles’s testimony suggested the encounter took place around Whitsuntide 1527 rather than Michaelmas 1526.
56.Margaret Aston, Lollards and Reformers (1984), 220–9.
57.See, e.g., John F. Davis, Heresy and Reformation in the South East of England 1520–1559 (1983), chs 4–5; Dickens, ch. 3.
58.Anne Hudson, The Premature Reformation (Oxford, 1988), 505–7.
59.More, Apology, 9; CWE, X, 464.
60.Jenkins and Preston, Scholarship, 83; Tyndale, Answer, 75.
61.Lusardi, ‘Career’, 1369; E. G. Rupp, Studies in the Making of the English Protestant Tradition (Cambridge, 1947), 17.
62.SP 1/47, 16v; More, Dialogue, 33.
63.CWE, XII, 165–71, 189–90.
64.Foxe (1583), 1070–1; Erasmus, Colloquies, 4–7; P. S. Allen, ed., Opus Epistolarum Des. Erasmi Roterodami (12 vols, Oxford, 1906–58), VIII, no. 2226.
65.Foxe (1583), 1071.
66.Fisher, Works, 92–5; Henry VIII, Letters, 6v–7v; Barlow, Dyaloge, B4v, C1v.
67.More, Dialogue, 257, 379, 418, 421.
68.BL, Cotton MS Cleopatra E V, 389v; Henry VIII, Letters, A7v; More, Dialogue, 165, 304, 346, 349, 360, 366, 368, 375–6, 378, 426, 434; Confutation, 41–2, 48–9, 181, 191, 204, 207, 209, 228, 262, 306, 443, 493–4, 496, 600, 638, 690, 726, 766, 808, 925–7, 932, 940.
69.More, Confutation, 35; Apology, 124–5; Germaine Gardiner, A letter of a yonge gentylman (1534), 3v, 5r; John Skelton, The Complete Poems, ed. John Scattergood (Harmondsworth, 1983), 374.
70.Rex, ‘Impact’, 55; P. R. N. Carter, ‘Bilney, Thomas (c.1495–1531)’, ODNB; D. R. Leader, A History of the University of Cambridge. Volume 1 (Cambridge, 1988), 150; Rex, ‘Friars’.
71.J. F. Davis, ‘The Trials of Thomas Bilney and the English Reformation’, HJ, 24 (1981), 775–90; Davis, Heresy and Reformation in the South East of England 1520–1559 (London, 1983), 47–8; Brigden, 111.
72.Gardiner, Letter, 41r.
73.Martin Luther, On Translating: An Open Letter (1530), Luther’s Works, 55 vols (St Louis, 1960), XXXV, 187–9, 195.
74.E. G. Rupp and B. Drewery, eds, Martin Luther (1970), 5–6; William Tyndale, Parable of the Wicked Mammon (Antwerp, 1528), 7v; Testament, ed. Daniell, 224; George Joye, The Letters whyche Iohan Ashwell Priour of Newnham Abbey besydes Bedforde sente (Strassburg, 1531), A6v–7r.
75.Foxe (1583), 1029; More, Dialogue, 255.
76.Nicholas Harpsfield, The Life and Death of Sir Thomas More, ed. E. V. Hitchcock and R. W. Chambers (1932), 83–9.
77.Helen Parish, Clerical Marriage and the English Reformation (Aldershot, 2000), esp. ch. 5; Peter Marshall, Beliefs and the Dead in Reformation England (Oxford, 2002), 47–64.
78.SP 1/104, 202r; Roye, Dialoge, 150; Tyndale, Obedience, 83r, 96v.
79.More, Dialogue, 389; Confutation, 90–1. See also Brigden, 119.
80.SP 1/47, 75r–v.
81.Mark U. Edwards, Printing, Propaganda and Martin Luther (Minneapolis, 1994), 113–14; Carl Trueman, Luther’s Legacy: Salvation and English Reformers 1525–1556 (Oxford, 1994), 169–71; More, Dialogue, 382, 393; Thomas More, The Answer to a Poisoned Book, ed. S. M. Foley and C. H. Miller (New Haven, 1985), 39.
82.Trueman, Legacy, 84–120. For the claim that Tyndale ‘renounced his discipleship to Luther’, William A. Clebsch, England’s Earliest Protestants, 1520–1535 (New Haven, 1964), 154–74 (quote at 155). For Lollard influence, Diarmaid MacCulloch, ‘England’, in Andrew Pettegree, ed., The Early Reformation in Europe (Cambridge, 1992), 172–3.
83.Alister E. McGrath, ‘Sanctification’, in Hans J. Hillerbrand, ed., The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation (4 vols, Oxford, 1996), III, 480–2.
84.Marshall, 24–6; Brigden, 22; More, Dialogue, 380, 391.
85.Susan Wabuda, Preaching During the English Reformation (Cambridge, 2003), 84–5; Marshall, 30–2.
86.More, Dialogue, 139; Wabuda, Preaching, 168–75; Robert Lutton, ‘“Love this Name that is IHC”: Vernacular Prayers, Hymns and Lyrics to the Holy Name of Jesus in Pre-Reformation England’, in Elisabeth Salter and Helen Wicker, eds, Vernacularity in England and Wales c. 1300–1550 (Turnhout, 2011), 119–45.
87.John Fewterer, The Myrrour or glasse of christes passion (1534), 30r; William Tyndale, A path way i[n]to the holy scripture (1536), D1r. See Ralph Werrell, The Blood of Christ in the Theology of William Tyndale (Cambridge, 2015); Caroline Walker Bynum, Wonderful Blood: Theology and Practice in Later Medieval Northern Germany and Beyond (Philadelphia, 2007). Harpsfield, More, 85–6; Foxe (1583), 1067.
88.Donald J. Harreld, High Germans in The Low Countries: German Merchants and Commerce in Golden Age Antwerp (Leiden, 2004), 51–2; John D. Fudge, Commerce and Print in the Early Reformation (Leiden, 2007), 16–17.
89.Paul Arblaster, ‘Totius Mundi Emporium: Antwerp as a Centre for Vernacular Bible Translations, 1523–1545’, in Jan L. de Long and Marc Van Vaeck, eds, The Low Countries as a Crossroads of Religious Belief (Leiden, 2004), 9–31; Wim François, ‘The Antwerp Printers Christoffel and Hans (I) van Ruremund’, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 101 (2010), 7–28.
90.Anthea Hume, ‘English Protestant Books Printed Abroad, 1525–1535: An Annotated Bibliography’, in More, Confutation, 1065–80.
91.Fudge, Commerce, 164–7; Elizabeth F. Rogers, ed., The Letters of Sir John Hackett 1526–1534 (Morgantown, 1971), 156, 201.
92.More, Confutation, 20; Andrew Hope, ‘On the Smuggling of Prohibited Books from Antwerp to England in the 1520s and 1530s’, in Arblaster, Testament, 35–7; Hall, 185r–v.
93.Brooke Foss Westcott, A General View of the History of the English Bible (3rd edn, New York, 1916), 37.
94.Hackett, Letters, 173.
95.SP 1/47, 99r–100v; Brigden, 114–16; A. G. Dickens, Late Monasticism and the Reformation (1994), 119.
96.SP 1/47, 11r.
97.SP 147, 16v; Foxe (1583), 1056.
98.SP 1/47, 10v, 65r, 149v; Andrew Hope, ‘Bayfield, Richard (d. 1531)’, ODNB; Foxe (1583), 1045.
99.SP 1/47, 16v; LP, III (1), 1193 (assigned to 1521, but contents and context of Warham’s letter clearly place it in 1528).
100.Rupp, Tradition, 21–2; Dickens, 100; Craig W. D’Alton, ‘The Suppression of Lutheran Heretics in England, 1526–1529’, JEH, 54 (2003), 252; Davis, ‘Bilney’, 775–90; Greg Walker, Persuasive Fictions (Aldershot, 1996), 143–65; D’Alton, ‘Suppression’, 241–6.
101.Foxe (1583), 1056; (1563), 711.
102.Foxe (1583), 1045–6, 1056; Carl R. Trueman, ‘Barnes, Robert (c.1495–1540)’, ODNB; H. L. Parish, ‘Joye, George (1490x95–1553)’, ODNB.
103.Latimer, Remains, 334.
104.Maryanne Kowaleski, ‘Port Towns: England and Wales 1300–1540’, in David M. Palliser, ed., The Cambridge Urban History of Britain Volume 1: 600–1540 (Cambridge, 2000), 467–94; Fudge, Commerce, 115–20; A. G. Dickens, Lollards and Protestants in the Diocese of York (Cambridge, 1959), 24–7; Foxe (1583), 1009.
105.LP, IV (2), 4396, 4407, 5097; Fudge, Commerce, 197–202; Brigden, 116–17.
106.Foxe (1583), 1037–8; Rodney M. Fisher, ‘Simon Fishe, Cardinal Wolsey and John Roo’s Play at Gray’s Inn, Christmas 1526’, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 69 (1978), 293–8. The Supplycacyon is reproduced in More, Bugenhagen, 412–22.
107.Foxe (1583), 1038, 1041. Confusion surrounds the dating of this episode. Several authorities assert – on no clear basis – that it coincided with opening of Parliament (3 November 1529). David Starkey points out the King’s itinerary has him at Greenwich at Candlemas: Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII (2003), 449. Yet Starkey’s redating to 1532 is implausible. Foxe states that Wolsey warned Henry about it, placing the episode in the first half of 1529. Either Foxe was confused about the day, or, more likely, about the presence of the King.
108.TRP, I, 181–5.
109.More, Bugenhagen, 111–69, quotations at 128, 132, 162.
110.More, Correspondence, 386–8.
111.More, Dialogue, 201, 405–6, 410, 415.
112.CWE, VIII, 259–61.
113.Peter Marshall, ‘The Naming of Protestant England’, Past and Present, 214 (2012), 87–128.
114.Fisher, Works, 164
115.Tyndale, Answer, 107.
116.Henry VIII, Letters, E6r; More, Apology, 5; Gardiner, Letter, 37v. Revealingly, since the author was himself an abjured heretic, the phrase ‘new gospeller’ occurs repeatedly in Barlow’s Dyaloge: C2v, M2v, N1r, O1r, Y1r.
117.SP 1/65, 91v; SP 1/237, 95r; More, Apology, 5, 7, 14, 17, 156–7, 313; Confutation, 14, 18, 333; Gardiner, Letter, 20v; Rupp, Tradition, 6–9.
118.Thomas More, The Debellacyon of Salem and Bizance (1533), 29r–30v; R. Rex, ‘The New Learning’, JEH, 44 (1993), 26–44.
119.Fisher, Works, 95; More, Responsio, 224; Jerome Barlow and William Roye, Rede me and be nott wrothe (Strassburg, 1528), B8v; John Frith, The revelation of Antichrist (Antwerp, 1529), 54r–v; Roye, Dialoge, 150; Tyndale, Expositions, 242; Answer, 190; [Pentateuch], note on Deut. 1:43–4 (modern numbering); [George Joye?], The Souper of the Lorde, in More, Poisoned, 309.
120.More, Poisoned, 147; Confutation, 962.
121.Barlow, Dialogue, C2v; John Gwynneth, The co[n]futacyon of the fyrst parte of Frythes boke (St Albans, 1536), Prologue; [Joye], Souper, 325, 326, 327, 335; Tyndale, Answer, 21, 32, 36, 63, 107; Obedience, 42r, 65r, 159r.
122.Willem Nijenhuis, Ecclesia Reformata (Leiden, 1994), 42.
123.Fisher, Works, 150; Barlow, Dyaloge, G1v–4v
124.William Tyndale, Doctrinal Treatises, ed. H. Walter (Cambridge, 1848), 37–4; Marshall, Beliefs, 223–4; Testament, ed. Daniell, 13–16.
125.More, Confutation, 301; Foxe (1583), 1105.
126.Stephen M. Foley and Clarence H. Miller, ‘The Shape of the Eucharistic Controversy’, in More, Poisoned, xvii–lxi; John Frith, A Christen Sentence, in More, Bugenhagen, 425–33; Gardiner, Letter, 26v.
127.Frith, Sentence, 428.
6 Martyrs and Matrimony
1.LP, II, p. 1559; Hall, 81v–82r; David Starkey, Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII (2003), 264–6.
2.Jonathan A. Reid, King’s Sister – Queen of Dissent: Marguerite of Navarre (1492–1549) (2 vols, Leiden, 2009); Philip Hughes, Lefèvre: Pioneer of Ecclesiastical Renewal in France (Grand Rapids, MI, 1984).
3.William Latymer, ‘A Chronicle of Anne Boleyn’, ed. Maria Dowling, Camden Miscellany XXX (1990), 63; Maria Dowling and Joy Shakespeare, eds, ‘Religion and Politics in Mid Tudor England through the Eyes of an English Protestant Woman: The Recollections of Rose Hickman’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 55 (1982), 97.
4.LP, V, 1114.
5.Lucy Wooding, Henry VIII (2nd edn, Abingdon, 2015), 136.
6.Judith M. Richards, Mary Tudor (2008), 45–8; Beverley A. Murphy, ‘Fitzroy, Henry, duke of Richmond and Somerset (1519–1536)’, ODNB.
7.Henry Ansgar Kelly, The Matrimonial Trials of Henry VIII (Stanford, 1976), 5–17; J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII (1968), 177–8.
8.Starkey, Wives, 284–94; Wooding, Henry VIII, 132–3; Eric Carlson, Marriage and the English Reformation (Oxford, 1994), 68–9; Peter Gwyn, The King’s Cardinal (1990), 501–2.
9.SP 1/42, 158r–161v.
10.SP 1/42, 158v; Jonathan Woolfson, ‘Wakefield, Robert (d. 1537/8)’, ODNB; Cathy Curtis, ‘Pace, Richard (1483?–1536)’, ODNB; Kelly, Trials, 35–6; Virginia Murphy, ‘The Literature and Propaganda of Henry VIII’s First Divorce’, in Diarmaid MacCulloch, ed., The Reign of Henry VIII (Basingstoke, 1995), 138–42; Richard Rex, The Theology of John Fisher (Cambridge, 1991), 165–9. David S. Katz, in The Jews in the History of England, 1485–1850 (Oxford, 1994), 21–2, suggests the term aririm refers generally to barrenness.
11.Rex, Fisher, 165, 168; Wooding, Henry VIII, 149–50; Murphy, ‘Literature’, 142–3.
12.LP, VII, 289; Strype, I (2), 196–7.
13.Murphy, ‘Literature’, 144–5.
14.Nicholas Pocock, ed., Records of the Reformation (2 vols, 1870), I, 88–9: Starkey, Wives, 321–9; Scarisbrick, Henry, 206–9.
15.Scarisbrick, Henry, 212–19; Starkey, Wives, 338–9.
16.CSP, Spain, III (2), no. 586; Hall, 180r–v.
17.J. S. Brewer, The Reign of Henry VIII (2 vols, 1884), II, 486; CSP, Spain, III (2), no. 621.
18.LP, IV, 4977; CSP, Spain, III (2), no. 600; Eric Ives, The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn (Oxford, 2004), 114–15.
19.George Cavendish, The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey, ed. R. S. Sylvester and D. P. Harding (New Haven, 1962), 80–8.
20.Scarisbrick, Henry, 225.
21.LP, IV, 5774, 5778; Scarisbrick, Henry, 225–7; Stanford E. Lehmberg, The Reformation Parliament 1529–1536 (Cambridge, 1970), 2; Hall, 83r.
22.LP, IV, 5862.
23.Hall, 183r; John Guy, The Public Career of Sir Thomas More (New Haven, 1980), 206; CSP, Spain, IV (1), no. 601.
24.Stella Fletcher, Cardinal Wolsey (2009), 153–5.
25.LP, IV, 6035; Lehmberg, Reformation, 4–5.
26.Cavendish, ‘Wolsey’, 107–13; SP 1/55, 198r; Guy, Career, 206.
27.Hall, 187r.
28.Hall, 184v; Charles Sturge, Cuthbert Tunstall (1938), 177; Guy, Career, 32–3.
29.The chronicle of Fabyan (1542), 487.
30.Hall, 188r.
31.Lehmberg, Reformation, 81–6, 91–4, 101–4.
32.Hall, 188r; Lehmberg, Reformation, 84.
33.Maria Dowling, Fisher of Men: A Life of John Fisher, 1469–1535 (Basingstoke, 1999), 139–40; Hall, 188v–189r.
34.LP, IV, 5416.
35.CSP, Spain, IV (1), no. 224. Chapuys writes the date as 28 Oct., misleading some historians, but context makes clear 28 Nov. was meant.
36.Foxe (1583), 1038; Thomas S. Freeman, ‘Research, Rumour and Propaganda: Anne Boleyn in Foxe’s “Book of Martyrs” ’, HJ, 38 (1995), 802–3, 805–10.
37.Narratives, 52–7; S. W. Singer, ed., The Life of Cardinal Wolsey by George Cavendish (London, 1827), 438–41.
38.William Tyndale, The Obedie[n]ce of a Christen Man (Antwerp, 1528), quotes at 79r, 157r, 157v.
39.Thomas More, The Answer to a Poisoned Book, ed. S. M. Foley and C. H. Miller (New Haven, 1985), 9; Cavendish, ‘Wolsey’, 183–4.
40.Brad C. Pardue, Printing, Power, and Piety (Leiden, 2012), 123–37 (quotation at 133).
41.Foxe (1583), 1176.
42.LP, V, 148, 246, 248; CSP, Spain, IV (2), no. 664.
43.LP, V, 532, 533; William A. Clebsch, England’s Earliest Protestants, 1520–1535 (New Haven, 1964), 51–4; Thomas More, The Confutation of Tyndale’s Answer, ed. L. A. Schuster et al. (New Haven, 1973), 9, 885; Foxe (1583), 1218; James P. Lusardi, ‘The Career of Robert Barnes’, in More, Confutation, 1390–5; LP, V, 593.
44.Narratives, 240–2; MacCulloch, 44–7. The idea of defending the King’s cause in foreign universities was mooted by Wakefield in 1527: Bernard, 15.
45.LP, VII, 289; CSP, Spain, IV (1), no. 547.
46.Murphy, ‘Literature’, 152–3; Guy Bedouelle, ‘The Consultations of the Universities’, in David C. Steinmetz, ed., The Bible in the Sixteenth Century (Durham, NC, 1990), 25–6; Kelly, Trials, 175–6; Virginia Murphy, ‘Burgo, Nicholas de (fl. 1517–1537)’, ODNB.
47.Bedouelle, ‘Consultations’, 26–9; J. Christopher Warner, Henry VIII’s Divorce: Literature and the Politics of the Printing Press (Woodbridge, 1998), 22.
48.CSP, Spain, IV (1), no. 354; LP, IV, 6513; Ives, Boleyn, 135; Burnet, IV, 169–73.
49.LP, IV, 6738; V, 171; Edward Surtz and Virginia Murphy, eds, The Divorce Tracts of Henry VIII (Angers, 1988), i–xxxiii; Murphy, ‘Literature’, 155–7.
50.SP 1/58, 108r–112v; CSP, Spain, IV (1), no. 445; LP, IV, 6759; Roper, 228.
51.Richard Rex, ‘The Religion of Henry VIII’, HJ, 57 (2014), 29.
52.BL, Cotton MS Cleopatra E VI, 16r–135r.
53.Graham D. Nicholson, ‘The Nature and Function of Historical Argument in the Henrician Reformation’, University of Cambridge PhD (1977), 182–3.
54.R. N. Swanson, ‘Problems of the Priesthood in Pre-Reformation England’, EHR, 417 (1990), 864.
55.CSP, Milan, 831; CSP, Venice, IV, 629, 634; Guy, Career, 136–8; G. R. Elton, Reform and Reformation: England, 1509–1558 (1977), 139–40; LP, IV, 6699.
56.The following draws selectively on J. J. Scarisbrick, ‘The Pardon of the Clergy, 1531’, Cambridge Historical Journal, 12 (1956), 22–39; Scarisbrick, Henry, 273–80; Lehmberg, Reformation, 109–16; Elton, Reform, 139–45; Guy, Career, 136–8, 147–51; Guy, ‘Henry VIII and the Praemunire Manoeuvres of 1530–31’, EHR, 97 (1982), 481–503; G. W. Bernard, ‘The Pardon of the Clergy Reconsidered’, JEH, 37 (1986), 258–87.
57.Lehmberg, Reformation, 114; CSP, Spain, IV (2), no. 635; LP, V, 45.
58.Scarisbrick, Henry, 276–8.
59.LP, V, 45; CSP, Spain, IV (2), no. 641; Scarisbrick, Henry, 281; Guy, Career, 178–9.
60.More, Confutation, 13–17; Foxe (1583), 2159–60.
61.[George Joye], Ortulus anime (Antwerp, 1530), A3v.
62.More, Confutation, 13, 17.
63.In the Calendar prefixed to the 1563 and 1583 editions of Acts and Monuments, Foxe listed a further four persons supposedly martyred in 1531. Of these, Valentine Freez and his wife must have been executed in or after 1540, when they appear in the York records: A. G. Dickens, Lollards and Protestants in the Diocese of York (Cambridge, 1959), 32–3. An ‘old man of Buckinghamshire’, burned for eating pork in Lent (Foxe (1563), 546), disappeared from the text (though not the Calendar) after 1563, probably because Foxe could not verify the story. Of ‘Davy Foster, martyr’, noted tersely in the Calendar for 11 March, nothing further is known.
64.Thomas More, The Apology, ed. J. B. Trapp (New Haven, 1979), 162; TRP, I, 181–6 (misdated to 1529), 193–7.
65.Though recycled in modern history books (and novels), allegations (publicized by Foxe) that More supervised the torture of suspects were refuted by him in systematic detail (Apology, 116–20), and are probably largely groundless.
66.James Davis, ‘The Christian Brethren and the Dissemination of Heretical Books’, in R. N. Swanson, ed., The Church and the Book (Woodbridge, 2004), 194–5; LP, IV, 6738.
67.More, Confutation, 813; Louis A. Schuster, ‘Thomas More’s Polemical Career, 1523–1533’, in More Confutation, 1250–1; Brigden, 197–8.
68.Andrew Hope, ‘Bayfield, Richard (d. 1531)’, ODNB; More, Confutation, 21; Foxe (1583), 1048–50.
69.Foxe (1583), 1051–4; CSP, Venice, IV, no. 765.
70.Foxe (1583), 1032; Mary C. Erler, Women, Reading and Piety in Late Medieval England (Cambridge, 2002), 100–2.
71.SP 1/68, 76v.
72.More, Confutation, 22–6.
73.Foxe (1583), 1035.
74.Lehmberg, Reformation, 117; John Craig and Caroline Litzenberger, ‘Wills as Religious Propaganda: the Testament of William Tracy’, JEH, 44 (1993), 424–5; Hugh Aveling and W. A. Pantin, eds, The Letter Book of Robert Joseph (Oxford, 1967), 101.
75.BL, Cotton MS Cleopatra E V, 389v; Gee, 162.
76.George Joye, The letters which Iohan Ashwel … sente secretely to the Bishope of Lyncolne (Antwerp, 1531), A3r.
77.More, Poisoned, 4–5; Apology, 135, 158–60.
78.BL, Cotton MS Cleopatra E V, 389r.
79.More, Apology, 156–8; SP 1/65, 191r–192r.
80.Foxe (1583), 1054–5; Walter F. Schirmer, John Lydgate, tr. Ann E. Keep (1961), 157–8; Margaret Aston, Faith and Fire: Popular and Unpopular Religion, 1350–1600 (1993), 263–6.
81.BL, Harley MS 419, 125r–v; Foxe (1583), 1061–4; Thomas S. Freeman, ‘Dusgate, Thomas (d. 1532)’, ODNB; MacCulloch, 71–2.
82.Roper, 216.
83.Lehmberg, Reformation, 135–8; LP, V, 832; CSP, Spain, IV (2), no. 926; Gee, 178–95.
84.SP 1/69, 121r; Hall, 202r; Brigden, 205–6.
85.For government sponsorship, G. R. Elton, ‘The Commons’ Supplication of 1532’, EHR, 66 (1951), 507–34; for Cromwell’s directing role, Guy, Career, 186–99, Haigh, 111–14; for spontaneity (and confusion), J. P. Cooper, ‘The Supplication against the Ordinaries Reconsidered’, EHR, 72 (1957), 616–41; M. J. Kelly, ‘The Submission of the Clergy’, TRHS, 5th ser., 15 (1965), 97–119; Bernard, 58–66.
86.Gee, 145–53.
87.SP 6/7, 16r–20r.
88.T. F. T. Pluncket and J. L. Barton, eds, St German’s Doctor and Student (1974), 327–8.
89.Hall, 202v.
90.LP, V, 941; Nicholas Harpsfield, A Treatise on the Pretended Divorce, ed. Nicholas Pocock (1878), 202–33; John Stow, Annales (1615), 561; Guy, Career, 210.
91.LP, V, 941, 989; Lehmberg, Reformation, 146n.
92.CSP, Spain, IV (2), nos 922, 926; CSP, Venice, IV, 761; LP, V, 879, 898.
93.Gerald Bray, ed., The Anglican Canons, 1529–1947 (Woodbridge, 1998), 2–67.
94.LP, V, 860; Jonathan M. Gray, Oaths and the English Reformation (Cambridge, 2013), 185–8.
95.Wilkins, III, 746; CSP, Venice, IV, 754; Lehmberg, Reformation, 144.
96.SP 1/70, 209r–215v.
97.Marshall, 126–7; MacCulloch, 103; Bernard, 175.
98.Gee, 154–76.
99.Hall, 203r, 205r; LP, V, 989.
100.Kelly, ‘Submission’, 112–13; SP 6/2, 22r–39v; 6/1, 36r–40v.
101.Hall, 205r–v.
102.Guy, Career, 197–8; CSP, Spain, IV (2), no. 951.
103.Guy, Career, 207–8, 210–11. For More as political plotter, see G. R. Elton, ‘Sir Thomas More and the opposition to Henry VIII’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 41 (1968), 19–34.
104.CSP, Spain, IV (2), no. 951; LP, V, 1013; Hall, 203v.
105.Kelly, ‘Submission’, 115–17; Lehmberg, Reformation, 151–2; Wilkins, III, 749; LP, V, 287.
106.Elizabeth F. Rogers, ed., St Thomas More: Selected Letters (New Haven, 1961), 202.
107.Opus epistolarum Des. Erasmi Roterodami, ed. P. S. Allen and H. M. Allen (12 vols, Oxford, 1906–58), X, 116, 135, 180.
108.J. J. Scarisbrick, ‘Warham, William (1450?–1532)’, ODNB.
109.MacCulloch, 75–7, 82–3; Ives, Boleyn, 156–61.
110.A glasse of the truthe (1532), quotations at B2r, D4v, D8v, E5r, E5v, E7v, F2r–v.
111.More, Apology, 8.
112.More, Confutation, 6, 7, 37; Apology, 11, 123.